EP2948600A1 - Élément de construction à coefficients de transmission thermique u réglables - Google Patents

Élément de construction à coefficients de transmission thermique u réglables

Info

Publication number
EP2948600A1
EP2948600A1 EP14701321.3A EP14701321A EP2948600A1 EP 2948600 A1 EP2948600 A1 EP 2948600A1 EP 14701321 A EP14701321 A EP 14701321A EP 2948600 A1 EP2948600 A1 EP 2948600A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
plate
intermediate space
cavity
frame
planar element
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP14701321.3A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Nikolaus Nestle
Andreas Daiss
Klaus Hahn
Ralf NÖRENBERG
Johann Martin SZEIFERT
Elena Khazova
Achim LÖFFLER
Tilmann Kuhn
Christoph Maurer
Thibault PFLUG
Jan Wienold
Andre GLÜCK
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
BASF SE
Original Assignee
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
BASF SE
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV, BASF SE filed Critical Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Priority to EP14701321.3A priority Critical patent/EP2948600A1/fr
Publication of EP2948600A1 publication Critical patent/EP2948600A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
    • F24S20/60—Solar heat collectors integrated in fixed constructions, e.g. in buildings
    • F24S20/61—Passive solar heat collectors, e.g. operated without external energy source
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S50/00—Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors
    • F24S50/80—Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors for controlling collection or absorption of solar radiation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
    • F24S20/60—Solar heat collectors integrated in fixed constructions, e.g. in buildings
    • F24S20/66—Solar heat collectors integrated in fixed constructions, e.g. in buildings in the form of facade constructions, e.g. wall constructions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S80/00—Details, accessories or component parts of solar heat collectors not provided for in groups F24S10/00-F24S70/00
    • F24S80/60—Thermal insulation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/20—Solar thermal
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/44—Heat exchange systems

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a structural element with controllable heat transfer coefficient U and its use as a wall and / or roof element in buildings or vehicles and a method for controlling the heat transfer coefficient U in such a structural element.
  • the heat transfer coefficient U in construction is a specific characteristic value of a component or building material, which in principle indicates its thermal insulation properties. The higher the heat transfer coefficient U, the worse the heat-insulating property of the component or building material.
  • the heat transfer coefficient U has become particularly important at the latest since the amended Energy Saving Ordinance (EnEV), which came into force in Germany in 2009, according to which the annual primary energy demand and the specific transmission heat loss of a building to be constructed must comply with certain limit values.
  • the heat transfer coefficient U is included in the calculation of the transmission heat loss, which in turn is used in the calculation of the primary energy demand.
  • the Energy Saving Ordinance prescribes limits for the heat transfer coefficient U for certain components when they are replaced or newly installed in existing buildings.
  • insulation elements which are used for thermal insulation of buildings. These typically consist of one or more insulating layers of insulating material (e.g., foams, foamed polymeric materials). Depending on the nature of the insulating material, a protective layer is applied on the outside of such insulation elements. These insulating elements are used in particular to prevent heat leakage from the interior of a building to the outside. At the same time, a heat flow into a building can also be reduced. According to the state of the art, most of the insulating elements have fixed insulating properties, that is, the insulating property can only be regulated by varying the thickness and / or the number of insulating elements. However, this does not make it possible to react flexibly to current temperatures inside and outside a building.
  • DE 10 2006 024 067 A1 describes an insulating element which is particularly suitable for internal and / or external insulation of buildings.
  • the insulating properties of the insulating element described there can be changed depending on the desired internal temperature of the building or depending on the outside temperature and / or sunlight, in particular by changing the heat transfer coefficient U and / or the reflection properties of Dämmements themselves.
  • the insulating element is provided with an insulating material , which can be changed in its position, so that the insulation used wholly, partially or substantially does not contribute to the insulation of the building.
  • the insulating material can be completely or partially compressed in order to release the heat flow through the insulating element completely or partially.
  • a major disadvantage of all embodiments of the prior art is that large amounts of material must be moved or compressed, since the surface of the element must be substantially met or free of insulating material.
