EP3009371B1 - Sac avec soudure longitudinale discontinue - Google Patents

Sac avec soudure longitudinale discontinue Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3009371B1
EP3009371B1 EP14189053.3A EP14189053A EP3009371B1 EP 3009371 B1 EP3009371 B1 EP 3009371B1 EP 14189053 A EP14189053 A EP 14189053A EP 3009371 B1 EP3009371 B1 EP 3009371B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sack
ply
glued
discontinuous
seam
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP14189053.3A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP3009371A1 (fr
Inventor
Jonas Almkvist
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Billerudkorsnas AB
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Billerudkorsnas AB
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Priority to PL14189053T priority Critical patent/PL3009371T3/pl
Priority to EP14189053.3A priority patent/EP3009371B1/fr
Priority to ES14189053.3T priority patent/ES2608806T3/es
Priority to PCT/EP2015/073750 priority patent/WO2016059096A1/fr
Publication of EP3009371A1 publication Critical patent/EP3009371A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3009371B1 publication Critical patent/EP3009371B1/fr
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D33/00—Details of, or accessories for, sacks or bags
    • B65D33/01—Ventilation or drainage of bags
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D31/00—Bags or like containers made of paper and having structural provision for thickness of contents
    • B65D31/02—Bags or like containers made of paper and having structural provision for thickness of contents with laminated walls

