EP3005726A1 - Akustisches system mit einem gehäuse mit adsorbierendem pulver - Google Patents
Akustisches system mit einem gehäuse mit adsorbierendem pulverInfo
- Publication number
- EP3005726A1 EP3005726A1 EP14734409.7A EP14734409A EP3005726A1 EP 3005726 A1 EP3005726 A1 EP 3005726A1 EP 14734409 A EP14734409 A EP 14734409A EP 3005726 A1 EP3005726 A1 EP 3005726A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- powder
- housing
- acoustic system
- volume
- activated carbon
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; ELECTRIC HEARING AIDS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
- H04R1/20—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics
- H04R1/22—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired frequency characteristic only
- H04R1/28—Transducer mountings or enclosures modified by provision of mechanical or acoustic impedances, e.g. resonator, damping means
- H04R1/2807—Enclosures comprising vibrating or resonating arrangements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; ELECTRIC HEARING AIDS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
- H04R1/20—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics
- H04R1/22—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired frequency characteristic only
- H04R1/28—Transducer mountings or enclosures modified by provision of mechanical or acoustic impedances, e.g. resonator, damping means
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; ELECTRIC HEARING AIDS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
- H04R1/20—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics
- H04R1/22—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired frequency characteristic only
- H04R1/28—Transducer mountings or enclosures modified by provision of mechanical or acoustic impedances, e.g. resonator, damping means
- H04R1/2803—Transducer mountings or enclosures modified by provision of mechanical or acoustic impedances, e.g. resonator, damping means for loudspeaker transducers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; ELECTRIC HEARING AIDS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
- H04R1/20—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics
- H04R1/22—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired frequency characteristic only
- H04R1/28—Transducer mountings or enclosures modified by provision of mechanical or acoustic impedances, e.g. resonator, damping means
- H04R1/2869—Reduction of undesired resonances, i.e. standing waves within enclosure, or of undesired vibrations, i.e. of the enclosure itself
- H04R1/2876—Reduction of undesired resonances, i.e. standing waves within enclosure, or of undesired vibrations, i.e. of the enclosure itself by means of damping material, e.g. as cladding
- H04R1/288—Reduction of undesired resonances, i.e. standing waves within enclosure, or of undesired vibrations, i.e. of the enclosure itself by means of damping material, e.g. as cladding for loudspeaker transducers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; ELECTRIC HEARING AIDS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
- H04R1/20—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics
- H04R1/22—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired frequency characteristic only
- H04R1/28—Transducer mountings or enclosures modified by provision of mechanical or acoustic impedances, e.g. resonator, damping means
- H04R1/2869—Reduction of undesired resonances, i.e. standing waves within enclosure, or of undesired vibrations, i.e. of the enclosure itself
- H04R1/2884—Reduction of undesired resonances, i.e. standing waves within enclosure, or of undesired vibrations, i.e. of the enclosure itself by means of the enclosure structure, i.e. strengthening or shape of the enclosure
- H04R1/2888—Reduction of undesired resonances, i.e. standing waves within enclosure, or of undesired vibrations, i.e. of the enclosure itself by means of the enclosure structure, i.e. strengthening or shape of the enclosure for loudspeaker transducers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; ELECTRIC HEARING AIDS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R29/00—Monitoring arrangements; Testing arrangements
- H04R29/001—Monitoring arrangements; Testing arrangements for loudspeakers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; ELECTRIC HEARING AIDS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R21/00—Variable-resistance transducers
- H04R21/02—Microphones
Definitions
- the application relates to an acoustic system with a housing with adsorbent powder.
- Adsorption is a surface effect that can theoretically be increased extremely, as long as the effective surface area can be increased in a volume-neutral manner. With different adsorbers in different material characteristics effects were achieved, for. US 46571 08 and US 2004/0251 077, which promise to double the acoustic compliance. In practice, these are usually activated carbon, which is used as a coating by
- Shaped bodies or in granular form in the housing is used, as shown in Figure 1 described in more detail later.
