EP2840649B1 - Antennennetz - Google Patents

Antennennetz Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2840649B1
EP2840649B1 EP14180997.0A EP14180997A EP2840649B1 EP 2840649 B1 EP2840649 B1 EP 2840649B1 EP 14180997 A EP14180997 A EP 14180997A EP 2840649 B1 EP2840649 B1 EP 2840649B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
antenna
antenna array
load
network
array
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EP14180997.0A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2840649A1 (de
Inventor
Kawtar Belmkaddem
Lionel Rudant
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA
Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/48—Earthing means; Earth screens; Counterpoises

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for determining an antenna array.
  • the present invention also relates to an antenna array.
  • the invention applies to the field of antenna arrays.
  • directional radiation is desired.
  • detection and communication with a target require radiation focused in a preferred direction. Avoiding electromagnetic pollution outside useful areas is another example of an application involving relatively directional radiation.
  • a transverse electric (TE) radiation mode and a magnetic (TM) mode within the same antenna array.
  • An antenna array structure supporting such operation is called a Huygens source.
  • a structure based on a resonator consisting of a conductive ring helix is proposed, producing a Huygens source with a reduced antenna size.
  • the maximum directivity level achievable with this type of antenna array structure is limited by the directivity of the ideal Huygens source, which is 4.7 dBi.
  • the unit dBi stands for "isotropic decibel".
  • the directivity of an antenna is normally expressed in dBi, taking as a reference an isotropic antenna, that is, a fictitious antenna of the same total radiated power that radiates uniformly in all directions with a radiation of 0 dBi.
  • the invention also relates to a use of an antenna network as previously described in a system, the system being chosen from the group consisting of a vehicle, a terminal, a mobile telephone, a wireless network access point, a base station or a radiofrequency excitation probe.
  • An antenna array 10 is proposed as generically illustrated in figure 1 and by the two embodiments of the Figures 2 and 3 .
  • An antenna array is generally at least composed of a primary antenna and a secondary antenna.
  • Each of the antennas forming part of the antenna array comprises one or more radiating parts.
  • the radiating parts of each separate antenna are physically separated. By the expression “physically separated” it is understood that there is no physical contact between two radiating parts belonging to two separate antennas.
  • the X axis is perpendicular to the Y axis.
  • a direction parallel to the X axis is called a longitudinal direction and a direction parallel to the Y axis is called a transverse direction.
  • the antenna network 10 comprises a source 12, a first antenna 14, a second antenna 16, a third antenna 18 and a circuit 19 (not shown in figure 1 ).
  • the first antenna 14 is an antenna associated with the source 12.
  • the source 12 delivering a useful signal for the application considered for the network 10, the first antenna 14 is considered as a primary antenna.
  • the first antenna 14 is called a primary antenna in the following.
  • the second antenna 16 is an antenna associated with a passive or active load.
  • the second antenna 16 is not directly associated with a source delivering a useful signal.
  • the second antenna 16 is, in this sense, a secondary antenna while the first antenna 14 is a primary antenna.
  • the same remark applies to the third antenna 18.
  • the second antenna 16 and the third antenna 18 are called secondary antennas in the remainder of the description.
  • the number of antennas of the antenna network 10 is given as an example, any type of antenna network 10 comprising at least one antenna which can be connected to a circuit 19 can be considered.
  • the antenna array 10 comprises, in certain embodiments, several primary antennas.
  • the antenna network 10 comprises a large number, for example ten or a hundred, secondary antennas.
  • the antenna array 10 is capable of generating an electromagnetic wave denoted Ototal.
  • the antenna array 10 is thus capable of operating for at least one wavelength denoted ⁇ in the remainder of the description.
  • the wavelength ⁇ is between a few hundredths of a millimeter and a few tens of meters. This corresponds, in terms of frequencies, to frequencies between the high frequency band (often designated by the acronym HF) and frequencies of the order of a few TeraHertz.
  • the antenna network 10 is capable of operating on more restricted frequency ranges.
  • the antenna network 10 is suitable for operating in a frequency band between 30 MHz and 90 GHz. This makes the antenna network 10 considered particularly suitable for radio communications.
  • Circuit 19 is a circuit having parameters influencing the electromagnetic wave generated by antenna array 10.
