EP2978546B1 - Outils de cintrage permettant le cintrage préliminaire et le serrage - Google Patents

Outils de cintrage permettant le cintrage préliminaire et le serrage Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2978546B1
EP2978546B1 EP14723672.3A EP14723672A EP2978546B1 EP 2978546 B1 EP2978546 B1 EP 2978546B1 EP 14723672 A EP14723672 A EP 14723672A EP 2978546 B1 EP2978546 B1 EP 2978546B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
bending
punch
die
section
hemming
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EP14723672.3A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP2978546A1 (fr
Inventor
Reinhard Artmayr
Emanuel Schmee
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Trumpf Maschinen Austria GmbH and Co KG
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Trumpf Maschinen Austria GmbH and Co KG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D19/00—Flanging or other edge treatment, e.g. of tubes
    • B21D19/08—Flanging or other edge treatment, e.g. of tubes by single or successive action of pressing tools, e.g. vice jaws
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D5/00—Bending sheet metal along straight lines, e.g. to form simple curves
    • B21D5/02—Bending sheet metal along straight lines, e.g. to form simple curves on press brakes without making use of clamping means
    • B21D5/0209—Tools therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D5/00—Bending sheet metal along straight lines, e.g. to form simple curves
    • B21D5/16—Folding; Pleating

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a bending tool combination and a bending tool set according to the dependent claims of claims 1 and 11.
  • Various bending tools are known in the art for applying to a workpiece of formable material an edge portion of the workpiece by forming about 180 ° of the remainder of the workpiece and thereby reinforcing or rounding the edge of the workpiece.
  • Such reshaping is also referred to as folding or hemming and can also be made on a conventional press brake with suitable bending tools, also called folding tools or compression tools.
  • the workpiece is pre-bent on one edge in a sharp-edged manner, and then the resulting bending leg is pressed and formed against the remaining workpiece between two pressing surfaces.
  • the bending tools used for this purpose thus have structural features which allow in a first forming step a pre-bending of the workpiece, preferably by means of a free-bending operation, and in a second forming step, the pressing of the pre-bent workpiece. Since different effective surfaces are used on the bending tools, there are embodiments of Zudrücktechnikmaschinemaschinen in which the bending dies have relatively adjustable components or in which by changing the position of the bending die between the forming steps successively different active surfaces come into engagement. Such embodiments require either complicated bending dies or complex adjusting mechanisms on the press brake for changing the position of the bending dies.
  • An embodiment of folding tools which relative to the respective tool holders on the press brake fixed bending tools has no moving or adjustable components, comprises a bending die having on its upper side a support surface for a workpiece and in the support surface a die portion into which the workpiece is pressed by means of the tip of a punch and thereby the workpiece can be pre-bent acute angle.
  • the pre-bent workpiece is compressed between a Zudschreib Design running on the punch and the bearing surface of the bending die.
  • the Zudschreib printing on the punch is relative to the top of the punch relatively far back and in order to approach the Zudschreib construction up to the bearing surface of the bending die, the bending die in the die section has a leading into the interior of the bending die slot in which received the punch during Zudschreibvorgang can be.
  • the punch is so far approximated to the bending die that between the Zudschreib vom a suitable for receiving the pre-bent workpiece slot remains and the workpiece is inserted into this so far until it abuts the punch.
  • a disadvantage of this embodiment is that at larger Gesenkweiten through this creates a gap between the support surface at the top of the bending die and the introduced punch into which the workpiece can dodge while pressing and thus the proposed forming process can be disturbed sensitive, since the Zud Wegvorgang is performed insufficiently.
  • bending dies with different die widths generally also require a separate stamping punch with a respective matching punch thickness in order to avoid or minimize the above-mentioned intermediate space.
  • a bending tool set for folding of different sheet thicknesses therefore includes in addition to several bending dies with different die widths also several bending punch with different punch thicknesses, which causes correspondingly high cost of such a tool set and is a change between workpieces with different thicknesses also connected to a large Hinstauf wall.