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to sacks.
  • a sack for a hydraulic binder such as cement.
  • the paper sacks need to hold a considerable material weight, i.e. have high tensile strength.
  • Kraft paper is a suitable sack wall material.
  • the sacks typically have two or more walls, i.e. layers of paper material, to further strengthen the sack construction.
  • a wall layer of a sack is often referred to as a ply. Production of ply material (i.e. sack paper) is for example disclosed in WO 99/02772 .
  • a material such as cement is sensitive to moisture contamination during storage.
  • cement sacks often require protection against atmospheric water vapor penetration through the sack plies.
  • a moisture barrier incorporated as an intermediate layer in the sack, i.e. between two plies of the paper material.
  • the moisture barrier is typically a plastic film ("free film"), e.g. of polyethylene (PE), that is impermeable to water.
  • the free film may also improve resistance to grease and prevent contamination by microorganisms.
  • the paper sack should vent air during filling.
  • the air that accompanies the powdered material shall efficiently vent from the sack as the filling machines that deliver the material run at high throughput rates.
  • the venting capability of the sack is the actual limiting factor for the filling rate. Efficient venting also prevents that air is trapped in the sack and causes under-weight packs, sack rupture and problems when sacks are stacked for transportation.
  • US 2001/0021281 discloses a vented bag, which includes a length of tubular gas-impervious material sealed to closure at at least one end thereof by a plurality of spaced apart seal lines each including a discontinuity proximate one end thereof.
  • the discontinuities in adjacent ones of the seal lines are disposed proximate opposite ends of the lines so that the discontinuities, the lines and the adjoining material form a tortuous channel providing communication between the interior of the bag and the exterior of the bag.
  • the object of the present disclosure is to provide a sack concept that has improved air ventilation during filling.
  • the present disclosure provides a sack having an inner ply and an outer ply, wherein:
  • the present disclosure further provides a use of the above sack for packaging a powdery or granularly material.
  • the present disclosure also provides a method of filling the above sack, comprising the step of filling the sack with a powdery or granularly material.
  • the air ventilation through the longitudinal seam is thus enabled by tubing the outer ply with a discontinuous longitudinal seam of glue instead of the continuous seam found in prior art sacks.
  • the gaps in the discontinuous seam form air-ventilation channels that are activated (opened) by the overpressure formed inside the sack during filling. This construction is greatly improved when the outer ply is glued to the inner ply at the discontinuous longitudinal seam.
  • a sack 100, 200 as a first aspect of the present disclosure.
  • the sack 100, 200 comprises an inner ply 101 and an outer ply 102, 202.
  • the outer ply 102, 202 forms a longitudinally extending overlapping region 103, 203.
  • the overlapping region comprises an inner layer 104 and an outer layer 105.
  • a first end portion 106 of the outer ply 102 forms the inner layer 104 and a second end portion 107 of the outer ply 102 forms the outer layer 105.
  • An inside 108 of the outer layer 105 is glued 221 to an outside 109 of the inner layer 104 to form a discontinuous longitudinal seam 220.
  • An inside 110 of the first end portion 106 is glued 113a, 113b, 113c to the inner ply 101.
  • air may pass out from an interspace 111 between the inner 101 and the outer 102 ply through channels 112, 212 in the discontinuous longitudinal seam 220.
  • the sack 100, 200 comprises two ends, a top end 231 and a bottom end 232.
  • the bottom end 232 is normally closed by folding and gluing, also before filling of the sack 100, 200. Foldings and gluing patterns for closing an end of a sack are well known in the field.
  • the top end 231 may be open or partly closed before filling such that the sack may then be filled. Accordingly, the top end 231 may comprise a valve opening for spout filling.
  • the sack of the present disclosure may thus be a valve sack.
  • Longitudinally extending refers to extending in the longitudinal direction of the sack 100, 200, which is the direction from the bottom end 232 to the top end 231 of the sack 100, 200.
  • the longitudinal seam 220 is thus extending between the ends 231, 232 of the sack 100, 200.
  • the inside 110 of the first end portion 106 is glued 113a, 113b, 113c to the inner ply 101.
  • the specific parts of the inside 110 of the first end portion 106 that are glued to the inner ply 101 may be completely within the overlapping region 103 as shown in figure 1a , partly within the overlapping region 103 as shown in figure 1b or outside the overlapping region 103 as shown in figure 1c . It is preferred that the specific parts in question are partly or completely within the overlapping region 103.
  • an inside of the inner layer 104 of the overlapping region 103 is glued 113a to the inner ply 101.
  • the inside of the inner layer 104 of the overlapping region 103 is glued 113a, 113b to the inner ply 101 at the channels 112, 212.
  • at least some of the parts of the inner layer 104 that are glued 113a, 113b to the inner ply 101 on the inside faces the channels 112 at the outside 109 (see figure 3 ).
  • Such a gluing pattern may facilitate air venting as is allows channels 112 of a bigger cross-section to form.
  • the inside of the inner layer 104 may be glued to the inner ply 101 by a discontinuous glue string.
  • the inside of the inner layer 104 may be glued to the inner ply 101 by a continuous glue string.
  • the outer ply 102 is coated with a moisture barrier. Accordingly, the sack of the first aspect may lack a plastic film arranged between the outer 102 and the inner 101 ply. Such as plastic film, which is also referred to as a "free film", is often used in prior art sacks to provide a moisture barrier.
  • the barrier coating may have one or more components.
  • the coat weight of the barrier coating layer may for example be 5-25 g/m 2 .
  • the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR, ISO 2528) of the outer ply 102 is normally less than 1350 g/m 2* 24h and preferably less than 1250 g/m 2* 24h.
  • the WVTR of the multilayered paper material of the present disclosure may be 750-1150 g/m 2* 24h.
  • the sack concept of the present disclosure may also be used with higher water vapor transmission rates, such as 2500-3500 g/m 2* 24h.
  • the air permeability of the outer ply 102 is normally very low when moisture barrier coating is applied, but that is no problem as air may escape through the channels 112, 212 in the discontinuous seam 220.
  • the inner ply 101 is porous to allow air penetration.
  • Gurley ISO 5636/5
  • Short time means highly porous paper.
  • the Gurley porosity (ISO 5636/5) of the inner ply 101 is preferably less than 15 s. For example, it may be less than 10 s, such as 2-8 s, such as 3-7 s.
  • the grammage of the inner ply 101 is for example 50-140 g/m 2 .
  • it is 50-130 g/m 2 , such as 60-120 g/m 2 , such as 60-110 g/m 2 , such as 70-110 g/m 2 .
  • the grammage of the outer ply 102 is for example 50-150 g/m 2 .
  • it is 50-140 g/m 2 , such as 60-130 g/m 2 , such as 60-120 g/m 2 , such as 70-120 g/m 2 .
  • the tensile strength is the maximum force that a paper will withstand before breaking.
  • ISO 1924/3 for measuring the parameter, a stripe of 15 mm width and 100 mm length is used with a constant rate of elongation.
  • the tensile strength is one parameter in the measurement of the tensile energy absorption (TEA).
  • TEA tensile energy absorption
  • TEA is sometimes considered to be the paper property that best represents the relevant strength of the paper sack wall. This is supported by the correlation between TEA and drop tests. By dropping a sack the filling goods will move when reaching the floor. This movement means a strain on the sack wall. To withstand the strain, the TEA should be high, which means that a combination of high tensile strength and good stretch in the paper will then absorb the energy.