  • a device for insulating and / or solar heating is disclosed. This is applied to the façade of an existing building and consists of a transparent panel, which is placed in front of a wall and thus encloses a defined space with the wall. Within the defined space, a heat absorber of a closed-cell insulating material is arranged. This heat absorber has openings, so that depending on the temperature conditions, a convection flow can form within the device described. In this way, on the one hand by the presence of the insulating material thermal insulation of the building can be achieved, while on the other hand solar radiation is used by the heat absorber to heat the trapped gas volume in the device and deliver this heat on the convection flow to a certain extent on the existing building wall.
  • US 2003/0061776 A1 discloses a variable heat transfer coefficient insulating system based on an inflatable structure which responds by changing the volume to changes in the atmospheric temperature. As a result, the heat flow can be controlled.
  • AT 380 946 B1 discloses a so-called heat exchange wall, which consists essentially of a surrounded by a tube system insulation board in which a gaseous heat transfer medium can circulate, the circulation can be automatically locked by the special design of the tube system.
  • a heat exchange wall which consists essentially of a surrounded by a tube system insulation board in which a gaseous heat transfer medium can circulate, the circulation can be automatically locked by the special design of the tube system.
  • an insulating element with switchable insulation behavior is an automatic lock is not necessarily useful because the same temperature differences depending on the weather either a strong insulation or a reduced insulation make sense sense.
  • the insulation element described in AT 380 946 B1 is constructed comparatively complicated and accordingly only bad to manufacture.
  • the invention is therefore an object of the invention to provide a novel construction element that minimizes the energy consumption of a building by helping to control its heat balance.
  • Construction element (1) with controllable heat transfer coefficient U, comprising
  • At least one planar element (9) whose width of the vertical clear width W of the frame (7) and whose height is less than the clear height H of the frame (7), wherein the sheet-like element (9) so between the plates ( 3, 5) is arranged such that it terminates laterally with the inner sides of the frame (7), and wherein between the planar element (9) and the frame (7) vertically upwards a gap (1 1) and between the planar element ( 9) and the frame (7) vertically downwards a gap (13) is formed,
  • a second cavity (17) which is formed between the sheet-like element (9) and the plate (5) with a distance Y, wherein the first cavity (15) and the second cavity (17) via the intermediate space (1 1) and the intermediate space (13) in such a way that between the first cavity (15) and the second cavity (17) via the intermediate space (1 1) and the intermediate space (13) can flow a convection flow,
  • At least one means for controlling the convection flow which is arranged at least for one of the intermediate spaces (1 1, 13).
  • a construction element (1) with controllable heat transfer coefficient U which comprises
  • At least one planar element (9) whose width corresponds to the vertical clear width W of the frame (7) and whose height is less than the clear height H of the frame (7),
  • planar element (9) being arranged between the first plate (3) and the second plate (5) such that it terminates laterally with the inner sides of the frame (7), and
  • first cavity (15) and the second cavity (17) communicate via the upper space (11) and the lower space (13) so as to communicate between the first cavity (15) and the second cavity (17) the upper intermediate space (11) and the lower intermediate space (13) can flow a convection flow
  • At least one means for controlling the convection flow which is arranged for the upper intermediate space (1 1) and / or for the lower intermediate space (13).
  • the above object is achieved by the use of the construction element (1) according to the invention as a wall and / or roof element in buildings or vehicles.
  • the third aspect of the present invention solves the underlying object by a method for controlling the heat transfer coefficient U in a construction element (1) according to the invention, comprising the steps
  • the present invention is based on the finding that the heat transfer through a construction element (1) of the type described can be regulated by forming and controlling an internal convection flow.
  • the construction element (1) according to the invention it is also possible in a technically simple manner to significantly minimize the energy consumption of a building and thus optimally exploit the prevailing temperatures inside and outside a building. It is advantageous that, according to the present invention, the heat transfer coefficient U can be regulated as required and independently of the prevailing indoor / outdoor temperatures. Thus it can be achieved by the inventive design of the construction element (1) that during the cooler night hours increased discharge of heat from the building is enabled, while at high outdoor temperatures during the daytime and at low outdoor temperatures in winter one of the regulations for adequate thermal insulation appropriate insulation effect can be ensured.
