EP2828931B1 - Compact helical antenna with a sinusoidal profile modulating a fractal pattern - Google Patents

Compact helical antenna with a sinusoidal profile modulating a fractal pattern Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2828931B1
EP2828931B1 EP13713401.1A EP13713401A EP2828931B1 EP 2828931 B1 EP2828931 B1 EP 2828931B1 EP 13713401 A EP13713401 A EP 13713401A EP 2828931 B1 EP2828931 B1 EP 2828931B1
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European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fractal
pattern
antenna
segment
strand
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EP13713401.1A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2828931A1 (en
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Hervé AUBERT
Hubert Diez
Daniel BELOT
Alexandru Takacs
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Centre National dEtudes Spatiales CNES
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
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Centre National dEtudes Spatiales CNES
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/36Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
    • H01Q1/362Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith for broadside radiating helical antennas
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q11/00Electrically-long antennas having dimensions more than twice the shortest operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q11/02Non-resonant antennas, e.g. travelling-wave antenna
    • H01Q11/08Helical antennas

Definitions

  • the invention relates to helical type antennas.
  • it relates to printed quadrifilar helix type antennas.
  • Such antennas find application in particular in the band telemetry L (operating frequency between 1 and 2 GHz, typically around 1.5 GHz) for payloads of stratospheric balloon.
  • the printed helix antennas have the advantage of being simple and inexpensive to manufacture.
  • the patent EP 0320404 describes a printed antenna of the helix type and its method of manufacture.
  • Such an antenna includes four radiating strands in the form of metal strips obtained by removing material from the metallization of both sides of the strips of a metallized zone of a printed circuit.
  • the printed circuit is intended to be wound helically around a cylinder.
  • Compact helical antennas comprising meandering radiating strands have been proposed to reduce the size of antennas of this type.
  • the document FR 2 916 581 discloses a helix-type antenna comprising radiating strands consisting of a repetition of a fractal pattern.
  • the invention makes it possible to reduce the size of the known type of helix antennas and in particular to reduce the height of such antennas.
  • the invention is defined by independent claim 1.
  • the invention relates to a helix-type antenna comprising a form of revolution and a plurality of radiating strands helically wound around the form of revolution, characterized in that each radiating strand is defined by a repetition of a fractal pattern comprising segments constituted by a sinusoidal curve.
  • the Figures 1 and 2 respectively illustrate a developed view and a front view of a helical antenna comprising four radiating strands helically wound.
  • Such an antenna comprises two parts 1, 2.
  • Part 1 comprises a conductive zone 10 and four radiating strands 11, 12, 13 and 14.
  • the helical type antenna comprises four radiating strands 11, 12, 13, 14 helically wound in a shape of revolution around a sleeve 15, for example.
  • the strands 11-14 are connected on the one hand in short circuit at a first end 111, 121, 131, 141 strands to the conductive zone 10 and secondly in a second end 112, 122, 132, 142 of the strands to the feed circuit 20.
  • the radiating strands 11-14 of the antenna may be identical and are for example four in number.
  • the antenna is in this case quadrifilar.
  • the sleeve 15 on which the antenna is wound is shown in dotted line on the figure 1 to constitute the antenna as represented on the figure 2 .
  • the radiating strands 11-14 are oriented so that a support axis AA ', BB', CC 'and DD' of each strand forms an angle ⁇ with respect to any plane orthogonal to any directing line L of the sleeve 15.
  • This angle ⁇ corresponds to the helical winding angle of the radiating strands.
  • the radiating strands 11-14 are each constituted by a metallized zone.
  • the metallized zones of part 1 are symmetrical bands with respect to a guide axis AA ', BB', CC ', DD' strands.
  • the distance d between two successive strands is defined along any perpendicular to any line L of the sleeve 15 as the distance between two points, each defined as the intersection of the said perpendicular with an axis of the strands.
  • this distance d will be fixed at a quarter of the perimeter of the sleeve 15.
  • the substrate supporting the metal strips is helically wound on the lateral surface of the sleeve 15.
  • the two parts 1, 2 are formed on a printed circuit 100.
  • the radiating strands 11-14 are then metal strips obtained by removal of material on each side of the strips of a metallized zone, on the surface of the printed circuit 100.
  • the printed circuit 100 is intended to be wound around a sleeve 15 having a general shape of revolution, such as a cylinder or a cone, for example.
  • Part 2 of the antenna comprises a supply circuit 20 of the antenna.
  • the supply circuit 20 of the antenna is constituted by a transmission line of the meander-shaped ribbon line type, ensuring both the function of distribution of the supply and adaptation of the radiating strands 11-14 of the antenna.
  • the supply of the radiating elements is at equal amplitudes with a progression of phases in quadrature.
  • the radiating strands are constituted by a fractal, comprising segments constituted by a sinusoidal curve.
