EP2841646B1 - Formiersieb - Google Patents

Formiersieb Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2841646B1
EP2841646B1 EP13720856.7A EP13720856A EP2841646B1 EP 2841646 B1 EP2841646 B1 EP 2841646B1 EP 13720856 A EP13720856 A EP 13720856A EP 2841646 B1 EP2841646 B1 EP 2841646B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
woven fabric
threads
longitudinal
thread
binding
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP13720856.7A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2841646A1 (de
Inventor
Johann BÖCK
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Voith Patent GmbH
Original Assignee
Voith Patent GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of EP2841646A1 publication Critical patent/EP2841646A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2841646B1 publication Critical patent/EP2841646B1/de
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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F1/00—Wet end of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F1/0027—Screen-cloths
    • D21F1/0036—Multi-layer screen-cloths
    • D21F1/0045—Triple layer fabrics
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D03—WEAVING
    • D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
    • D03D13/00—Woven fabrics characterised by the special disposition of the warp or weft threads, e.g. with curved weft threads, with discontinuous warp threads, with diagonal warp or weft
    • D03D13/004—Woven fabrics characterised by the special disposition of the warp or weft threads, e.g. with curved weft threads, with discontinuous warp threads, with diagonal warp or weft with weave pattern being non-standard or providing special effects
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D03—WEAVING
    • D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
    • D03D11/00—Double or multi-ply fabrics not otherwise provided for
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D03—WEAVING
    • D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
    • D03D3/00—Woven fabrics characterised by their shape
    • D03D3/04—Endless fabrics