- Activated carbon is comparatively inexpensive and readily available. But it also has usage-specific disadvantages, one of which is the
- pressure equalization tubes are provided (US 4657108), however, may contain activated charcoal again to prevent moisture entry.
- Activated carbon in an even finer resolution (about 0.05 mm) is proposed in the already mentioned pressure equalization tube (US 4657108), but with the explicit function of a hygric barrier. Further experiments or studies with other dosage forms of activated carbon are not known.
- EP 1 868 410 A1 a loudspeaker arrangement is known.
- a housing wall is partially formed by a membrane. Within The housing is a drive that stimulates the membrane to vibrate. Further, located within the housing, a region in which powdered activated carbon is arranged. The activated carbon is in a shell, z. B. a bag housed.
- Kundt dust tube Also described in Wikipedia is the Kundt dust tube.
- a Kundt dust tube it is possible to make visible sound waves in a glass tube. For example, bearberry spores are moved by the intense sound wave and collect at the points where the sound velocity of the sound waves is smallest, that is, in the nodes of the standing wave. The Bärlappsporen be moved by the sound waves.
- the object is both to enhance the acoustic effect and to reduce or eliminate the practical problems.
- an acoustic system in particular a sound transducer, is to be provided with a housing which encloses a volume and in which at least one surface or a partial surface is supported by an oscillating bearing
- the movement must be such that an adsorptive surface is increased, wherein the adsorbent material is selected such that upon an increase in the pressure due to vibrations of the vibrationally supported sheet
- activated carbon is often chosen because activated carbon has the desired adsorption properties and has a high surface area. Investigations with activated carbon have shown that with a grain size of the powder significantly smaller than 0, 1 mm, a significant increase in the adsorption takes place. A certain increase can be explained, since the surface available for adsorption increases with decreasing grain size. However, the observed increase can not be adequately explained.
- adsorbing material to reduce the stiffness of the transducer is to be chosen so that by the vibrations of the vibrationally mounted fabric a
- Movement of the powder is caused.
- This teaching is not limited to activated carbon powder with the mentioned grain size.
- the powder is freely movable in the housing. This goes over the said
- the powder can be in different places in the housing and not just in a certain area. This eliminates a separation of this area, so that the powder can be easily swirled by the sound waves.
- the powder is usually distributed depending on the gravity and thus dependent on the installation position of the transducer in the housing. In comparison with the arrangement known from EP 1 868 410 A1, in which the powder is accommodated in sacks, this should result in a significantly better fluidizability, so that the rigidity of the sound transducer can be lowered more efficiently. In any case, the air can better get to the powder particles and adsorb better there.
- the invention is also applicable to acoustic systems in which a drive unit is provided, with which the vibratory bearing sheet can be excited to vibrate. As has already become clear from the above, is in a
- Embodiment of the invention selected as an adsorbent material activated carbon.
- powder with a particle size of less than 0.1 mm is advantageous. At least a mass fraction of 50% of the powder should be present at a particle size of less than 0.08 mm, preferably less than 0.05 mm, particularly preferably less than 0.045 mm. It should be noted that the grain sizes are usually resulting from a screening. When screening a certain distribution is unavoidable. Thus, in a powder which is sieved to a grain size of 0.05 mm, usually also individual particles with a grain size of almost 0, 1 mm are included.
- powdered activated carbon is commonly used when a mass fraction of at least 50% has a particle size range of 0.045 mm. At the same time, the mass fraction is one
- carbon nanotubes are selected as the adsorbent material. Carbon nanotubes are sometimes cheap
- Silica gel or zeolite can also be used as adsorbent materials.
- the vibrationally supported sheet is a membrane, in particular a plastic membrane.
- Membranes in particular plastic membranes, have proven themselves for sound transducers.
- a drive unit is provided outside the housing, with which the vibrationally mounted sheet can be excited to vibrate.
- the function of the drive unit could be adversely affected in the present case by the powder present in the housing.
- a drive unit with which the vibrationally mounted sheet can be excited to vibrate, wherein the drive unit is insensitive to the powder present in the housing.
- Conceivable for example, are sheets which are constructed from multilayer films in which oscillations can be excited by applying an alternating voltage and corresponding electrostatic repulsions and attractions.
