Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
  • H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
  • H01M50/572—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge
  • H01M50/574—Devices or arrangements for the interruption of current
  • H01M50/581—Devices or arrangements for the interruption of current in response to temperature
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
  • H01M10/63—Control systems
  • H01M10/637—Control systems characterised by the use of reversible temperature-sensitive devices, e.g. NTC, PTC or bimetal devices; characterised by control of the internal current flowing through the cells, e.g. by switching
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
  • H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
  • H01M50/543—Terminals
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
  • H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
  • H01M50/572—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge
  • H01M50/574—Devices or arrangements for the interruption of current
  • H01M50/578—Devices or arrangements for the interruption of current in response to pressure
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M2200/00—Safety devices for primary or secondary batteries
  • H01M2200/10—Temperature sensitive devices
  • H01M2200/101—Bimetal
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M2200/00—Safety devices for primary or secondary batteries
  • H01M2200/10—Temperature sensitive devices
  • H01M2200/103—Fuse
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M2200/00—Safety devices for primary or secondary batteries
  • H01M2200/20—Pressure-sensitive devices
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
  • H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
  • H01M50/543—Terminals
  • H01M50/547—Terminals characterised by the disposition of the terminals on the cells
  • H01M50/55—Terminals characterised by the disposition of the terminals on the cells on the same side of the cell
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
  • H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
  • H01M50/543—Terminals
  • H01M50/552—Terminals characterised by their shape
  • H01M50/553—Terminals adapted for prismatic, pouch or rectangular cells
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

• the described invention relates to a battery comprising a housing, at least one single cell having at least one positive and at least one negative electrode, which is arranged in the housing, a positive Abgriffspol, which is connected to the at least one positive electrode, and a negative Abgriffspol , which is connected to the at least one negative electrode, and a method for safe operation of such a battery.
• battery originally meant several galvanic cells connected in series, but today also individual galvanic cells (single cells) are often referred to as “battery.”
• an energy-supplying chemical reaction takes place, which consists of two electrically coupled ones
• electrons are released in an oxidation process, resulting in an electron current via an external load to the positive electrode, from which a corresponding amount of electrons is taken in.
• a reduction process takes place
• This ionic current is ensured by an ion-conducting electrolyte, and in secondary cells and batteries, this discharge reaction is reversible that is, the possibility of reversing the conversion of chemical energy into electrical discharge.
• lithium-ion cells comparatively high energy densities, in particular of lithium-ion cells, are achieved, that is to say of cells in which lithium ions migrate from one electrode to the other during charging and discharging processes.
• Such cells are particularly suitable for use in portable devices such as notebooks and mobile phones. phones. In particular, they are also interesting as an energy source for motor vehicles.
• the cells of lithium-ion batteries have combustible constituents, for example the electrolyte of a lithium-ion cell often comprises, as main component, an organic solvent, such as e.g. Ethylene carbonate.
• an organic solvent such as e.g. Ethylene carbonate.
• Lithium-ion cells especially in the case of mechanical damage or overcharging, can become in a critical state, in which u.U. Fire hazard exists.
• the overcharge of a lithium ion cell can lead to the deposition of metallic lithium on the surface of the negative electrode and to a decomposition of the electrolyte contained in the cell. The latter possibly leads to a strong gasification of the cell. In extreme cases, this causes damage to a housing surrounding the cell. As a result, moisture and oxygen can enter the cell, which can result in explosive combustion.
• a suitable circuit arrangement for electronic monitoring of the operational safety of rechargeable lithium-ion cells is known, for example, from DE 101 04 981 A1.
• the use of fuses to increase the safety of lithium-ion batteries is known from DE 10 2008 020 912 A1.
• DE 10 2007 020 905 A1 cells are known which have a Abieiter which is arranged on a thin plastic film and having a predetermined separation point. If the film deforms, for example, as a result of cell gassing, the Abieiter will become attached to the Destroyed breakpoint, so that the cell is irreversibly and permanently disabled.
• the present invention has for its object to provide batteries, in particular lithium-ion batteries, in which a reliable and simple security solution is realized, which takes into account the above problems.
• the battery according to the invention comprises at least one single cell with at least one positive and at least one negative electrode.
• the single cell is preferably a lithium ion-based cell. Accordingly, the battery according to the invention is preferably a lithium-ion battery.
• Application fields for the battery according to the invention can be found in particular in the field of motor vehicles.
