EP2968656B1 - Hochfeste und bioabsorbierbare magnesiumlegierungen - Google Patents

Hochfeste und bioabsorbierbare magnesiumlegierungen Download PDF

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EP2968656B1
EP2968656B1 EP14765401.6A EP14765401A EP2968656B1 EP 2968656 B1 EP2968656 B1 EP 2968656B1 EP 14765401 A EP14765401 A EP 14765401A EP 2968656 B1 EP2968656 B1 EP 2968656B1
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percent
surgical device
range
microalloyed
alloy
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EP2968656A4 (de
EP2968656A1 (de
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Raymond Decker
Stephen LEBEAU
Steven Young
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Thixomat Inc
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Thixomat Inc
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/064—Surgical staples, i.e. penetrating the tissue
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/064—Surgical staples, i.e. penetrating the tissue
    • A61B17/0642—Surgical staples, i.e. penetrating the tissue for bones, e.g. for osteosynthesis or connecting tendon to bone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/56—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
    • A61B17/58—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
    • A61B17/68—Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
    • A61B17/84—Fasteners therefor or fasteners being internal fixation devices
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
    • A61L27/02—Inorganic materials
    • A61L27/04—Metals or alloys
    • A61L27/047—Other specific metals or alloys not covered by A61L27/042 - A61L27/045 or A61L27/06
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
    • A61L31/02—Inorganic materials
    • A61L31/022—Metals or alloys
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
    • A61L31/14—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
    • A61L31/148—Materials at least partially resorbable by the body
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C23/00—Alloys based on magnesium
    • C22C23/04—Alloys based on magnesium with zinc or cadmium as the next major constituent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • C22F1/002—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working by rapid cooling or quenching; cooling agents used therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • C22F1/06—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of magnesium or alloys based thereon
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B2017/00004—(bio)absorbable, (bio)resorbable, resorptive
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2430/00—Materials or treatment for tissue regeneration
    • A61L2430/02—Materials or treatment for tissue regeneration for reconstruction of bones; weight-bearing implants

Definitions

  • the present invention generally relates to surgical device. More specifically, the present invention relates to bio-absorbable surgical devices, including implantable devices for fixating bone and tissue and non-implantable surgical devices.
  • Biodegradable plastics are also sometimes used as the fixation devices to allow repaired ligaments to heal and strengthen. As noted above, such plastic fixation devices do not properly mimic bone characteristics in terms of strength. Nor do these polymer implants encourage bone growth on their receding surface as they absorb. Stronger, tougher and stiffer materials in the current biodegradable plastics are needed for these procedures.
  • metal instruments such as retractors
  • retractors are commonplace. During their use, it is possible that metal fragments are formed and accidentally left in the body of the patient as the surgery site is closed up. If the retractors are fabricated from a noncorrosive material, such as stainless steel and titanium, these metal fragments can be damaging to organs.
  • Mg magnesium
  • Al aluminum
  • RE Rare Earth
  • An alloy base and its alloying elements need to meet the following requirements of non-toxicity: minimal gas bubbling around the implant; normal hematology and serum biochemistry; good oste-oconductivity and osteoinductivity; enhanced attached new bone growth of improved density and strength; good cytocompatibility; non-inflammation; good adhesion of osteoblasts; even distribution of alloying elements around the implants; and the addition of essential nutrients to the body, but not exceeding yearly safe limits.
  • a bioabsorbable magnesium alloy for use as a material implanted into the human body is disclosed in CN 101 629 260 A .
  • the magnesium alloy has alloying constituents of Zn, Ca and Mn, with Zn preferably being in the range of 1.5% to 3.5% by weight.
  • Zn preferably being in the range of 1.5% to 3.5% by weight.
  • the present invention provides bio-absorbable fixation devices and retractors constructed of a magnesium alloy that meets the aforementioned requirements.
  • the magnesium alloy and processing are specifically tuned for either the fixation device application or the retractor application.
