EP2964804A1 - Verfahren zum optimieren eines abscheidungsprozesses, verfahren zum einstellen einer depositionsanlage und depositionsanlage - Google Patents
Verfahren zum optimieren eines abscheidungsprozesses, verfahren zum einstellen einer depositionsanlage und depositionsanlageInfo
- Publication number
- EP2964804A1 EP2964804A1 EP14711149.6A EP14711149A EP2964804A1 EP 2964804 A1 EP2964804 A1 EP 2964804A1 EP 14711149 A EP14711149 A EP 14711149A EP 2964804 A1 EP2964804 A1 EP 2964804A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- parameter
- layer
- parameter value
- deposition
- generation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
- C23C16/52—Controlling or regulating the coating process
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/04—Coating on selected surface areas, e.g. using masks
- C23C16/047—Coating on selected surface areas, e.g. using masks using irradiation by energy or particles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/06—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of metallic material
- C23C16/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of metallic material from metal carbonyl compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
- C23C16/30—Deposition of compounds, mixtures or solid solutions, e.g. borides, carbides, nitrides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
- C23C16/48—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating by irradiation, e.g. photolysis, radiolysis, particle radiation
- C23C16/486—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating by irradiation, e.g. photolysis, radiolysis, particle radiation using ion beam radiation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
- C23C16/48—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating by irradiation, e.g. photolysis, radiolysis, particle radiation
- C23C16/487—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating by irradiation, e.g. photolysis, radiolysis, particle radiation using electron radiation
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for optimizing a deposition process, a method for adjusting a deposition plant and a deposition plant.
- the deposition process produces a closed, electrically conductive layer, in particular with a layer thickness of 20 nm or less, but at least 5 nm.
- the deposition process to be optimized is a maskless "bottom-up" method, such as focused electron- or ion beam-induced deposition to build up a deposition or conductor structure spatially defined in one, preferably two or three spatial directions on the substrate.
- DE 10 2010 055 564 A1 discloses a deposition process of a silicon-containing precursor on a substrate using a focused electron beam or ion beam.
- the precursor is dissociated by the particle beam in the vicinity of the substrate, thereby forming a conductive layer.
- a method for optimizing a deposition process for producing an electrically conductive layer preferably with a layer thickness of less than 20 nm by means of an electron beam or ion beam induced deposition apparatus comprises:
- Step 1 selecting at least one deposition-specific adjustment parameter to be optimized, such as an electron beam or ion beam parameter, of the deposition system, wherein optionally at least one further adjustment parameter of the deposition system is kept constant;
- Step 2 determining a plurality of parameter values of the at least one adjustment parameter to define a first-order parameter value population
- Step 3 depositing a layer for each parameter value of the first generation parameter value population by means of the deposition plant;
- Step 4 determining an electrical characteristic for each layer of each parameter value of the first generation parameter value population;
- Step 5 Use of a genetic algorithm which carries out an optimization assessment of the determined electrical characteristic values with respect to a predetermined electrical desired characteristic value and determines a further parameter value population of the second generation on the basis of the optimization evaluation;
- Step 6 Repeat steps 3 to 5, using the parameter values of the second or, if appropriate, another generation, until the nominal electrical characteristic value has been reached or the genetic algorithm has been completed for the last predetermined generation.
- the process is carried out for at least 10 generations.
- the deposition process is optimized to the extent that the electrical conductivity of the created conductive layer is maximum or comes as close as possible to a predetermined desired conductivity.
- a layer according to step 3 is deposited by means of a focused electron or ion beam.
- the electron or ion beam has a focus area with a diameter of about 5 nm or less.
- the electrical characteristic value of each layer is determined quantitatively by, in particular, direct measurement of the layer.
- the measurement is in situ, i. the electrically conductive layer preferably remains in the deposition system unchanged during the measurement.
- the process conditions such as temperature and pressure, remain constant within the deposition system.
- influencing factors or combinations of influencing factors or setting parameters are also accessible to the invention for optimizing the deposition process, for which no empirical value or model is available.
- a fitness is assigned proportional to the achieved electrical characteristic value. In particular, it is judged that the electrical characteristic becomes maximum. The fitness of a layer is then determined as the ratio of the electrical characteristic value of the respective layer to the sum of the electrical characteristics of all layers of the same population.
- the evaluation of the electrical characteristic values of layers of a parameter value population takes place according to a known selection algorithm, such as fitness-proportional selection, rank-based selection, competition selection, the roulette principle or so-called Stochastic Universal Sampling.
