EP2937956B1 - Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions, utilisant un éclateur, comprenant au moins deux électrodes principales enfermées dans un boîtier étanche - Google Patents

Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions, utilisant un éclateur, comprenant au moins deux électrodes principales enfermées dans un boîtier étanche Download PDF

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EP2937956B1
EP2937956B1 EP15172222.0A EP15172222A EP2937956B1 EP 2937956 B1 EP2937956 B1 EP 2937956B1 EP 15172222 A EP15172222 A EP 15172222A EP 2937956 B1 EP2937956 B1 EP 2937956B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
voltage
electrode
arc
spark gap
ignition
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EP15172222.0A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP2937956A1 (fr
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Peter Zahlmann
Arnd Ehrhardt
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Dehn SE and Co KG
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Dehn and Soehne GmbH and Co KG
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Application filed by Dehn and Soehne GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Dehn and Soehne GmbH and Co KG
Priority to SI200432446T priority Critical patent/SI2937956T1/sl
Priority to PL15172222T priority patent/PL2937956T3/pl
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T4/00—Overvoltage arresters using spark gaps
    • H01T4/16—Overvoltage arresters using spark gaps having a plurality of gaps arranged in series
    • H01T4/20—Arrangements for improving potential distribution
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T2/00—Spark gaps comprising auxiliary triggering means
    • H01T2/02—Spark gaps comprising auxiliary triggering means comprising a trigger electrode or an auxiliary spark gap
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T4/00—Overvoltage arresters using spark gaps
    • H01T4/10—Overvoltage arresters using spark gaps having a single gap or a plurality of gaps in parallel
    • H01T4/12—Overvoltage arresters using spark gaps having a single gap or a plurality of gaps in parallel hermetically sealed

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a spark gap based overvoltage protection device, comprising at least two main electrodes located in a pressure-tight housing and at least one auxiliary starting electrode, wherein in the housing volume a functional assembly for reducing the response voltage of the spark gap is housed, which is in communication with one of the main electrodes and the auxiliary ignition electrode according to the preamble of claim 1
  • Surge arresters with a reduced response voltage for example, from the DE 199 52 004 A1 or the DE 198 03 636 A1
  • lightning current arresters for coarse protection and surge arresters for fine protection without the previously customary decoupling via cable routes or by specially dimensioned inductors directly next to each other.
  • the starting aids for high-performance surge arresters are designed for use in low-voltage networks between L and N or else N and PE as active ignition aids.
  • These ignition aids generate with the aid of a pulse transformer a high ignition voltage, through which in a typical three-electrode spark gap arrangement one of the sections is covered.
  • the disadvantage of such a solution is on the one hand the sometimes considerable space requirement of the ignition aid, which usually consists of a plurality of components, and on the other hand, the resulting interference factors.
  • this ignition device limits the design possibilities for the main functional element, namely the actual spark gap, given the relatively small dimensions of the surge arresters. This limitation not only concerns the volume generally available, but also the need for the necessary additional contacting of a third electrode.
  • the DE 195 10 181 A1 is an ignition aid from a first spark gap, which serves to ignite a flashover, and a second spark gap, which is the first connected in parallel and the deletion of the secondary stream, presented. Furthermore, reference is made to the integration of a passive, simple ignition aid in a spark gap.
  • the first spark gap is used to set the response voltage and the resulting spark of the pre-ionization of the second, longer and more current-carrying spark gap. Due to the pre-ionization and the voltage drop across the impedance connected in series with the spark gap, the second spark gap is ignited.
  • the second spark gap has, in contrast to the first spark gap, a high surge current carrying capacity and a good follow current extinguishing capability.
  • spark gaps According to the stack spark gap for medium and high voltage applications after US 3,223,874 individual spark gaps have an ignition aid for preionization.
  • This arrangement can be carried out at least partially encapsulated.
  • such a kind of spark gaps is only designed for low surge current loads of 8/20 ⁇ s and can not withstand the pressures and the force effects of notable lightning surge currents.
  • the extinguishing capability for follow-on currents which is partially present in such an arrangement results for the most part from the series connection of a multiplicity of partial spark gaps, each with a starting aid.
  • the ignition aid is connected directly to the respective main electrodes of the spark gap. It has no third auxiliary electrode and there is no direct discharge directly between the main electrodes.
  • the type of preionization is based there on partial discharges, which spread over both sides of the surface of an existing insulation part.
  • a spark discharge as is commonly used in modern low-voltage arresters, does not exist because the auxiliary electrodes of the ignition aid are located on opposite sides of the insulator.
  • This form of ignition aid is sufficient at high potential differences of several kV for rapid ignition.
  • the response voltage is ⁇ 1 kV, such an embodiment of a starting aid is not efficient.
  • the entire Zündssel is vulnerable to the action of the arc exposed, which can lead to disruption in their function as well as to complete destruction.
  • the WO 03/021735 A1 shows a simplified ignition aid for surge arrester, which may be located at least partially inside the spark gap.