  • the fixation device application the particular magnesium alloy and process can be fine-tuned to the healing time/ strength requirements of the particular surgical repair.
  • the retractor application the magnesium alloy and process can be tuned to provide the desired strength, allowing for fast absorption of any metal fragments retained within the body of the patient.
  • the invention provides a Mg alloy that is hard and strong, providing durability for the entire healing process to any fixation device made of the Mg alloy.
  • Magnesium (Mg) is the lightest of structural metals, at 60% of the density of Al, 38% of titanium (Ti) and 20% of stainless steel or cobalt (Co) implants.
  • the elastic modulus and yield strength of Mg alloys are closer to bone than alloys used in other metallic implants - thus use of the proposed magnesium alloys maximizing stress transfer at interfaces.
  • the fracture toughness of Mg alloys exceeds that of ceramics, hydroxyapatite, polymers and ceramic implants. It is also important to note that Mg is friendly to the body. Mg is naturally found in bone tissue and is essential to human metabolism.
  • the present invention therefore provides a microalloyed magnesium material for absorption in the body of a human or animal, the microalloyed magnesium material consisting of: 0.85 to 1.4 percent by weight of zinc (Zn), 0.2 to 0.5 percent by weight of calcium (Ca), 0.2 to 0.5 percent by weight of manganese (Mn) with the remainder being magnesium (Mg) and inevitable impurities, wherein the combined percent of Zn, Ca and Mn microalloyed with Mg is in the range of 1.4 to 2.4 percent, preferably in the range of 1.5 to 2.4 percent.
  • the Zn content is in the range of 0.9 to 1.3 percent by weight.
  • the Ca content is in the range of 0.2 to 0.4 percent by weight.
  • the Mn content is in the range of 0.2 to 0.35 percent by weight.
  • the Mn content is in the range of 0.2 to 0.35 percent by weight.
  • nanometer-sized ordered zones including nanometer-sized ordered zones (mini prisms of 1-3 atom layers) of 10 x 0.5 nanometers.
  • the invention provides for a surgical device formed of a material for absorption into the body of a human or animal, the surgical device comprising: a body being formed of magnesium (Mg) microalloyed with zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca) and manganese (Mn) to form a microalloyed magnesium material, the microalloyed magnesium material consisting essentially of 0.85 to 1.4 percent by weight of zinc (Zn), 0.2 to 0.5 percent by weight of calcium (Ca), 0.2 to 0.5 percent by weight of manganese (Mn) with the remainder being magnesium (Mg) and inevitable impurities, wherein the combined percent of Zn, Ca and Mn microalloyed with Mg is in the range of 1.4 to 2.4 percent, preferably in the range of 1.5 to 2.4 percent.
  • Mg magnesium
  • Zn zinc
  • Ca calcium
  • Mn manganese
  • the body is one of a screw, a plate, a stent, a staple, a wire or an implant device.
  • the body is part of one of a clamp, a retractor, forceps or a non-implant device.
  • the microalloyed magnesium material has a yield strength in the range of 150 to 220 MPa.
  • the microalloyed magnesium material has an elongation percentage in the range of 15 to 35 percent.
  • the microalloyed magnesium material has a hardness of 60 to 84 Hv.
  • the microalloyed magnesium material has a grain size of less than 5 ⁇ m.
  • the microalloyed magnesium material has a H 2 evolution rate of 50 to 150 ml per 21 days in simulated body fluid at 37°C.
  • the present invention provides for a method of manufacturing a surgical device formed at least in part of a material for absorption into the body of a human or animal, the method comprising the steps of: providing a melt of a magnesium material consisting essentially of 0.85 to 1.4 percent by weight of zinc (Zn), 0.2 to 0.5 percent by weight of calcium (Ca), 0.2 to 0.5 percent by weight of manganese (Mn) with the remainder being magnesium (Mg), the melt forming a microalloyed magnesium material; forming a casting from the microalloyed magnesium material; deforming the casting by a thermomechanical process whereby thickness of the casting is reduced an amount greater than 30 percent to form a reduced thickness wrought product; annealing the reduced thickness wrought product to form an annealed wrought product; subjecting the annealed wrought product to at least one of quenching and hardening; and forming the wrought product into at least part of surgical device.