- the z. B. is also used for centering the elements.
- This foil-like structure can be the Drive unit and a part of the vibrationally supported sheet surrounded so that no powder can penetrate.
- the foil-like structure can be part of the oscillatingly supported structure. It is understood that the arrangement of the drive unit outside the housing also represents a drive unit which is insensitive to the powder present in the housing.
- the housing is hygrically sealed. Under a hygrischen tightness is to be understood that is prevented by penetrating ambient moisture, the powder is wet and its adsorbing function
- adsorbent materials such as activated carbon, are often hydrophilic.
- more than half of the housing volume is filled with powder.
- the degree of filling is between two requirements
- a sound pressure sensor in particular a microphone, is present in the housing.
- the sound pressure in the housing can be better detected and depending on the sound pressure by a corresponding
- Control unit amplified or attenuated the excitation of the vibrationally stored sheet. This allows a further reduction in stiffness, so that the reduction in rigidity achieved by the use of powder of adsorbent material can be enhanced.
- the sound pressure sensor must be suitably protected in order to prevent it from being impaired by the powder. It should be mentioned at this point that the present invention can also be used well in an adaptive acoustic monitor, as described in DE 197 46 645 C1. If one adds powder of adsorbing material to the volume of the soundproof housing of DE 197 46 645 C1, the soundproof housing can be made smaller with the same acoustic properties
- a sensor electrode is arranged in the housing, such that the arrangement of sensor electrode, powder of adsorbent material and housing forms an electrical circuit whose resistance is variable by a change in density of the powder, so that by measuring the change in resistance Statement about sound that causes a movement of the powder is possible.
- This is mainly due to the fact that with a higher density of the powder, the particles of the powder are closer to each other and thus a higher
- the powder must of course be electrically conductive, as is the case with activated carbon.
- the sound transducer can be used in a simple manner for sound measurement. In most cases, microphones should usually be preferred. However, if the sound transducer described above is present anyway, the sound transducer can be equipped with the described sensor electrode with very little effort and used for sound measurement. Thus, the above-described sound pressure sensor can be replaced, if necessary, also be supplemented.
- the invention will be described in more detail below with reference to exemplary embodiments. Show
- Fig. 1 is a simplified schematic representation of a membrane 1 of a
- Sound transducer with a housing 2, which is a layer of adsorbent granules, z.
- activated carbon contains, on the surface of air or gas molecules are adsorbed.
- area A there are air or gas molecules, in area B adsorption takes place and in area C this adsorption decreases.
- FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic representation of the housing according to the invention with activated carbon powder, consisting of a hygrisch dense combination of membrane 1 and a housing 2, exclusively with unbound and im entire housing freely moving activated carbon particles 3 with dimensions of significantly smaller than 0, 1 mm is filled.
- the area B with adsorption extends over a larger part of the housing 2.
- FIG. 3 A simplified schematic representation of the housing according to the invention with activated carbon powder, in which a metallic sensor electrode 4 is placed, which has a Sound field generated in the housing 2 proportional size, which is fed back by means of a signal processing unit to the vibration drive of the diaphragm 1.
- the starting point is an acoustic system shown in Figure 1 consisting of a membrane 1, e.g. a loudspeaker diaphragm, which is stored as oscillating
- the membrane 1 is part of a housing 2.
- the membrane 1 and the housing 2 are hygrically tight. It is also ensured that the connection between the membrane 1 and the remaining housing 2 are hygrically sealed.
- electrodynamic cone speakers this can be done e.g. reach with plastic membranes or metallized plastic membranes, with the loudspeaker reversed, i. is mounted with the open side of the cone towards the housing.
- the thus increased height of the entire structure of speaker and housing 2 is undesirable, but acceptable, especially for small speakers with a flat cone and just such drive systems.
- a minimum moisture content of the ambient air must be ensured during installation. In area A there are air or gas molecules, in area B adsorption of these molecules takes place and in area C this adsorption subsides, since the molecules from area A hardly get there.
- the technical solution based on the use of activated carbon powder whose dominant volume fraction of activated carbon particles having a size significantly smaller than 1 00 microns.