  • This ignition aid is based on a series connection of a voltage switching element and a so-called ignition element.
  • the response voltage of the arrester is advantageously determined by the voltage-switching element.
  • the main spark gap is ignited by the fact that after ignition of the voltage-switching element, a current flows through the ignition element, whereby a voltage is built up over the main spark gap.
  • the spark travels along the firing element and extends until the main spark gap rolls over.
  • This solution has functionally significant disadvantages.
  • the crucial component for safe operation is the so-called ignition element.
  • the ignition element in this solution during the entire arc duration, consisting of pulse and follow current due to the direct parallel arrangement to the main electrodes and thus the entire arc voltage with a current flow, whereby the electrical and thermal stress of the ignition element and possibly also the voltage-switching Elements is big.
  • Another requirement for the basic function according to WO 03/021735 A1 is the necessary sparking between standing in electrically conductive contact parts, namely the local electrode and the ignition element. It should be obvious that in the case described there Embodiment, the contact point of load to load even with a spring contact always changed due to melting phenomena or unavoidable contamination. A reproducible spark at such a contact point is thus very difficult to adjust. The aforementioned limitations lead to a very complicated geometry and material selection.
  • the inserted spring for making contact and tracking of the ignition element may possibly track in case of burning or demolition of the tip of the ignition element.
  • the spring can avoid neither a complete break of the ignition element after changes in the contact point due to the formation of melt on the electrode or on the ignition element or the deposits of impurities in the contact area.
  • the spring must also be protected from burn-off products and the thermal and dynamic stresses caused by the arc. With a small or even delayed sparking, however, increases the Zündverzugszeit the main spark gap.
  • this can significantly increase the electrical load on the voltage-switching element and also of the ignition element; on the other hand, the voltage across the ignition element and thus over the entire spark gap increases sharply. This also endangers the elements to be protected and the desired low residual voltage values of the lightning arrester.
  • Another disadvantage of the cited solution is that the distance of the main electrodes is directly connected to the length of the ignition element.
  • a relatively large main electrode spacing is often advantageous.
  • the response voltage between the electrodes that is, at higher distances, a greater preionization between the main electrodes must be made, so that it can lead to the rollover at the desired low voltages.
  • the distance at which the spark must travel from the bad pad length ens until it reaches the other major electrode. This also restricts, as already mentioned, the choice of the usual means for the sequence current deletion or limitation.
  • the spark gap arrangement after DE 199 52 004 A1 can be operated with both an active and a highly simplified passive ignition aid. These ignition aids are all outside the spark gap. Moreover, the Zünd Anlagenn consist of a variety of components, which should take over the task of fine protection. However, this requires relatively large and powerful components, whereby integration into the spark gap is difficult. However, the task of fine protection also requires a relatively high power consumption and an additional thermal load. In the passive ignition aid, which advantageously consists of only a few components, although the space requirement would reduce, but the problem of power conversion remains in the realization of fine protection. The disadvantage is in the DE 199 52 004 A1 Furthermore, that the response of the overall arrangement by the geometric design of the spark gap is determined. In this case, the response voltage of the shorter separation path thus defines the response voltage of the entire arrester. The Anschschreiben achievable in this way, however, are not resistant to aging and strongly dependent on the load condition of the spark gap.
  • a spark arrester overvoltage protection device in particular for low-voltage applications comprising at least two located in a pressure-tight housing main electrodes and at least one auxiliary ignition, which avoids possible sources of interference between ignition aid and spark gap and the principle in all known method for subsequent current deletion, follow current limiting or even the avoidance of subsequent currents in spark gaps can be used.
  • the object of the invention is achieved with a surge protection device on spark gap basis according to the combination of features according to claim 1, wherein the dependent claims represent at least expedient refinements and developments.
  • a simplified starting aid which consists of at least one voltage-switching element, an impedance and an isolating distance.
  • the simplified ignition aid is preferably between two main electrodes and completely in the pressure-resistant housing of the overvoltage protection device, i. integrated into the spark gap itself and becomes part of this. Occurs in such an arrangement, an overvoltage that exceeds the sum of the operating voltages of the switching element and the separation distance of the series circuit, so the ignition aid, whereby a current through the voltage switching element, the impedance and the associated separation distance from the first main electrode to the second main electrode flows.
  • the flameproof enclosure is designed for the control of pressures up to several 10 bar as a result of the strains of the spark gap during lightning and line flow. In case of a possible overload of the ignition aid, the damage potential is thus essentially limited by the flameproof enclosure of the spark gap. This also eliminates additional protective measures of the ignition aid itself, such as fuses or the like. A possibly desired evaluation of the state of the arrester is also greatly facilitated, since only the overall function, measurable at the outer terminals of the spark gap, and not individual components, connections and components must be monitored.