- the assessment determines a set of parameter values that serve as the basis for determining the next generation parameter value population.
- the group includes the higher fitness parameter values more frequently, in particular proportionally more frequently with respect to their fitness, than lower fitness parameter values.
- the selected parameter values are determined according to an intersection method, such as one-point cross-over, N-point crossover, template crossover, uniform crossover or shuffle Cross-over, combined.
- an intersection method such as one-point cross-over, N-point crossover, template crossover, uniform crossover or shuffle Cross-over, combined.
- at least one of the parameter values can be mutated, whereby new parameter values can be introduced in comparison with the crossing, which also allows a greater change of the parameter values.
- the population size is the same for all generations throughout the procedure.
- the parameter values for the first population within a permissible range of values are selected at random.
- a plurality of installation-specific adjustment parameters to be optimized are selected.
- N-different combinations of parameter values are determined for the multiple adjustment parameters.
- the method according to the invention is applied in the same way, wherein it should be taken into account in the optimization evaluation that the electrical characteristic value of the respective layer is assigned a combination of parameter values which is used according to the genetic algorithm for determining the next generation of parameter value combinations.
- the at least one adjustment parameter from a group comprising an acceleration voltage of the electron or ion beam, a current of the electron or ion beam, a defocus of the electron or ion beam, a raster step size of a motion grid of the electron or ion beam, a Rasterpositionsverweildauer , a halftone repetition rate, a temperature of a substrate on which the layers are deposited, a precursor gas stream, and a chemical composition of a precursor under the dissociation of which the layers are deposited.
- the motion grid of the electron or ion beam is serpentine, spiraling from a central location of the substrate or intermittently (e.g., large step forward, small step back) with respect to a substrate plane.
- the raster position dwell time of the electron or ion beam is between 0.01 and 10 ms.
- the grid step size is between 1 nm and 1 ⁇ .
- the step size of the grid in the x-direction and perpendicular thereto in the y-direction is the same.
- the step size of the grid in the x direction and the step size of the grid in the y direction are selected as adjustment parameters to be optimized and optimized at the same time.
- the raster position repetition rate is determined by the time duration between a first irradiation of a raster position and a second irradiation of a raster position during the deposition of a layer.
- the acceleration voltage is preferably in a range of 1 kV to 100 kV.
- the beam current is preferably in the range of 0.1 pA to 10 ⁇ .
- the parameter value-specific layers of a respective parameter value population and / or the generations of parameter value populations are deposited electrically in parallel with each other.
- the layers are overlappingly deposited on a substrate, thereby forming the electrical connection for the parallel connection between the layers.
- the parameter value-specific layers of a respective parameter value population and / or the parameter value populations are deposited one above the other.
- the deposition on top of one another forms a sandwich-type multilayer structure, in which case in particular all the layers of the multilayer structure make electrical contact.
- a respective layer is deposited between two measuring electrodes and / or a respective parameter value population or parameter value population-specific multilayer structure is deposited between in each case two generation-specific measuring electrodes.
- the parameter value populations of different generation are electrically connected in parallel and / or deposited next to one another. It is also possible to deposit several generations one above the other and then next to each other. For example, when a maximum practicable number of deposits are reached on top of each other, a next generation next to the existing and all subsequent generations can be stacked again to fully utilize the substrate area or to maintain initial measurement conditions.
- the electrical parameter is the electrical conductivity, the temporal change of the electrical conductivity or the electrical capacitance of a respective layer or optionally the layers deposited as a parallel circuit.
- the temporal change of the electrical conductivity is used for the optimization evaluation by the genetic algorithm.
- an electrical measured value is detected by a measuring device and / or a time characteristic of an electrical measured value of the layers separated, if appropriate, connected in parallel is detected by the measuring device.
- the electrical characteristic value can optionally be determined from Difference between the measured value of a previous detection and the measured value of the respective parallel-deposited layer can be determined.
- a conductive base layer such as a seed layer, is deposited before depositing a first parameter-specific layer of the first-order parameter value population. This measure ensures that sufficient conductivity is already present at the beginning of the method for carrying out the measurement of the electrical characteristic value of the first layer.
- the method according to the first aspect is used to find an optimized parameter value for at least one setting parameter of the deposition plant and set the deposition system according to the found optimized parameter value for the at least one adjustment parameter.