- This size is associated with a mass per particle, in which the weight of the particles is more and more in the order of magnitude of the surface pressure acting on the particles by the sound pressure.
- a sound pressure level above about 50 dB is called. It should be emphasized that this value is difficult to determine and should be considered as a rough guide only.
- the small activated carbon particles begin to move, triggered by the sound pressure. The adsorption of the gas or air molecules therefore no longer takes place only on the statically available surface of the activated carbon. The inconspicuous step towards smaller activated carbon particles at first glance has surprising consequences.
- the acoustic compliance with air filling can quadruple in the case of small transducers and housings.
- the rule published so far the more activated carbon in a housing, the better, is at least relativized. It must be specified that the larger the dynamically offered surface of the activated carbon particles, the better, since this increases the adsorption effect.
- the surface effect adsorption is superimposed and amplified with a dynamic volume effect.
- the activated carbon particles 3 are swirled by the sound pressure in the housing 2, which is caused by movements of the membrane 1.
- the activated carbon particles 3 are thus swirled in the housing 2.
- This increases as it were the area B, in which the air molecules are located and attach to the activated carbon particles.
- FIG. 2 it should be noted that this is really to be understood only schematically. As mentioned, it is by no means necessary for the powder to be distributed throughout the housing. Of course, such a distribution does not preclude the function.
- the unexpectedly pronounced acoustic advantage of the dynamics thus achieved
- Adsorption process is shown. This dynamic can also be illustrated in another way.
- a metallic electrode 4 is placed in a filled with such a fine activated carbon powder 3 housing 2 and pre-polarized with a low DC voltage, as shown in Figure 3 can be seen.
- the loudspeaker generates sound vibrations, that is, the diaphragm 1 vibrates, this raises itself
- Electrode 4 a the sound pressure proportional AC voltage.
- the electrode 4 acts together with the moving activated carbon particles like a microphone.
- Activated carbon powder 3 on the membrane 1 shows the enlarged acoustic
- the pre-polarized electrode in the housing offers a functional
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Otolaryngology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Details Of Audible-Bandwidth Transducers (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Soundproofing, Sound Blocking, And Sound Damping (AREA)
- Diaphragms For Electromechanical Transducers (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102013210696.3A DE102013210696A1 (de) | 2013-06-07 | 2013-06-07 | Akustisches System mit einem Gehäuse mit adsorbierendem Pulver |
| PCT/EP2014/061872 WO2014195476A1 (de) | 2013-06-07 | 2014-06-06 | Akustisches system mit einem gehäuse mit adsorbierendem pulver |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3005726A1 true EP3005726A1 (de) | 2016-04-13 |
| EP3005726B1 EP3005726B1 (de) | 2017-01-11 |
Family
ID=51059416
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP14734409.7A Active EP3005726B1 (de) | 2013-06-07 | 2014-06-06 | Akustisches system mit einem gehäuse mit adsorbierendem pulver |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US10178468B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP3005726B1 (de) |
| KR (1) | KR102234407B1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN105532015B (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102013210696A1 (de) |
| ES (1) | ES2615055T3 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2014195476A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2567608B (en) | 2015-07-07 | 2019-10-09 | Nanoscape Ag | Improved material for rapid gas sorption in loudspeakers |