  • the Zündanges function module for selectively reducing the operating voltage of the spark gap from a fully integrated into the pressure-tight housing, located outside the arc combustion chamber series connection of a voltage-switching element, an impedance and a separation path is formed, wherein the separation distance by the distance of the auxiliary ignition electrode nearest main electrode is defined.
  • the voltage switching element may for example be a gas arrester. It is also possible to form the voltage-switching element as a suppressor diode, thyristor, varistor and / or as a defined erosion-resistant air or sliding spark gap.
  • the auxiliary ignition electrode can itself be designed impedance-related and have a complex resistance.
  • the auxiliary ignition electrode extends partially into the arc combustion chamber or is located in this.
  • the auxiliary ignition electrode may consist of a conductive plastic or a plastic with conductive additives, such as conductive fibers.
  • the impedance in turn consists of a material with a nonlinear or linear resistance profile.
  • the impedance can also consist of a conductive plastic or a conductive ceramic.
  • one embodiment of the impedance is a discrete device, e.g. Resistor, varistor or capacitance lying within the meaning of the invention.
  • the auxiliary ignition electrode is insulated from the main electrode, wherein the response voltages of each of the main electrodes resulting sub-sections are chosen differently.
  • the response voltage e 1 of the first main electrode to the auxiliary ignition electrode is much larger than the response voltage of the further separation distance e 1 selected.
  • this is designed as a thin, erosion-resistant insulating film, as erosion-resistant paint coating or other thin insulating layer.
  • the overvoltage protection device has means for flowing the arc with hard gas.
  • Hard gas-emitting material surrounds at least portions of the arc combustion chamber to generate the hard gas, wherein the hard gas-emitting material additionally has conductive properties in order to bring the potential of one of the main electrodes up to the separation gap of the auxiliary ignition electrode.
  • a pressure equalization port prevents accumulation of an undesirable increase in pressure over time.
  • the pressure equalization port may be formed by the housing or by electrode materials which are at least partially gas permeable.
  • portions of the housing may consist of a porous polymer material, porous ceramic or correspondingly porous metal.
  • the overvoltage protection device can have residual voltage limiting means.
  • the conductive, hard-gas-emitting material which is electrically connected to one of the main electrodes, in a defined geometry and with defined electrical properties, so that the targeted influencing of the course and the height of the residual voltage can be realized.
  • the resistance of the hard gas-emitting material to the impedance of the series connection of the functional element is lower.
  • the conductive, hard gas-emitting material carries during the load with surge current as well as with subsequent currents part of each flowing total current, so that increases the reliability of the device according to the invention and its long-term stability.
  • the proportion of current which is taken over by the conductive, hard-gas-emitting material is virtually adjustable by the ratio of the resistance of this material to the resistance value of the arc.
  • the average value of the resistance of the conductive, hard gas-emitting material is chosen to be greater than the average, mean resistance value of the arc.
  • the voltage-switching element and / or the discrete impedance can be integrated into one of the main electrodes.
  • one of the main electrodes have an externally accessible cavity, whereby also, if necessary, an interchangeability of the voltage-switching element is ensured.
  • the voltage-switching element is inserted in a single-pole insulated manner in the cavity, wherein the cavity has an internal thread for receiving a conductive screw contacting the inserted voltage-switching element.
  • the end of the auxiliary ignition electrode reaching the arc combustion chamber lies essentially at the same level as the end of the main electrode which reaches into the combustion chamber and is associated with the first separation zone.
  • the Zündangeselektrode laterally offset and / or relative to the arc main combustion chamber set back to protect this can be arranged.
  • a supplementary voltage-switching element which is located outside the pressure-tight enclosure, an adjustment or adjustment of the operating voltage of the overvoltage protection device can take place.
  • the presented overvoltage protection device can also be implemented as a combination of a triggerable partial spark gap high response voltage and at least one downstream partial spark gap low response voltage.
  • the partial spark gaps may include means for internal potential control.
  • the partial spark gaps are mechanically fixed and connected via spacers.
  • the spacers may consist of a conductive, field-controlling material.
  • the spacers and the electrodes of the partial spark gaps may have a sheath, wherein the sheath comprises a shield which is electrically connected on one side for targeted potential distortion or is designed as such itself.
  • the distance of the electrodes which form the partial spark gap with auxiliary ignition electrode is preferably chosen to be greater than the spacing of the electrodes which define the respectively following partial spark gaps.
  • the spacer can be performed for the non-triggerable by the auxiliary ignition partial spark gap as an integral component in terms of manufacturing rationalization and easier installation.
  • additional insulating sections or insulating materials preferably provided in the outer region of the electrodes of the partial spark gap or arranged there.
  • the spacers have on their side remote from the arc combustion chamber on an insulation coating or insulation sheath, which is a complementary measure to avoid unwanted flashovers.
  • the spark gap according to the invention can be embodied as a horn spark gap or else as a stack spark gap.
  • the passive ignition aid 100 accordingly Fig. 1 is integrated into the flameproof enclosure 5 of the spark gap, which has two main electrodes 1 and 2. These main electrodes 1 and 2 are kept isolated in an example of metallic encapsulation 5 with respect to this.