- a deposition system for depositing an electrically conductive layer preferably with a layer thickness of less than 20 nm comprises a gas injection system for providing a precursor, an electron or ion beam generator, electronics for finding at least one with respect to a nominal electrical characteristic of the conductive layer wherein the electronics have at least one control output for the at least one deposition parameter of the deposition system, and a measuring device connected to the electronics for determining an electrical characteristic of the layer, the electronics being designed to carry out a genetic algorithm such that a plurality of parameter values the at least one adjustment parameter is determined to define a first-order parameter value population; for depositing a layer for each parameter value by means of the deposition system, each parameter value of the parameter value population of the first generation is set at the control output and, if appropriate, at least one further adjustment parameter of the deposition system is kept constant; determining an electrical characteristic for each layer of each parameter value of the first generation parameter value population; an optimization assessment of the determined electrical characteristic values with respect to the nominal electrical characteristic value is
- the parameter values are adjusted one after the other at the at least one control output, wherein after depositing a layer, the at least one control output is set to a next parameter value.
- the device is designed for carrying out the method according to the invention or a development of the method according to the invention.
- the method according to the invention can also be used to deposit superconducting layers.
- the nominal electrical characteristic value is a high specific conductivity
- optimized parameter values have been achieved so that the deposited layers have a high transition temperature for superconductivity.
- the invention also relates to a method for depositing a superconducting layer on a substrate.
- the deposited layer can be used as a superconducting nanostructure.
- a precursor gas containing superconductive material that has been gasified is used.
- the substrate is exposed to the precursor gas and exposed to an electron or ion beam such that upon interaction of the precursor gas with the electron or ion beam, the superconductive material is deposited on the substrate.
- a maskless single-stage direct write technique is employed by means of an electron or ion beam in which the layer properties such as composition, patterning or thickness can be adjusted by adjusting the motion parameters of the electron or ion beam without interrupting the writing process.
- the method according to the invention is carried out according to the principle of focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) or focused ion beam-induced deposition (FIBID).
- FEBID focused electron beam-induced deposition
- FIBID focused ion beam-induced deposition
- the substrate forms a substrate on which, for example, access to electrical connections of the layer takes place.
- the substrate may be fabricated by forming multiple layers of different material properties and using and combining various materials, such as metals, polymers, glass, or semiconductor materials.
- a substrate for example, a particular n-doped, silicon-containing substrate can be used.
- the substrate and the precursor gas are exposed to a negative pressure to the atmosphere.
- the electron or ion beam is e.g. focussed with a lens system and moved over the substrate according to a particular applied in at least two dimensions grid.
- superconductive material adsorbed from the precursor gas is dissociated under the influence of the particularly focused electron or ion beam, whereby superconductive material is deposited on the substrate.
- a gallium ion beam is used in carrying out the method, wherein a beam current to less than 100 pA, in particular less than 50 pA, preferably between 5 and 20 pA, and / or an acceleration voltage to between about 1 kV and 60 kV, in particular be set between 20 and 40 kV.
- the superconductive material is metallic, especially a transition metal such as molybdenum.
- the precursor gas used is molybdenum hexacarbonyl (Mo (CO) 6 ).
- At least one method parameter such as an electron or ion beam parameter, in particular the raster position dwell time and / or the raster step size in at least one direction of movement of the electron or ion beam
- the optimization cycle is performed before the deposition process is performed.
- the inventive method allows to deposit a plurality of layers with different electrical characteristics on a substrate without much effort. In this case, it is possible to adjust the electrical properties of the deposited layer by varying the material that forms the non-volatile, accumulating portions of the precursor gas, or by changing other process parameters, such as substrate temperature, precursor gas flow, jet parameters.
- the method according to the invention when using a superconducting material for the precursor gas, produces a superconductive layer on the substrate whose transition temperature is considerably higher than the critical temperature of the superconducting material per se.
- particularly high jump temperature increases could be achieved if at least one process parameter, in particular the raster step size and the raster residence time, were determined in advance using the optimization method according to the invention. It was found that, given a high specific electrical conductivity as a criterion for assessment, surprisingly high electronic density of state of the deposited material can be achieved, resulting in the increased transition temperature of the deposited layer.
- the invention furthermore relates to an electrically conductive, preferably superconductive, layer which can be produced by focused electron or ion beam-induced deposition using the optimization method according to the invention or the deposition method according to the invention.
- the application of the optimization steps during the deposition process is set in particular with the specification of a maximum electrical conductivity of the layer as a criterion for assessment, the chemical composition of the deposited layer.
