EP2840649A1 - Antennennetz - Google Patents

Antennennetz Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2840649A1
EP2840649A1 EP14180997.0A EP14180997A EP2840649A1 EP 2840649 A1 EP2840649 A1 EP 2840649A1 EP 14180997 A EP14180997 A EP 14180997A EP 2840649 A1 EP2840649 A1 EP 2840649A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
antenna
antenna array
load
electric field
impedance
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP14180997.0A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Kawtar Belmkaddem
Lionel Rudant
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
Original Assignee
Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA filed Critical Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
Publication of EP2840649A1 publication Critical patent/EP2840649A1/de
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/48—Earthing means; Earth screens; Counterpoises

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for determining an antenna array.
  • the present invention also relates to an antenna array.
  • the invention applies to the field of antennal networks.
  • directional radiation is desired.
  • detection and communication with a target require focused radiation in a preferred direction. Avoiding electromagnetic pollution outside useful areas is another example of application involving relatively directional radiation.
  • a Huygens source It is also known to jointly excite a mode of radiation of the transverse electric type (TE) and a magnetic mode (TM) within the same antenna array.
  • An antenna array structure supporting such operation is called a Huygens source.
  • a Huygens source For example, in the document FR-A-2,949,611 , there is provided a structure based on a resonator consisting of a ring conductive helix producing a Huygens source with a reduced antenna size.
  • the maximum directivity level achievable with this type of antennal network structure is limited by the directivity of the ideal Huygens source, which is 4.7 dBi.
  • the unit dBi means "isotropic decibel".
  • the directivity of an antenna is normally expressed in dBi, taking for reference an isotropic antenna, that is to say a dummy antenna of the same total radiated power which radiates uniformly in all directions with radiation. 0 dBi.
  • an antenna array comprising at least one primary antenna, at least one secondary antenna and at least one load associated with a secondary antenna.
  • the load comprises two distinct components, a first component being a resistor and a second component being selected from inductance or capacitance.
  • An antenna array 10 is proposed as shown generically in FIG. figure 1 and by the two embodiments of Figures 2 and 3 .
  • An antenna array is generally at least comprised of a primary antenna and a secondary antenna.
  • Each of the antennas forming part of the antenna array comprises one or more radiating parts.
  • the radiating parts of each separate antenna are physically separated. By the term “physically separated”, it is understood that there is no physical contact between two radiating parts belonging to two separate antennas.
  • the X axis is perpendicular to the Y axis.
  • a direction parallel to the X axis is called a longitudinal direction and a direction parallel to the Y axis is called a transverse direction.
  • the antenna array 10 comprises a source 12, a first antenna 14, a second antenna 16, a third antenna 18 and a circuit 19 (not shown in FIG. figure 1 ).
  • the first antenna 14 is an antenna associated with the source 12.
  • the source 12 delivering a signal useful for the application considered for the network 10, the first antenna 14 is considered as a primary antenna.
  • the first antenna 14 is called primary antenna in the following.
  • the second antenna 16 is an antenna associated with a passive or active load.
  • the second antenna 16 is not directly associated with a source delivering a useful signal.
  • the second antenna 16 is, in this sense, a secondary antenna while the first antenna 14 is a primary antenna.
  • the second antenna 16 and the third antenna 18 are called secondary antennas in the following description.
  • the number of antennas of the antenna array 10 is given by way of example, any type of antenna array 10 comprising at least one antenna that can be connected to a circuit 19 that can be considered.
  • the antenna array 10 includes, in some embodiments, a plurality of primary antennas.
  • the antenna array 10 comprises a large number, for example about ten or a hundred, of secondary antennas.
  • the antenna array 10 is capable of generating an electromagnetic wave denoted Ototale.
  • the antenna array 10 is thus adapted to operate for at least one wavelength noted ⁇ in the following description.
  • the wavelength ⁇ is between a few hundredths of a millimeter and a few tens of meters. This corresponds, in terms of frequencies, to frequencies between the high frequency band (often referred to by the acronym HF) and frequencies of the order of a few Terahertz.
  • the antennal network 10 is able to operate over more restricted frequency ranges.
  • the antenna array 10 is adapted to operate for a frequency band between 30 MHz and 90 GHz. This makes the antenna array 10 considered particularly suitable for radiocommunications.
  • the circuit 19 is a circuit having parameters influencing the electromagnetic wave generated by the antenna array 10.
  • Circuit 19 is either a waveguide-based coupling circuit associated with a load Z as illustrated in FIG. figure 2 , or at least one load as shown in figure 3 , a hybrid circuit between the coupling circuit of the figure 2 and the load shown in figure 3 .
  • the circuit 19 is a waveguide connecting the second antenna 16 to the third antenna 18 via a load Z (which may not be present).
  • This simple arrangement can be made as complex as desired according to the contemplated embodiments.
  • the parameters influencing the ototal electromagnetic wave generated by the antenna array 10 are the parameters characterizing the shape of the coupling circuit.
  • the impedance of the load Z, the proper impedance of the waveguide used, the length of the waveguide are examples of parameters characterizing the coupling circuit.
  • the circuit 19 comprises two charges 20, 21, the first charge 20 being connected to the second antenna 16 and the second charge 21 being connected to the third antenna 18.