  • Circuit 19 is either a waveguide-based coupling circuit associated with a load Z as illustrated in figure 2 , or at least one charge as shown in the figure 3 , or a hybrid circuit between the coupling circuit of the figure 2 and the charge shown in figure 3 .
  • circuit 19 is a waveguide connecting the second antenna 16 to the third antenna 18 via a load Z (which may not be present).
  • This simple arrangement can be made as complex as desired according to the embodiments envisaged.
  • the parameters influencing the total electromagnetic wave O generated by the antenna array 10 are the parameters characterizing the shape of the coupling circuit.
  • the impedance of the load Z, the self-impedance of the waveguide used, the length of the waveguide are examples of parameters characterizing the coupling circuit.
  • the circuit 19 comprises two loads 20, 21, the first load 20 being connected to the second antenna 16 and the second load 21 being connected to the third antenna 18.
  • the parameters influencing the total electromagnetic wave O generated by the antenna network 10 are the value of the impedance of each of the two loads 20, 22.
  • At least one load among the first load 20 and the second load 22 comprises two distinct components, a first component being a resistor and the other component being chosen from an inductance or a capacitance.
  • each component has negligible parasitic impedances compared to its main impedance.
  • a resistor has a resistance value much greater than the parasitic resistance of an inductor or capacitor.
  • a capacitor has a capacitance value much greater than the parasitic capacitance of an inductor or resistor and an inductor has an inductance value much greater than the parasitic inductance of a resistor or capacitor.
  • At least one load 20, 22 has an adjustable impedance. This makes the antenna network 10 more flexible.
  • At least one load 20, 22 is an active component.
  • the determination method includes a step of choosing a criterion to be verified for the total O wave generated by the antenna network 10.
  • the criterion is either a performance criterion or a mask compliance criterion.
  • the directivity of the 10 antenna array in a given direction and the front-to-back ratio of the 10 antenna array are two examples of performance criteria.
  • That the radiation pattern of the array 10 is substantially identical to a radiation pattern obtained according to a specific mask, or that the radiation pattern of the array 10 in a disturbed environment is identical to a desired radiation pattern, are two examples of mask conformance criteria.
  • the method is based on a subsequent step of decomposing a wave into a basis.
  • the method also includes a step of determining the desired decomposition coefficients, for example by decomposing a wave satisfying the chosen criterion.
  • the basis used in the decomposition step is the basis of spherical modes. This basis makes it possible to simplify the calculations to be performed while maintaining good precision. Indeed, choosing this basis does not imply using an approximation.
  • the decomposition step is carried out using a matrix calculation to reduce the implementation time of this step.
  • the method then comprises a step of calculating the parameters influencing the total electromagnetic wave O generated by the antenna network 10, for example the parameters of each circuit 20, 22 of the antenna network 10 so that the difference between the decomposition coefficients based on the wave generated by the antenna network 10 and the desired decomposition coefficients is minimum.
  • this calculation step makes it possible to obtain the parameters characterizing the shape of the coupling circuit forming circuit 19.
  • this calculation step makes it possible to obtain the value of the impedances Z1 and Z2 of the two loads 20, 22.
  • the calculation step is carried out using matrix calculation, which simplifies the implementation of this step.
  • the calculation step comprises a sub-step of calculating an excitation vector ⁇ of the antenna array 10 making it possible to obtain the desired decomposition coefficients and a sub-step of determining the parameters influencing the total electromagnetic wave O generated by the antenna array 10 of each load 20, 22 of the antenna array 10 from the calculated excitation vector ⁇ .
  • the method thus makes it possible to optimize the antenna network 10 so that the antenna network 10 meets a desired criterion.
  • This optimization is an optimization making it possible to find the best value if it exists and this in an exact manner, without having to carry out an iterative optimization.
  • the antenna network 10 finds its application in many systems. As an example, it can be cited a vehicle, a terminal, a mobile telephone, a wireless network access point, a base station, a radio frequency excitation probe...
  • the antenna network 10 of the figure 3 as well as the determination method applied to the antenna network 10 of the figure 3 , it being understood that the extension of the application of the determination method to the antenna network 10 described in the figure 2 is accessible to those skilled in the art using the following teachings.