  • the deforming step includes rolling of the casting. In an additional aspect of the invention, the deforming step includes extruding of the casting.
  • the extruding of the casting reduces the thickness of the casting by greater than 50 percent.
  • annealing step includes annealing in the range of 300°C to 400°C.
  • annealing step includes annealing for up to 4 hours.
  • the quenching includes water quenching.
  • hardening is performed by solid solution microalloying of Zn, Ca, and Mn with Mg.
  • hardening is performed by forming nanometer-sized ordered zones (mini prisms of 1-3 atom layers) of 10 x 0.5 nanometers.
  • the hardening includes age hardening in the range of 175°C to 225°C for 10 minutes to 3 hours.
  • the forming step forms the casting into one of a screw, a plate, a stent, a staple, a wire, and an implant device.
  • the forming step forms the casting into one of a clamp, a retractor, forceps or a non-implant device.
  • the combined percent of Zn, Ca and Mn in the microalloyed magnesium material in the range of 1.4 to 2.4 percent.
  • the combined percent of Zn, Ca and Mn in the microalloyed magnesium material is in the range of 1.5 to 2.4 percent.
  • Mg has a tendency to corrode in the body. This corrosion is an advantage with the present invention.
  • the implants become temporary and do not require a secondary operation for their removal. Rather, the Mg alloy, and therefore the implants, will be absorbed by the body.
  • This corrosion can further be beneficially utilized to provide an intra-body, electrochemical mechanism for the delivery of medicaments. Infections and inflammation will be further reduced as a result of the reduction in secondary surgeries
  • alloying elements as replacements for Al and RE, were selected to strengthen and toughen the Mg base, while serving as nutrients and having tuned corrosion rates.
  • One microalloying criterion was the selection of small ternary additions all of which are strong solid solution hardeners at low levels.
  • nanometer-sized zones (mini prisms of 1-3 atom layers) of about 10 x 0.5 nanometers (nm) can be generated from a Mg-Zn-Ca-Mn solid solution by thermomechanical processing (TMP) and/ or heat treatment.
  • TMP thermomechanical processing
  • These ordered zones contain enriched contents of Zn, Ca and Mn in an ordered atomic array in the hcp Mg matrix.
  • These elements report to the ordered zones in order to reduce misfits resulting from their difference in atomic size and electronegativity from the Mg atom.
  • the energy state of the alloy is lowered and the stability state of the alloy is increased.
  • microalloying speeds hardening and minimizes over aging or over alloying that might form excessive intermetallic Ca 2 Mg 6 Zn 3 (cathodic to the Mg matrix) and/or Mg 2 Ca (anodic to that matrix) or Mg 2 Zn. If coarse Mg 2 Zn, Ca 2 Mg 6 Zn 3 and/or Mg 2 Ca phases occur in the cast alloy, these phases are dispersed in a disconnected array by the subsequent homogenization, thermomechanical processing and heat treatment steps.
  • the anodic or cathodic and hydrogen generating roles of these coarse phases are decreased; resulting in a sufficient useful life in the body to fulfill their bone support mission, before the degree of absorption of the implant renders them no longer functional as a support element.
  • the alloy composition and processing may be tailored to add these coarse phases to accelerate corrosion. Table II.
  • Ca has an affinity to share ordered arrays with Zn because of their difference of 59 in electronegativity; likewise with Mn because of the Ca-Mn electronegativity difference of 50.
  • a new concept of microalloying is the use of two small atoms (Zn and Mn) for their synergistic strengthening effect; but also to afford lower contents of each to decrease their individual threats to toxicity limits. Also this microalloying by both Zn and Mn reduces the presence of coarse Mg 2 Zn particles that would be detrimental to toughness and corrosion resistance. In addition, microalloying with Mn counteracts the negative effect of trace Fe content on corrosion.