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a fabric tape, in particular forming fabric, for a machine for producing and / or processing a fibrous web, in particular paper, board or tissue web.
  • Modern fabric tapes which are used as forming fabric in a Formierpartie a paper, board or Tissuemaschine, generally have a first fabric layer, which provides a can be brought into contact with the paper web paper side, and a second fabric layer, which one with elements of Machine provides engageable machine side.
  • first fabric layer which provides a can be brought into contact with the paper web paper side
  • second fabric layer which one with elements of Machine provides engageable machine side.
  • different requirements are placed on the first and the second fabric layer, namely to the effect that the first fabric layer provides the best possible fiber support in the formation and dewatering of the fibrous web and the wear volume and the dimensional stability of the fabric band is essentially provided by the second fabric layer.
  • a fabric tape according to claim 1 comprising a first fabric layer with first longitudinal threads and interwoven first transverse threads and a second fabric layer with second longitudinal threads and interwoven second transverse threads, in which the two fabric layers are arranged one above the other and the weave pattern of the fabric tape is repeated in repeats, and the first longitudinal threads and the second longitudinal threads in each repeat are arranged in a plurality of groups.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 To illustrate the show FIGS. 4 and 5 in a along the transverse thread direction CD and perpendicular to the fabric layers or the plane defined by these planes PS, MS extending cutting plane a second group 6 and a first group 5 of longitudinal yarns 3, 4. It can be seen that the first and second longitudinal yarns 3, 4th are arranged one above the other so that they are arranged in a perpendicular projection on the fabric layers or on the plane defined by these planes PS, MS-characterized by the lines AA- only slightly offset from each other so slightly that between them a maximum of a free space of half a diameter d / 2 of a first longitudinal thread 3 is formed.
  • first group and at least two second groups or of at least one second group and at least two first groups per repeat ensures that each first longitudinal thread is adequately supported by a second longitudinal thread.
  • planarity of the first fabric layer is significantly increased compared to the known from the prior art fabric tapes.
  • first and second groups a drainage behavior which is different from each other is brought about, and in each repeat at least one first and a second plurality Groups or at least a second and a plurality of first groups are arranged, a regular and thus easily visible hydraulic marking pattern of the fibrous web produced on such a fabric band is effectively prevented.
  • a first and a second longitudinal thread are in this case regarded as not offset from each other when the connecting line between the center of the cross-sectional area of the first longitudinal thread and the center of the cross-sectional area of the second longitudinal thread is vertical to a plane spanned by the first fabric layer.
  • first and second groups are provided in each repeat. Since the first and second groups have mutually different drainage and thus marking behavior, it has been found that by this measure the different number of first and second groups in the repeat an irregularity in the marking pattern can be generated, whereby the markers are much less visible.
  • This embodiment also offers the possibility to influence the drainage behavior of the screen. If, for example, more first groups are used as second groups, a sieve with a higher drainage capacity can be created than if more second groups than first groups are used.
  • the number of first groups in the repeat 6 and the number of second groups in the repeat 3 can be.
  • the number of second groups in the repeat 6 and the number of first groups in the repeat 3 can be.
  • first and second groups are arranged in the repeat in a plurality of longitudinal thread upper groups, each longitudinal thread upper group a first group and a second group and at least one further group selected from the first or second group comprises and wherein the repeat is formed by an integer number of longitudinal thread upper groups juxtaposed in the transverse thread direction. This means that in the repeat only a whole number of the longitudinal thread upper group are arranged and no other other first and / or second group is present, which is not part of one of the longitudinal thread upper groups.
  • a longitudinal thread upper group can be formed by a first group and two second groups. It is also conceivable that a longitudinal thread upper group is formed by two first groups and a second group.
  • more second groups are provided as first groups in the repeat.
  • more second groups are also provided as first groups in each upper group.
  • the first fabric layer has an outer side pointing away from the second fabric layer, which provides a paper side which can be brought into contact with the fibrous web when the fabric web is used as intended.
  • the second fabric layer is preferably made to have an outer side facing away from the first fabric layer, which, when the fabric tape is used as intended, provides a machine side which can be brought into contact with the machine.
  • the screen construction will focus on a first fabric layer with a high number of fiber support points, with the fiber support points on a plain weave being determined by multiplying the number of top longitudinal threads by the effective number of top transverse threads each Binding thread pair each evaluated as an upper transverse thread.