- the layers resulting in optimization of the setting parameters, in particular the raster residence time and the raster step size showed high transition temperatures for superconductivity.
- a conductive, in particular superconductive layer according to the invention can be produced by using the deposition process by the above-described deposition process according to the invention.
- the electrically conductive layer comprises carbon and gallium having a sum atomic percentage of about 60 at% or less, more preferably about 55 at% or less, preferably about 52 at% or less.
- the carbon content is greater than 15 at% and the gallium content is less than 35 at%.
- the carbon content and the gallium content are substantially equal.
- the layer has a metallic content, in particular a transition metal content, such as a molybdenum content, of at least 30 at%, in particular at least 35 at%, preferably at least 40 at%.
- the layer has an oxygen content of less than 20 at%, in particular less than 15 at%, preferably less than 10 at%.
- Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a deposition process
- Figure 2 is a schematic representation of a deposition system according to the invention.
- Figure 3 is a schematic representation of an embodiment for a movement grid of the electron or ion beam in the deposition system according to the invention and a sketch of an irradiation diagram for a position of the grid;
- Figure 4 is a schematic representation of a deposition of a plurality of conductive
- Figure 5 is a conductivity-time diagram according to an embodiment of the
- Depicting deposition processes a diagram illustrating different chemical compositions of deposits using the optimized deposition process and non-optimized deposition process; a diagram showing, by way of example, the dependence of an electrical characteristic of a deposition of an adjustment parameter to be optimized according to the invention; a diagram illustrating by way of example the superconductivity for prepared according to the inventive method in different Anlagensparam- tern superconductive layers;
- FIG. 10 shows a diagram which shows by way of example the transition temperature as a function of the gallium and carbon content for superconducting layers produced according to the method according to the invention with different process parameters; and a table representing the chemical composition and the process parameters raster dwell time and pitch for six electrically conductive layers according to the invention.
- the deposition process to be optimized is shown schematically in a vacuum chamber of a scanning electron microscope (not shown), in which a substrate 3 is provided, for example made of silicon, another semiconductor, a metal, polymer or insulator consists.
- a gas injection system 5 an organometallic gas, such as tungsten hexacarbonyl, as a precursor 12 is introduced into the vacuum chamber.
- a focused electron beam 14 strikes a limited area of the substrate 3. Within the focus of the electron beam, the precursor 12 is dissociated. In the dissociation non-volatile constituents form 16 of the pre- an electrically conductive deposit 10 on the substrate 3.
- Volatile waste materials of the dissociation process are sucked out of the vacuum chamber via a not shown vacuum pumping system of the scanning electron microscope.
- the electron beam 14 is moved across the substrate 3 along a predetermined grid. Even in areas in which non-volatile constituents 16 have already been deposited on the substrate 3, nonvolatile constituents 16 are deposited further in the focus of the electron beam 14 and are deposited in particular in the vertical direction.
- a focused ion beam such as a gallium, helium or neon ion beam may also be used to initiate the dissociation of the precursor 12 according to similar principles.
- the electrical properties of the conductive layer on the substrate can be influenced by various setting parameters specific to the deposition process. Some of these parameters are electron or ion beam parameters, such as the acceleration voltage at which the electrons or ions are formed into a beam, the beam current available for beam formation, the beam pitch of the beam in the x and y directions, the raster position dwell time, which is also dwell time. Time tj is called, and the raster repetition rate, if the raster is traversed multiple times when depositing a layer.
- the deposition process is variable by the chemical composition of the precursor, the precursor gas flow and / or the temperature of the substrate.
- a deposition system 20 which comprises the scanning electron microscope 1, a measuring device 24 and an electronic system 22.
- the electronics 22 will first be configured as to which tuning parameter should be optimized.
- the optimization goal eg to achieve maximum conductivity of the created layer, is also set.
- the optimization goal is stored in the form of an assessment criterion, the so-called fitness function for the genetic algorithm in electronics.
- the measuring device 24 is in particular a source meter and is electrically connected to the sample 21 arranged in the scanning electron microscope, so that a measuring voltage can be applied to the sample.
- the measuring device 24 detects a measuring current to the predetermined measuring voltage so that the electrical resistance and the electrical conductivity of the layers deposited on the sample can be determined.
- a short circuit and / or grounding box 26 is connected to protect the deposited layers between the measuring device 24 and sample 21 .
- the voltage values predetermined by the measuring device 24 and the detected current values are transmitted to the electronics via the communication line 27 for storage and further processing.