  • FIG 3 illustrates a schematic representation of an antenna network 10 comprising a source 12, a first antenna 14, a second antenna 16, a third antenna 18, a circuit 19 comprising a first load 20 and a second load 22.
  • the source 12 is, for example, a radiofrequency wave generator.
  • the source 12 is capable of providing radiofrequency waves for exciting the primary antenna 14 at the wavelength ⁇ .
  • the source 12 is connected to the first antenna 14.
  • the source 12 may have an internal impedance of 50 Ohms.
  • the first antenna 14 is in the form of a conductive wire extending along a longitudinal direction. Along this longitudinal direction, the first antenna 14 has a dimension equal to ⁇ /2.
  • the second antenna 16 is also in the form of a conductive wire extending along a longitudinal direction. Along this longitudinal direction, the second antenna 16 has a dimension equal to ⁇ /2. The second antenna 16 is arranged parallel to the first antenna 14 at a distance of ⁇ /10 from the first antenna 14 along a transverse direction.
  • the third antenna 18 is also in the form of a conductive wire extending along a longitudinal direction. Along this longitudinal direction, the third antenna 18 has a dimension equal to ⁇ /2.
  • the third antenna 18 is arranged parallel to the first antenna 14 at a distance of ⁇ /10 from the first antenna 14 along a transverse direction.
  • the third antenna 18 is also arranged parallel to the second antenna 16 at a distance of ⁇ /5 from the second antenna 16 along the transverse direction.
  • the first antenna 14 is arranged in the middle of the second antenna 16 and the third antenna 18. This arrangement is described only as an example, it being understood that any other arrangement is possible.
  • the first load 20 is connected to the second antenna 16.
  • the first load 20 comprises at least two distinct components.
  • the first load 20 is the combination of a capacitor and a resistor.
  • the first load 20 is the combination of an inductor and a resistor.
  • the impedance of the first load 20 is denoted Z1.
  • the impedance Z1 of the first load 20 has a real part strictly less than 0, or a non-zero imaginary part and a non-zero real part.
  • the implementation of these types of load makes it possible to obtain a decomposition of the wave closer to the desired coefficients, in comparison with conventional solutions which exclude the use of resistances associated with the reactances to limit losses in the antenna network 10.
  • the first load 20 is not a pure resistance or a pure reactance.
  • the impedance Z1 of the first load 20 is equivalent to the series association of a resistor and a coil, the inductance of the coil being greater than 1 nH.
  • the impedance Z1 of the first load 20 is equivalent to the series connection of a resistor and a capacitor, the capacitance of the capacitor being greater than 0.1 pF. According to yet another embodiment, the impedance Z1 of the first load 20 is equivalent to the series connection of a resistor and a capacitor or a coil, the resistance being greater than 0.1 Ohms.
  • the impedance Z1 has a negative real part.
  • the realization of a negative resistance is done in a manner known in the state of the art by introducing an active device, for example an operational amplifier to realize a negative resistance.
  • the impedance Z1 has a negative imaginary part.
  • the realization of a negative capacitance or inductance is done using a Negative Impedance Converter (NIC) type assembly.
  • NIC Negative Impedance Converter
  • the first charge 20 comprises one or more active components.
  • active components allow easy realization of components with opposite impedance that would be difficult to realize in practice.
  • a large inductance with small footprint is difficult to obtain using an inductor but can be obtained with a circuit that realizes a negative capacitance.
  • a small capacitance is more easily obtained using a circuit that realizes a negative inductance.
  • the impedance Z1 corresponds to the impedance of a mixed load that is both resistive and reactive.
  • the impedance Z1 has a non-zero real part and a non-zero imaginary part.
  • the second load 22 is connected to the third antenna 18.
  • the second load 22 has an impedance Z2.
  • the same remarks as those made previously for the impedance Z1 of the first load 20 apply to the impedance Z2 of the second load 22.
  • the source 12 emits a radiofrequency wave capable of exciting the first antenna 14.
  • the first antenna 14 then emits a first radiofrequency wave O1 under the effect of the excitation due to the source 12.
  • This radiofrequency wave O1 corresponds to a first electric field noted E1.
  • the electric field E1 then excites the secondary antennas 16 and 18.
  • the second antenna 16 emits a second radiofrequency wave O2 under the effect of the excitation due to the electric field E1.