  • the ignition aid 100 consists of a voltage-switching element 4, preferably a gas arrester, but also suppressor diodes, thyristors, varistors, defined erosion-resistant separation sections or a combination of these elements are suitable. Furthermore, the starting aid 100 has an impedance-dependent auxiliary starting electrode 3. There is also the possibility that a discrete impedance 3a exists as a separate element.
  • impedance 3a elements or materials such as plastics or ceramics with linear, but also with non-linear resistances or characteristic curves are suitable.
  • this may e.g. as a resistor, as a varistor, as a capacitor or even made of materials with a corresponding characteristic of such devices.
  • the auxiliary ignition electrode or ignition electrode 3 is insulated from the two main electrodes 1 and 2.
  • the response voltages of the resulting partial spark gaps e 1 and e 2 are designed differently.
  • the response voltage of the distance e 1 , ie the main electrode 1 to the auxiliary ignition electrode 3 is much larger than the response voltage of the distance e 2 , formed by the distance of the main electrode 2 to the auxiliary ignition electrode.
  • the response voltage of the distance e 1 is at least equal, but generally higher than the response voltage of the voltage-switching element 4 of the ignition aid 100th
  • the response voltage of the distance e 2 is at most equal but generally lower than the response voltage of the voltage-switching element 4 of the ignition aid 100.
  • the response voltage of the entire arrester is essentially determined by the response voltage of the voltage-switching element 4 and thus can be selected independently of the usual geometric conditions of the main spark gap.
  • all functionally relevant parts for the response are not exposed to the direct action of arcing. Only one end of the auxiliary ignition electrode 3, which preferably itself impedance-related, e.g. can be performed as a conductive plastic is located partially in the arc combustion chamber and is isolated from the two main electrodes 1, 2 carried out.
  • auxiliary starting electrode 3 is not made of an impedance-affected material, but of a low-resistance material, e.g. As already mentioned, a separate impedance 3a is used, which is then completely outside the direct arc action.
  • the electrical parameters of the components integrated in the spark gap are predetermined on the one hand by the geometric dimensions.
  • the power conversion is also limited in favor of a simple construction of the contact points and also the thermal load of the insulation stretches.
  • the performance of the ignition aid in the present embodiment is limited to small impulse powers.
  • Fig. 1 In the description of the general functional description Fig. 1 is shown a basic, simplified geometry of a possible spark gap arrangement. In this arrangement, which relates only to the ignition range, no measures to follow current limit are included for simplicity.
  • the main electrodes 1 and 2 are manufactured in known manner from erosion-resistant, electrically conductive materials such as metals, metallic alloys, sintered metals, graphite, ceramics or composite ceramics.
  • auxiliary starting electrode 3 With regard to the auxiliary starting electrode 3, it should also be noted that, as stated, these are themselves either made of a material having a high impedance, e.g. Resistance material, electrically conductive plastic, plastic with filler or is connected to a separate impedance 3a in the form of a resistor.
  • a material having a high impedance e.g. Resistance material, electrically conductive plastic, plastic with filler or is connected to a separate impedance 3a in the form of a resistor.
  • soot or graphite elements or metal or carbon fibers can be included for setting desired impedance properties, but it is possible to introduce micro varistors or nanotubes.
  • the main electrode 1 is connected to the voltage switching element 4, which is a gas discharge tube, a gas discharge tube with Microgap; a spark gap, an isolating path, a suppressor diode, a varistor or a combination of the aforementioned elements may be connected to the impedance 3a or the auxiliary starting electrode 3 within the outer pressure-resistant encapsulation 5 of the spark gap.
  • the voltage switching element 4 is a gas discharge tube, a gas discharge tube with Microgap; a spark gap, an isolating path, a suppressor diode, a varistor or a combination of the aforementioned elements may be connected to the impedance 3a or the auxiliary starting electrode 3 within the outer pressure-resistant encapsulation 5 of the spark gap.
  • the three electrodes form two parting lines e 1 and e 2 , wherein e 2 has a significantly lower response voltage than the separation distance e 1 .
  • the response voltage of the subsection e 2 is equal to or less than the response voltage of the voltage switching element 4. Since the Gleichan Anlagenbeginn the entire arrester should be equal to or less than 1 kV, there are special requirements for the execution of the separation distance e 2nd
  • This separation distance e 2 is realized by thin films of erosion-resistant materials or by temperature-resistant coatings, but also by means of special erosion-resistant coatings.
  • the current flows from the main electrode 1 via the impedance 3a, the auxiliary starting electrode 3 and the spark to the main electrode 2.
  • This spark brings charge carriers into the interior of the spark gap, whereby the dielectric strength of the separation distance e 1 is reduced very quickly.
  • a voltage difference which is essentially determined by the magnitude of the current in the ignition circuit and the impedance 3a. This voltage difference exceeds the reduced by the charge carrier input withstand voltage of the isolating distance e 1, so these lights, takes over the current and relieves the ignition circuit.