  • the index of a paper property is needed, it should be calculated by dividing the actual value with the grammage for the paper in question.
  • the inner ply 101 and/or the outer ply 102 of the present disclosure may be creped.
  • the tensile energy absorption index (ISO 1924-3) of the inner ply 101 and/or the outer ply 102 may for example be at least 1.8 J/g, such as at least 2 J/g, such as at least 2.2 J/g, in both the machine direction (MD) and the cross direction (CD). Further, tensile index of the inner ply 101 and/or the outer ply 102 may for example be at least 50 kNm/kg (ISO 1924/3), such as at least 60 kNm/kg, in the machine direction (MD) and at least 35 kNm/kg, such as at least 38 kNm/kg, in the cross direction (CD).
  • the expandability of the outer ply 102 may be higher than the expandability of the inner ply 101. This may also be expressed as that the tensile stiffness (ISO 1924-3) of the inner ply 101 is higher than the tensile stiffness of the outer ply 102.
  • the above strength properties may for example be obtained by selecting a bleached and/or unbleached Kraft sack paper for the inner ply 101 and/or outer ply 102.
  • Such Kraft sack papers are for example marketed by BillerudKorsnäs AB under the name QuickFill®.
  • the discontinuous seam 220 comprises at least one glued portion 2 21 and at least one non-glued portion having a length in the longitudinal direction of at least 10 mm, such as at least 15 mm.
  • the discontinuous seam 220 may comprise at least two, such as at least three or four, glued portions 221 separated by non-glued portion(s).
  • the discontinuous seam 220 may comprise at least two, such as at least three or four, non-glued portions separated by glued portion(s) 221.
  • a glued portion 221 may have a length in the longitudinal direction of 5-100 mm, such as 10-50 mm.
  • a non-glued portion may have a length in the longitudinal direction of at least 5 mm, such as at least 10 mm, such as 10-100 mm, such as 15-100 mm, such as 15-80 mm.
  • the discontinuous seam 220 may comprise at least one non-glued portion having a length in the longitudinal direction of at least 40 mm, such as at least 50 mm.
  • the discontinuous seam 220 therefore comprises an upper half and a lower half, wherein the upper half is closer to the top end 231 and comprises at least one of the non-glued portions, such as a non-glued portion having a length in the longitudinal direction of at least 40 mm.
  • the sack 100, 200 of the present disclosure may be designed to allow "top deaeration” in addition to the "longitudinal deaeration” through the channels 112, 212 in the discontinuous longitudinal seam 220.
  • “top deaeration” and “longitudinal deaeration” are both compatible with a moisture barrier-coated outer ply 102, 202.
  • the top end 231 is thus formed by folding and optionally gluing the plies 101, 102 such that a portion of the top end 231 is not sealed.
  • the folding and optional gluing is such that air may escape through the non-sealed portion during filling of the sack 100, 200.
  • the width of the overlapping region 103, 203 may for example be 0.3-7 cm, such as 0.5-5 cm.
  • a width of 1-3 cm is preferred as it is enough overlap to provide a reliable seam and is compatible with most converting process. If the width is above 3 cm, it may be difficult to open the channels 112, 212 during filling. Further, the paper consumption increases with a wider overlap.
  • the width of the glued portions 221 of the discontinuous longitudinal seam 220 may for example be 0.5-1.5 cm.
  • the distance to the end of the overlapping region may be 0.2-1 cm, such as 0.3-0.7 cm. Accordingly, the width of the overlapping region may be 0.9-3.5 cm and preferably 1.1-2.9 cm when the width of the glued portions 221 of the discontinuous longitudinal seam 220 is 0.5-1.5 cm.
  • the sack of the first aspect may for example be filled, e.g. with goods having a fineness (measured according to ASTM C204-11) above 4000 cm 2 /g, such as above 5000 cm 2 /g.
  • goods having a fineness measured according to ASTM C204-11
  • An example of such fine goods is high blaine cement.
  • a use of a sack according to the first aspect for packaging a powdery or granularly material.
  • powdery or granularly material are hydraulic binders including cement and other building materials such as powdered goods for the construction industry and ready-mix building materials. Further examples are chemicals, minerals, garden fertilizers or animal feed.
  • the use is for packaging cement or finely powdered goods, such as carbon black.
  • the cement may for example be high blaine cement, wherein the fineness (measured according to ASTM C204-11) is above 4000 cm 2 /g, such as above 5000 cm 2 /g.
  • the fineness of the finely powdered goods may be above 4000 cm 2 /g, such as above 5000 cm 2 /g, such as above 6000 cm 2 /g.
  • the sack of the first aspect enables filling of such a fine material with a satisfactory filling rate.
  • a method of filling a sack according to the first aspect comprising the step of filling the sack with a powdery or granularly material.
  • powdery or granularly materials are given above in connection with the second aspect.
  • Tests were carried out with paper sacks having an inner and an out paper ply.
  • the inner-ply of the sacks was highly porous (Gurley 3-6 seconds). Further, the sacks lacked a free film. Instead, the outer ply of the sacks was coated with a moisture barrier. Such a barrier considerably limited the air penetrability.
  • the outer ply of the sacks formed a longitudinally extending overlapping region having a width of 20 mm. In the overlapping region, two ends of the outer ply were glued to each other by a longitudinal discontinuous seam. The gluing pattern of the discontinuous seam differed between the tested sacks, as shown in the table below.
  • the longitudinal seam was glued 50mm from both sides of the tuber in order to have a robust construction. In between, there were non-glued and glued regions in an iterative pattern. Further, a sack having a continuous longitudinal seam was included as a reference. The bottom ends of the sacks were completely closed by folding and gluing in a conventional manner. In contrast, the top ends were not completely closed to allow top deaeration during filling. Sack no Length of each non-glued region (mm) Length of each glued region (mm) 1 25 50 2 20 20 3 30 30 4 40 40 5 40 20 6 70 mm, below the valve, only one non-glued area Everything except the 70 mm opening Reference - The whole length was glued
  • the air permeability was measured in a Haver Airflow Tester® (Mega Gurley) that measures the air-flow in m 3 /h at different pressure drops. These results were normalized to the sack sizes and specifically the area of the sacks that normally allows air-ventilation according to following formula: [Sack width*Sack length*2]. The results of the measurements are shown in figure 4 , which also indicates desired normalized flow rates for filling with mixed mortar, cement and finely ground powder, respectively.
  • Figure 4 shows that for the normalized flow rate associated with filling with mixed mortar (0.55 Nm 3 /dm 2* h), the pressure drop was lower for all sacks with a discontinuous seam (sacks 1-6) than for the reference sack with a continuous seam.
  • the pressure drop was at least 30 % lower for all sacks with a discontinuous seam (sacks 1-6) than for the reference sack.
  • a lower pressure drop means that a shorter filling time is obtainable.
  • Figure 4 further shows that the normalized flow rate associated with filling with finely ground powder (1.20 Nm 3 /dm 2* h) cannot be reached at a pressure drop of 100 mbar for the reference sack, while for all the sacks with a discontinuous seam (sacks 1-6), a pressure drop below 100 mbar was sufficient.
  • Figure 4 also shows a ⁇ 50-90% improvement in deaeration at 100 mbar for the sacks with a discontinuous seam compared to the reference sack.
  • figure 4 shows that sacks 1 and 2 had the best deaeration values at 50 mbar overpressure.
  • the other sacks showed progressive behaviors with improved deaeration when the overpressure increased above 50 mbar.
  • the best result at 100mbar was obtained for sack 5 and, which had 118% better deaeration compared to the reference sack.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Bag Frames (AREA)
  • Packages (AREA)