• the battery according to the invention is accordingly preferably a motor vehicle battery.
• the single cell is preferably in the form of a composite of electrode and separator foils with the sequence positive electrode / separator / negative electrode.
• the electrodes preferably include metallic current collectors, which are usually in the form of flat structures.
• the battery can contain both a stack of several flat individual cells and a wound single cell (coil).
• the at least one individual cell is arranged in the battery according to the invention in a housing.
• the housing shields the at least one individual cell from its surroundings and is preferably gas-tight and liquid-tight.
• the battery according to the invention has a positive tap which is connected to the at least one positive electrode and a negative tap which is connected to the at least one negative electrode.
• the Abgriffspole serve to connect an electrical load, so they are "tapped" stored in the battery electrical energy.
• the battery according to the invention is characterized in that it comprises at least one thermal switch, which changes its circuit state due to a temperature-induced expansion and / or deformation at a temperature increase within the housing beyond a temperature threshold and thereby triggers a safety mechanism, the further temperature rise in derogation.
• the thermal switch is a thermo-bimetal switch with a thermo-bimetallic element that deforms when heated, in particular bends.
• the thermal switch is a thermal expansion switch that includes an expansion element that expands when heated in at least one direction.
• thermo-bimetallic switch and the thermo-expansion switch each connect two electrical contacts, which are spatially separated at a temperature below the threshold.
• the thermo-bimetallic switch the thermo-bimetallic element deforms when the temperature rises above the temperature Threshold until it touches both contacts at the same time.
• the expansion element expands until it touches both contacts simultaneously or compresses the two contacts as a result of its own extension.
• thermo-bimetallic element (short: bimetal) is known to be a metal strip of metal layers having a different coefficient of thermal expansion. When the temperature changes, the metal layers expand to different degrees, causing the metal strip to bend. Examples of suitable metal combinations are zinc / steel or steel / brass.
• thermo-bimetal element is firmly connected to the first of the contacts to be connected, for example by welding, and arranges it in such a way to the second contact that it bends in the direction of this contact with a temperature rise.
• the choice of an appropriate distance between the thermo-bimetallic element and the second contact is one way to set the temperature threshold above which the thermal bimetal switch changes its circuit state.
• the expansion element of the thermal expansion switch is preferably made of a material having a large coefficient of thermal expansion.
• the expansion element can be a solid but also a liquid or a gas which, if appropriate, is preferably arranged in an expandable, liquid-tight and / or gas-tight enclosure.
• the expansion element consists of an electrically conductive material, it can be arranged between the electrical contacts to be connected, so that it simultaneously touches in the event of expansion, or the expansion element is connected to the first of the contacts to be connected, for example by welding , and arranges it to the second contact in such a way that it does not expose itself to a temperature rise in the direction of this contact. stretches until it touches it.
• the choice of a suitable distance between the expansion element and the second contact is one way to set the temperature threshold above which the thermal expansion switch changes its circuit state.
• the expansion element itself does not have to be electrically conductive.
• thermo-bimetallic element or to an expansion of the expansion element in at least one direction and thus to a closing of the thermal switch, whereby the mentioned Sich ceremoniessme- mechanism is triggered.
• At least one of the tapping poles is a pole in the form of a metallic rod or bolt, which is guided from the outside through the housing of the battery according to the invention into the housing interior.
• it is electrically and mechanically separated from the housing by an isolatable mass, as described for example in DE 100 47 206 A1. If both poles are insulated in this way, the housing is potential-free.
• the housing itself serves as a positive or negative Abgriffspol.
• it must be designed to be electrically conductive.
• it is preferably made of metal in any case, in particular of aluminum or of an aluminum alloy, or it is provided with a metallic coating.
• at least one of the tapping poles is arranged on the outside of the housing and is not electrically connected to the at least one positive electrode or the at least one negative electrode via a separate contact pole ,
• the contact pole is preferably formed as a rod or bolt, which is guided through the housing of the battery according to the invention into the housing interior.
• the at least one tapping pole serves in this embodiment for the electrical contacting of the battery according to the invention, while the contact pole ensures the electrical connection to the electrode or electrodes.
• the contact pole of the housing is electrically and mechanically separated, as described in the already mentioned DE 100 47 206 A1.
• the at least one Abgriffspol is electrically insulated from the housing in this embodiment, but electrically connected via a corresponding conductor with the contact pole.