  • the partial arcs over the separation lines e 1 and e 2 connect and the spark gap ignites between the main electrodes 1 and 2.
  • FIG. 2 shows a spark gap for grid applications, in particular between L and N.
  • This spark gap is able to produce higher arc voltages. These are realized in the present case by flowing the arc with hard gas.
  • a hard gas-releasing substance 10 for example POM, polytetrafluoroethylene polymer-based or mineral-based, for example, CaCO 3 or BaCO 3 , is used.
  • the effect can also be exploited by electrically conductive additives, such as metal fibers, carbon black, carbon fibers, microvaristors, nanotubes, metal particles, semiconductor particles or even per se conductive polymers, the potential of the main electrode 2 to lead to the separation distance of the auxiliary ignition electrode 3.
  • electrically conductive additives such as metal fibers, carbon black, carbon fibers, microvaristors, nanotubes, metal particles, semiconductor particles or even per se conductive polymers
  • the spark occurs between the auxiliary ignition electrode 3 and the conductive hard gas-emitting material 10 and can then extend very quickly to the main electrode 2 already or only after the rollover of the separation distance e 1 .
  • the arc length is increased and on the other hand, the arc cooled by the hard gas and flowed.
  • the distance between the two main electrodes can be extended without influencing the response voltage by using appropriately conductive materials 10.
  • the size of the conductive, hard gas-emitting part 10 is preferably chosen to be larger than the dimensions of the separation distance e 1 .
  • the amount of residual stress in the spark gap arrangement according to Fig. 1 and 2 can be classified into three areas.
  • a first time range begins, as it were, after the voltage-switching element has responded and the separation gap e 2 flashes.
  • the impedance of all these elements determines the voltage drop across the arrester. If the, reduced by the pre-ionization strength of the distance e 1 is exceeded, there is a flashover between the main electrode 1 and the part 10. This results in a discharge of the ignition circuit and it reduces the residual voltage by the voltage drop across the ignition circuit. Now, the residual stress is determined essentially by the part 10.
  • the residual voltage increases during this period as a function of the currently effective impedance and the pulse current. At high voltage gradients or surge currents, the residual voltage may therefore assume too high values, whereby a hazard or even an overload of the downstream elements may occur.
  • the task of an effective residual voltage limiting is additionally transmitted to the conductive, hard-gas-emitting part 10.
  • a certain dimensioning of the resistance of the part 10 is required according to the embodiment.
  • a purposeful influencing of the course and the height of the residual stress can, moreover, be effected by the geometric addition of the electrical design of the part 10.
  • Is the resistance of member 10 chosen to be relatively high impedance relative to the impedance 3a the residual stress increases even after the breakdown of the separation distance s 1 to pass.
  • the resistance of the part 10 on the other hand chosen 3a low compared to the impedance the rise in the residual voltage can be reduced after the roll of the separating section e 1, whereby the risk of excessive residual stress is significantly reduced.
  • the effective effective resistance of the part 10 can be influenced by the material, the geometry of the part and the respective contact surface of the part 10 on the electrode 2. However, the design of the transition region between the part 10 and the auxiliary ignition electrode 10 as well as the positioning of the main electrode 1 is equally effective. If the auxiliary starting electrode 3 is designed, for example, with a larger inner diameter than the part 10, it is set back from the part as it were a practically larger contact surface on the part 10 for the spark between the main electrode 1 and the part 10 itself, whereby a lesser effective resistance of the part 10 is established. If the auxiliary ignition electrode is practically present in the arc combustion chamber, the resistance increases. It can also be carried out in the direction of the axes analogous measures of geometric design.
  • the height of the resistance of the part 10 e.g. As a hollow cylinder with an outer diameter of 18 mm, an inner diameter of 4 mm at a height of 5 mm can be practically varied between several hundred k ⁇ and values up to about 1 ⁇ , without resulting negative effects on the quenching capacity of the spark gap and the choice of materials , The maximum limitation of the residual voltage results, as explained, at lowest resistance values.
  • the resistance of the part 10 of a spark gap according to Fig. 2 or 3 attains a special significance not only in the residual stress, but also in its effect on the subsequent current quenching.
  • the part 10 is in the described arrangements basically parallel to the arc or at least to portions of the arc. This applies to all loads where the spark gap between the main electrode 1 and 2 is ignited.
  • the part 10 always takes over a portion of the total current both during the load with surge currents as well as the load with subsequent currents. The amount of this portion is dependent on the height of the resistance of the part 10 and the quasi-resistance of the arc.
  • the current-voltage characteristic of an arc is not linear, but due to numerous factors, i.a. depending on the composition of the gas, pressure, temperature and so on. These quantities are in a real spark gap u.a. determined by the geometry, the materials used and the electrical load. The fact that all these variables vary greatly even with fixed spark gap geometry due to aging, the exact arc curve can only be predicted insufficient.