  • the document FR 1 163 931 A describes a bending device with bending die and a bending punch for Z-shaped pre-bending and subsequent pressing of a flat workpiece.
  • the punch has in this device on two offset by 90 ° sides on the one hand on a profiled pressure surface for pre-bending and on the other hand a flat pressing surface for pressing the workpiece. Accordingly, the punch to the Carrying out the pre-bending by the subsequent Zing Wegens alternately by 90 ° back and forth.
  • a pressing surface area for Z-shaped pre-bending and, on the other hand, a pressing surface for pressing are arranged on the bending die on a single side side by side.
  • the document FR 1 132 633 A describes a bending press in which a bending die is used, which has on four sides V-shaped depressions for bending rectangular workpieces at right angles.
  • the four V-shaped depressions have different die widths or different depths.
  • the so-designed bending die can be arranged differently by pivoting by 90 °.
  • the document DE 26 52 886 A1 The object of the invention is a bending processing device in which one or two further bending tools, which are height-adjustable relative to the first bending tool, are arranged on a movable plunger or on a bending tool fixed to the plunger.
  • the object of the invention is to avoid the disadvantages of the known from the prior art bending tool combinations.
  • the object of the invention is achieved by a generic bending tool combination with the characterizing features of claim 1 and a bending tool set with the characterizing features of claim 11.
  • a possible embodiment of the bending die is that the slot for receiving the punch after the outer die portion has a support portion with a clear span corresponding to the thickness of the punch plus a slight clearance.
  • the relatively slender part of the punch is thereby mechanically supported during Zudrückvorgang and ensures the mutual alignment of the bending die and punch transverse to the direction.
  • the clear span in the support section is constant over a range, i. level support surfaces are provided in the support section.
  • a receiving contour adjoining the support section can widen in the direction of an inner end section of the slot, that is to say have an increased inside width relative to the support section, whereby wear of the bending punch in the region of the tip is reduced.
  • a receiving contour adjoining the support section is rounded in the inner end section of the slit with rounding radii or a radius of curvature of at least 2 mm.
  • a load-appropriate, material and weight-saving embodiment of a bending die is achieved if, on the side opposite the pressing section, with respect to the working plane, it has a material cross-section tapering towards the die section.
  • the die section and the die surface are surface-hardened, in particular laser-hardened.
  • the Zudschabites is disposed completely between the working plane of the punch portion and an emanating from the top of the punch portion, inclined by an angle less than 20 ° to the working plane contour plane. Since the punch can also be used for free-bending transformations without subsequent Zudschreibvorgang, in this embodiment, the Zudschreibabites no disturbing contour that limits the bending space.
  • the tip of the stamp section and the pressing surface are surface-hardened, in particular laser-hardened.
  • the invention relates to a bending tool combination according to the invention composed of a bending die according to the invention and a bending punch according to the invention Award 1 for v-shaped pre-bending and subsequent pressing a flat workpiece section, whereby the above-described advantageous effects of a bending die according to the invention and a bending punch according to the invention can be optimally utilized.
  • the invention also relates to a bending tool set according to claim 11, for v-shaped pre-bending and subsequent pressing of a flat workpiece portion, comprising one or more bending dies with a constant punch thickness transversely to the working direction and at least two bending dies with leading into the interior of the bending dies slots for receiving the punch during the compression and die sections, which have different die widths in the region of their bearing surface for a flat workpiece section.
  • Fig. 1 shows a known from the prior art bending tool combination for pre-bending and pressing a flat workpiece section.
  • the bending tool combination comprises a bending die having on its upper side a support surface for the workpiece and in the support surface a die portion into which the workpiece is pressed by means of the tip of a punch and thereby the workpiece can be pre-bent acute angle.
  • the pre-bent workpiece is compressed between a Zudschreib ⁇ running on the punch and the bearing surface of the bending die.
  • Fig. 1 Here is the phase of compression.