  • the present invention relates to a structural element (1) with controllable heat transfer coefficient U, comprising
  • first plate (3) a first plate (3) and a second plate (5) which are opposite to each other and which are arranged at a distance A from each other in the frame (7), wherein by the first plate (3), the second plate (5) and the frame (7) is defined as a closed volume V filled with at least one gas,
  • At least one planar element (9) whose width corresponds to the vertical clear width W of the frame (7) and whose height is less than the clear height H of the frame (7),
  • planar element (9) being arranged between the first plate (3) and the second plate (5) such that it terminates laterally with the inner sides of the frame (7), and wherein between the planar element (9) and the frame (7) vertically upwards an upper intermediate space (1 1) and between the planar element (9) and the frame (7) vertically down a lower gap (13) is formed,
  • first cavity (15) and the second cavity (17) communicate via the upper space (11) and the lower space (13) so as to communicate between the first cavity (15) and the second cavity (17) the upper intermediate space (11) and the lower intermediate space (13) can flow a convection flow
  • At least one means for controlling the convection flow which is arranged for the upper intermediate space (1 1) and / or for the lower intermediate space (13).
  • the frame (7) of the construction element (1) according to the invention is primarily used for enclosure and mechanical stabilization of the construction element (1) and for receiving the first and second plates (3, 5).
  • the configuration of the first and second plates (3, 5) will be described in more detail below.
  • the shape of the construction element (1) can be chosen freely within wide limits and adapted to the requirements of its installation situation and / or use.
  • a preferred embodiment is an approximately cuboidal element. But other geometric shapes are, depending on the installation situation, realized with the construction element (1) according to the invention, for example, the basic shape of a triangle, a pentagon or the like. Further embodiments of the framework are defined below.
  • the structural element (1) comprises at least one planar element (9) which is arranged substantially centrally so that the inner convection flow around the planar element (9) is possible, the convection flow from the side of the structural element (1) the heat is supplied through the upper space (1 1) on the other side of the sheet-like element (9) is passed, where the convection flow heat to the opposite side and then through the lower space (13) back to the side of the Heat supply flows.
  • the planar element (9) consists in particular of an insulating material.
  • the construction element (1) according to the invention comprises at least one means with which an opening and / or closing of one of the intermediate spaces (11, 13) is carried out, which in turn regulates the convection flow.
  • agent describes on the one hand measures and, on the other hand, devices with which the convection flow can be regulated Preferred embodiments are defined below: If the means are devices, they can be both on and / or in the frame (7) as well as on and / or in the planar element (9) in order to regulate the convection flow according to the invention.Furthermore, the means also include auxiliary constructions for achieving the control of the convection flow according to the invention is used herein is to be understood in the context of the present invention, that the construction element (1) is suitable for both wall and roof surfaces. The construction element (1) is self-supporting and can therefore be used independently in a shell of a building as a wall and / or roof element.
  • the heat transfer coefficient U (formerly also "k-value") describes a heat balance due to a temperature difference between different energy systems, thus the heat transfer coefficient U is a measure of the heat flow passage. if the temperature difference between the air on both sides of a wall is one kelvin, then the heat transfer coefficient is U.
  • the heat transfer coefficient U is defined internationally in the standard EN ISO 6946. Its unit of measurement is W / (m 2 ⁇ K)
  • the determination of exact heat transfer coefficients U of various materials is known to the person skilled in the art and is calculated from the mean value of the heat transfer resistance R T :
  • the heat transfer coefficient U thus gives the Heat flow passage through a single or multilayer material layer, when different temperatures abut on both sides.
  • the heat transfer coefficient U can be varied between a value determined by the layers of insulating materials contained in the construction element (1) and a value determined by the convection around it.
  • cavity is understood to mean the essentially unchanging space between a plate (3, 5), ie between the first plate (3) or the second plate (5) and a planar element (9), while “Space” is a space between the flat element (9) and frame (7) is called, which can be suitably closed.