Claims (13)

  1. Sac (100, 200) ayant une épaisseur intérieure (101) et une épaisseur extérieure (102, 202), dans lequel :
    l'épaisseur extérieure (102, 202) forme une zone de chevauchement s'étendant longitudinalement (103, 203) comprenant une couche intérieure (104) et extérieure (105) ;
    une première partie d'extrémité (106) de l'épaisseur extérieure (102, 202) formant la couche intérieure (104) et une seconde partie d'extrémité (107) de l'épaisseur extérieure (102, 202) formant la couche extérieure (105) ;
    un côté intérieur (108) de la couche extérieure (105) étant collé (221) à un côté extérieur (109) de la couche intérieure (104) pour former un raccord longitudinal discontinu (220) ; et un côté intérieur (110) de la première partie d'extrémité (106) étant collé (113a, 113b, 113c) à l'épaisseur intérieure (101)
    de manière à ce que de l'air puisse passer depuis un espace intermédiaire (111) entre l'épaisseur intérieure (101) et extérieure (102, 202) à travers des canaux (112, 212) dans le raccord longitudinal discontinu (220),
    caractérisé en ce que
    l'épaisseur extérieure (102, 202) est revêtue d'une protection contre l'humidité et en ce que l'épaisseur intérieure (101) est poreuse pour permettre la pénétration d'air.
  2. Sac selon la revendication 1, dans lequel la porosité Gurley (ISO 5636/5) de l'épaisseur intérieure (101) est inférieure à 15 s, telle qu'inférieure à 10 s, telle que de 2-8 s, telle que de 3-7 s.
  3. Sac selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 - 2, dans lequel aucun film plastique n'est fourni entre l'épaisseur intérieure (101) et extérieure (102).
  4. Sac selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 - 3, dans lequel le raccord discontinu (220) comprend au moins une partie collée (221) et au moins une partie non collée ayant une longueur dans la direction longitudinale d'au moins 10 mm, telle que d'au moins 15 mm.
  5. Sac selon la revendication 4, dans lequel le raccord discontinu (220) comprend au moins deux, telles qu'au moins trois parties non collées séparées ayant chacune une longueur dans la direction longitudinale d'au moins 10 mm, telle que d'au moins 15 mm.
  6. Sac selon la revendication 4, dans lequel le raccord discontinu (220) comprend au moins une partie non collée ayant une longueur dans la direction longitudinale d'au moins 40 mm, telle que d'au moins 50 mm.
  7. Sac selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel le sac comprend une extrémité supérieure (231) à travers laquelle il est rempli, et le raccord discontinu (220) comprenant une moitié supérieure et une moitié inférieure, dans lequel la moitié supérieure est plus proche de l'extrémité supérieure (231) et comprend au moins une partie non collée.
  8. Sac selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel le sac comprend une extrémité supérieure (231) formée en pliant et collant les épaisseurs, dans lequel une partie de l'extrémité supérieure (231) n'est pas scellée par collage de manière à ce que de l'air puisse s'échapper à travers la partie non scellée pendant le remplissage du sac.
  9. Sac selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel la largeur de la zone de chevauchement (103, 203) est de 0,3-7 cm, telle que de 0,5-5 cm, telle que de 1-5 cm, telle que de 1,5-3 cm, telle que de 1-3 cm.
  10. Utilisation d'un sac (100, 200) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes pour l'emballage d'un matériau pulvérulent ou granuleux, tel du ciment, des matériaux de construction, des produits en poudre pour l'industrie de la construction, des matériaux de construction prêts à l'emploi, des produits chimiques, des minéraux ou engrais pour jardin.
  11. Utilisation d'un sac (100, 200) selon la revendication 10 pour l'emballage de ciment.
  12. Procédé de remplissage d'un sac (100, 200) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 - 9, comprenant l'étape de remplissage du sac avec un matériau pulvérulent ou granuleux.
  13. Procédé selon la revendication 12, dans lequel la finesse mesurée selon la norme ASTM C204-11 du matériau en poudre est supérieure à 4000 cm2/g, telle que supérieure à 5000 cm2/g.
EP14189053.3A 2014-10-15 2014-10-15 Sac avec soudure longitudinale discontinue Active EP3009371B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL14189053T PL3009371T3 (pl) 2014-10-15 2014-10-15 Worek z nieciągłym podłużnym spojeniem
EP14189053.3A EP3009371B1 (fr) 2014-10-15 2014-10-15 Sac avec soudure longitudinale discontinue
ES14189053.3T ES2608806T3 (es) 2014-10-15 2014-10-15 Saco con costura longitudinal discontinua
PCT/EP2015/073750 WO2016059096A1 (fr) 2014-10-15 2015-10-14 Sac à raccord longitudinal discontinu