  • Mg, Zn, Ca and Mn are all essential trace elements in the human body.
  • Mg is involved in at least 300 enzymatic reactions in the body and is needed for neuromuscular transmission, for reactions involving ATP, for protein and nucleic acid synthesis and transmission of nerve signals.
  • Mg is regulated in the kidney, with excess Mg excreted in urine.
  • Ca accelerates bone growth.
  • Zn is also recognized as a highly essential element for humans. In Zn deficiency, nearly all the physiological functions are strongly perturbed.
  • Mn plays a primary role in activating multi-enzyme systems- hydrolases, kinases, transferases, decarboxylases and micondrial respiration.
  • the recommended daily intake (RDI) levels are 310-420 mg/d for Mg, 1000-1300 mg/d for Ca and 8-11 mg/d for Zn.
  • Mn can be tolerated at 0.5% in 25 g implants that dissolve in 1 year; Zn up to 1.4% in 87 g implants and Ca at 0.5% in larger implants. Microalloying all three elements afforded synergistic strengthening without exceeding the toxicity limits.
  • a third strengthening mechanism embodied in the present invention is grain refinement. Some refinement is afforded by microalloying; but a major refinement is by thermomechanical processing - specifically by extrusion.
  • Example 1 Following the concepts mentioned above and as applied to implants, several Mg based alloys (identified as alloys No. 1-6 in Table III) with non-toxic alloying additions were prepared and tested. After resistance furnace melting under Ar gas and casting in steel molds, the alloys were then homogenized for 24 hours at 400°C to dissolve large as-cast particles of Mg/Ca-Zn phases and then hot rolled at 250°C with a greater than 50% reduction to refine the grain structure. In this Example I, the tensile properties after soaking and rolling are also listed in Table III. Yield strength and ductility were low and erratic, believed to be due to grain boundary intermetallic phases. Table III. Tensile Properties of Homogenized and Rolled Alloys No. 1-6 Alloy No.
  • Example 2 As noted in Example 1, the yield strength and ductility of the subject alloys were low and erratic. An application of a special heat treatment was found to remedy this fault in Alloy No.6. Post-rolling solution annealing at 400°C, followed by water quenching was found to dissolve the grain boundary Mg/Ca- Zn phases and to retain the ternary elements in solid solution in a soft condition. By then aging at 200°C, the process activated the ordering of nanostructured phases to impart high strength and elongation to the alloy (see Table IV). Table IV. Effects of Certain Post Rolling Treatments on Alloy No.
  • Example 3 The annealing plus aging treatments found beneficial in Example 2 (annealing for 4 hours at 400°C, followed by water quenching then aging for 2 Hours at 200°C) were expanded to Alloys No. 1-5 of Example I. Not only were the strength and ductilities of the Alloys No. 2-5 typically superior to their as rolled condition, but they were also superior to the most widely used commercial Mg alloy, AZ91. The strength of these alloys was also more than double that of the known commercial bio-absorbable polymer implants. Alloy No. 1, with 0.6 Ca, did not recover good strength and ductility. These results are presented in Table V. Table V.
  • Example 4 The above alloys, after annealing and aging, were tested in vitro in phosphate buffered saline solution, Simulated Body Fluid (SBF), at 37°C to simulate bio-absorption rate in vivo. In these tests, H 2 evolution is a direct measure of Mg alloy corrosion, and the results are presented in Table VI.
  • SBF Simulated Body Fluid
  • Example 5 To examine the effect of the rolling practice on the alloys, the corrosion of Alloy No. 3 was tested in SBF as a function of % reduction. As shown in Figure 2 and presented in Table VII, lesser rolling reductions (37-53%) showed lower corrosion rates than higher rolling reductions (77%). Further to the beneficial effect on corrosion, for Alloy No. 3, the 53% rolling reduction provided the best combination of strength and ductility. Table VII. Effect of % Warm Reduction on Tensile Properties and Corrosion of Alloy No. 3 Reduction, % YS, MPa UTS, MPa Elong., % H 2 , ml in 3 weeks 37 149 226 8 100 53 181 239 25 90 77 174 238 30 200
  • bio-absorption rate could be engineered by manipulation of both composition and processing so as to match the targets for either implantable devices and external components or instruments.