  • This second radiofrequency wave O2 corresponds to a second electric field denoted E2.
  • the second electric field E2 depends in particular on the value of the impedance Z1 of the first load 20.
  • the third antenna 16 emits a third radiofrequency wave O3 under the effect of the excitation due to the electric field E1.
  • This third radiofrequency wave O3 corresponds to a third electric field denoted E3.
  • the third electric field E3 depends in particular on the value of the impedance Z3 of the second load 22.
  • the antenna array 10 when the source 12 emits a radiofrequency wave, the antenna array 10 emits a radiofrequency wave Ototal which corresponds to the superposition of the first wave generated by the first antenna 14 and the second and third waves generated by the second and third antennas 16 and 18.
  • a radiofrequency wave Ototal which corresponds to the superposition of the first wave generated by the first antenna 14 and the second and third waves generated by the second and third antennas 16 and 18.
  • Etotal the electric field of the antenna array 10 associated with the radiofrequency wave Ototal
  • the electric field of the antenna network 10 is a function of the value of the impedances Z1 and Z2 of the first and second loads 20, 22 via the second field E2 and the third field E3.
  • This dependency gives the antenna array 10 a possibility of adjusting the electric field generated by the antenna array 10 independent of the specific structure of the antenna array 10 (number of antennas 14, 16, 18, shape of the antennas 14, 16, 18 and relative positions of the antennas 14, 16, 18). This is particularly advantageous since the modification of the structure of the antenna array 10 results in modifications of the electric field produced by the antenna array 10 which are often difficult to predict.
  • the radiation pattern is made directional in a preferred direction by imposing the values of impedances Z1 and Z2. This property is obtained while maintaining a compact antenna array 10.
  • the antenna array 10 has a dimension of ⁇ /2 along a longitudinal direction and a dimension of ⁇ /5 along a transverse direction.
  • the property of the antenna array 10 according to which the total radiation produced is controllable by the choice of the impedances Z1, Z2 of the loads 20, 22 is in particular exploitable within the framework of a method for determining the antenna array 10 so that the total radiofrequency wave Ototal generated by the antenna array 10 meets a desired criterion.
  • a method for determining the antenna array 10 so that the total radiofrequency wave Ototal generated by the antenna array 10 meets a desired criterion An example of implementation of such a method is described in the following.
  • the method is first presented in a general case of any antenna array 10 comprising any number of antennas and then applied to the particular case of the antenna array 10 presented in figure 3 .
  • the determination method first comprises a step of choosing a criterion to be verified for the total radiofrequency wave Ototal generated by the antenna network 10
  • the chosen criterion is a better directivity of the antenna array 10 in a direction of elevation angle ⁇ 0 and azimuth angle ⁇ 0 .
  • Other criteria may be envisaged such as optimization with respect to an antenna performance criterion such as the reduction of a cross-polarization level (i.e. perpendicular to the main polarization of the wave considered) in a given direction or even the maximization of a front/back ratio, etc.
  • the criterion may also be compliance with a given type of radiation, for example dipole-type radiation or any other radiation specified by a radiation mask.
  • the method is based on a decomposition of a wave in a base.
  • the method also includes a step of determining the decomposition coefficients allowing the chosen criterion to be reached, for example by decomposing a wave verifying the chosen criterion.
  • the chosen basis is the basis of spherical modes because this basis makes it possible to simplify the calculations to be carried out while maintaining good precision. Indeed, choosing this basis does not imply making an approximation.
  • any other basis could be considered.
  • the plane wave basis can be used to decompose the wave under consideration.
  • the determination method then comprises a step of calculating the values of the impedances Z1, Z2 of each load 20, 22 of the antenna network 10 so that the difference between the decomposition coefficients based on the wave generated by the antenna network 10 and the desired decomposition coefficients is minimized.
  • the calculation step includes a sub-step of expressing the wave generated by the antenna array 10 on the basis of the spherical modes.
  • this expression sub-step is implemented by decomposing the electric field associated with the wave generated by the antenna array 10 into an elementary electric field produced by each antenna forming part of the antenna array 10.