  • the Zudschreib The Zudschreib simulation the bending punch is relative to the top of the punch relatively far back added connects directly at right angles to the stamp section.
  • the bending die in the die section has a leading into the interior of the bending die slot in which the punch can be added during the Zudschreibvorgang.
  • the punch is so far approximated to the bending die that the punch portion protrudes into the slot and thereby forms the shaft of the punch portion a stop surface for the pre-bent workpiece and thereby positioning the pre-bent workpiece between the Zudschreib vom easier.
  • a larger die width may be required to facilitate or even allow pre-bending.
  • undesirable deformations of the workpiece can occur, in particular the Zudrückvorgang can bring an inadequate result.
  • Fig. 2 shows a bending tool combination 1, which comprises a bending die 2 according to the invention and a bending punch 3 according to the invention.
  • bending die 2 and punch 3 are mounted in a bending press, not shown, in particular a press brake and thereby arranged relative to each other in the direction of a working plane 4 adjustable.
  • the upper side of the bending die 2 forms a support surface 5, on which a flat, planar workpiece section 6 can be placed in order to pre-bend it with sharp edges by means of the bending punch 3.
  • the bending die 2 has, in the region of the bearing surface 5, a recessed die section 7, into which the workpiece section 6 can be pressed during the deformation by the bending punch 3.
  • the die section 7 is arranged centrally with respect to the working plane 4 and merges into a slot 8 in the interior of the bending die 2, in which the bending punch 3 is received when the pre-bent workpiece section 6 is pressed.
  • a Zudschreibabites 9 is arranged with a transverse to the working plane 4 Zudschreib construction 10 on which a pre-bent workpiece for carrying out the Zudschreibvorgangs can be positioned.
  • the bending punch 3 cooperating with the bending die 2 has a punch portion 12, which extends from a punch base 11 and is centrally arranged with respect to the working plane 4, which in its end portion tapers in a wedge shape onto a punch tip 13.
  • a Zudschreibabêt 14 of the punch 13 is laterally arranged next to the punch portion 12 on the punch base 11, which has a transverse to the working plane 4 Zudschreib Chemistry 15.
  • the Zudschreib simulation 10 staggered back on the bending die 2 relative to the support surface 5 of the die portion 7, whereby an extending from the support surface 5 to Zudschreib Construction 10 stop surface is formed.
  • the stamping section 14 projects beyond the stamp base in the direction of the stamp tip 13 on the bending punch 3 according to the invention, as a result of which the stamping surface 15 is raised stepwise relative to the stamp base and a groove-like recess is formed between the stamp section 12 and the stamping surface 15.
  • the bending die 2 has in Gesenkabrough 7 a die width 16 which is adapted to the sheet thickness to be processed, with larger sheet thickness 16 are used with increasing sheet thickness.
  • the stamp portion 12 of the punch 3 has a punch thickness 17 and the slot 8 in the bending die 2 is designed so that the punch portion 12 can be received with a small clearance, for example, a few tenths of a millimeter during Zudschreibvorgang.
  • Fig. 3 shows a bending tool set 18 of a bending punch 3 according to the invention and three different bending dies 2, 19, 20 includes.
  • the bending tool set 18 may also comprise only two bending dies or else more than three bending dies.
  • the bending dies 2, 19 and 20 have different die widths 16, 21 and 22 and are therefore suitable for bending workpiece sections 6 with different sheet thicknesses.
  • the bending die 2 with the smallest die width 16 is used, while for larger sheet thicknesses the bending die 19 with the larger die width 21 or even the bending die 20 with the largest die width 22 is used.
  • all three bending dies 2, 19, 20 have slots 8 adjoining the die portion 7, which have a support portion 23 adjoining the die portion 7, which in all different bending dies 2, 19 and 20 has an identical clear span 24.
  • This clear span 24 corresponds to the punch thickness 17 plus a low working cycle. With a punch thickness of 6 mm, the clear span is for example 6.2 or 6.4 mm.
