EP3013500A1 - Verfahren zum herstellen eines laufrads eines abgasturboladers sowie tial-legierung für ein laufrad - Google Patents
Verfahren zum herstellen eines laufrads eines abgasturboladers sowie tial-legierung für ein laufradInfo
- Publication number
- EP3013500A1 EP3013500A1 EP14739668.3A EP14739668A EP3013500A1 EP 3013500 A1 EP3013500 A1 EP 3013500A1 EP 14739668 A EP14739668 A EP 14739668A EP 3013500 A1 EP3013500 A1 EP 3013500A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- alloy
- mold
- impeller
- casting
- temperature
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D13/00—Centrifugal casting; Casting by using centrifugal force
- B22D13/06—Centrifugal casting; Casting by using centrifugal force of solid or hollow bodies in moulds rotating around an axis arranged outside the mould
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D13/00—Centrifugal casting; Casting by using centrifugal force
- B22D13/06—Centrifugal casting; Casting by using centrifugal force of solid or hollow bodies in moulds rotating around an axis arranged outside the mould
- B22D13/066—Centrifugal casting; Casting by using centrifugal force of solid or hollow bodies in moulds rotating around an axis arranged outside the mould several moulds being disposed in a circle
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D13/00—Centrifugal casting; Casting by using centrifugal force
- B22D13/12—Controlling, supervising, specially adapted to centrifugal casting, e.g. for safety reasons
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D21/00—Casting non-ferrous metals or metallic compounds so far as their metallurgical properties are of importance for the casting procedure; Selection of compositions therefor
- B22D21/002—Castings of light metals
- B22D21/005—Castings of light metals with high melting point, e.g. Be 1280 degrees C, Ti 1725 degrees C
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C14/00—Alloys based on titanium
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for producing an impeller of an exhaust gas turbocharger made of a TiAl alloy.
- the invention further relates to a TiAl alloy.
- TiAl alloys have a low density of about 4 g / cm 3 and good specific high temperature properties. Their use as a material of the impeller of the exhaust gas turbocharger leads in comparison to known nickel-base alloys to a significantly improved response of the exhaust gas turbocharger and also offers a high potential in terms of downsizing or downspeeding.
- the impeller of the exhaust gas turbocharger is applied in diesel or gasoline internal combustion engines with exhaust gas temperatures of up to 1050 ° C and speeds of up to about 220,000 U / min. At the same time it is subject to high mechanical and thermal cycling. This results in creep loads, TMF, HCF and / or LCF fatigue stresses which the material, ie the TiAl alloy, has to withstand. Furthermore, even at the above-mentioned high exhaust gas temperatures, it must have sufficient oxidation resistance and be able to withstand erosion attacks.
- the TiAl alloys used have a comparatively low creep resistance or life and can not be used at exhaust gas temperatures of 950 ° C or more, especially 980 ° C or more or 1000 ° C or more. It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a method for producing an impeller of an exhaust gas turbocharger from a TiAl alloy, with which these disadvantages can be avoided.
- the alloy has a proportion of at least 1.9 at.% Niobium and the impeller is formed by centrifugal casting of the alloy.
- the addition of niobium with the stated amount of material content leads to a high creep resistance, especially at high temperatures of at least 950 ° C, at least 980 ° C or at least 1000 ° C.
- it leads to worsened casting properties, in particular a further deteriorated flowability, so that a processing of the TiAl alloy with the usual differential pressure casting is not possible.
- the niobium content is at least 2 at.%, At least 2.5 at.%, At least 3 at.%, At least 3.5 at.%, At least 4 at.%, At least 5 at. %, at least 6 at.%, at least 7 at.% or at least 8 at.%. More preferably, the niobium content is at most 8.7 at .-%.
- the niobium content is particularly preferably between 3 at.% And 5 at.%, In particular between 3.5 at.% And 4.5 at.%, More preferably exactly 4 at.%.