  • the parameters influencing the ototal electromagnetic wave generated by the antenna array 10 are the value of the impedance of each of the two charges 20, 22.
  • At least one of the first charge 20 and the second charge 22 comprises two distinct components, a first component being a resistor and the other component being selected from inductance or capacitance.
  • each component has negligible parasitic impedances compared to its main impedance.
  • a resistor has a resistance value much greater than the parasitic resistance of an inductance or capacitance.
  • a capacitance has a capacitance value much greater than the parasitic capacitance of an inductor or a resistor, and an inductance has a much greater inductance value than the parasitic inductance of a resistor or capacitance.
  • At least one load 20, 22 has an adjustable impedance. This makes the antenna array 10 more flexible.
  • At least one load 20, 22 is an active component.
  • the determination method comprises a step of choosing a criterion to be verified for the Ototale wave generated by the antenna array 10.
  • the criterion is either a performance criterion or a criterion of compliance with a mask.
  • the directivity of the antenna array 10 in a given direction and the forward / backward ratio of the antenna array 10 are two examples of performance criteria.
  • That the radiation pattern of the grating 10 is substantially identical to a radiation pattern obtained according to a specific mask, or that the radiation pattern of the grating 10 in a disturbed environment is identical to a desired radiation pattern, are two examples of conformity to a mask.
  • the method relies on a following step of decomposing a wave in a base.
  • the method also comprises a step of determining the desired decomposition coefficients, for example by decomposing a wave satisfying the chosen criterion.
  • the base used in the decomposition step is the base of the spherical modes. This base makes it possible to simplify the calculations to be carried out while keeping a good precision. Indeed, to choose this base does not imply to use an approximation.
  • the decomposition step is performed using a matrix calculation to reduce the implementation time of this step.
  • the method then comprises a step of calculating the parameters influencing the ototal electromagnetic wave generated by the antenna array 10, for example the parameters of each circuit 20, 22 of the antenna array 10 so that the difference between the coefficients of decomposition on the basis of the antenna of the wave generated by the antenna array 10 and the desired decomposition coefficients is minimum.
  • this calculation step makes it possible to obtain the parameters characterizing the shape of the coupling circuit forming the circuit 19.
  • this calculation step makes it possible to obtain the value of the impedances Z1 and Z2 of the two charges 20, 22.
  • the calculation step is performed using matrix calculation, which simplifies the implementation of this step.
  • the calculation step comprises a substep of calculating an excitation vector ⁇ of the antenna array 10 making it possible to obtain the desired decomposition coefficients and a substep of determining the parameters influencing the electromagnetic wave. Ototale generated by the antenna array 10 of each load 20, 22 of the antenna array 10 from the calculated excitation vector ⁇ .
  • the method thus makes it possible to optimize the antenna array 10 so that the antenna array 10 meets a desired criterion.
  • This optimization is an optimization to find the best value if it exists and exactly, without having to perform an iterative optimization.
  • the antenna array 10 finds its application in many systems.
  • a vehicle, a terminal, a mobile telephone, a wireless network access point, a base station, a radiofrequency excitation probe, etc. may be cited.
  • the antenna network 10 of the figure 3 as well as the determination method applied to the antenna array 10 of the figure 3 , it being understood that the extension of the application of the determination method to the antenna array 10 described in FIG. figure 2 is accessible to those skilled in the art using the teachings below.
  • the figure 3 illustrates a schematic representation of an antenna array 10 comprising a source 12, a first antenna 14, a second antenna 16, a third antenna 18, a circuit 19 comprising a first load 20 and a second load 22.
  • the source 12 is, for example, a radiofrequency wave generator.
  • the source 12 is able to provide radio frequency excitation waves of the primary antenna 14 at the wavelength ⁇ .
  • the source 12 is connected to the first antenna 14.
  • the source 12 may have an internal impedance of 50 Ohms.
  • the first antenna 14 is in the form of a conductive wire extending along a longitudinal direction. Along this longitudinal direction, the first antenna 14 has a dimension equal to ⁇ / 2.
  • the second antenna 16 is also in the form of a conductive wire extending along a longitudinal direction. Along this longitudinal direction, the second antenna 16 has a dimension equal to ⁇ / 2. The second antenna 16 is disposed parallel to the first antenna 14 at a distance of ⁇ / 10 relative to the first antenna 14 along a transverse direction.
  • the third antenna 18 is also in the form of a conductive wire extending along a longitudinal direction.
  • the third antenna 18 has a dimension equal to ⁇ / 2.
  • the third antenna 18 is disposed parallel to the first antenna 14 at a distance of ⁇ / 10 from the first antenna 14 along a transverse direction.
  • the third antenna 18 is also arranged parallel to the second antenna 16 at a distance of ⁇ / 5 relative to the second antenna 16 along the transverse direction.
  • the first antenna 14 is disposed in the middle of the second antenna 16 and the third antenna 18. This arrangement is described by way of example, it being understood that any other arrangement is possible.
  • the first load 20 is connected to the second antenna 16.
  • the first load 20 comprises at least two distinct components.
  • the first load 20 is the combination of a capacitor and a resistor.
  • the first load 20 is the combination of inductance and resistance.
  • the impedance of the first load 20 is denoted Z1.