  • a high density of upper longitudinal threads very thin upper transverse threads can be used. The larger the ratio, the thinner upper transverse threads can be used and the higher the number of fiber support points for a given number of upper transverse threads.
  • the number of pores is equal to the number of fiber support points.
  • the sieve has the design emphasis on a high fiber support index (FSI), since more upper transverse threads can be introduced into the comparatively more open upper longitudinal thread arrangement on the paper side of the first fabric layer.
  • FSI fiber support index
  • the fiber support index according to PCA estimates the number of upper transverse threads twice higher than that of the upper longitudinal threads.
  • the shape of the openings (pores) formed on the paper side is hereby oriented transversely.
  • the number of pores is equal to the number of fiber support points.
  • the longitudinal threads of the fabric tape provide only first and second groups. This ensures that each upper longitudinal thread is supported by a lower longitudinal thread.
  • the first and the second fabric layer of the fabric tape according to the invention are connected to each other by binding threads arranged in pairs.
  • the binding threads furthermore preferably extend in the direction of the transverse threads. It should be noted at this point that the longitudinal threads extend under the intended use of the tissue band in a paper, board or tissue machine in the transport or machine direction of the fabric band and the transverse threads in the cross machine direction.
  • the two binding threads of the respective binder thread pair are preferably interwoven with each other interchangeable with first and second longitudinal threads, wherein the binding threads of each pair intersect when switching from weaving with first longitudinal threads for weaving with second longitudinal threads and vice versa to form intersections.
  • the weaving path created by the reciprocal interweaving of the binding threads of a pair with the first longitudinal threads preferably corresponds to a weaving path formed by interweaving a first transverse thread with the first longitudinal threads.
  • each binder thread pair in the repeat provides only two intersections.
  • the small number of crossing points per repeat contributes to a very smooth and flat paper side of the first fabric layer.
  • the binding threads of each pair between immediately consecutive crossing points by weaving with the first longitudinal threads respectively form first binding segments, wherein at least one of the first binding segments of each pair of binding threads is formed in the repeat by running the respective binding thread on the outside of the first fabric layer at least two, preferably at least three - such as four - does not cross directly successive first longitudinal threads.
  • the long length of the first binding segments also contributes to a very smooth and flat paper side of the first fabric layer.
  • the binding threads when switching from interweaving with the first longitudinal threads for interweaving with the second longitudinal threads and vice versa between the two layers of fabric continuously crossing a maximum of four immediately adjacent, preferably a maximum of three immediately adjacent second longitudinal threads. Due to the relatively short inner floating length of the binding threads between the two fabric layers, a good balance is achieved between the small thickness of the fabric tape according to the invention on the one hand and decoupling of arrival and Abbinde compris the binding threads when connecting the two fabric layers through the binding threads.
  • the binding threads of each pair of binder yarns together form two first binding segments in the repeat wherein the one first binding segment is formed by alternately passing the one binding thread of the pair in interweaving with the first longitudinal threads on the outside of the first fabric layer and between the first and second fabric layers on the Outside of the first fabric layer continuously crosses at least two first longitudinal threads and wherein the other first binding segment is formed by the other binding thread of the pair when weaving with the first longitudinal threads alternately on the outside of the first fabric layer and between the first and second fabric layer runs and on the outside the first fabric layer continuously as many first longitudinal threads as the one binder thread or up to four, in particular up to two, first longitudinal threads less or more than crosses a binding thread.
  • the relatively large length of the first two binding segments which are also the same or almost the same length, the planarity of the first fabric layer is significantly increased, since this little intersection of the mutually exchanging binding threads arise.
  • the first fabric layer is formed by interweaving the first longitudinal threads with the first transverse threads and the binding threads
  • the second fabric layer is formed by interweaving the second longitudinal threads with the second transverse threads.
  • the binding threads are an integral part of the first fabric layer and contribute nothing to the second fabric layer but merely connect it to the first fabric layer.
  • the weave pattern of the first fabric layer forms a plain weave.
  • the weave pattern of the second fabric layer is repeated in second repeats, wherein every second repeat is formed by N second longitudinal threads and 2 ⁇ N second transverse threads, where N is an integer greater than zero.
  • the weave pattern of the first fabric layer forms a plain weave and the weave pattern of the second fabric layer is a twill weave or a cross twill weave.
  • the diameter of the second longitudinal threads is in the range of 0.15 mm to 0.45 mm, wherein in particular the first longitudinal threads have a diameter of 30% to 60%, preferably 38% to 53%, of the diameter of the second longitudinal threads.