- centrifugal casting despite the admixture of niobium also fine or complex structures of the impeller, such as a low wing wall thickness, can be realized.
- a casting mold used for this purpose is set into a rotational movement and thereby the alloy is introduced into the casting mold. Because of the inertial forces acting on the alloy due to the rotational movement, a particularly preferred structure of the solidified alloy, in particular on the side of the formed impeller facing away from a rotational axis of the casting mold, is achieved.
- the structure means a microstructure and the surface of the impeller.
- the produced impeller has, especially at the points mentioned, a high degree of purity, fewer pores, fewer voids, fewer cold runs and less undesirable surface reactions with the mold shell or casting mold. This leads to a low roughness of the impeller surface and / or to a significantly improved strength, in particular creep resistance. Due to the rotational movement, a high casting pressure is generated due to the inertia forces, with which the alloy is forced into the mold. Accordingly, even complex structures and low wing wall thicknesses are readily achievable.
- the mentioned inertial forces are for example centrifugal forces and / or the Coriolis force.
- the centrifugal casting is performed in particular such that the mold is spaced from the axis of rotation in the radial direction (with respect to the axis of rotation).
- impellers can be produced which, at least in regions, in particular in the region of the blades, have very small wall thicknesses, for example of at most 0.5 mm.
- a development of the invention provides that a casting mold used for centrifugal casting is heated to a temperature of 400 ° C to 900 ° C before introducing the alloy into the mold.
- the temperature range between 400 ° C and 900 ° C (including these values), the lamella spacings and the colony sizes are almost constant for a selected, solidified TiAl alloy. In this area, almost constant microstructures with nearly identical properties are achieved.
- the temperature - which may also be referred to as mold temperature - from a range of 500 ° C to 800 ° C, in particular between 600 ° C and 700 ° C, selected.
- the mold should be fully heated to the chosen temperature before the alloy is introduced into it.
- the alloy will have a temperature or casting temperature during its introduction which is greater than the temperature of the casting mold.
- a temperature or casting temperature during its introduction which is greater than the temperature of the casting mold.
- Such a large difference is needed to achieve a directional solidification of the alloy even in thin-walled elements of the impeller, in particular its wings.
- the prerequisite for this is, in addition to the complete filling of the casting mold, a subperitectically solidifying TiAl alloy.
- the lamellar colonies or the lamellae orient themselves during solidification clearly in the direction of the temperature gradient or the wing wall thickness, ie in the normal direction to a surface of the wings. Because during operation of the impeller the resulting inertial forces also act perpendicular to the wing wall thickness or to the lamellar colonies, the described alignment of the colonies leads to an additionally improved creep resistance. Also, the rapid solidification due to the large temperature difference results in a pronounced compulsory solution of the carbon preferentially contained in the TiAl alloy. This dissolved carbon is released under stress, in particular during operation of the exhaust gas turbocharger, in the form of carbides, which act as obstacles to dislocation movements and minimize the creep occurring.
- the alloy can have an amount of carbon that would normally be detrimental.
- a proportion of carbon in the alloy is from 0.2 at.% To 0.6 at.%, In particular at least 0.3 at.%, At least 0.4 at.% Or at least 0.5 at .-%, intended.
- a further advantageous embodiment of the invention provides that the alloy is introduced into the casting mold with a casting temperature which has an overheating of 40 K to 150 K based on the liquidus temperature of the alloy.
- the pouring temperature is greater than the liquidus temperature by the amount of overheating.
- the casting temperature should be selected such that it has an overheating in the range between 42 K and 142 K (including these values).
- the overheating is preferably at least 92 K, in particular exactly 92 K.
- a variation of the overheating in the stated range from 40 K to 150 K leads only to a slight change in the heat flow emitted across the surface of the impeller. The influence of the temperature of the casting mold therefore outweighs the influence of the casting temperature on the heat flow delivered by the alloy to the casting mold.