  • a segment is an elemental element of the fractal pattern.
  • the figure 3a illustrates a reference pattern of a Von Koch fractal having three elementary elements 30, 31, 33. Such a pattern is a first order fractal.
  • the elementary element is a rectilinear segment.
  • Fractals have the property of self-similarity, they are formed of copies of themselves at different scales. They are self-similar and very irregular curves.
  • a fractal is composed in particular of reduced replicas, of the reference pattern.
  • a fractal is generated by iteration of steps of reduction of the reference pattern then application of the pattern obtained to the reference pattern.
  • the higher orders are obtained by applying to the middle of each segment of the reference pattern this same reduced reference pattern, and so on.
  • the reference pattern may be simple or alternating with respect to a direction axis of the pattern.
  • the choice of the pattern itself is guided by the radiation performance of the antenna.
  • each rectilinear segment of the fractal pattern is replaced by a sinusoidal segment.
  • Such a replacement makes it possible to increase the deployed length of the radiating strand for a given height or to reduce the height of the antenna for a given deployed length.
  • the resonance frequency of the antenna is fixed by the extended length of the radiating strands.
  • This extended length is a function of the propeller parameters (height, radius and number of revolutions) and the geometry of the pattern used.
  • each segment 30 ', 31', 32 ', 33' of the fractal pattern is constituted by a sinusoidal segment.
  • this reference pattern is constituted by a succession of alternating sinusoid arcs constituting a fractal pattern.
  • the function can be defined segment by segment or by adopting a curvilinear coordinate along the pattern.
  • the parameter k makes it possible to increase the length deployed for each corresponding segment of the fractal Von Koch: instead of having a short rectilinear segment, there is a sinusoidal segment of greater length. The larger the amplitude of the sinusoid, the larger the length deployed. However, care must be taken to avoid overlapping radiating strands when k takes too high values.
  • FIGS. 4a, 5a, 6a, 7a and 8a illustrate a reference pattern (fractal order 1) whose segments are straight.
  • the reference pattern is a triangle in which the base is deleted.
  • the reference pattern is a square in which the base is deleted.
  • the reference pattern comprises two isosceles trapezes in opposition and spaced from the width of the small base, in which the large base has been removed.
  • the angle ⁇ between a side extending from the small base to the large base.
  • the reference pattern comprises two equilateral triangles in opposition and spaced from the width of one side, in which the base has been removed
  • FIGS. 4b, 5b and 6b, 7b and 8b respectively illustrate the order 2 of a fractal pattern following an iteration of the reference patterns of the FIGS. 4a, 5a, 6a, 7a, 8a , respectively.
  • the Figures 4c, 5c, 6c respectively illustrate the order 3 of a fractal pattern following two iterations of the reference patterns of the Figures 4a, 5a, 6a .
  • the angle ⁇ is the angle between the first inclined segment and the deleted base.
  • each segment constituting the fractal patterns described above is constituted by a sinusoidal curve.
  • these patterns are not shown but in view of the description above, the skilled person understands how to achieve the helix antenna whose radiating strands are constituted by a fractal pattern whose segments are constituted by a sinusoidal segment.
  • a helix type antenna comprising a Von Koch type fractal whose segments have been replaced by sinusoidal segments has been realized and tested.
  • the figure 10 illustrates an embodiment of such an antenna.
  • the performance of such an antenna was measured and compared to a quadrifilar helix (reference) antenna comprising rectilinear strands, the antenna having a height of 514 mm.
  • the table below lists the different parameters used for the radiating strands.
  • the basic fractal is a motif of Von Koch. Order 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 Number of cells 3 3 3 3 4 2 2 3 ⁇ (degrees) 52 52 49 52 52 43 43 50 Cell length (mm) 155 150 140 135 108 250 243 190 k 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 s -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 Height (mm) 285 276 252 249 265 205 198 254 LHC (dB) 0.88 0,952 0.8 0.97 0.95 0.15 0.202 0.93 RHC (dB) -10.3 -10.2 -10.3 -11.8 -10.8 -10.2 -11.1 -10.0 S11 (dB) -6.1 -6 -6.9 -6.9 -6.3 -6.2 -6.3 -6.2 Efficiency 66 64 60 62 62 50 50 55 Relative size (%) 55.4 53.7 49 48.4 51.6 39.9 38.5
  • the antenna based on the Von Koch pattern with sinusoidal segments of order 2 and with two cells.
  • This antenna has the same 137MHz pattern and resonance frequency (144MHz).
  • its height is 198 mm (relative size 38.5%), a reduction of 61.5% of the height of the reference antenna.

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Description

DOMAINE TECHNIQUE GENERALGENERAL TECHNICAL FIELD

L'invention concerne les antennes de type hélice. En particulier, elle concerne les antennes de type hélice quadrifilaires imprimées. De telles antennes trouvent notamment application dans des systèmes de télémétrie en bande L (fréquence de fonctionnement comprise entre 1 et 2 GHz, typiquement autour de 1,5 GHz) pour des charges utiles de ballons stratosphériques.The invention relates to helical type antennas. In particular, it relates to printed quadrifilar helix type antennas. Such antennas find application in particular in the band telemetry L (operating frequency between 1 and 2 GHz, typically around 1.5 GHz) for payloads of stratospheric balloon.