- the measuring device may be designed to detect other evaluation criteria, such as the capacity of the sample.
- the electronics 22 may adjust the frequency or timing of detection of electrical characteristics by the measuring device via a communication line 29.
- the electron beam 14 is guided along a grid 30 on a serpentine-like beam path 31 over the substrate 3.
- the electron beam 14 lingers the dwell time t d set the same for all raster points.
- the electron beam 14 is repeatedly moved along the same beam path 32 over the same positions of the substrate.
- the respective points of the grid 30 are arranged in pairs at a distance P from one another, the so-called pitch.
- a substrate 3 is provided at a certain temperature, which also affects the deposition result.
- the Depositi- onsstrom includes a temperature control, not shown.
- the substrate temperature itself may be a tuning parameter to be optimized.
- this includes Substrate 3 two measuring electrodes 42, in particular gold electrodes, which are connected to the measuring device 24.
- a base layer 41 the so-called seed layer, is deposited on the substrate 3.
- the electronics 22 is configured so that the adjustment parameter to be optimized is the dwell time td.
- the adjustment parameter to be optimized is the dwell time td.
- a maximum electrical conductivity of the layer is specified.
- the procedure should be discontinued if the electrical conductivity ⁇ reaches at least 2 mS or the genetic algorithm for the thirtieth generation of parameter value populations is completed. All other setting parameters are set to constant value based on experience. However, the method can be used to easily optimize several adjustment parameters at the same time.
- the electronics 22 determine a number n of parameter values tdi 1 , td 2 ', tdn 1 for the dwell time to be optimized and thus define a first-generation parameter value population for the genetic algorithm.
- the number n corresponds to the population size and is preconfigurable.
- the parameter values td, td 2 td n ' can be occupied randomly or according to experience meaningful values from a memory of the electronics 22.
- the electronics 22 set via the control output 28 at the deposition system 20, the dwell time to the first parameter value t ⁇ i 1 of the first generation population.
- the deposition system deposits a first parameter value-specific layer. After depositing the first layer, which can be communicated to the electronics via a status signal from the deposition system, the electronics 22 sets the adjustment parameter to the following parameter value td 2 'of the first generation population and the deposition system deposits a second parameter value specific layer. This process repeats for all parameter values of the first generation population.
- the electronics 22 determines the electrical conductivity ⁇ ⁇ 2 ',..., ⁇ ,, 1 of the respective layer with the aid of a measuring current permanently detected by the measuring device 24 during the deposition and / or at defined times after deposition.
- the electronics calculates the slope of the rate of change ⁇ ' ⁇ 1 , ⁇ ' ⁇ 1 of the electrical conductivity. Subsequently, the electronics 22 according to a genetic algorithm, the parameter values td i 1 , td 2 ', tdn' based on the respective slope of the rate of change ⁇ ' ⁇ 1 , ⁇ " 2 ⁇ , ..., ⁇ ", the electrical conductivity of the associated Layers taking into account the optimization target, maximum electrical conductivity, judges, in particular, those parameter values which have led to layers of high conductivity, eg tdi 1 , td 2 'and td 3 ' selected according to a selection scheme, according to a recombination scheme to further parameter values i * 2 l , tdi ⁇ 1 , td 2 * 3 ', t d2 * i 1 varies and mutates, and from these parameters-
- the electronics 22 deactivate the deposition system once the electrical conductivity has been reached or the thirtieth generation assessment is completed.
- a lead structure for a population size of four, a lead structure is shown in which the layers are deposited overlying one another.
- Four layers 43, 45, 47, 49 are deposited over the seed layer or base layer 41 one above the other on the substrate.
- four deposition layers 44, 46, 48, 50 were sequentially deposited over the already existing layers. Further layers that are created by continuing the process are only hinted at.
- FIG. 5 shows by way of example a conductivity curve of a deposit during operation of the deposition plant or application of the optimization method according to the invention and a conductivity curve according to a conventional deposition process.
- the conductivity curve 51 results in the operation of a conventional deposition system based on empirical values constant setting parameters. In the illustrated time course, more and more layers are gradually placed on top of one another on the substrate in order to build up a conductor structure. In the operation of the deposition plant with constantly adjusted The resulting parameters essentially result in a linearly increasing conductivity with the number of layers. As shown in the enlarged image section, a sawtooth shape of the conductivity profile results in detail. The respective minor drops in conductivity arise during short deposition pauses between the deposition of the individual deposition layers.