  • This decomposition into elementary electric fields makes it easier to carry out calculations later in the implementation of the method. In fact, this decomposition only takes into account the specific structure of each antenna and not any possible loads to which this antenna could be connected.
  • the expression sub-step then comprises a step of concatenating the different matrices Qi grouping the different coefficients Q smn of decomposition of the electric field generated by the i-th antenna to obtain a matrix Qtot corresponding to the expression of the wave generated by the antenna array 10 on the basis of the spherical modes.
  • an excitation vector is obtained depending only on the structure of the antenna array 10 and the criterion chosen for the total wave O generated by the antenna array 10.
  • the calculation step then includes a sub-step of determining the values of the impedances Z1, Z2 of each load 20, 22 of the antenna network 10 from the calculated excitation vector ⁇ .
  • the diagram represented by a curve 100 corresponds to the diagram obtained for the network 10 in the presence of a resistive load in place of each of the first and second loads 20, 22;
  • the diagram represented by a curve 102 corresponds to the diagram obtained for the network 10 in the presence of a short circuit in place of each of the first and second loads 20, 22;
  • the diagram represented by a curve 104 corresponds to the diagram obtained for the network 10 in the presence of a reactive load in place of each of the first and second loads 20, 22 and the diagram represented by a curve 106 in black drawn in bold corresponds to the diagram obtained for the network 10 in the presence of the first and second loads 20, 22 having the values determined previously.
  • the directivity of the network 10 according to the invention is 10 dBi (dBi for isotropic decibel).
  • the directivity of an antenna is normally expressed in dBi, taking as a reference an isotropic antenna, that is to say a fictitious antenna which radiates uniformly in all directions.
  • the directivity of this fictitious antenna is therefore equal to 1, or 0 dBi.
  • the directivity of the network 10 according to the invention is therefore greater than the directivities of the other curves.
  • the gain in directivity is also observed by examining the shapes of curves 100, 102, 104 and 106. Indeed, for the antenna network of the figure 3 , a reduction of radiation outside the main direction is observed.
  • the criterion corresponds to imposing that the front/back ratio (also referred to as the English term Front/Back ratio) of the network 10 be greater than a desired value, that the radiation pattern of the network 10 be identical to a radiation pattern obtained with a specific mask or that the radiation pattern of the network 10 in a disturbed environment be identical to a desired radiation pattern.
  • the front/back ratio also referred to as the English term Front/Back ratio
  • one way to take into account the criterion is to impose a specific matrix for the matrix grouping the different coefficients Q smn of decomposition of the electric field at the decomposition stage of a wave verifying the chosen criterion in a basis to obtain desired decomposition coefficients.
  • the antenna network 10 is intended to be fixed on an elongated upper part of a vehicle.
  • the elongated shape disturbs the radiation of the antenna network 10.
  • the determination method described above applies to any type of antenna array 10 comprising at least one antenna that can be connected to a load.
  • the antenna array 10 comprises, in certain embodiments, several primary antennas.
  • the determination method also comprises modifications of the characteristics of the structure of the antenna array 10 so as to promote compliance with the chosen criterion. For example, it is possible to modify the distance between the first antenna 14 and the second antenna 16. Alternatively, it is chosen to modify the length of the second antenna 16. For this, it suffices to take into account the characteristics of the structure of the antenna array 10 to be varied in the sub-step of expressing the wave generated by the antenna array 10 on the basis of the modes spherical. The excitation vector will then include the characteristics of the structure of the antenna array 10 to be varied.
  • the resolution of the equation at the level of the determination sub-step will include not only the determination of the values of the impedances Z1, Z2 of the loads 20, 21 but also the determination of the characteristics of the structure of the antenna array 10 that it is desired to vary.
  • the antenna array 10 is fixed, neither the structure nor the values of the impedances Z1, Z2 of the loads 20, 21 being adjustable.
  • the property of good directivity will be favored to the detriment of the others.
  • it is appropriate to favor one or other of the properties of the antenna array transition from a directive configuration to a non-directive configuration).
  • the loads 20, 21 are potentiometers associated with a variable inductance or variable capacitance component. This makes it possible to further increase the adaptability of the antenna network 10 according to the invention.