| US10667038B2 (en) | 2016-12-07 | 2020-05-26 | Apple Inc. | MEMS mircophone with increased back volume |
| US11832050B2 (en) * | 2018-09-19 | 2023-11-28 | Apple Inc. | Zeolitic material for improving loudspeaker performance |
| US10783867B2 (en) * | 2018-11-08 | 2020-09-22 | Apple Inc. | Acoustic filler including acoustically active beads and expandable filler |
| KR102564273B1 (ko) * | 2018-12-19 | 2023-08-07 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 디스플레이장치 |
| CN115547284A (zh) * | 2022-09-02 | 2022-12-30 | 瑞声科技(南京)有限公司 | 一种多孔复合吸声材料及其制备方法 |
| CN115297422B (zh) * | 2022-10-08 | 2022-12-20 | 武汉珈声科技有限公司 | 一种用于分析微型扬声器声学增强材料性能的方法 |
| CN120390191B (zh) * | 2025-06-27 | 2025-08-22 | 深圳市沃特邦检测仪器设备有限公司 | 一种音箱声学测试装置 |
Family Cites Families (19)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1711410A (en) | 1926-06-18 | 1929-04-30 | Graham Amplion Ltd | Telephone transmitter |
| JPS60500645A (ja) | 1983-03-02 | 1985-05-02 | ケイ・エイチ・テクノロジー・コーポレイション | 定圧装置 |
| DE19746645C1 (de) | 1997-10-22 | 1999-05-20 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Adaptiver akustischer Monitor |
| GB2378082B (en) | 2001-07-26 | 2005-03-09 | Kh Technology Corp | Improvements in loudspeakers |
| EP1732350A4 (de) * | 2004-03-31 | 2011-02-23 | Panasonic Corp | Lautsprecheranordnung |
| EP1696694B1 (de) * | 2004-04-13 | 2011-07-27 | Panasonic Corporation | Lausprechervorrichtung |
| JPWO2006022199A1 (ja) * | 2004-08-23 | 2008-05-08 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | スピーカ装置 |
| KR20070119648A (ko) * | 2005-03-28 | 2007-12-20 | 마쯔시다덴기산교 가부시키가이샤 | 스피커 장치 |
| KR100871620B1 (ko) | 2005-11-10 | 2008-12-02 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 광대역 무선접속 통신망에서 다중홉 시스템을 위한핸드오버 장치 및 방법 |
| EP2003924B1 (de) * | 2006-04-03 | 2012-04-25 | Panasonic Corporation | Lautsprechersystem |
| EP2154906B1 (de) * | 2007-06-12 | 2017-08-09 | Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co., Ltd. | Lautsprechersystem |
| US8265330B2 (en) * | 2007-07-20 | 2012-09-11 | Kuraray Chemical Co., Ltd. | Material for speaker device and speaker device using it |
| JP5198959B2 (ja) * | 2007-07-27 | 2013-05-15 | パナソニック株式会社 | スピーカ装置 |
| US8292023B2 (en) * | 2009-02-13 | 2012-10-23 | Nokia Corporation | Enclosing adsorbent material |
| US8320598B2 (en) * | 2009-06-30 | 2012-11-27 | Nokia Corporation | Apparatus and method |
| JP2011199574A (ja) * | 2010-03-19 | 2011-10-06 | Panasonic Corp | 音響スピーカー装置 |
| TWI528835B (zh) * | 2010-11-09 | 2016-04-01 | Chung Yen Yang | Horn device with antenna structure and speaker system |
| US8965025B2 (en) * | 2012-05-17 | 2015-02-24 | Aac Acoustic Technologies (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. | Micro-speaker box |
| CN202663529U (zh) * | 2012-05-17 | 2013-01-09 | 瑞声光电科技(常州)有限公司 | 发声器件 |
-
2013
- 2013-06-07 DE DE102013210696.3A patent/DE102013210696A1/de not_active Ceased
-
2014
- 2014-06-06 EP EP14734409.7A patent/EP3005726B1/de active Active
- 2014-06-06 KR KR1020167000278A patent/KR102234407B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2014-06-06 CN CN201480043688.XA patent/CN105532015B/zh active Active
- 2014-06-06 WO PCT/EP2014/061872 patent/WO2014195476A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2014-06-06 ES ES14734409.7T patent/ES2615055T3/es active Active
- 2014-06-06 US US14/895,978 patent/US10178468B2/en active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US10178468B2 (en) | 2019-01-08 |
| EP3005726B1 (de) | 2017-01-11 |
| KR20160019089A (ko) | 2016-02-18 |
| US20160127821A1 (en) | 2016-05-05 |
| CN105532015A (zh) | 2016-04-27 |
| DE102013210696A1 (de) | 2014-12-11 |
| CN105532015B (zh) | 2020-03-17 |
| ES2615055T3 (es) | 2017-06-05 |
| WO2014195476A1 (de) | 2014-12-11 |
| KR102234407B1 (ko) | 2021-03-30 |
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