- the temperatures in the said range therefore only lead to a slight change in the solidification time of the alloy.
- the solidification time is within an optimal solidification time range.
- the superior properties described above are achieved with such a casting temperature.
- the overheating of at least 92 K is preferably used.
- a further embodiment of the invention provides that the casting mold is accelerated to a certain speed during centrifugal casting about a rotational axis spaced therefrom with a certain angular acceleration in a specific acceleration period as soon as the alloy has reached the casting temperature.
- the casting mold In order to carry out the centrifugal casting, so the casting mold is rotated about the rotation axis in rotation. As already described above, while the mold is spaced from the axis of rotation.
- the acceleration takes place with the determined angular acceleration, wherein the mold is brought to the determined speed within the specific acceleration period. Preferably, the acceleration is initiated only when the alloy has reached its casting temperature.
- the mold it may be provided that the mold is stationary.
- the alloy is forced into the casting mold due to the rotational movement.
- the influence of the inertial force is sufficient to challenge the alloy from a reservoir in which it was previously heated to the casting temperature and to introduce with a certain casting pressure in the mold.
- the angular acceleration is between 1 "s 2 to 100 s' 2, in particular 1" s “, or from 10 s" s ", is s 2 to 10 2 to 100. 2
- the angular acceleration is greater than 1 s "2 and less than 100 s " 2 , in particular greater than 1 s "2 and less than 10 s " 2 or greater than 10 s "2 and less than 100 s " 2.
- the values mentioned can also be included in the range of values they contain.
- the mass flow of the alloy introduced into the casting mold decreases significantly and, moreover, results in a lower filling pressure, in particular if the mold filling is not already completed at this point in time. This can lead to an increased number of casting defects.
- An increase in the final speed has only a small influence on the mass flow or the achieved mold filling when the mold filling is completed before reaching the specific speed.
- the final speed determined together with the Distance of the mold to the axis of rotation the casting pressure. Because a too low end speed is disadvantageous, a comparatively high final speed is preferably selected according to the following explanations. Under the mold filling is in particular the proportion of the mold to understand, which is already filled with the alloy.
- a preferred embodiment of the invention provides that the acceleration period has a length between 0.05 s and 2.0 s, in particular from 0.5 s to 2.0 s.
- the acceleration period is chosen in particular such that the selected speed is achieved using the selected angular acceleration.
- the acceleration period which results from these parameters, should be so long that the casting process is completed with the end of the acceleration period, ie the casting mold is completely filled.
- a further embodiment of the invention provides that the speed is between 100 U / min and 500 U / min.
- the speed should be selected from the stated range between 100 rpm and 500 rpm (including these values in each case).
- the distance between the casting mold, in particular a geometric center of gravity of the casting mold, and the axis of rotation is between 200 mm and 1500 mm.
- a casting pressure is achieved, which leads to a complete mold filling of the mold and / or to a particularly advantageous microstructure of the manufactured impeller and / or the achievement of a particularly low wing wall thickness of 1 mm or less, in particular 0.5 mm or less.
- the distance between the mold may be understood to mean the distance between a radially innermost point of the mold or a radially outermost point of the mold on the one hand and the axis of rotation on the other hand.
- particularly preferred is the distance between the geometric center of gravity of the mold and the axis of rotation meant. Under the mold, for example, the Bauteilkavtician to understand in which the impeller is formed.
- the angular acceleration is selected to be greater than the result of dividing a size between 100 mm 2 / s 2 and 300,000 mm 2 / s 2 , in particular a size of 100 mm 2 / s 2 to 1,000 mm 2 / s 2 , and the product of a wing wall thickness of the impeller and the distance of the mold from the axis of rotation.
- wing wall thickness of the impeller is to be understood, for example, a minimum wing wall thickness or alternatively a maximum or an average wing wall thickness of the impeller.
- the angular acceleration is given in rad / s 2 .