  • a fabric band can be created with a particularly fine first fabric layer, but the second fabric layer is sufficiently stable to provide a high wear volume and / or a high dimensional stability.
  • the first longitudinal threads have a diameter of 0.1 mm or smaller.
  • the ratio of the number of first transverse threads and Binding thread pairs to the number of second transverse threads is greater than or equal to 2, in particular 2: 1 or 3: 2 or 5: 3.
  • the transverse threads and binding threads are arranged in rapport in a plurality Querfadenober phenomenon, wherein a Querfadenoberelle is formed by at least two transverse thread groups selected from the first, second, third or fourth transverse thread group and wherein the repeat by an integer number of in Longitudinal thread direction juxtaposed Querfadenober phenomenon is formed.
  • a Querfadenoberoire is formed by at least two transverse thread groups selected from the first, second, third or fourth transverse thread group and wherein the repeat by an integer number of in Longitudinal thread direction juxtaposed Querfadenober deficit is formed.
  • a second transverse thread is arranged below each first transverse thread such that each first transverse thread is supported by a second transverse thread.
  • first and the second transverse threads are arranged offset to one another in the direction along the longitudinal threads.
  • a first and a second transverse thread are in this case regarded as not offset from one another when the connecting line between the center of the cross-sectional area of the first transverse thread and the center of the cross-sectional area of the second transverse thread extends vertically to a plane spanned by the first fabric layer.
  • first transverse threads and / or the binding threads have a diameter of 80% to 120% of the diameter of the first longitudinal threads.
  • the fabric tape according to the invention is a so-called "weft runner", i. a fabric tape in which the machine side is provided essentially by the abrasion volume of the second transverse threads, so it is particularly useful if the second transverse threads have a diameter of 100% to 200% of the diameter of the second longitudinal threads.
  • diameter should be understood to mean the diameter of a circular cross-sectional area which is the same Area has, as the cross-sectional area has no circular cross-section.
  • the first fabric layer of the fabric tape according to the invention preferably has a fiber support index (FSI) of 260 to 300, calculated according to the publication "Approved Standard Measuring Method” of the Papermachine Clothing Association (PCA), 19 Rue de la Oh, 45000 La, France of June 2004. This makes it possible to ensure very good fiber support and retention.
  • FSI fiber support index
  • the fabric band has a permeability in the range from 1.27 m 3 / m 2 * s (250 cfm) to 2.286 m 3 / m 2 * s (450 cfm) 1.524 m 3 / m 2 * s (300 cfm) to 2.052 m 3 / m 2 * s (400 cfm) as measured at a differential pressure of 100 to 127 Pa as described in the paper "Approved Standard Measureing Method" of the Papermachine Clothing Association (PCA), 19 Rue de la linen, 45000 La, France of June 2004.
  • PCA Papermachine Clothing Association
  • FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the structure and the arrangement of longitudinal threads 3, 4 of a first and second fabric layer 1, 2 of a fabric tape according to the invention.
  • the presentation of the FIG. 1 shows the arrangement of the longitudinal threads 3, 4 of a first and second fabric layers 1, 2 relative to each other in a sectional plane perpendicular to the first and second longitudinal threads 3, 4.
  • the FIG. 1 omitted a representation of the transverse and (possible) binding threads of the fabric tape according to the invention. It should also be noted that in the FIG.
  • first and second groups in the repeat of a fabric tape according to the invention can repeat several times, ie the arrangement shown in the figure represents each a longitudinal thread upper group, which repeats several times in rapport, the repeat is formed only by a whole number of longitudinal thread groups shown, which are arranged side by side in the transverse thread direction.
  • the two fabric layers are arranged one above the other and the first longitudinal threads and the second longitudinal threads arranged in several groups.
  • four first groups and a second group are formed in the present case, ie, a longitudinal thread upper group is formed by four first groups and a second group.
  • the first groups are all immediately adjacent to each other, followed by the second group.
  • each of the first groups is made up of a first longitudinal thread and a second longitudinal thread arranged below it, wherein the first and second longitudinal threads in the present case are not offset relative to one another when viewed in vertical projection onto the fabric layers.
  • the second group is further composed of two first longitudinal threads and a second longitudinal thread arranged below them, wherein the two first longitudinal threads viewed in vertical projection on the fabric layers are present only slightly offset from one another in such a way that they overlap.
  • the two fabric layers 1, 2 are arranged one above the other and the first longitudinal threads 3 and the second longitudinal threads 4 in a plurality of groups 5, 6 are arranged.
  • seven first groups 5 and three second groups 6 are formed in the present case, ie one longitudinal thread upper group is formed by seven first groups 5 and one three second groups 6.
  • the arrangement of the first and second groups 5, 6 relative to one another is such that an arrangement is formed is provided from three immediately adjacent to each other first groups 5, which follows a few second group 6, which in turn follows an arrangement of three immediately adjacent to each other first group 5 and following this again, alternately a second group 6, a first group 5 and again a second group 6 is arranged.