  • Example 6 Coarse Mg/Ca-Zn phases were identified in a high Zn alloy of Mg-4.1 Zn-0.34 Ca-0.62 Mn, herein referred to as Alloy No. 7, wherein the resultant coarse particles are seen at grain boundaries in the electron micrograph of Figure 3 . Their high Ca and Zn content was confirmed with electron diffraction patterning, as seen Figure 4 . These grain boundary coarse phases, which are either anodic or cathodic to the Mg alloy matrix, are believed to be the cause of the faster corrosion rates seen when Zn is increased to 2% and above.
  • corrosion rates can be engineered in fixation devices/implants formed from the Mg based alloy.
  • the Mg based alloy can be engineered such that the amount and distribution of coarse anodic and cathodic intermetallic Mg/Ca- Zn phases tailor the corrosion rates to match the desired life of any imbedded object formed from the alloy, whether the object is a fixation device/implant or other device.
  • Example 7 In order to determine the effect of Mn on strength and ductility, a series of ternary microalloying heats, varying the Mn content, was prepared, rolled and treated (4 hr/400°C, WQ + 2hr/200°C) as above .
  • the base of the alloy was composed of Mg-1 Zn-0.45 Ca, while Mn was varied from 0.2 to 0.6%.
  • Table VIII increased amounts of Mn decreased the grain size while increasing the strength, hardness and ductility. Optimum strength and hardness were observed at 0.4% Mn. Table VIII. Effect of Mn content on Mg-1 Zn-0.45 Ca alloy, 4 hr/400°C, WQ + 2hr/200°C Alloy No.
  • Example 8 To further affirm the effect of Mn content, in a second series of prepared, rolled and treated (4hr/400°C, WQ + 2hr/200°C) alloys, the Mn content was varied from 0.1 to 0.6 % in Alloys No. 12-16. As seen in Table IX, again, good strength and hardness were found at 0.4% Mn, with hardness decreasing at higher Mn level of 0.6%. Thus, Mn can be capped at 0.5 % to minimize any toxicity threat, since Mn has the lowest RDI levels of the alloying elements used. Table IX. Effect of Mn Content on Mg-1 Zn-0.45 Ca alloy, 4hr/400°C, WQ + 2 hr/200°C Alloy No.
  • Example 9 To further affirm the negative effect of macro-alloying with Zn, as already seen in Figure 1 , additional Alloys No. 19 & 20 were prepared with higher Zn contents (see Table X and Figure 5 ) and compared to an implant alloy, Alloy No. 3. It is notable that the higher Zn contents demonstrated lower strength and/or ductility, along with accelerated corrosion, which is believed to be due to presence of coarse Mg/Ca-Zn phases. Thus, Zn is capped at 1.4%. Table X. Properties of Higher Zn alloys (4hr/400°C, WQ + 2hr/200°C) No. Alloy % YS, MPa UTS, MPa Elong, % H 2 , in 16 days, ml No.
  • Example 10 In order to determine the effect of Ca content on the strength, ductility and hardness, a series of alloys, Alloy Nos. 26, 27 and 28, were prepared and rolled as above, then subsequently treated with two differing treatments. At 0.6% Ca, excessive slag formed on the melt, but excess slag did not form at 0.2% and 0.4% Ca. As a critical test, the mechanical properties in the transverse direction to rolling are listed in Table XI. (Properties in the transverse direction to rolling are usually lower than in the longitudinal direction to rolling, the latter of which is presented in the other Tables). In both the annealed and annealed + aged condition, optimum hardness and aging response were seen at 0.4% Ca.