  • This support portion 23 in the slot 8 causes the punch portion 12 is supported transversely to the working plane 4 in a Zud Wegvorgang, in which very large forming forces may be required and thereby deformation or breakage of the stamp portion 12 is reduced or prevented.
  • Fig. 4 shows in a detailed view again, as in the Zudrückabêt 9 according to the invention the Zudschreib simulation 10 relative to the support surface 5 of the Gesenkabêtes 7 stepped back, creating a from the support surface 5 to the Zudschreib construction 10 extending stop surface 25 is formed.
  • a depth offset 26 of the Zudschreib simulation 10 relative to the support surface 5 is preferably between 30% and 75% of the Gesenkweite 16 and shows Fig. 4 an embodiment with a depth offset of about 50% of the Gesenkweite 16.
  • the stop surface 25 preferably runs parallel to the working plane 4 and can, as in Fig. 4 indicated, between the stop surface 25 and the Zudschreib construction 10 a groove 27 may be provided which can absorb minor contamination in Zudschreibabêt 9 and therefore the striking of a workpiece to be bent portion 6 against the stop surface 25 or resting on the Zudschreib construction 10 is not hindered by contamination.
  • Fig. 4 further shows that the slot 8 leading from the die section 7 into the interior of the bending die 2, following the die section 7, has the support section 23, in which the support width 24 is at least approximately constant.
  • To the support portion 23 includes a receiving contour 28, which widens in the direction of the inner end portion 29 of the slot 8, whereby in the interior of the slot 8 is compared to the span 24 enlarged inner width 30 is given.
  • Fig. 4 shows further that the inner contour 28 is executed rounded in the end portion 29 of the slot 8 and, for example, has a radius of curvature of at least 2 mm. Thereby, a strength-reducing notch effect can be reduced by the slot 8.
  • right outer surface has a taper 31 through which reduces the material cross-section of the bending die 2 in the direction of the support surface 5 towards load and weight-reducing.
  • Fig. 5 shows in a detail section of the stamp section 12 and the Zudschreibabrough 14 of a bending punch 3 according to the invention, in which the Zudschreibabrough 14 with respect to a stamp base surface 32, projecting in the direction of the punch tip 13.
  • a groove-like recess 33 is thereby formed between the stamp portion 12 and the Zudschreib construction 15 and projects the Zudschreib configuration 15 stepwise relative to the stamp base surface 32.
  • the projection 34 of the Zudschreibabiteses 14 relative to the stamp base surface 32 is made larger than the depth offset 26 on the bending die 2, so that the Zudschreib vom 10 and 15 can be brought to the mutual concern.
  • Another condition for being able to bring the pressing surfaces 10 and 15 into contact is that a punch length 35 measured at the bending punch 3 from the pressing surface 15 to the punch tip 13 is made smaller than a slot depth measured at the bending die 2 from the pressing surface 10 36 of the slot 8.