  • the resistance of the arc at the time of ignition and at the time of extinction is in part significantly increased. In this time range, therefore, the parallel resistance of the part 10 takes on a correspondingly higher proportion of current or even the total current at low values ⁇ 10 ⁇ . As a result, charge carriers are naturally removed from the arc, as a result of which the ionization decreases greatly. This leads to premature extinction of the arc. Part 10 leads here the follow current up to the current zero crossing.
  • the low resistance value of the part 10 may also serve to avoid a line follow current arc.
  • the mains voltage is relatively low in relation to the driving voltage of the pulse current and also dependent on the phase position.
  • the parallel resistance of the part 10 virtually reduces the voltage load on the switching path, as a result of which the ignition of the line follow current arc can be prevented.
  • the follow-on current can for one thing be completely prevented or, on the other hand, only a limited follow-on current flows through the part 10 until the current zero crossing. In this mode of action, the extinguishing and firing tips of the arc are avoided.
  • This effect is a positive side effect Incidentally, there is still no risk of damage to the part 10 regardless of the selected conductive material.
  • the resistance of the part 10 corresponds approximately to the resistance of the follow-current arc, is to be expected with a strong current load of the part 10 over the entire arc phase. Therefore, only those materials are used that can not be damaged by a sustained current and temperature effect.
  • the arc resistance has a value of substantially 0.5 to 1 ⁇ in the case of a follow-up current. If this value is exceeded by the part 10, this leads on the one hand to a heavy load on the part 10, but on the other hand, the arc can be deleted faster or it is an ignition preventable.
  • a safe operation and a hardly limited choice of material for the part 10 is given in particular when the average resistance of the part 10 is generally higher than the average resistance of the arc.
  • interpretations may be useful in which by lowering the average value of the resistance of the part 10 below the mean value of the resistance of the follow-current arc, an arc should be largely avoided in the follow-on current.
  • Conceivable here are conductive ceramics, composite materials, varistor material or the use of PTC material.
  • Fig. 4 to 7 show further design variants of the integrated ignition aid in combination with a spark gap with follow current extinction according to the hard gas principle.
  • the voltage switching element 4 is integrated directly into a recess of the main electrode 1 for protection against, in particular, thermal and mechanical loads.
  • This recess can be designed, for example, in the form of a hole in the power supply of the main electrode. This hole can have an internal thread. By screwing in a conductive screw, the voltage-switching element 4 located in the cavity can then be securely mechanically fastened and contacted.
  • one side of the voltage-switching element 4 is insulated from the main electrode 1 and there is an insulated conductive connection or connection to the auxiliary starting electrode 3.
  • the Zündangeselektrode 3 is introduced into the arc-combustion chamber quasi at the same height with the reaching to the arc-combustion end of the main electrode 1. This causes after the ignition of the main spark gap very quickly extinguishing the current in the ignition circuit, since this is practically no longer exposed to a potential difference.
  • the Zündoselektrode 3 is thus protected from direct arcing capacabbrand.
  • Fig. 6 shows a representation in which the auxiliary ignition electrode 3 is arranged laterally offset from the arc combustion chamber, which also sets a special protected embodiment of the electrode 3.
  • a, even complementary, voltage-switching element 4 outside the flameproof enclosure 5 of the spark gap. This makes it possible to freely select the response voltage of the arrester regardless of the spark gap even after installation in the application environment or to adapt it to the application environment and the conditions of use.
  • spark gaps advantageous in which the effort that is necessary in terms of flow and cooling of the gas released, is to be limited, or even at spark gaps, where the least possible aging of interest.
  • Hard-gas-releasing substances can be partially or completely replaced by electrically conductive substances with linear, but also with non-linear characteristics.
  • These can be, for example, pressure-resistant conductive ceramics, fiber ceramics or composite materials with conductive constituents or, for example, also materials with a varistor characteristic or a PTC characteristic.
  • the pressure build-up is realized by the limited internal volume eg in a cylinder.
  • a sandwich solution can be used.
  • the ignition aid explained above can also be used in an embodiment with a plurality of partial spark gaps and does not restrict the use of the generally known methods for controlling the potential of the partial spark gaps.
  • arresters with a series connection of partial spark gaps usually also have externally connected means for potential control.
  • This can be impedances, capacitances, linear and non-linear resistances, their combinations or also additional external spark gaps, which are likewise used for potential control.
  • these elements and their contact points to the individual partial spark gaps is a risk factor, as a result of very high pulse steepnesses or poor or aged contact making it to partial or complete external arcing and thus to Destruction of the arrester can come. So if it is safe to ignite an arrester of the type mentioned with a starting aid and a response value ⁇ 1 kV, not only the actual ignition aid, but also the potential control must be performed safer than usual.
  • individual electrode of the partial spark gaps 20 are separated by spacers 21.
  • the material of this spacer 21 can be made of conductive or field controlling material up to the distance or distances, which is provided with a starting aid.