• the at least one thermal switch connects the positive tapping and / or contact pole to the negative tapping and / or contact pole when closing.
• the switch thus connects when closing either
• poles are either directly connected or via an intermediate conductor.
• the latter can also serve the housing.
• the battery according to the invention comprises, in addition to the at least one thermal switch, at least one pneumatically actuable electrical switch which, when the pressure rises, increases within the housing beyond a threshold pressure changes its circuit state and thereby triggers a safety mechanism that prevents further pressure increase.
• the at least one pneumatically actuable electrical switch preferably comprises two electrical contacts, which are spatially separated from one another at a pressure below the pressure threshold value.
• the switch preferably comprises a gas-impermeable membrane, which forms an interface between the interior of the housing and the housing environment.
• the membrane should ideally be elastically deformable by the pressure. Suitable as a membrane, for example, a plastic or a metal foil.
• the membrane and the electrical contacts are arranged such that the two electrical contacts are connected to each other when the pressure exceeds the pressure threshold. Due to the pressure increase, the switch thus changes its circuit state. In the described embodiment, it is closed due to the curvature created by the pressure to the outside.
• one of the contacts can be fixedly coupled to the outside of the membrane, while the other is arranged above the membrane, so that the contacts can touch each other in the event of a curvature of the membrane. In this case, one makes use of the gassing of a cell that occurs during overcharging.
• the resulting gases are used as a "working medium" within the cell locking mechanism and can exert pressure on the diaphragm so that it bulges outward, causing the switch to close mechanically by a mechanical means So a “pneumo-electro-mechanical switch”.
• the at least one thermal switch and the pneumo-electro-mechanical switch are arranged such that they solution of the securing mechanism which prevents further increase in temperature.
• a thermo-bimetallic element may be arranged over a membrane of the pneumo-electro-mechanical switch incorporated in the housing so that a contact arranged on the outside of the membrane can contact the thermo-bimetallic element when the membrane is in contact a pressure increase bulges outwards. If it comes at the same time to a heating of the thermo-bimetallic element, so this bends in the direction of the housing and thereby shortens the distance to the arranged on the membrane contact. The backup mechanism fires faster.
• a voltmeter and / or a load resistor is connected between the positive tap and / or contact pole and the negative tap and / or contact pole.
• a discharge of the battery according to the invention can take place via the load resistance, if the positive tap and / or contact pole is closed by closing the at least one thermal switch and / or the at least one pneumatically actuable electrical switch negative tap and / or contact pole is electrically connected.
• Such a discharge counteracts a voltage increase within the cell and thus possibly also a further increase in temperature and / or pressure within the housing.
• the voltmeter If the voltmeter is connected between the poles, it can detect any overvoltage between the tap and / or contact poles. The measured voltage can be transmitted to a battery management system, via which countermeasures can be initiated, for example, a targeted discharge of the cell via a separate circuit or an electronic decoupling of the cell. If, on the other hand, neither an intermediate resistor nor a voltmeter is arranged between the tapping poles, the closing of the switch causes a short circuit. This too can be wanted.
• the battery according to the invention has at least one fuse, which interrupts the contact between the at least one positive electrode and the positive Abgriffspol and / or between the at least one negative electrode and the negative Abgriffspol during melting.
• the fuse is preferably arranged on the outside of the housing, in particular between a contact pole and a Abgriffspol electrically connected to this.
• the fuse is preferably chosen so that it does not trip during normal operation (ie when charging the battery according to the invention or during unloading with a switched between the Abgriffspole payload), in a short circuit between the Abgriffspolen as he by the or the invention used switch can be intentionally brought about, however, melts.
• the battery can be reliably deactivated by means of the fuse.
• a reactivation could, if desired, be done by replacing the fuse.
• this has at least one high-resistance heating resistor which is thermally coupled to the at least one fuse and which is activated via the at least one thermal switch and / or the at least one pneumatically actuated electrical switch, if a temperature and / or or pressure rise within the housing beyond the respective threshold.
• the heating resistor may be connected, for example, instead of the mentioned load resistance between the Abgriffspole.
• the heating resistor and the fuse are in such a way each other that the fuse can only trigger when the heating resistor is activated.
• a method for the safe operation of a battery which has at least one single cell with at least one positive and at least one negative electrode and a housing in which the at least one individual cell is arranged, is the subject matter of the present invention.