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP14189053.3A EP3009371B1 (fr) 2014-10-15 2014-10-15 Sac avec soudure longitudinale discontinue

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3009371A1 EP3009371A1 (fr) 2016-04-20
EP3009371B1 true EP3009371B1 (fr) 2016-10-05

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ID=51690975

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP14189053.3A Active EP3009371B1 (fr) 2014-10-15 2014-10-15 Sac avec soudure longitudinale discontinue

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP3009371B1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2608806T3 (fr)
PL (1) PL3009371T3 (fr)
WO (1) WO2016059096A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IT202000013471A1 (it) * 2020-06-05 2021-12-05 Fiorini Packaging S P A Sacco privo di elementi in plastica con alta protezione dall'umidità e dall'acqua

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE779679A (fr) * 1971-02-23 1972-08-22 Kanegafuchi Chemical Ind Procede de fabrication de sacs
SE510506C2 (sv) 1997-07-09 1999-05-31 Assidomaen Ab Kraftpapper och förfarande för framställning av detta samt ventilsäck
US6491433B2 (en) * 1997-10-15 2002-12-10 Lyle F. Shabram, Jr. Bag with venting means
DE102008049391A1 (de) * 2008-09-27 2010-04-29 Nordfolien Gmbh Verpackung für Schüttgüter

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
PL3009371T3 (pl) 2017-03-31
EP3009371A1 (fr) 2016-04-20
WO2016059096A1 (fr) 2016-04-21
ES2608806T3 (es) 2017-04-17

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