- it is chosen larger than the division result of a number between 100 and 300,000 (these values included), in particular a number of 100 to 1,000, and the product of the wing wall thickness in millimeters and the distance of the mold from the axis of rotation in millimeters.
- the rotational speed is selected such that it is greater than the product of a size between 0.04 1 / min and 50 1 / min and the quotient of the distance of the mold from the axis of rotation and the wing wall thickness of the impeller ,
- the last two sizes are preferably defined according to the above statements.
- the speed or the final speed - in units of revolutions per minute - is now, for example, greater than the product of a number between 0.4 and 500 (these values included) and the quotient of the distance, the mold of the axis of rotation in centimeters and the wing wall thickness of the impeller, in particular the mean wing wall thickness of the impeller, in millimeters.
- the length of the acceleration period is selected such that it corresponds at most to the product of a size between 0.1 s / mm and 20 s / mm and the impeller wall thickness of the impeller.
- the length of the acceleration target time period expressed in terms of seconds, should at most equal the product of a number from 0.1 to 20 and the wing wall thickness in millimeters.
- the length of the acceleration period corresponds to the filling duration of the casting mold. In any case, the length of the acceleration period should at least equal the filling time.
- the distance between the casting mold and the axis of rotation is chosen such that it is greater than or equal to the product of a number between 100 to 5,000 and the impeller wall thickness of the impeller. Expressed in centimeters, so the distance between the mold and the axis of rotation is greater than or equal to the product of the number of 10 to 500 (these numbers included) and the impeller wall thickness in millimeters.
- the mold is evacuated prior to introduction of the alloy. Accordingly, there is a negative pressure in relation to an ambient pressure.
- the absolute pressure in the casting mold is for example at most 1 mbar, in particular at most 0.1 mbar, particularly preferably at most 0.05 mbar or at most 0.01 mbar.
- the invention further relates to a TiAl alloy for an impeller of an exhaust gas turbocharger, in particular produced according to the method described above, wherein the TiAl alloy in addition to titanium has the following constituents:
- the optimum proportion of aluminum was the range of 43.7 at.% To 47.5 at.%. Below an aluminum content of 44.8 at.%, The solidification path passes through the beta phase. An aluminum content of at least 44.8 at.% To less than 47.3 at.% Leads to an underperitectic solidification path, whereas with an aluminum content of 47.3 at.% A peritectic solidification path is given. By contrast, an aluminum content of more than 47.3 at.% Leads to an overperforming solidification path.
- the underperitectically solidified alloys are therefore particularly preferred.
- the aluminum content is exactly 45.8 at.%.
- compositions are given:
- Alloy 1 45 at.% Aluminum, 3.7 at.% Niobium, 0.25 at.% Chromium and 0.5 at.% Carbon;
- Alloy 2 45.8 at.% Aluminum, 3.9 at.% Niobium and 0.3 at.% Carbon;
- Alloy 3 45.8 at.% Aluminum, 3.9 at.% Niobium and 0.6 at.% Carbon;
- Alloy 4 47.0 at.% Aluminum, 8.7 at.% Niobium and 0.3 at.% Carbon.
- the remaining constituents of the stated alloys are represented by titanium and other constituents, for example impurities, with a content of at most 2 at.%.
- the aluminum content can be specified using the aluminum equivalent.
- the upper and lower AI limits for underperitectic solidification are 44.8 at.% And 47.3 at.%. Alloying with niobium and / or carbon shifts these boundaries and can be specified using an aluminum equivalent. Niobium shifts the boundaries to higher and carbon to lower values. Therefore, the respective element content is multiplied by a calculation factor and accordingly subtracted from the limits or added. The calculation factor for niobium is 0.3, while for carbon it is -4.2.
- the minimum aluminum content Al mi n is 44.8 at .-%
- the maximum aluminum content Al max is 47.3 at .-%.