• an optionally occurring temperature rise within the housing is detected by means of the described at least one thermal switch.
• the latter changes its circuit state when a temperature threshold value is exceeded, triggering a safety mechanism as a result of a temperature-related expansion and / or deformation, which prevents a further increase in temperature.
• an optionally occurring increase in pressure within the housing is detected in parallel by means of the described pneumatically actuatable electrical switch. If this changes its circuit state as a result of exceeding the pressure threshold, a safety mechanism is triggered, which prevents a further pressure increase.
• Preferred variants of how the securing mechanism can be triggered have already been described. In the context of the method according to the invention, the variant is the most preferred, according to which the one or more switches electrically connect or connect the positive Abgriffspol with the negative Abgriffspol so that an electrical short circuit between the poles is brought about.
• FIG. 1 shows schematically a battery 100 according to the invention. It has the housing 101, in which at least one individual cell with at least one positive and at least one negative electrode is arranged.
• the housing consists of a metal sheet.
• the at least one individual cell is not shown for reasons of clarity. It is only important that the at least one negative electrode is welded to the pin-shaped negative pole 102.
• the at least one positive electrode is electrically connected to the likewise pin-shaped positive pole 103.
• the two poles 102 and 103 are guided from the outside through the housing 101 into the cell interior, but insulated from the housing 101 by means of the insulating compounds 104 and 105.
• the housing 101 is accordingly potential-free.
• an electrical load, in the poles 102 and 103 is in the context of the present application to Abgriffspole.
• the thermo-bimetal elements 106 and 107 are welded. These are arranged so that they bend towards the housing 101 when heated.
• the conductive contacts 108 and 109 are arranged. If there is a simultaneous contact of the thermo-bimetallic element 106 with the contact 108 and the thermo-bimetallic element 106 with the contact 109, then a current between the poles 102 and 103 can flow via the housing part 110.
• the battery 101 can be completely discharged via the housing part 110 when the switch is closed.
• the battery 200 according to the invention shown in Fig. 2 is similar to the battery shown in Fig. 1 in almost all respects.
• two poles 202 and 203 are also passed through a housing 201 here.
• the insulating masses 204 and 205 separate the housing 201 and the poles 202 and 203 spatially and electrically from each other.
• the thermo-bimetal elements 206 and 207 are welded. These are arranged so that they bend towards the housing 101 when heated.
• the contact membranes 208 and 209 are incorporated into the housing. These each consist of an electrically conductive metal composite foil and are connected in an electrically conductive manner to the housing part 210.
• thermo-bimetallic elements 206 and 207 bend in the direction of the housing 101 and the thermobimetal element 206, with the contact membrane 208 and the thermo-bimetal element 206 with the contact membrane 209, comes into contact simultaneously , so can see through the housing part 210, a current between the poles 102 and 103 flow.
• This mechanism can be assisted when a gas pressure occurs inside the housing 201. If the gas pressure in the interior of the housing 201 is large enough and the membrane 206 bulges outward, the distance between the contact membrane 208 and the thermo-bimetallic element 206 is thereby shortened.
• the embodiment shown in FIG. 3 differs from that shown in FIG. 1 in that the pole 302 passing through the housing 301 is not a tapping pole, but in the sense of the present application is a contact pole.
• the pole 312 which is disposed on the outside of the housing 301 and is separated by the insulating 311 spatially and electrically from this.
• the tapping pole 312 and the contact pole 302 are electrically connected to each other, namely via the fuse 313. This is a low-fuses fuse that allows electrical charge between the contact pole 302 and the Abgriffspol 312 pass without much resistance.
• the fuse 313 trips. Since the fuse 313 is disposed on the outside of the housing 301, it may possibly be easily replaced.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (1)

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ID=48985729

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Citations (5)

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• 2012
  • 2012-07-25 DE DE102012213100.0A patent/DE102012213100B4/de active Active
• 2013
  • 2013-07-25 KR KR20157003893A patent/KR20150038077A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2013-07-25 WO PCT/EP2013/065740 patent/WO2014016382A2/de active Application Filing
  • 2013-07-25 US US14/416,082 patent/US20150207133A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2013-07-25 CN CN201380039363.XA patent/CN104603987A/zh active Pending
  • 2013-07-25 EP EP13748278.2A patent/EP2878019A2/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2013-07-25 JP JP2015523553A patent/JP2015528989A/ja active Pending

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