  • the impedance Z1 of the first load 20 has a real part strictly less than 0, or a non-zero imaginary part and a non-zero real part.
  • the implementation of these types of charges makes it possible to obtain a decomposition of the wave that is closer to the desired coefficients, compared with conventional solutions that exclude the use of resistors associated with the reactances in order to limit losses in the field.
  • antennal network 10 10.
  • the first charge is not pure resistance or pure reactance.
  • the impedance Z1 of the first load 20 is equivalent to the series association of a resistor and a coil, the inductance of the coil being greater than 1 nH.
  • the impedance Z1 of the first load 20 is equivalent to the series association of a resistor and a capacitor, the capacity of the capacitor being greater than 0.1 pF. According to yet another embodiment, the impedance Z1 of the first load 20 is equivalent to the series association of a resistor and a capacitor or a coil, the resistance being greater than 0.1 Ohms.
  • the impedance Z1 has a negative real part.
  • the realization of a negative resistance is done in a manner known in the state of the art by introduction of an active device, for example an operational amplifier to achieve a negative resistance.
  • the impedance Z1 has a negative imaginary part.
  • the realization of a negative capacitance or inductance is done using a Negative Impedance Converter (NIC) type of mounting.
  • NIC Negative Impedance Converter
  • the first load 20 comprises one or more active components.
  • Another advantage of the active components is that it makes it easy to produce components having the opposite impedance which would be difficult to achieve practically.
  • a large inductance of small size is difficult to obtain at using an inductance but can be obtained with an arrangement that achieves a negative capacitance.
  • a small capacitance is more easily obtained by using a circuitry producing a negative inductance.
  • the impedance Z1 corresponds to the impedance of a mixed load that is both resistive and reactive.
  • the impedance Z1 has a non-zero real part and a non-zero imaginary part.
  • the second load 22 is connected to the third antenna 18.
  • the second load 22 has an impedance Z2.
  • the same remarks as those made previously for the impedance Z1 of the first load 20 apply for the impedance Z2 of the second load 22.
  • the source 12 emits a radiofrequency wave capable of exciting the first antenna 14.
  • the first antenna 14 then emits a first radiofrequency wave O1 under the effect of the excitation due to the source 12.
  • This radiofrequency wave O1 corresponds to a first electric field denoted E1.
  • the electric field E1 then excites the secondary antennas 16 and 18.
  • the second antenna 16 emits a second radiofrequency wave 02 under the effect of the excitation due to the electric field E1.
  • This second radiofrequency wave 02 corresponds to a second electric field denoted E2.
  • the second electric field E2 depends in particular on the value of the impedance Z1 of the first load 20.
  • the third antenna 16 emits a third radio frequency wave 03 under the effect of the excitation due to the electric field E1.
  • This third radiofrequency wave 03 corresponds to a third electric field denoted E3.
  • the third electric field E3 depends in particular on the value of the impedance Z3 of the second load 22.
  • the antenna array 10 when the source 12 emits a radiofrequency wave, the antenna array 10 emits an Ototale radiofrequency wave which corresponds to the superposition of the first wave generated by the first antenna 14 and second and third waves generated by the second and third antennas 16 and 18.
  • the electric field of the antenna array 10 is a function of the value of the impedances Z1 and Z2 of the first and second charges 20, 22 via the second field E2 and the third field E3.
  • This dependence gives the antenna array 10 a possibility of adjusting the electric field generated by the antenna array 10 independent of the proper structure of the antenna array 10 (numbers of antennas 14, 16, 18, shape of the antennas 14, 16, 18 and positions relative antennas 14, 16, 18). This is particularly advantageous insofar as the modification of the structure of the antenna array 10 causes changes in the electric field produced by the antenna array 10 which is often difficult to predict.
  • the radiation pattern is made directive in a preferred direction by imposing the impedance values Z1 and Z2. This property is achieved while maintaining a compact antenna array.
  • the antenna array 10 has a dimension of ⁇ / 2 along a longitudinal direction and a dimension of ⁇ / 5 along a transverse direction.
  • the property of the antenna array 10 according to which the total radiation produced is controllable by the choice of the impedances Z1, Z2 of the charges 20, 22 is particularly usable in the context of a method of determining the antenna array 10 so that the total radio frequency wave Ototale generated by the antenna array 10 meets a desired criterion.
  • An example of implementation of such a method is described in the following.
  • the method is first presented in a general case of any antenna array comprising any number of antennas and then applied to the particular case of the antenna array presented to the figure 3 .
  • the determination method first comprises a step of choosing a criterion to be verified for the total Ototale radiofrequency wave generated by the antenna array.
  • the chosen criterion is a better directivity of the antenna array 10 in a direction of elevation angle ⁇ 0 and azimuth angle ⁇ 0 .
  • Other criteria may be considered, such as the optimization of an antenna performance criterion such as the reduction of a cross polarization level (that is, perpendicular to the main polarization of the antenna). the wave considered) in a given direction or the maximization of a forward / backward ratio etc.
  • the criterion can also be compliance with a given type of radiation for example dipole type radiation or any other radiation specified by a radiation mask.
  • the process is based on a decomposition of a wave in a base.
  • the method also comprises a step of determining the decomposition coefficients making it possible to reach the chosen criterion, for example by decomposing a wave satisfying the chosen criterion.