- the conductivity curve 55 was achieved by exemplary application of the method according to the invention, in which the dwell time was varied in a value range from 0.2 .mu.l to 1500 .mu.l with otherwise constant parameters.
- the third conductivity curve 53 is achieved according to the invention if the genetic algorithm is used in the opposite sense, ie for determining parameter values for producing layers of the lowest possible electrical conductivity.
- three setting parameters were simultaneously varied with the method according to the invention, the dwell time, in a value range from 0.2 ⁇ 5 to 1500 ⁇ $ and the dot spacing in the x-space direction in a value range from 35 nm to 200 nm and the dot pitch in
- the other parameters are constant in all three conductivity curves shown, namely acceleration voltage of the electron beam 5 kV and beam current 1.6 nA, substrate temperature 23 ° C and gas stream of the precursor.
- three conductivity curves 61, 63, 65 are shown during deposition, when proceeding according to the method according to the invention for setting a deposition system.
- Curve 61 was recorded during deposition of a landfill using experience-based default settings for the influential factors dwell time t d and pitch p.
- the curve 61 serves as a reference for comparison with the conductivity curves obtained with operating variables found using the optimization method according to the invention.
- it has been determined for a specific deposition equipment that a particularly high conductivity increase is achieved when the dwell time is set to 0.3 ⁇ 8 and the grid spacing to 40 nm, which is represented by the curve 63.
- the conductivity of the landfill is five times higher than in the case of the reference curve 61.
- the other plant-specific influencing factors are constant with respect to the curves 61, 63, 65 illustrated in FIG.
- the method according to the invention also makes it possible to find parameter values with which the conductivity of the landfill can be set particularly low. This is represented by the curve 65, which with a dwell time of 837 ⁇ 8 a pitch in a first raster direction of 35 nm and a pitch in the second perpendicular to the first raster direction scanning direction of 150 nm is achieved.
- the optimization algorithm uses the genetic algorithm to preferably pass parameter values on to the next generation, which during the deposition process of a layer leads to the smallest possible increase in the rate of change of the conductivity.
- the high increment to be taken from FIG. 6 results from the different chemical composition of the deposits, in particular the metal content and / or the different microstructure and / or nanostructure of the layers, which are increased by 15% percent compared to curve 65, by Dwell time and Pitch can be influenced.
- FIG. 7 shows the atomic percentage composition of four different landfill sites (indicated by measurement points) as a function of the dwell time t d , the dashed curve representing the oxygen fraction 71, the solid line marked by dots, the tungsten fraction 73 and the diamonds characterized by solid curve show the carbon content 75.
- the curves show that with a shorter dwell time, the tungsten content increases up to 40 atomic percent. The increased metal content at short dwell times supports the observed increase in conductivity.
- FIG. 8 shows the specific resistance for landfills with specific dwell times. While at low Dwell times, as shown by the measurement points 81, 83, a low resistivity of the deposit is reached, this increases with the dwell time according to measurement point 85, at the dwell time, according to the genetic algorithm the lowest increase in conductivity reached, at the measuring point 87, to become maximum. At a dwell time of 837 and the grid spacing in the x-direction of 35 nm and a grid spacing in the y-direction of 150 nm, the resistivity becomes maximum. With a grid spacing of 40 nm which is the same in the x and y directions, a comparatively low specific resistance, such as measuring point 89, can be achieved with a high dwell time. According to the invention, the specific resistance of the deposited layers can be increased by orders of magnitude when using the precursor tungsten-hexacarbonyl by optimizing the adjustment parameters dwell time and pitch.
- the setting parameters of a deposition system can be optimized in a considerably shorter time than hitherto, so that an electrical conductance in the plant to be generated landfill reaches desired values.
- a genetic Algorithm with direct experimental feedback by in-situ measurement can also set a variety of parameters whose dependencies are not accessible by means of a simulation model to optimized parameter values that lead to the desired landfill.
- the electrical resistance R of six different superconducting layers is plotted versus temperature.
- a respective plotted measurement curve 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96 shows the resistance of a respective layer which has been deposited on a semiconductor substrate in accordance with the method according to the invention.
- the precursor gas used was molybdenum hexacarbonyl Mo (CO) 6 for all examples.
- the method according to the invention in particular with the additional use of the optimization method according to the invention, can also produce superconducting layers which have a higher transition temperature than the deposition material present as precursor gas, even when using other precursor gases.