  • vertical upwards and “vertically downwards” in the sense of the present invention should be understood to refer not only to vertically oriented structural elements (1) but also to structural elements (1) that have a certain angle are arranged opposite the vertical.
  • vertical upwards then means that the upper intermediate space (11) is arranged essentially above the lower intermediate space (13), in particular obliquely above it.
  • the gas filling the volume V is selected from argon, krypton, xenon, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, partially halogenated hydrocarbons, halides of the chalcogenes and / or pyknogens and mixtures thereof to provide additional improvements in the insulating effect of the structural element To achieve magnitude of the heat transfer.
  • the use of polyatomic gases is particularly preferred because of the higher convective thermal conductivity.
  • the construction element (1) in which the opposite plates (3, 5), that is, the first plate (3) and / or the second plate (5), are transparent or at least translucent and further also the planar element ( 9) is transparent or at least translucent, the construction element (1) can also be used in the form of a partially transparent or at least translucent window element.
  • the construction element (1) according to the invention in this embodiment offers itself for the replacement of conventionally used glass blocks, as they were often used previously, for example, for staircases.
  • the construction element (1) can be formed as a so-called insulating glass unit (IGU).
  • Such insulating glass unit can be installed in a correspondingly modified, conventional window frame construction.
  • the incorporation of a construction element (1) according to the invention with translucent planar elements (9, 9a, 9b) in the area of the skylight brings with it the advantage that the light incident in the skylight area due to the isotropization of the incident radiation in the translucent planar element (9, FIG. 9a, 9b) can partially reach into deeper areas of the room than is possible in the case of light through transparent skylight elements.
  • An inventive embodiment of the aforementioned means comprises the vertical displacement or tilting about a horizontal axis of the at least one planar element (9), so that at least one of the intermediate spaces (1 1, 13), i. the upper intermediate space (1 1) and / or the lower intermediate space (13), closed by the sheet-like element (9) and the Konvetationsstromung is thereby completely or partially prevented. In this way it is possible to regulate the convection current in a simple manner only by moving the at least one flat element (9).
  • said means may further comprise a device for displacing the at least one planar element (9), which is preferably selected from servomotors, pneumatic, magnetic or piezoelectric systems, mechanical levers, cables or bimetallic constructions. The selection can thus be made adapted to the external conditions of the construction element.
  • Another embodiment of the abovementioned means according to the invention comprises changing the vertical extent of the at least one planar element (9), so that at least one of the intermediate spaces (1 1, 13), ie the upper intermediate space (11) and / or the lower intermediate space (13), closed by the sheet-like element (9) and the convection current is thereby completely or partially prevented.
  • This embodiment also has the advantage that the convection current can be regulated simply by moving the at least one flat element (9) in a simple manner.
  • the above-mentioned means may further comprise, in a further embodiment according to the invention, a closure device for at least one of the upper and lower intermediate spaces (11, 13), which is preferably selected from flaps, inflatable tubes or bellows, cylinder-shaped closures or sliding or rotatable wedges.
  • Suitable designed inflatable bellows can also be used so that the construction element (1) according to the invention automatically switches to the insulating state at very low outside temperatures as a result of the negative pressure then prevailing in the interior of the construction element (1). This is advantageous to always ensure adequate insulation even in the event of failure of another control of convection in the cold season.
  • the plates (3, 5) i. the first plate (3) and / or the second plate (5) are transparent and the material of this plate comprises glasses and / or polymers and also the one or more planar elements (9, 9a, 9b) consist of a translucent material by the construction element (1) according to the invention additionally receive daylight into the building.
  • the glasses are preferably made of silicate glasses, borosilicate glasses, lead silicate glasses and / or the polymers of PET (polyethylene terephthalate), PVB (polyvinyl butyral), EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate), polyolefins, styrenics, polycarbonates, PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate), polyurethanes, PVC (polyvinyl chloride) or Mixtures or multilayer systems selected therefrom.
  • the polymers may be formed as sheets or extruded, blown or cast sheets or disks.
  • the suitable material is thus available, for example polymers for lightweight applications or special glasses for applications with increased chemical stress.