- the lower limit for the aluminum equivalent is now given for the lowest stated niobium content of 1.9 at /% and the maximum declared carbon content of 0.6 at /%.
- the upper limit for the aluminum equivalent results from the largest niobium content of 8 at.% And a minimum carbon content of 0.0 at.%, Corresponding to 47.3 at.% + 8.7 at.%.
- the TiAl alloy is therefore characterized in that it comprises aluminum, niobium and carbon having an aluminum equivalent of from 42.85 at.% to 48.8 at.%.
- other ingredients with a maximum content of 2.0 at.% May be included.
- the alloy consists exclusively of the stated constituents; So there are no other ingredients or impurities included.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a casting device for producing an impeller of an exhaust-gas turbocharger made of a TiAl alloy.
- the figure shows a device 1, in particular a centrifugal casting device, for producing an impeller, not shown, of an exhaust gas turbocharger.
- the device 1 in this case has a reservoir 2 for a TiAl alloy 3 and a casting mold 4. Both the reservoir 2 and the mold 4 are in a chamber
- the mold carrier 6 is attached to an arm 7 and rotatably supported by this about a rotation axis 8. The rotation takes place, for example, in the direction of the arrow 9 is preferred on the mold carrier
- the device 1 also has a heating coil 12 which can be displaced in the direction of the double arrow 11.
- a further mold carrier which is preferably identical to the mold carrier 6.
- the chamber 5 is preferably evacuated, in particular via a connecting piece 13, wherein a discharge of the air present in the chamber 5 takes place along the arrows 14.
- the mold 4 is preferably heated to a certain temperature between 400 ° C and 900 ° C.
- the alloy contained in the reservoir 2 3 mithiife the heating coil 12, which is present in particular as a high-frequency coil, heated to a casting temperature. If the casting temperature is reached, the heating coil 12 is arranged such that it no longer surrounds the storage container 2, in particular by a displacement downwards. Then, a rotation of the mold carrier 6 is introduced about the rotation axis 8. During the Centrifugal casting is the mold 4 thus accelerated to the spaced from her axis of rotation 8 with a certain angular acceleration in a certain acceleration period to a certain speed as soon as the alloy has reached its casting temperature.
- the molten alloy 3 Due to the inertial force resulting from the rotation, the molten alloy 3 is forced outward in the radial direction (with respect to the axis of rotation 8). This means that it is forced out of the storage container 2 and into the mold 4 in the direction of the arrow 15. Pushing into the casting mold 4 takes place with a casting pressure, which is essentially influenced by a distance between the rotation axis 8 and the casting mold 4 on the one hand and the instantaneous rotational speed of the casting support 6 on the other hand. Due to the spaced arrangement of the mold 4 of the rotation axis 8 can be achieved by means of such a centrifugal casting or Schleuderfeing manens a very high casting pressure. This results in a particularly good casting result, even with TiAl alloys, which can not be processed with other casting methods or only with great effort. This applies in particular to a TiAl alloy which has a proportion of at least 1.9 at.% Niobium.