  • an outer casing of the actual spark gaps can be connected to an isolated, unilaterally connected screen for potential distortion 22.
  • the partial spark gap with the ignition aid from the parts 3, 3a and 4 is designed so that, despite possibly occurring contamination, in particular by the burning of the ignition electrode, is able to control the burden of the recurring mains voltage alone after the response of the spark gap ,
  • the distance of the electrodes 22 and 23 of the triggerable via the ignition aid partial spark gap is increased compared to the distance of the other partial spark gaps.
  • a material with high instantaneous solidification can be selected.
  • the material of the remaining sections should have a low erosion and a high electrode drop voltage.
  • the spacers 21 may consist of electrically conductive polymers or ceramics. Their resistance characteristic can be linear, but also non-linear.
  • the material of the spacer 21 in addition to certain dielectric properties, whereby a capacitive control is possible in addition also be provided with micro varistors, resulting in a better potential-controlling effect especially at high slopes.
  • the individual electrically conductive contact holders can also be provided or executed on one or both sides with a thin insulation layer or a defined poor contact be. Although this requires a minimum operating voltage of eg a few 10 V, but promotes the faster escape of the arc from the material and the sparking the ionization of the partial spark gap and thus the ignition of the entire spark gap.
  • the described measures for potential control can also be used to reduce the response voltage of the partial spark gaps 20 by measures known from the field of gas discharge conductors, for example the use of special gases or activation measures.
  • the individual spacers 21 of the non-triggerable partial spark gaps can be replaced by a common spacer.
  • care must be taken that the conductive material is not overloaded by the flowing partial flow. This can be influenced on the one hand by the material selection and on the other hand also by the geometric design in the sense of the thickness and the contact surface.
  • Fig. 10 shows a design variant in which jointly or alternatively applicable measures are used to further reduce the likelihood of unwanted outer rollover.
  • additional insulation measures are carried out in the outer region of the electrodes.
  • the electrodes of the partial spark gaps may be provided with insulating material 25 in the outer region.
  • the inner diameter of the isolated area is to be selected larger than the inner diameter of the spacers 21.
  • the spacers 21 may further also be surrounded on the outer circumference with a ring of insulating material 26.

Landscapes

  • Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)

Claims (6)

  1. Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions sur la base d'un éclateur, comportant au moins deux électrodes principales (1, 2) situées dans un boîtier étanche à la pression ainsi qu'au moins une électrode d'aide à l'allumage (3),
    dans lequel
    un ensemble fonctionnel destiné réduire la tension d'amorçage de l'éclateur est logé dans le volume du boîtier, ensemble qui est en connexion avec l'une des électrodes principales (1, 2) et avec l'électrode d'aide à l'allumage (3),
    caractérisé en ce que
    l'ensemble fonctionnel destiné réduire la tension d'amorçage de l'éclateur est constitué par un circuit en série formé d'un élément de commutation de tension (4), d'une impédance (3a) et d'un intervalle de sectionnement (e2), intégré complètement dans le boîtier et situé à l'extérieur de l'espace d'allumage de l'arc électrique, l'intervalle de sectionnement (e2) étant formé par la distance de l'électrode d'aide à l'allumage (3) vis-à-vis de l'électrode principale (2) la plus proche,
    de sorte que lors de l'apparition d'une surtension qui dépasse la somme des tensions d'amorçage de l'élément de commutation (4) et de l'intervalle de sectionnement (e2), un courant circule depuis la première des électrodes principales (1) vers la seconde électrode principale (2), ayant pour conséquent que l'arc électrique pontant l'intervalle de sectionnement (e2) fournit des porteurs de charge pour l'ionisation immédiate des intervalles de sectionnement entre les électrodes principales (1, 2), suite à quoi la rigidité diélectrique de cet intervalle de sectionnement est réduite et, en raison de la chute de tension croissant avec l'intensité électrique, au niveau de l'impédance (3a), un dépassement de la rigidité diélectrique réduite de l'intervalle de sectionnement se produit entre les électrodes principales, ce qui mène à l'allumage désiré de l'éclateur, et en vue de réduire la tension d'amorçage de l'intervalle de sectionnement (e2), celui-ci est réalisé sous forme de film isolant mince résistant à la brûlure, de revêtement de vernis résistant à la brûlure ou sous la forme d'une autre couche isolante mince.
  2. Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisé en ce que
    l'électrode d'aide à l'allumage (3) est isolée par rapport aux électrodes principales (1, 2), et les tensions d'amorçage des trajets partiels résultant vis-à-vis des électrodes principales sont choisies différemment.
  3. Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisé en ce que
    la tension d'amorçage de la première électrode principale par rapport à l'électrode d'aide à l'allumage (3) est beaucoup plus élevée que la tension d'amorçage de l'intervalle de sectionnement (e2).