  • each of the first groups 5 is constructed from a first longitudinal thread 3 and a second longitudinal thread 4 arranged below it, wherein the first and second longitudinal threads 3, 4 are not arranged offset to one another in vertical projection on the fabric layers.
  • the second group 6 is further composed of two first longitudinal threads 3 and a second longitudinal thread 4 arranged below them, wherein the two first longitudinal threads viewed in vertical projection on the fabric layers 1, 2 are arranged only slightly offset from one another so that they overlap.
  • the two fabric layers are arranged one above the other and the first longitudinal threads and the second longitudinal threads are arranged in several groups.
  • three first groups and two second groups are formed in the present case, i. a longitudinal thread upper group is formed by three first groups as well as two second groups. Immediately successive first groups are each separated by a second group.
  • each of the first groups is made up of a first longitudinal thread and a second longitudinal thread arranged below it, wherein the first and second longitudinal threads in the present case are not offset relative to one another when viewed in vertical projection onto the fabric layers.
  • the second group is further composed of two first longitudinal threads and a second longitudinal thread arranged below them, wherein the two first longitudinal threads viewed in vertical projection on the fabric layers are present only slightly offset from one another in such a way that they overlap.
  • FIG. 2 shows a repeat of another embodiment of a fabric tape 100 according to the invention in the direction of the transverse threads.
  • FIG. 2 is merely schematic in nature and in particular the arrangement according to the invention of the first and second longitudinal threads to each other only partially reproduces.
  • the correct arrangement of the first and second longitudinal threads is in the FIG. 3 reproduced, but without showing there the cross and binding threads.
  • the fabric band 100 has a first fabric layer 101 and a second fabric layer 102.
  • the outer side of the first fabric layer 101 facing away from the second fabric layer 102 provides a paper side and the outer surface of the second fabric layer 102 facing away from the first fabric layer 101 provides a machine side.
  • the first fabric layer 101 is formed by interweaving first longitudinal yarns 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30 and 32 with the first Transverse threads T1 - T12 and formed with the binding threads arranged in pairs Bi1 - Bi 12, wherein the weave pattern of the first fabric layer is a plain weave.
  • the second fabric layer 102 is formed by interweaving second longitudinal threads 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 15, 18, 21, 23, 26, 29, and 31 with second transverse threads B1 - B12, wherein the weave pattern of the second fabric layer is a Atlas weave is repeated in second repeats of six second longitudinal and six second transverse threads.
  • the ratio of the first longitudinal threads to the second longitudinal threads is presently 5: 3. Furthermore, the ratio of first transverse threads and pairs of binder threads-each tie thread pair counts here as a first transverse thread-belongs to the second transverse threads 3: 2.
  • each pair of binder threads Bi1 / Bi2; Bi3 / Bi4; Bi5 / BI6; Bi7 / BI8; Bi9 / Bi10; Bi11 / Bi12 in the repeat two crossing points K1, K2 ready, the binding threads when switching from interweaving with the first longitudinal threads for interweaving with the second longitudinal threads and vice versa between the two fabric layers 101, 102 continuously intersect a maximum of three immediately adjacent second longitudinal threads.
  • the binding threads of each pair of binder yarns in the repeat together form two first binding segments BS1, BS2, wherein the one first binding segment BS1 is formed by the one binding thread of the pair when interweaving with the first longitudinal threads or alternately on the outside of the first fabric layer 101 and running between the first and second fabric layers 101, 102 and on the outside of the first fabric layer 101 continuously crossing at least five first longitudinal threads and wherein the other first binding segment BS2 is formed by the other Binding thread of the pair when weaving with the first longitudinal threads alternately on the outside of the first fabric layer and between the first and second fabric layer runs and continuously on the outside of the first fabric layer as many first longitudinal threads as the crosses a binder thread.
  • the repeat is formed by four longitudinal thread upper groups OG arranged next to one another in the transverse thread direction.
  • the longitudinal threads of the fabric tape 100 form only first and second groups, wherein present in the repeat eight second groups II and four first groups I are present.
  • first longitudinal threads 1, 3 form a second group II with the second longitudinal thread 2.
  • first longitudinal threads 6, 8 with the second longitudinal thread 7 form a further second group II.
  • a first group is arranged, which is formed by the first longitudinal thread 4 and the second longitudinal thread 5. The above applies to the others first and second longitudinal threads formed first and second groups I, II accordingly.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Woven Fabrics (AREA)
EP13720856.7A 2012-04-27 2013-04-25 Formiersieb Active EP2841646B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102012207044A DE102012207044A1 (de) 2012-04-27 2012-04-27 Formiersieb
PCT/EP2013/058597 WO2013160391A1 (de) 2012-04-27 2013-04-25 Formiersieb