  • Example 11 To test an alternate process to rolling, Alloy No.21, composed of Mg-0.91 Zn-0.32 Ca-0.38 Mn was cast and extruded at 300°C with a 20/1 reduction ratio and speed of 60 inches/minute on the exiting product. With extrusion, grain size was greatly reduced to less than 5 ⁇ m, which, as seen in Table XII, afforded increased strength and elongation over the previously rolled examples of Table V. Table XII. Tensile properties of extruded Mg-0.91 Zn-0.32 Ca-0.38 Mn Alloy Conditioned YS, MPa UTS, MPa Elong, % Red. Area, % As Extruded 210 265 18 24 As Extruded + 2hr/200°C 208 263 22 29
  • Example 12 To test the lower limits on microalloying an additional alloy, Alloy No.22 composed of Mg-0.67 Zn-0.22 Ca-0.30 Mn (a microalloying of 1.19%, the combined amount of Zn, Ca and Mn), was extruded in the same manner as Alloy No. 21. The aging response of this extrusion is compared to that of Alloy No. 21 in Table XIII. Whereas Alloy No.21, with Mg-0.91 Zn-0.32 Ca-0.38 Mn (microalloying of 1.61%) was responsive to aging, the lower microalloying of Alloy No. 22 did not respond to age hardening. Aging increased the hardness of Alloy No.
  • Example 13 To further the definition of processing and to confirm the feasibility of production on a larger scale, Alloys No. 23 and 24 were produced at the commercial production facility of Dead Sea Magnesium Ltd., located in Israel. The alloys were melted under SF 6 cover gas and cast into steel molds as 8 inch diameter 45 Kg billets. The billets were then extruded at 300°C into 1.75 and 0.75 inch round bar stock. The compositions of both alloys are listed in Table XIV and tensile properties and corrosion results of Alloy No. 23 are presented in Table XV. Table XIV. Composition of Alloy Nos. 23 & 24 Alloy No. Zn Ca Mn Fe Si Ni Cu Microalloy - Zn+Ca+Mn % No.
  • Example 14 A comparison of a Al and RE free microalloyed Alloy No. 25 of Mg-1.2 Zn-.36 Ca-.21 Mn, was made to two commercially available alloys, alloys ZK60 (6 Zn) and AZ91D (9 Al-1 Zn). The results of the comparison is shown in Figure 6 and presented in Table XVII. The estimated absorption time for the plate verses that for the screw differs in that the absorption time is dependent on the exposed area of the implant, and the compared plate had a greater exposed surface area than the compared screw. Table XVII. Estimated Absorption Times of Alloy No. 25, ZK60 and AZ91D Alloy Time for Plate, weeks Time for Screw, weeks ZK60 15 20 Alloy No. 25 61 78 AZ91D 676 856
  • the content of the investigated three elements (Zn, Ca and Mn) in structural implants have been discovered to lie in the following ranges, which are given in wt.%: microalloying of Zn+Ca+Mn in the range of greater than 1.4% and less than 2.6%; Zn in the range of 0.85-1.4%; Ca in the range of 0.2-0.5%; and Mn in the range of 0.2-0.5%
  • Example 15 In Vivo Animal Study: Animal experiments were conducted on Alloy No. 25 (Mg-1.2 Zn-0.36 Ca-0.21 Mn) according to approved protocol in accordance with USDA animal welfare guidelines and the NIH assurance policy on humane care and use of laboratory animals through the NCAT Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Each of 12 rabbits (New Zealand White and New Zealand Red crosses), older than 6 months and typically weighing in the range of 4 kg - 5 kg, underwent surgery to place sample rods in drilled holes in the femoral condyle. Specifically, Mg alloy implants constructed from Alloy No. 25 were implanted in the right knee and sterile polymer PLGA-based implants were implanted in the left knee. The PLGA-based implant was used as a control group since the goal of the animal study was to establish that the histological reaction surrounding the Mg alloy implant caused no more harm than that of commercial polymer PLGA-based implant.