  4. Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions selon l'une des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce que
    l'extrémité de l'électrode d'aide à l'allumage (3) menant jusqu'à l'espace d'allumage de l'arc électrique est sensiblement à la même hauteur que l'extrémité, menant jusque dans l'espace d'allumage, de cette électrode principale qui est associée au premier intervalle de sectionnement (e1).
  5. Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions selon l'une des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce que
    l'électrode d'aide à l'allumage est agencée latéralement en décalage et/ou en retrait par rapport à l'espace d'allumage principal de l'arc électrique.
  6. Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions selon l'une des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce que
    un élément complémentaire de commutation de tension destiné au réglage et/ou à l'ajustement à postériori de la tension d'amorçage se situe à l'extérieur de l'encapsulage étanche à la pression.
EP15172222.0A 2003-11-28 2004-09-15 Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions, utilisant un éclateur, comprenant au moins deux électrodes principales enfermées dans un boîtier étanche Expired - Lifetime EP2937956B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SI200432446T SI2937956T1 (sl) 2003-11-28 2004-09-15 Prenapetostna zaščitna naprava na osnovi iskrišč, obsegajoča vsaj dve glavni elektrodi, nahajajoči se v neprepustnem ohišju
PL15172222T PL2937956T3 (pl) 2003-11-28 2004-09-15 Ogranicznik przepięć, na bazie iskiernika, zawierający co najmniej dwie główne elektrody znajdujące się w hermetycznej obudowie

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10355628 2003-11-28
DE102004006988.3A DE102004006988B4 (de) 2003-11-28 2004-02-12 Überspannungsschutzeinrichtung auf Funkenstreckenbasis, umfassend mindestens zwei in einem druckdichten Gehäuse befindliche Hauptelektroden
EP04021959.4A EP1542323B1 (fr) 2003-11-28 2004-09-15 Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions, utilisant un éclateur, comprenant au moins deux électrodes principales enfermées dans un boîtier étanche

Related Parent Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04021959.4A Division EP1542323B1 (fr) 2003-11-28 2004-09-15 Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions, utilisant un éclateur, comprenant au moins deux électrodes principales enfermées dans un boîtier étanche
EP04021959.4A Division-Into EP1542323B1 (fr) 2003-11-28 2004-09-15 Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions, utilisant un éclateur, comprenant au moins deux électrodes principales enfermées dans un boîtier étanche

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Publication Number Publication Date
EP2937956A1 EP2937956A1 (fr) 2015-10-28
EP2937956B1 true EP2937956B1 (fr) 2018-05-09

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EP04021959.4A Expired - Lifetime EP1542323B1 (fr) 2003-11-28 2004-09-15 Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions, utilisant un éclateur, comprenant au moins deux électrodes principales enfermées dans un boîtier étanche
EP15172222.0A Expired - Lifetime EP2937956B1 (fr) 2003-11-28 2004-09-15 Dispositif de protection contre les surtensions, utilisant un éclateur, comprenant au moins deux électrodes principales enfermées dans un boîtier étanche
EP18150578.5A Expired - Lifetime EP3331111B1 (fr) 2003-11-28 2004-09-15 Dispositif de protection contre la surtension à base d'éclateurs, comprenant au moins deux électrodes principales se trouvant dans un boîtier étanche à la pression

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EP (3) EP1542323B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE102004006988B4 (fr)
ES (1) ES2665694T3 (fr)
PL (2) PL1542323T3 (fr)
SI (1) SI2937956T1 (fr)

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DE102019101448B3 (de) * 2018-10-15 2020-01-23 Dehn Se + Co Kg Anordnung zur Zündung von Funkenstrecken
RU201009U1 (ru) * 2020-07-15 2020-11-23 Акционерное Общество "Центр Прикладной Физики Мгту Им. Н.Э. Баумана" Разрядник с повышенной стабильностью и длиной разряда
CN112435922A (zh) * 2020-11-11 2021-03-02 武汉大学 一种在csoi上刻蚀悬臂梁的方法
RU210126U1 (ru) * 2021-11-22 2022-03-29 Российская Федерация, от имени которой выступает Государственная корпорация по атомной энергии "Росатом" (Госкорпорация "Росатом") Управляемый вакуумный искровой разрядник с плёночными электродами
RU210127U1 (ru) * 2021-11-29 2022-03-29 Российская Федерация, от имени которой выступает Государственная корпорация по атомной энергии "Росатом" (Госкорпорация "Росатом") Компактный вакуумный искровой разрядник
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP3331111B1 (fr) 2020-05-27
EP2937956A1 (fr) 2015-10-28
SI2937956T1 (sl) 2018-09-28
DE102004006988B4 (de) 2014-02-06
EP1542323A2 (fr) 2005-06-15
PL1542323T3 (pl) 2018-08-31
EP1542323B1 (fr) 2018-01-10
ES2665694T3 (es) 2018-04-26
PL2937956T3 (pl) 2018-10-31
DE102004006988A1 (de) 2005-06-30
EP3331111A1 (fr) 2018-06-06
EP1542323A3 (fr) 2013-06-19

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