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2841646A1 EP2841646A1 (de) 2015-03-04
EP2841646B1 true EP2841646B1 (de) 2016-03-30

Family

ID=48325635

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP13720856.7A Active EP2841646B1 (de) 2012-04-27 2013-04-25 Formiersieb

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US9556560B2 (zh)
EP (1) EP2841646B1 (zh)
CN (1) CN104285004B (zh)
DE (1) DE102012207044A1 (zh)
WO (1) WO2013160391A1 (zh)

Families Citing this family (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP7000272B2 (ja) * 2018-07-31 2022-01-19 日本フイルコン株式会社 工業用二層織物
US11199025B2 (en) 2018-12-18 2021-12-14 The Sun Lock Company Limited Combination padlock with anti-picking and decode mechanism
US11346127B2 (en) 2019-06-27 2022-05-31 The Sun Lock Company Limited Hook lock with dual locking function
US11261622B2 (en) 2019-08-28 2022-03-01 The Sun Lock Company Limited High security combination padlock with ease of use reset mechanism
USD902691S1 (en) 2019-10-01 2020-11-24 The Sun Lock Company Limited Combination padlock
USD914481S1 (en) 2019-10-15 2021-03-30 The Sun Lock Company Limited Padlock
CN112176758A (zh) * 2020-10-23 2021-01-05 江苏金呢工程织物股份有限公司 一种24综耐磨成形网及造纸机设备
CN112176757A (zh) * 2020-10-23 2021-01-05 江苏金呢工程织物股份有限公司 一种耐磨成形网及造纸机设备
DE102022117300B3 (de) 2022-07-12 2023-10-12 Voith Patent Gmbh Gewebeband
DE102022117301B3 (de) 2022-07-12 2023-10-12 Voith Patent Gmbh Gewebeband
DE102022117305B3 (de) 2022-07-12 2023-10-12 Voith Patent Gmbh Gewebeband
DE102022117304B3 (de) 2022-07-12 2023-10-12 Voith Patent Gmbh Gewebeband

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT385533B (de) * 1986-08-04 1988-04-11 Hutter & Schrantz Ag Zweilagiges papiermaschinensieb
DE10123204C2 (de) * 2001-05-12 2003-03-27 Kufferath Andreas Gmbh Papiermaschinensieb
FI20030983A (fi) * 2003-06-30 2004-12-31 Tamfelt Oyj Abp Paperikonekudos
GB0317248D0 (en) * 2003-07-24 2003-08-27 Voith Fabrics Gmbh & Co Kg Fabric
CN2641101Y (zh) * 2003-09-17 2004-09-15 江门市新会区远东网厂有限公司 造纸用多层成形网
JP2010511805A (ja) 2006-12-08 2010-04-15 フォイト パテント ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツング シート材料特に紙又は厚紙を製造する機械のための製織布
DE102007058369A1 (de) * 2007-12-03 2009-06-04 Voith Patent Gmbh Gewebeband für eine Maschine zur Herstellung von Bahnmaterial, insbesondere Papier oder Karton
DE102008043222A1 (de) * 2008-10-28 2010-04-29 Voith Patent Gmbh Formiersieb

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US9556560B2 (en) 2017-01-31
DE102012207044A1 (de) 2013-10-31
CN104285004B (zh) 2016-09-28
EP2841646A1 (de) 2015-03-04
US20150090417A1 (en) 2015-04-02
WO2013160391A1 (de) 2013-10-31
CN104285004A (zh) 2015-01-14

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