  • the construction element (1) As a translucent window element, it has proven useful in addition to the use of glasses mentioned above to form the at least one planar element (9) of a translucent material, preferably of organic, inorganic or hybrid closed-cell or open-cell foams or coated or uncoated textiles.
  • the at least one planar element (9) may be formed from a mineral, metallic, polymeric and / or bioorganic material.
  • construction element (1) should not be used as a translucent component, but is exposed to increased mechanical stresses (metallic material, fiber-reinforced polymer) or purely for thermal insulation (mineral and / or polymeric material). Furthermore, it is possible with this embodiment, also ecologically particularly compatible design elements (1) to create (bio-organic materials). The material used may be open-pored or closed-cell. In addition, as far as the outer first or second plate (3, 5) of the structural element (1) has been suitably coated or otherwise modified so as to reflect the incident solar radiation directly or diffusely, the structural element (1) will find a particular one during the daytime low heating due to the sunlight instead.
  • the material of the frame (7) made of concrete, gypsum, clays, glasses, natural stones, ceramics, polyamide, polyesters, wood, metals in particular steel and aluminum and its alloys, PVC, polycarbonate, PMMA, styrenics, polyurethanes and fiber composites and composite materials of two or more of these materials and of open-cell or closed-cell foams and fibreboards of synthetic or renewable raw materials. It is particularly preferred if the material of the frame (7) is made gas- and / or moisture-proof.
  • the abovementioned materials can also be used for one or both plates (3, 5), i. the first plate (3) and / or the second plate (5) are used.
  • the frame (7) may be constructed of photovoltaic elements or solar thermal elements. Such elements are known to the person skilled in the art and can be embodied either as opaque elements or as partially translucent constructions. They can also be used so that only a part of the frame surface is claimed by them.
  • At least the first plate (3) and / or the second plate (5) and / or the at least one planar element (9) can be structured three-dimensionally on the surface.
  • optical effects can be achieved, for example, a glare protection in direct incident light by modifying the Angle distribution of the emitted light and / or by changing its intensity effect.
  • the light-directing effect can be further enhanced by suitable combinations of planar elements (9, 9a, 9b) with different angular behavior of the translucency.
  • a similar effect as in a three-dimensionally structured surface can be achieved by a combination of flat elements (9, 9a, 9b) with different translucency properties.
  • design effects can be achieved in the non-technical field by means of three-dimensional structuring.
  • the first and / or second plates (3, 5) and / or the at least one planar element (9) may be printed or coated to achieve the same or similar effects.
  • the construction element (1) according to the invention comprises
  • first planar element (9a) and a second planar element (9b) whose width corresponds in each case to the vertical clear width W of the frame (7) and whose height is in each case smaller than the clear height H of the frame (7),
  • first sheet member (9a) and the second sheet member (9b) are disposed between the first plate (3) and the second plate (5) so as to end laterally with the inner sides of the frame (7), respectively
  • first sheet-like element (9a) and the second sheet-like element (9b) and the frame (7) vertically upwards respectively a first upper gap (1 1 a) and a second upper gap (1 1 b) and between the first planar element (9a) and the second planar element (9b) and the frame (7) is formed vertically downwards in each case a first lower intermediate space (13a) and a second lower intermediate space (13b),
  • the present invention relates to the use of the above-described structural element (1) as a wall and / or roof element in buildings or vehicles, in particular in rail vehicles or watercraft. Especially in rail vehicles with their large ratio between wall surface and volume and long idle times in places with high solar radiation here the need for active cooling can be reduced.
  • the third aspect of the present invention which achieves the above object, relates to a method of controlling the heat transfer coefficient U in a structural element (1) described above comprising the steps
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of a construction element in a first
  • Embodiment of the invention a schematic representation of a construction element in a second embodiment of the invention, a detailed view of the area marked in FIG. 2, a simplified representation of the construction element shown schematically in FIG.
  • FIG. 3b is a simplified representation of that shown in FIG.