  • An advantageous embodiment feature of a bending punch 3 according to the invention can, as in Fig. 5 represented, also consist in that the Zudschreibabites 14 is disposed completely between the working plane 4 of the punch portion 12 and an outgoing from the die tip 13 contour plane 38, wherein the contour plane to the working plane as small an angle 39, for example, less than 20 °, occupies whereby the Zudschreibabites 14 also for sharp-edged Vorbiegungen a workpiece section 6 is no interference contour.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Bending Of Plates, Rods, And Pipes (AREA)

Claims (11)

  1. Combinaison d'outils de cintrage (1) pour le cintrage préliminaire en forme de V et le serrage consécutif d'une section de pièce à usiner (6) plate, comprenant une matrice de cintrage (2) et un poinçon de cintrage (3), dans laquelle la matrice de cintrage (2) est conçue avec une section de matriçage (7) disposée de manière centrale par rapport au plan de travail (4) de la matrice de cintrage (2), avec une fente (8) menant depuis une surface de pose (5) vers l'intérieur de la matrice de cintrage (2) pour recevoir partiellement le poinçon de cintrage (3) pendant le serrage, et une section de serrage (9) avec une surface de serrage (10), agencée latéralement par rapport au plan de travail (4), dans laquelle la surface de serrage (10) forme un retrait en gradin par rapport à une surface de pose (5) de la section de matriçage (7), dans laquelle une surface de butée (25) s'étendant depuis la surface de pose (5) vers la surface de serrage (10) est formée, et dans laquelle le poinçon de cintrage (3) est conçu avec une section de poinçonnage (12) disposée de manière centrale par rapport au plan de travail (4) du poinçon de cintrage (3), et depuis une surface de base de poinçon (32), et avec une section de serrage (14) ayant une surface de serrage (15) disposée latéralement par rapport à celle-ci, dans laquelle la section de serrage (14) s'avance en saillie par rapport à la surface de base de poinçon (32) dans la direction de la pointe de poinçon (13), de sorte que la surface de serrage (15) s'avance en saillie et en gradin par rapport à la surface de base de poinçon (32) et un évidement en forme de rainure (33) est formé entre la section de poinçonnage (12) et la surface de serrage (15), et dans laquelle, telle que mesurée dans la direction de fonctionnement, une profondeur de fente (36) mesurée à partir de la surface de serrage (10) de la matrice de cintrage (2) est supérieure à une longueur de poinçon (35) mesurée depuis la surface de serrage (15) du poinçon de cintrage (3) jusqu'à la pointe de poinçon (13).
  2. Combinaison d'outils de cintrage (1) selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que la fente (8) qui suit la section de matriçage (7) de la matrice de cintrage (2) présente une section de support (23) avec une largeur de support interne constante (24).
  3. Combinaison d'outils de cintrage (1) selon la revendication 2, caractérisée en ce qu'un contour de réception (28) joint à la section de support (23) de la matrice de cintrage (2) s'élargit dans la direction d'une section d'extrémité intérieure (29) de la fente (8).
  4. Combinaison d'outils de cintrage (1) selon la revendication 2 ou 3, caractérisée en ce que un contour de réception (28) joint à la section de support (23) est arrondi avec un rayon de courbure d'au moins 2 mm au niveau de la section d'extrémité intérieure (27) de la fente (8) de la matrice de cintrage (2).
  5. Combinaison d'outils de cintrage (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisée en ce que un décalage de profondeur (26) de la surface de serrage (10) par rapport à la surface de pose (5) de la matrice de cintrage (2) est compris entre 30 % et 75 % de la largeur de matrice (16).
  6. Combinaison d'outils de cintrage (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisée en ce que la matrice de cintrage (2) présente un effilement (31) sur le côté extérieur opposé à la section de serrage (9) par rapport au plan de travail (4), au moyen duquel la section transversale de matériau de la matrice de cintrage (2) décroît en forme de coin dans la direction de la surface de pose (5).
  7. Combinaison d'outils de cintrage (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisée en ce que la section de matrice (7) et la surface de serrage (10) de la matrice de cintrage (2) sont durcies en surface, en particulier sont durcies par laser.
  8. Combinaison d'outils de cintrage (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisée en ce que la surface de serrage (15) du poinçon de cintrage (3), mesurée perpendiculairement au plan de travail (4), présente une plus grande dimension (37) que l'épaisseur de poinçon (17).
  9. Combinaison d'outils de cintrage (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisée en ce que la section de serrage (14) du poinçon de cintrage (3) est disposé complètement entre le plan de travail (4) de la section de poinçonnage (12) et un plan de contour (38) à partir de la pointe de poinçon (13) qui est incliné sur un angle (39) inférieur à 20° par rapport au plan de travail (4).
  10. Combinaison d'outils de cintrage (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisée en ce que la pointe de poinçon (13) et la surface de serrage (15) du poinçon de cintrage (3) sont durcies en surface, en particulier sont durcies par laser.