- the transition temperature for molybdenum per se is about 0.92 Kelvin
- the deposited layers according to the invention reach transition temperatures between 2.7 and 3.8 K.
- the highest transition temperature has the layer of the curve 96.
- the parameter values used for the dwell time (To) and X- and Y-direction pitch parameters in the deposition of this layer have been optimized in advance by the above-described process for optimizing the deposition process. As a criterion of judgment or electrical nominal characteristic a maximum electrical conductivity was specified.
- the transition temperature for the same layers whose resistance curves are shown in Fig. 9 is set in relation to the respective sum content of carbon (C) and gallium (Ga) of the deposited layer.
- the measuring points 9, 92 ', 93', 94 ', 95', 96 ' indicate the sum proportion of the layer which is to be assigned to the respective measuring curve 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96.
- the transition temperature increases with decreasing sum atomic percentage of carbon and gallium.
- FIG. 11 shows a table in which the modified process parameters, the transition temperature and the chemical composition are set up for the layers according to FIGS. 9 and 10. Other process parameters than those shown were kept constant. Measurement curve 91 and measurement point 91 'correspond to layer 101, measurement curve 92 and measurement point 92' correspond to layer 102, and so on.
- the layer 106 which has the highest critical temperature of 3.8 Kelvin, has substantially equal atomic percentages of carbon and gallium, namely, about 26 at%, especially a carbon content of 25.7 at% and a gallium content of 26.1 at%. , The molybdenum content is above 41 at%, in particular 41.5 at%.
- the setting parameters raster dwell time t d and raster width in the x and y directions were determined by means of the method according to the invention using the genetic algorithm. As can be seen, variations in the adjustment parameters of the deposition process when performing the described optimization process or deposition process affect the chemical composition of the electrically conductive layer and the transition temperature to superconductivity.
- All layers 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106 produced by means of the deposition method according to the invention have a transition temperature of at least 2.7 Kelvin.
- the highest transition temperature of 3.8 Kelvin reaches the layer 106, which was deposited using the optimization method according to the invention.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
- Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102013004116.3A DE102013004116A1 (de) | 2013-03-08 | 2013-03-08 | Verfahren zum Optimieren eines Abscheidungsprozesses, Verfahren zum Einstellen einer Depositionsanlage und Depositionsanlage |
PCT/EP2014/000617 WO2014135283A1 (de) | 2013-03-08 | 2014-03-10 | Verfahren zum optimieren eines abscheidungsprozesses, verfahren zum einstellen einer depositionsanlage und depositionsanlage |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2964804A1 true EP2964804A1 (de) | 2016-01-13 |
Family
ID=50336256
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP14711149.6A Withdrawn EP2964804A1 (de) | 2013-03-08 | 2014-03-10 | Verfahren zum optimieren eines abscheidungsprozesses, verfahren zum einstellen einer depositionsanlage und depositionsanlage |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20160017496A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP2964804A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2016516889A (de) |
KR (1) | KR20160030075A (de) |
DE (1) | DE102013004116A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2014135283A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN110409000B (zh) * | 2019-07-05 | 2021-08-24 | 东南大学 | 一种He离子束加工单晶硅的损伤轮廓确定方法 |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3004149A1 (de) * | 1980-02-05 | 1981-08-13 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Verfahren zur reproduzierbaren herstellung metallischer schichten |
US5510157A (en) * | 1989-03-17 | 1996-04-23 | Ishizuka Research Institute, Ltd. | Method of producing diamond of controlled quality |
US5871805A (en) * | 1996-04-08 | 1999-02-16 | Lemelson; Jerome | Computer controlled vapor deposition processes |
US6151532A (en) * | 1998-03-03 | 2000-11-21 | Lam Research Corporation | Method and apparatus for predicting plasma-process surface profiles |
DE102005004312A1 (de) * | 2005-01-31 | 2006-08-03 | Aixtron Ag | Gasverteiler mit in Ebenen angeordneten Vorkammern |
EP2389459B1 (de) * | 2009-01-21 | 2014-03-26 | George Atanasoff | Verfahren und systeme zur steuerung eines oberflächenveränderungsprozesses |