  • FIG. 4a is a simplified representation of the illustrated in Fig. 1
  • Construction element with schematically shown prevented conventional flow
  • Construction element with schematically shown prevented conventional flow
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic perspective view of that shown in Fig. 1
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic representation of a construction element in a
  • Embodiment of the invention with reduced flow resistance Embodiment of the invention with reduced flow resistance.
  • FIG. 1 shows the basic form of a construction element 1 according to the invention.
  • the structural element 1 is constructed by a frame 7 which forms four sides of the element, namely top and bottom and the side surfaces.
  • a frame 7 which forms four sides of the element, namely top and bottom and the side surfaces.
  • two plates 3, 5, that is, a first plate 3 and a second plate 5 are arranged, which define together with the frame 7 a closed volume.
  • a planar element 9 is arranged such that it terminates laterally in each case with the frame 7 and above an upper intermediate space 1 1 and below a lower gap 13 to the frame leaves free.
  • the sheet-like element 9 is arranged at a distance X from the first plate 3 and at a distance Y from the second plate 5.
  • a convection flow can form around the flat element 9.
  • heat from the second plate 5 is transferred by free convection to the first plate 3, wherein the free convection is adjusted by the temperature T 2 on the left side of the figure being greater than the temperature Ti on the right Side of the figure is.
  • the temperature of the gas in the second cavity 17 is higher on average than in the first cavity 15 and the density is correspondingly lower.
  • this is an energy flow from right to left.
  • FIG. 2 schematically shows a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • This has two arranged in the defined volume surface elements 9a, 9b, i. a first planar element 9a and a second planar element 9b.
  • These are arranged in principle like the flat element 9 in Figure 1, but with the difference that they form a third cavity 23 with the distance Z from each other.
  • the formation of the internal convection flow is substantially the same as the embodiment shown in Figure 3a.
  • the planar element 9 can be moved by a suitable means, for example upwards, so that it closes the upper intermediate space 11, as shown in FIG. 4a.
  • a suitable means for example upwards, so that it closes the upper intermediate space 11, as shown in FIG. 4a.
  • the volume of gas heated by the heat W1 in the first cavity 15 can rise to the top, the formation of a convection flow is not possible due to the closed upper intermediate space 11.
  • FIG. 2 acts when the one or more first and / or second planar elements 9, 9a, 9b are displaced such that one of the interspaces 11a, 11b, 13a, 13b that is, the first upper clearance 1 1 a, the second upper clearance 1 1 b, the first lower upper clearance 13 a, the second lower clearance 13 b, is closed.
  • FIG. 4b One possible configuration is illustrated in FIG. 4b, in which the first planar element 9a has been displaced upwards in order to close the first upper intermediate space 11a, while the second planar element 9b has been displaced downwards to close the second lower gap 13b. Also in this embodiment, no convection flow can form.
  • the configurations in Figures 3a and 3b represent the state in which the structural element 1 has a maximum heat transfer coefficient U, that is, it allows maximum heat transfer.
  • the configurations in FIGS. 4a and 4b represent a state in which the construction element 1 has its minimum heat transfer coefficient U, ie offers maximum thermal insulation.
  • FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the construction element 1 shown in FIG. 1, from which it is particularly clear how the planar element 9 terminates laterally with the frame 7.
  • Figure 6 shows an embodiment of the construction element according to the invention with reduced flow resistance, wherein the reduction of the flow resistance by the rounding 25 of the edges of the sheet member 9 and by round molding 27 of the corners of the first and / or second plates 3, 5 takes place.
  • the advantage of such an embodiment is that, with the same temperature difference, a larger convection current results and thereby more energy can be transmitted, whereas in the closed case (FIGS. 4a, 4b) there is no deterioration of the insulating effect.
  • more than two planar elements 9, 9a, 9b may also be provided in the defined volume V.
  • active convection elements can be integrated into the first cavity 15 and / or into the second cavity 17.
  • active convection elements is meant, for example, small rotors which assist in the formation of the convection flow and maintain it, which in particular increases the switching stroke between the higher temperature side T 2 and the lower temperature side Ti.
  • the construction element 1 according to the invention can in particular be used to dissipate heat from buildings. This can be advantageous, for example, in the warm season. Furthermore, the Application of the construction element 1 according to the invention for heat dissipation from industrial buildings conceivable.