- the impeller made by centrifugal casting has a use temperature higher by 50 K than an impeller manufactured by differential pressure casting.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Supercharger (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102013010752 | 2013-06-27 | ||
| DE102013018944.6A DE102013018944A1 (de) | 2013-06-27 | 2013-11-12 | Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Laufrads eines Abgasturboladers sowie TiAl-Legierung für ein Laufrad |
| PCT/EP2014/001429 WO2014206521A1 (de) | 2013-06-27 | 2014-05-28 | Verfahren zum herstellen eines laufrads eines abgasturboladers sowie tial-legierung für ein laufrad |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3013500A1 true EP3013500A1 (de) | 2016-05-04 |
| EP3013500B1 EP3013500B1 (de) | 2017-05-17 |
Family
ID=52017097
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP14739668.3A Not-in-force EP3013500B1 (de) | 2013-06-27 | 2014-05-28 | Verfahren zum herstellen eines laufrads eines abgasturboladers |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20160332223A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP3013500B1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN105358272B (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102013018944A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2014206521A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108194148B (zh) * | 2017-11-22 | 2020-04-10 | 中国北方发动机研究所(天津) | 一种高可靠性径流式增压器涡轮叶轮制备方法 |
| CN113523219B (zh) * | 2020-04-22 | 2022-11-04 | 华为技术有限公司 | 非晶合金构件的制备装置、制备方法、非晶合金构件和电子设备 |
| GB202017635D0 (en) | 2020-11-09 | 2020-12-23 | Rolls Royce Plc | Centrifugal casting |
Family Cites Families (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4916028A (en) * | 1989-07-28 | 1990-04-10 | General Electric Company | Gamma titanium aluminum alloys modified by carbon, chromium and niobium |
| JPH03193837A (ja) * | 1989-12-22 | 1991-08-23 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 高温耐酸化性金属間化合物TiAl系合金 |
| DE19846781C2 (de) * | 1998-10-10 | 2000-07-20 | Ald Vacuum Techn Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von Präzisionsgußteilen durch Schleudergießen |
| US6755239B2 (en) * | 2001-06-11 | 2004-06-29 | Santoku America, Inc. | Centrifugal casting of titanium alloys with improved surface quality, structural integrity and mechanical properties in isotropic graphite molds under vacuum |
| US6866478B2 (en) * | 2002-05-14 | 2005-03-15 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Miniature gas turbine engine with unitary rotor shaft for power generation |
| DE102004056582B4 (de) * | 2004-11-23 | 2008-06-26 | Gkss-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht Gmbh | Legierung auf der Basis von Titanaluminiden |
| ATE520486T1 (de) * | 2006-10-23 | 2011-09-15 | Manfred Renkel | Verfahren zur herstellung von feingussteilen durch schleuderguss |
| EP2144722B1 (de) * | 2007-04-11 | 2011-05-11 | Manfred Renkel | Verfahren zur herstellung von feingussteilen durch schleuderguss |
| DE102007020638B4 (de) * | 2007-04-30 | 2017-02-09 | Rolls-Royce Deutschland Ltd & Co Kg | Schleudergießverfahren und Anordnung für eine Schleudergießvorrichtung |
| GB0918457D0 (en) * | 2009-10-21 | 2009-12-09 | Doncasters Ltd | Casting long products |
| US8347485B2 (en) * | 2010-02-12 | 2013-01-08 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Centrifugally-cast shorted structure for induction motor rotors |
| DE102010042889A1 (de) * | 2010-10-25 | 2012-04-26 | Manfred Renkel | Turboladerbauteil |
| CN103028715B (zh) * | 2011-09-29 | 2015-01-28 | 郑州电力机械厂 | 双吸式叶轮的离心浇注铸造方法 |
| WO2014064876A1 (ja) * | 2012-10-26 | 2014-05-01 | 株式会社Uacj | Al合金鋳物製コンプレッサーインペラー及びその製造方法 |
-
2013
- 2013-11-12 DE DE102013018944.6A patent/DE102013018944A1/de not_active Ceased
-
2014
- 2014-05-28 CN CN201480036766.3A patent/CN105358272B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2014-05-28 EP EP14739668.3A patent/EP3013500B1/de not_active Not-in-force
- 2014-05-28 WO PCT/EP2014/001429 patent/WO2014206521A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2014-05-28 US US14/901,256 patent/US20160332223A1/en not_active Abandoned
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2014206521A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20160332223A1 (en) | 2016-11-17 |
| DE102013018944A1 (de) | 2014-12-31 |
| EP3013500B1 (de) | 2017-05-17 |
| CN105358272A (zh) | 2016-02-24 |
| WO2014206521A1 (de) | 2014-12-31 |
| CN105358272B (zh) | 2017-12-12 |
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