DE102010055564A1 (de) | 2010-12-23 | 2012-06-28 | Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Abscheidung von Silizium auf einem Substrat |
-
2013
- 2013-03-08 DE DE102013004116.3A patent/DE102013004116A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2014
- 2014-03-10 KR KR1020157025869A patent/KR20160030075A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2014-03-10 US US14/773,494 patent/US20160017496A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2014-03-10 EP EP14711149.6A patent/EP2964804A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2014-03-10 JP JP2015560587A patent/JP2016516889A/ja active Pending
- 2014-03-10 WO PCT/EP2014/000617 patent/WO2014135283A1/de active Application Filing
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
None * |
See also references of WO2014135283A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR20160030075A (ko) | 2016-03-16 |
US20160017496A1 (en) | 2016-01-21 |
WO2014135283A1 (de) | 2014-09-12 |
DE102013004116A1 (de) | 2014-09-11 |
JP2016516889A (ja) | 2016-06-09 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
DE102018210522B4 (de) | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Untersuchung eines Strahls geladener Teilchen | |
DE102013214341A1 (de) | Verfahren zum Herstellen einer Nanopore zum Sequenzieren eines Biopolymers | |
DE112012004204B4 (de) | Elektronenmikroskopisches Verfahren und Elektronenmikroskop | |
DE1515300A1 (de) | Vorrichtung zur Herstellung hochwertiger duenner Schichten durch Kathodenzerstaeubung | |
DE19713637C2 (de) | Teilchenmanipulierung | |
EP1680800B1 (de) | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur ionenstrahlbearbeitung von oberflächen | |
EP3453058A1 (de) | VERFAHREN ZUR HERSTELLUNG VON SCHICHTEN VON ReRAM-SPEICHERN UND VERWENDUNG EINES IMPLANTERS | |
DE102013220383A1 (de) | Metall-Trennelement für eine Brennstoffzelle und Herstellungsverfahren dafür | |
WO2014135283A1 (de) | Verfahren zum optimieren eines abscheidungsprozesses, verfahren zum einstellen einer depositionsanlage und depositionsanlage | |
EP1590825B1 (de) | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung von korpuskularstrahlsystemen | |
DE112012003090T5 (de) | Emitter, Gasfeldionenquelle und Ionenstrahlvorrichtung | |
DE102011078243B4 (de) | Herstellungsverfahren für ein elektronisches Bauteil mit einem Schritt zur Einbettung einer Metallschicht | |
DE102008037944B4 (de) | Verfahren zum elektronenstrahlinduzierten Abscheiden von leitfähigem Material | |
DE102009019166B3 (de) | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Referenzkörpers für Röntgenfluoreszenzuntersuchungen an Substraten und mit dem Verfahren hergestellter Referenzkörper | |
EP0021204B1 (de) | Ionengenerator | |
DE19922759A1 (de) | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer leitenden Struktur | |
WO2016110505A2 (de) | Vorrichtung zur extraktion von elektrischen ladungsträgern aus einem ladungsträgererzeugungsraum sowie ein verfahren zum betreiben einer solchen vorrichtung | |
DE102006054695B4 (de) | Verfahren zur Regelung nanoskaliger elektronenstrahlinduzierter Abscheidungen | |
DE4342314C2 (de) | Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Strukturen | |
DE102020216518B4 (de) | Endpunktbestimmung mittels Kontrastgas | |
DE102016119437B4 (de) | Verfahren zum Bearbeiten einer Oberfläche mittels eines Teilchenstrahls | |
WO2006094821A2 (de) | Verfahren zum herstellen einer dünnen magnesiumoxidschicht | |
DE102016002883B4 (de) | Verfahren zum Struktuieren eines Objekts und Partikelstrahlsystem hierzu | |
DE102021117027A1 (de) | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Eindringens eines Teilchens in ein Material | |
DE102021128117A1 (de) | Verfahren zum Herstellen einer Probe an einem Objekt, Computerprogrammprodukt und Materialbearbeitungseinrichtung zum Durchführen des Verfahrens |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20150807 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR |
|
AX | Request for extension of the european patent |
Extension state: BA ME |
|
RAP1 | Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred) |
Owner name: JOHANN WOLFGANG GOETHE-UNIVERSITAET |
|
RIN1 | Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected) |
Inventor name: SCHWALB, CHRISTIAN Inventor name: WEIRICH, PAUL, MARTIN Inventor name: WINHOLD, MARCEL Inventor name: HUTH, MICHAEL |
|
DAX | Request for extension of the european patent (deleted) | ||
17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 20170529 |
|
GRAP | Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1 |
|
INTG | Intention to grant announced |
Effective date: 20180216 |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION IS DEEMED TO BE WITHDRAWN |
|
18D | Application deemed to be withdrawn |
Effective date: 20180627 |