  • the first and / or second plates 3, 5 can be designed to be either vertical or inclined. In this way, both wall surfaces and sloping roof surfaces can be formed.
  • the angle of the sloping roof surfaces to the vertical is substantially between 0 ° and 90 °, preferably between 5 ° and 60 °.
  • the construction element 1 according to the invention can therefore be used as a wall and / or roof element in a shell, without having to provide further wall elements or roof elements.
  • the construction element 1 according to the invention can also be used as a classic insulating element for placement on a facade.
  • the at least one flat element 9 formed of a flexible, open-cell foam based on melamine resin, commercially available under the name of Basotect ® (BASF SE) is available.
  • Basotect ® displays consistent physical properties over a wide temperature range, with low weight, good thermal insulation properties and high sound absorption capacity.
  • Basotect ® (without the addition of flame retardants) is flame retardant, making an inventive construction element 1 with this material particularly suitable for wall and / or roof elements.
  • the frame 7 can be provided with lighting means (for example LEDs) in order to use the construction element 1 according to the invention also for interior / exterior lighting in the dark.
  • lighting means for example LEDs
  • the frame 7 can be provided with lighting means (for example LEDs) in order to use the construction element 1 according to the invention also for interior / exterior lighting in the dark.
  • the distance A between the first plate 3 and the second plate 5 is ⁇ 50 cm, preferably ⁇ 35 cm, particularly preferably between 5 cm and 12 cm.
  • This ratio of height of the structural element 1 to the width of the first and second cavities 15, 17 is very sensitive and requires a precise vote.
  • the construction elements 1 according to the invention are in principle subject to no size limitation. From a practical point of view, a height of up to 1, 5 m has been found to be useful.
  • the width of the elements is essentially limited by the stability of the materials used and is usefully up to 5 m. For reasons of thermally induced pressure changes, the volume of gas enclosed in the construction element 1 should be kept as small as possible
  • ⁇ s 0 / Y i 5 preferably: 0.5 ⁇ s 0 / Y ⁇ 4; particularly preferred: 1 ⁇ s 0 / Y ⁇ 3
  • ⁇ Su / Y i 5 preferably: 0.5 ⁇ Su / Y ⁇ 4; particularly preferred: 1 ⁇ Su / Y ⁇ 3 if Y> X: s 0 / X: Relative thickness of the gap between the sheet member 9 and the upper frame 7 in the high heat transfer coefficient state;
  • ⁇ s 0 / Y i 5 preferably: 0.5 ⁇ s 0 / Y ⁇ 4; particularly preferred: 1 ⁇ s 0 / Y ⁇ 3
  • Range of values (relative) for a first embodiment with reduced flow resistance r / (AXY): Relative radius of curvature of the planar element 9: 0 ⁇ 7 ( ⁇ - ⁇ - ⁇ ) ⁇ 0.5; preferably: 0, 1 ⁇ r / (AXY) ⁇ 0.5; particularly preferred: 0.25 ⁇ r / (A-XY) ⁇ 0.5
  • R / A Relative rounding radius of the outer corners:
  • the properties of design element prototypes according to the invention were determined.
  • the plates 3 5 plexiglass discs with a size of 800 ⁇ 800 mm were used, while the flat element consisted of a translucent insulating material (non-colored Basotect®).
  • the frame 7 was made of PVC plates.
  • the strength of the prototype was 96 mm.
  • the cavities 15, 17 each had a dimension X, Y of 30 mm.
  • the experimental setup was chosen so that between two identical prototypes of the type described above, a heatable element was inserted, while on the opposite sides of coolable elements were provided. The heat flow from the heatable element to the coolable elements was measured electrically. The heat flow through one of the prototypes is thus half of the total measured heat flow. In this way, the thermal conductivity ⁇ and the heat transfer coefficient U were measured.
  • a first measuring setup I
  • the dimension of the upper space 1 1 was 60 mm and the dimension of the lower space 13 0 mm
  • a second measurement setup II
  • the two switching states of a construction element 1 according to the invention in the configuration with two planar elements 9a, 9b have been realized.