  • the base chosen is the base of the spherical modes because this base makes it possible to simplify the calculations to be carried out while keeping a good precision. Indeed, choosing this base does not imply making an approximation.
  • any other base could be considered.
  • the base of the plane waves can be used to decompose the wave considered.
  • the determination method then comprises a step of calculating the values of the impedances Z1, Z2 of each load 20, 22 of the antenna array 10 so that the difference between the decomposition coefficients on the basis of the wave generated by the antenna array 10 and the desired decomposition coefficients are minimized.
  • the calculation step comprises a substep of expression of the wave generated by the antenna array 10 on the basis of the spherical modes.
  • this sub-step of expression is implemented by decomposing the electric field associated with the wave generated by the antenna array 10 into an elementary electric field produced by each antenna forming part of the antenna array 10.
  • This decomposition into elementary electric fields makes it possible to facilitate the calculations carried out following the implementation of the method. Indeed, this decomposition only takes into account the proper structure of each antenna and not the possible charges to which this antenna could be connected.
  • the sub-step of expression then comprises a step of concatenation of the different matrices Qi regrouping the different coefficients Q smn of decomposition of the electric field generated by the i-th antenna to obtain a matrix Qtot corresponding to the expression of the generated wave. by the antenna array 10 on the basis of the spherical modes.
  • an excitation vector is obtained that depends solely on the structure of the antenna array 10 and on the criterion chosen for the Ototale wave generated by the antenna array 10 .
  • the calculation step then comprises a substep of determining the values of the impedances Z1, Z2 of each load 20, 22 of the antenna array 10 from the calculated excitation vector ⁇ .
  • the diagram represented by a curve 100 corresponds to the diagram obtained for the network 10 in the presence of a resistive load in place of each of the first and second charges 20, 22;
  • the diagram represented by a curve 102 corresponds to the diagram obtained for the network 10 in the presence of a short circuit in place of each of the first and second charges 20, 22;
  • the diagram represented by a curve 104 corresponds to the diagram obtained for the network 10 in the presence of a reactive charge in place of each of the first and second charges 20, 22 and the diagram represented by a curve 106 in black drawn in bold corresponds to diagram obtained for the network 10 in the presence of the first and second charges 20, 22 having the values determined previously.
  • the directivity of the grating 10 according to the invention is 10 dBi (dBi for isotropic decibel).
  • the directivity of an antenna is normally expressed in dBi, taking as reference an isotropic antenna, that is to say a fictitious antenna which radiates uniformly in all directions.
  • the directivity of this imaginary antenna is therefore equal to 1, ie 0 dBi.
  • the directivity of the network 10 according to the invention is therefore greater than the directivities of the other curves.
  • the gain in directivity is also observed by examining the shapes of the curves 100, 102, 104 and 106. Indeed, for the antennal network of the figure 3 , there is a reduction of radiation outside the main direction.
  • the criterion corresponds to imposing that the forward / back ratio (also referred to as the Front / Back ratio) of the network 10 is greater than a desired value, that the radiation pattern of the network 10 is identical. to a radiation pattern obtained with a specific mask or that the radiation pattern of the network 10 in a disturbed environment is identical to a desired radiation pattern.
  • one way to take into account the criterion is to impose a specific matrix for the matrix grouping the different coefficients Q smn of decomposition of the electric field at the step of decomposition of a wave satisfying the criterion chosen in a basis for obtaining desired decomposition coefficients.
  • the antenna array 10 is intended to be fixed on an elongated upper part of a vehicle.
  • the elongate shape disturbs the radiation of the antenna array 10.
  • the determination method described above applies to any type of antenna array 10 comprising at least one antenna that can be connected to a load.
  • the antenna array 10 includes, in some embodiments, a plurality of primary antennas.
  • the determination method also comprises modifications of the characteristics of the antenna network structure 10 so as to favor compliance with the chosen criterion. For example, it is possible to modify the distance between the first antenna 14 and the second antenna 16. Alternatively, it is chosen to modify the length of the second antenna 16. For this, it suffices to take into account the characteristics of the structure of the antenna array 10 to be varied in the sub-step of expression of the wave generated by the antenna array 10 on the basis of the modes spherical. The excitation vector will then include the characteristics of the antenna array structure 10 to be varied.
  • the resolution of the equation at the determination sub-step will include not only the determination of the values of the impedances Z1, Z2 of the loads 20, 21 but also the determination of the characteristics of the antenna array structure 10 that is desired. vary.
  • an antenna array 10 having improved properties is obtained.
  • the antenna array 10 is fixed, neither the structure nor the values of the impedances Z1, Z2 of the charges 20, 21 being adjustable.
  • the property of good directivity will be favored to the detriment of others.
  • it is advisable to favor one or the other of the properties of the antenna network transition from a directive configuration to a non-directive configuration).
  • the loads 20, 21 are potentiometers associated with a component of variable inductance or variable capacitance. This makes it possible to further increase the adaptability of the antenna array 10 according to the invention.