  • Alloy No. 25 Mg-1.2 Zn-0.36 Ca-0.21 Mn
  • ketamine hydrochloride 50 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride 50 mg/kg
  • Rompum Xylazine, 5 mg/kg
  • the animals were then intubated and placed on isoflurane inhalation anesthesia at a concentration of 0 - 5% as needed. Once the animal was in the proper plane of anesthesia, surgery was performed on both knees.
  • the rabbits all also received 3 prophylactic doses of the antibiotic Baytril (enrofloxacin 2.5 - 5 mg/kg).
  • the rabbits were examined for lameness, swellings, suture failure and general health condition every day. Sutures were removed in 7 - 10 days.
  • the animals were euthanized by an intravenous overdose of 2ml/4.5kg dose of 240mg/ml pentobarbital after sedation.
  • NAF neutral buffered formalin
  • the condyle explants were taken from their 10% Methanolic solutions and dehydrated step-wise in isopropanol/water solutions and eventually embedded into polymer. Sectioning of bone tissue was done using a microtome. Samples were stained and analyzed. Figure 7 presents several time points of rabbit explant histological staining data. For this stain, bone stains deep blue, connective tissue and marrow stain shades of pink to red, and cells stain dark red to black. New bone was observed growing on the Mg implant
  • Hi-resolution x-ray computed tomography characterization were performed using Nanotom-m (GE Sensing & Inspection Technologies GmbH). 3D-images were constructed for measuring volume loss in implant and to study morphological features of the corrosion process. 2D slice stack analysis was used to compare the volume of the implant after exposure to the volume defined by the original dimensions. (See Figure 8 )
  • the graph presented in Figure 10 shows a qualitative volume of magnesium screw using the 3D software tool package. Utilizing this data trend and corrosion modelling 1 , a dissolution rate of ⁇ 0.9 mm/yr was determined. This is near the target rate for use of Alloy No. 25 for implanted screws.

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Claims (16)

  1. Mikrolegiertes Magnesiummaterial zur Absorption im Körper eines Menschen oder Tiers, wobei das mikrolegierte Magnesiummaterial aus: 0,85 bis 1,4 Gewichtsprozent Zink (Zn), 0,2 bis 0,5 Gewichtsprozent Calcium (Ca), 0,2 bis 0,5 Gewichtsprozent Mangan (Mn), wobei der Rest Magnesium (Mg) und unvermeidbare Verunreinigungen ist, besteht, wobei die kombinierte Prozentmenge von Zn, Ca und Mn, die mit Mg mikrolegiert ist, in dem Bereich von 1,4 bis 2,4 Prozent, vorzugsweise in dem Bereich von 1,5 bis 2,4 Prozent, liegt.
  2. Mikrolegiertes Magnesiummaterial gemäß Anspruch 1, wobei der Zn-Gehalt in dem Bereich von 0,9 bis 1,3 Gewichtsprozent liegt oder der Ca-Gehalt in dem Bereich von 0,2 bis 0,4 Gewichtsprozent liegt oder der Mn-Gehalt in dem Bereich von 0,2 bis 0,35 Gewichtsprozent liegt.
  3. Mikrolegiertes Magnesiummaterial gemäß Anspruch 1, ferner umfassend nanometergroße geordnete Zonen (Miniprismen von 1-3 Atomlagen) von 10 x 0,5 Nanometer.
  4. Chirurgische Vorrichtung, gebildet aus einem Material zur Absorption in den Körper eines Menschen oder Tiers, wobei die chirurgische Vorrichtung umfasst:
    einen Körper, gebildet aus Magnesium (Mg), das mit Zink (Zn), Calcium (Ca) und Mangan (Mn) mikrolegiert ist, um ein mikrolegiertes Magnesiummaterial gemäß einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche zu bilden.
  5. Chirurgische Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 4, wobei der Körper eine Schraube, eine Platte, ein Stent, eine Klammer, ein Draht oder eine Implantatvorrichtung ist oder der Körper ein Teil von einer Klemme, einem Retraktor, einer Zange oder einer Nichtimplantatvorrichtung ist.