Landscapes

  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)

Claims (4)

  1. Antennenanordnung (10), die geeignet ist, um bei Frequenzen eines Mobiltelefons, eines Zugangspunkts eines drahtlosen Netzwerks oder einer Basisstation betrieben zu werden, die Antennenanordnung (10) umfassend:
    - eine Quelle (12),
    - mindestens eine primäre Antenne (14), wobei die mindestens eine primäre Antenne (14) mit der Quelle (12) verbunden ist,
    - mindestens eine sekundäre Antenne (16, 18), wobei die mindestens eine sekundäre Antenne (16, 18) eine Antenne ist, die mit einer Last verbunden ist und nicht direkt mit der Quelle (12) verbunden ist, wobei jede Antenne (14, 16, 18) einen oder mehrere strahlende Abschnitte umfasst, wobei die Abschnitte jeder separaten Antenne physisch getrennt sind, und
    - mindestens eine Last (20, 22), die mit einer sekundären Antenne (16, 18) verbunden ist, wobei die Last (20, 22) zwei unterschiedliche Komponenten umfasst, wobei eine erste Komponente ein Widerstand ist und eine zweite Komponente aus einer Induktivität oder einer Kapazität, wobei die mindestens eine Last (20, 22) eine negative Impedanz aufweist.
  2. Antennengruppe (10) nach Anspruch 1, wobei die erste Komponente ein negativer Widerstand ist.
  3. Antennengruppe (10) nach Anspruch 1, wobei die zweite Komponente eine negative Induktivität oder eine negative Kapazität ist.
  4. Antennengruppe (10) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, wobei mindestens eine Last (20, 22) eine einstellbare Impedanz (Z1, Z2) aufweist.
EP14180997.0A 2013-08-20 2014-08-14 Antennennetz Active EP2840649B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

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FR1358090A FR3009898B1 (fr) 2013-08-20 2013-08-20 Reseau antennaire

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EP2840649B1 true EP2840649B1 (de) 2024-10-09

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109428495A (zh) * 2017-08-31 2019-03-05 崔进 一种负电阻效应发电装置
TWI671951B (zh) * 2018-03-09 2019-09-11 啟碁科技股份有限公司 智慧型天線裝置
JP6564902B1 (ja) * 2018-03-30 2019-08-21 株式会社フジクラ アンテナ

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6121940A (en) * 1997-09-04 2000-09-19 Ail Systems, Inc. Apparatus and method for broadband matching of electrically small antennas
US7391386B2 (en) 2003-01-08 2008-06-24 Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International Array antenna control device and array antenna device
JP2007221288A (ja) * 2006-02-15 2007-08-30 Fujitsu Ltd アンテナ装置及び無線通信装置
US7898493B1 (en) * 2007-06-13 2011-03-01 The Ohio State University Implementation of ultra wide band (UWB) electrically small antennas by means of distributed non foster loading
JP5322943B2 (ja) * 2007-10-19 2013-10-23 パナソニック株式会社 アレーアンテナ装置
FR2949611B1 (fr) 2009-08-27 2011-09-23 Ecole Nationale De L Aviat Civile Antenne autodirective en polarisation circulaire
EP2388858B1 (de) * 2010-01-19 2016-09-21 Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Antennenvorrichtung und kommunikationsendgerät
US9214724B2 (en) * 2012-04-04 2015-12-15 Hrl Laboratories, Llc Antenna array with wide-band reactance cancellation

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Title
SHEN YIZHU ET AL: "Limitation of Negative Impedance Converter using Operational Amplifier for matching electrically small antenna", 2013 IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM (APSURSI), IEEE, 7 July 2013 (2013-07-07), pages 1962 - 1963, XP032556206, ISSN: 1522-3965, ISBN: 978-1-4799-3538-3, [retrieved on 20140113], DOI: 10.1109/APS.2013.6711639 *

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EP2840649A1 (de) 2015-02-25
US20150054700A1 (en) 2015-02-26
FR3009898A1 (fr) 2015-02-27
US9634401B2 (en) 2017-04-25
FR3009898B1 (fr) 2015-08-14

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