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EP14180997.0A 2013-08-20 2014-08-14 Antennennetz Pending EP2840649A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

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FR1358090A FR3009898B1 (fr) 2013-08-20 2013-08-20 Reseau antennaire

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EP2840649A1 true EP2840649A1 (de) 2015-02-25

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WO2019189008A1 (ja) * 2018-03-30 2019-10-03 株式会社フジクラ アンテナ

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CN109428495A (zh) * 2017-08-31 2019-03-05 崔进 一种负电阻效应发电装置
TWI671951B (zh) * 2018-03-09 2019-09-11 啟碁科技股份有限公司 智慧型天線裝置

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FR2949611A1 (fr) 2009-08-27 2011-03-04 Ecole Nationale De L Aviat Civile Antenne autodirective en polarisation circulaire
US20110309994A1 (en) * 2010-01-19 2011-12-22 Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Antenna device and communication terminal apparatus

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US7898493B1 (en) * 2007-06-13 2011-03-01 The Ohio State University Implementation of ultra wide band (UWB) electrically small antennas by means of distributed non foster loading
FR2949611A1 (fr) 2009-08-27 2011-03-04 Ecole Nationale De L Aviat Civile Antenne autodirective en polarisation circulaire
US20110309994A1 (en) * 2010-01-19 2011-12-22 Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Antenna device and communication terminal apparatus

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WO2019189008A1 (ja) * 2018-03-30 2019-10-03 株式会社フジクラ アンテナ
JP2019179957A (ja) * 2018-03-30 2019-10-17 株式会社フジクラ アンテナ
US11342676B2 (en) 2018-03-30 2022-05-24 Fujikura Ltd. Antenna

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FR3009898B1 (fr) 2015-08-14
US20150054700A1 (en) 2015-02-26
FR3009898A1 (fr) 2015-02-27
US9634401B2 (en) 2017-04-25

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