  6. Chirurgische Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 4, wobei das mikrolegierte Magnesiummaterial eine Zugfestigkeit in dem Bereich von 150 bis 220 MPa oder eine prozentuelle Dehnung in dem Bereich von 15 bis 35 Prozent aufweist.
  7. Chirurgische Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 4, wobei das mikrolegierte Magnesiummaterial eine Härte von 60 bis 84 Hv aufweist.
  8. Chirurgische Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 4, wobei das mikrolegierte Magnesiummaterial eine Korngröße von kleiner als 5 µm aufweist.
  9. Chirurgische Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 4, wobei das mikrolegierte Magnesiummaterial eine H2-Entwicklungsrate von 50 bis 150 ml pro 21 Tage in simuliertem Körperfluid bei 37 °C aufweist.
  10. Verfahren zur Herstellung einer chirurgischen Vorrichtung, die wenigstens zum Teil aus einem Material zur Absorption in den Körper eines Menschen oder Tiers gebildet ist, wobei das Verfahren die Schritte umfasst:
    Bereitstellen einer Schmelze eines Magnesiummaterials, das im Wesentlichen aus 0,85 bis 1,4 Gewichtsprozent Zink (Zn), 0,2 bis 0,5 Gewichtsprozent Calcium (Ca), 0,2 bis 0,5 Gewichtsprozent Mangan (Mn), wobei der Rest Magnesium (Mg) ist, besteht, wobei die Schmelze ein mikrolegiertes Magnesiummaterial bildet;
    Bilden eines Gussteils aus dem mikrolegierten Magnesiummaterial;
    Verformen des Gussteils, mit der Folge eines thermomechanischen Vorgangs, wodurch die Dicke des Gussteils um einen Betrag von größer als 30 Prozent verringert wird, um ein bearbeitetes Produkt mit verringerter Dicke zu bilden;
    Tempern des bearbeiteten Produkts mit verringerter Dicke, um ein getempertes bearbeitetes Produkt zu bilden;
    Unterwerfen des getemperten bearbeiteten Produkts an wenigstens eines von Abschrecken und Härten; und
    Formen des bearbeiteten Produkts zu wenigstens einem Teil einer chirurgischen Vorrichtung.
  11. Verfahren zur Herstellung einer chirurgischen Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 10, wobei der Schritt des Verformens Walzen des Gussteils oder Extrudieren des Gussteils umfasst, wobei das Extrudieren des Gussteils vorzugsweise die Dicke des Gussteils um mehr als 50 Prozent verringert.
  12. Verfahren zur Herstellung einer chirurgischen Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 10, wobei der Schritt des Temperns Tempern in dem Bereich von 300 °C bis 400 °C und vorzugsweise Tempern von bis zu 4 Stunden umfasst.
  13. Verfahren zur Herstellung einer chirurgischen Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 10, wobei das Abschrecken Wasserabschrecken umfasst.
  14. Verfahren zur Herstellung einer chirurgischen Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 10, wobei das Härten durch Festlösung-Mikrolegieren von Zn, Ca und Mn mit Mg oder durch Bilden nanometergroßer geordneter Zonen (Miniprismen von 1-3 Atomlagen) von 10 x 0,5 Nanometer durchgeführt wird oder wobei das Härten Aushärten in dem Bereich von 175 °C bis 225 °C für 10 Minuten bis 3 Stunden umfasst.
  15. Verfahren zur Herstellung einer chirurgischen Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 10, wobei der Schritt des Formens das Gussteil zu einem von einer Schraube, einer Platte, einem Stent, einer Klammer, einem Draht und einer Implantatvorrichtung oder zu einem von einer Klemme, einem Retraktor, einer Zange und einer Nichtimplantatvorrichtung formt.
  16. Verfahren zur Herstellung einer chirurgischen Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 10, wobei die kombinierte Prozentmenge von Zn, Ca und Mn in dem mikrolegierten Magnesiummaterial in dem Bereich von 1,4 bis 2,4 Prozent, vorzugsweise in dem Bereich von 1,5 bis 2,4 Prozent, liegt.
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