  11. Ensemble d'outils de cintrage (18) pour le cintrage préliminaire en forme de V et le serrage consécutif d'une section de pièce à usiner (6) plate, comprenant un ou plusieurs poinçons de cintrage (3) ayant une épaisseur de poinçon constante (17) perpendiculaire au plan de travail (4) et au moins deux matrices de cintrage (2, 19, 20, ...), caractérisé en ce que les matrices de cintrage (2, 19, 20, ...) sont conçus avec une section de matrice (7) disposée de manière centrale par rapport au plan de travail (4) de la matrice de cintrage (2, 19, 20, ...) avec une fente (8) menant d'une surface de pose (5) dans l'intérieur de la matrice de cintrage (2, 19, 20,...) pour recevoir partiellement le poinçon de cintrage (3) au cours du serrage, et une section de serrage (9) avec une surface de serrage (10) disposée latéralement par rapport au plan de travail (4), dans lequel la surface de serrage (10) forme un retrait en gradin par rapport à une surface de pose (5) de la section de matriçage (7), dans lequel une surface de butée (25) s'étendant depuis la surface de pose (5) vers la surface de serrage (10) est formée, et dans lequel les matrices de cintrage (2, 19, 20, ...), à l'intérieur de la fente (8), présentent chacune une largeur de support interne identique (24), dont l'épaisseur de poinçon (17) correspond de plus à un cycle de travail, et la sections de matrice (7) présente différentes largeurs de matrice (16, 21, 22) dans la zone de la surface de pose (5), et en ce que le poinçon de cintrage (3) est conçu avec une section de poinçonnage (12) disposée de manière par rapport au plan de travail (4) du poinçon de cintrage (3), partant d'une surface de base de poinçon (32), et avec une section de serrage (14) avec une surface de serrage (15) disposée latéralement par rapport à celle-ci, dans lequel la section de serrage (14) s'avance en saillie par rapport à la surface de base de poinçon (32) dans la direction de la pointe de poinçon (13), de sorte que la surface de serrage (15) s'avance en saillie et en gradin par rapport à la surface de base de poinçon (32) et un évidement en forme de rainure (33) est formé entre la section de poinçonnage (12) et la surface de serrage (15).
EP14723672.3A 2013-03-28 2014-03-27 Outils de cintrage permettant le cintrage préliminaire et le serrage Active EP2978546B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ATA50217/2013A AT513741B1 (de) 2013-03-28 2013-03-28 Biegewerkzeuge zum Vorbiegen und Zudrücken
PCT/AT2014/050076 WO2014153586A1 (fr) 2013-03-28 2014-03-27 Outils de cintrage permettant le cintrage préliminaire et le serrage

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EP2978546A1 EP2978546A1 (fr) 2016-02-03
EP2978546B1 true EP2978546B1 (fr) 2017-04-19

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EP (1) EP2978546B1 (fr)
AT (1) AT513741B1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2014153586A1 (fr)

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JP2015199122A (ja) * 2014-04-01 2015-11-12 株式会社アマダホールディングス プレスブレーキ用金型及びヘミング加工方法
CN110076251B (zh) * 2019-05-10 2024-05-10 瑞鹄汽车模具股份有限公司 汽车覆盖件内外板预弯与压合包边组合模具及其使用方法
CN112828140A (zh) * 2021-01-06 2021-05-25 安徽省科昌机械制造股份有限公司 一种冷柜内胆端部压台折弯机构

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AT505656B1 (de) * 2008-02-19 2009-03-15 Trumpf Maschinen Austria Gmbh Falzvorrichtung für eine biegepresse, insbesondere abkantpresse
AT507911B1 (de) * 2009-03-04 2010-11-15 Trumpf Maschinen Austria Gmbh Verfahren zum freibiegen
CN101665515B (zh) 2009-10-20 2013-05-08 苏州科技学院 P-n协同型阻燃化合物及其制备方法

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AT513741A4 (de) 2014-07-15
WO2014153586A1 (fr) 2014-10-02
US20160096213A1 (en) 2016-04-07
EP2978546A1 (fr) 2016-02-03
AT513741B1 (de) 2014-07-15

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