  • Two flat elements 9a, 9b of Basotect® with a thickness of 15 mm each were used in the measurement setups.
  • the dimensions of the cavities 15 and 17 were each 15 mm, the dimension of the gap 23 10 mm.
  • the dimensions of the spaces 1 1 a and 13b were 30 mm, the dimensions of the spaces 1 1 b and 13a 0 mm.
  • the dimensions of the spaces 1 1 a, 1 1 b, 13a and 13b were each 15 mm.
  • the structures (III) and (IV) were additionally measured with C0 2 as filling gas instead of air. These measurements are indicated in the table with ll lb and IVb. For each measurement setup, two measurements with a low temperature difference between the heatable element and the coolable element (measurements 1 and 3) and a measurement with a high temperature difference between the heatable element and the coolable element (measurements 2 and 4) were carried out. The measurement results are shown in the table below.
  • Measurements 1 and 3 show that the heat transfer coefficient U is more than doubled when the position of the sheet 9 is changed while substantially the same temperature difference is applied to the prototype.

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un élément de construction (1) à coefficients de transmission thermique U réglables. Cet élément (1) comprend -un cadre (7), -une première plaque (3) et une seconde plaque (5), lesquelles sont opposées l'une à l'autre et sont disposées à une certaine distance A l'une de l'autre dans le cadre (7), un volume fermé V rempli d'au moins un gaz étant défini par la première plaque (3), la seconde plaque (5) et le cadre (7), -au moins un élément plan (9) dont la largeur correspond à la largeur intérieure verticale W du cadre (7) et dont la hauteur est inférieure à la hauteur intérieure H du cadre (7), l'élément plat (9) étant disposé entre la première plaque (3) et la seconde plaque (5), de telle manière qu'il se termine latéralement avec les faces intérieures du cadre (7), et un espace intermédiaire supérieur (11) étant formé verticalement vers le haut entre l'élément plan (9) et le cadre (7), et un espace intermédiaire inférieur (13) étant formé verticalement vers le bas entre l'élément plan (9) et le cadre (7), -une première cavité (15), laquelle est formée entre la première plaque (3) et l'élément plan (9) avec une certaine distance X, -une seconde cavité (17), laquelle est formée entre l'élément plan (9) et la seconde plaque (5) avec une certaine distance Y, la première cavité (15) et la seconde cavité (17) étant reliées par l'espace intermédiaire supérieur (11) et l'espace intermédiaire inférieur (13), de telle manière qu'un courant de convection peut circuler entre la première cavité (15) et la seconde cavité (17) en passant par l'espace intermédiaire supérieur (11) et l'espace intermédiaire inférieur (13), -au moins un moyen de régulation du courant de convection, lequel est disposé pour l'espace intermédiaire supérieur (11) et/ou pour l'espace intermédiaire inférieur (13). L'invention concerne en outre l'utilisation de l'élément de construction (1) selon l'invention comme élément de mur et/ou de toit dans des bâtiments et un procédé de régulation du coefficient de transmission thermique U dans un élément de construction (1) selon l'invention.
EP14701321.3A 2013-01-22 2014-01-17 Élément de construction à coefficients de transmission thermique u réglables Withdrawn EP2948600A1 (fr)

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Applications Claiming Priority (3)

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EP13152267 2013-01-22
PCT/EP2014/050892 WO2014114563A1 (fr) 2013-01-22 2014-01-17 Élément de construction à coefficients de transmission thermique u réglables
EP14701321.3A EP2948600A1 (fr) 2013-01-22 2014-01-17 Élément de construction à coefficients de transmission thermique u réglables

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EP (1) EP2948600A1 (fr)
KR (1) KR20150109452A (fr)
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WO (1) WO2014114563A1 (fr)

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KR20150109452A (ko) 2015-10-01
US20150361654A1 (en) 2015-12-17
CN105008630A (zh) 2015-10-28
CN105008630B (zh) 2018-05-11
WO2014114563A1 (fr) 2014-07-31

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