ETAT DE LA TECHNIQUESTATE OF THE ART

Les antennes de type hélice imprimées présentent l'avantage d'être de fabrication simple et peu onéreuse.The printed helix antennas have the advantage of being simple and inexpensive to manufacture.

Elles sont particulièrement adaptées aux signaux de télémétrie à polarisation circulaire en bande L, signaux utilisés dans les charges utiles de ballons stratosphériques.They are particularly suitable for L-band circular polarization telemetry signals used in stratospheric balloon payloads.

Elles offrent en outre un bon taux d'ellipticité et donc une bonne polarisation circulaire sur une large gamme d'angles d'élévations.They also offer a good ellipticity rate and therefore a good circular polarization over a wide range of elevation angles.

Le brevet EP 0320404 décrit une antenne imprimée de type hélice et son procédé de fabrication.The patent EP 0320404 describes a printed antenna of the helix type and its method of manufacture.

Une telle antenne comprend quatre brins rayonnants en forme de bandes métalliques obtenus par enlèvement de matière de la métallisation de part et d'autre des bandes d'une zone métallisée d'un circuit imprimé. Le circuit imprimé est destiné à être enroulé en hélice autour d'un cylindre.Such an antenna includes four radiating strands in the form of metal strips obtained by removing material from the metallization of both sides of the strips of a metallized zone of a printed circuit. The printed circuit is intended to be wound helically around a cylinder.

Ces antennes bien qu'offrant de bonnes performances sont toutefois encombrantes.These antennas although offering good performance are however cumbersome.

Des antennes compactes de type hélice, comprenant des brins rayonnants en forme de méandre ont été proposées pour réduire la taille des antennes de ce type.Compact helical antennas comprising meandering radiating strands have been proposed to reduce the size of antennas of this type.

L'article: Y. Letestu, A. Sharaiha, Ph. Besnier « A size reduced configuration of printed quadrifilar helix antenna, » IEEE workshop on Antenna Technology: Small Antennas and Novel Metamaterials, 2005, pp. 326-328, Mars 2005 , décrit de telles antennes compactes.Article: Y. Letestu, A. Sharaiha, Ph. Besnier "A size reduced configuration of printed quadrifilar helix antenna," IEEE workshop on Antenna Technology: Small Antennas and Novel Metamaterials, 2005, pp. 326-328, March 2005 describes such compact antennas.

Toutefois, bien qu'un gain de l'ordre de 35% (réduction de la hauteur) sur l'encombrement ait été obtenu, les performances, notamment en polarisation croisée et en rayonnement arrière, sont dégradées montrant les limites de l'utilisation de tels motifs quant à la réduction de la taille des antennes de ce type.However, although a gain in the order of 35% (height reduction) on the footprint has been obtained, the performances, in particular in cross polarization and backward radiation, are degraded showing the limits of the use of such reasons as to reduce the size of antennas of this type.

Le document FR 2 916 581 décrit une antenne de type hélice comprenant des brins rayonnants constitués d'une répétition d'un motif fractal.The document FR 2 916 581 discloses a helix-type antenna comprising radiating strands consisting of a repetition of a fractal pattern.

Toutefois, l'utilisation de ces motifs ne permet pas de réduire significativement la taille de l'antenne.However, the use of these patterns does not significantly reduce the size of the antenna.

En outre les motifs fractals composés de segments rectilignes présentent un nombre beaucoup moins important de degrés de liberté sur lesquels le concepteur peut jouer afin d'ajuster et d'optimiser les performances de l'antenne compacte. De plus, à hauteur d'antenne donnée, beaucoup moins de solutions comportant ces motifs existent.Furthermore fractal patterns composed of straight segments have a much smaller number of degrees of freedom on which the designer can play to adjust and optimize the performance of the compact antenna. In addition, at given antenna height, far fewer solutions with these patterns exist.

PRESENTATION DE L'INVENTIONPRESENTATION OF THE INVENTION

L'invention permet de réduire l'encombrement des antennes hélice de type connu et notamment de réduire la hauteur de telles antennes. L'invention est définie par la revendication indépendante 1.The invention makes it possible to reduce the size of the known type of helix antennas and in particular to reduce the height of such antennas. The invention is defined by independent claim 1.

A cet effet selon un premier aspect l'invention concerne une antenne de type hélice comprenant une forme de révolution et une pluralité de brins rayonnants enroulés en hélice autour de la forme de révolution, caractérisée en ce que chaque brin rayonnant est défini par une répétition d'un motif fractal comportant des segments constitués par une courbe sinusoïdale.To this end, according to a first aspect, the invention relates to a helix-type antenna comprising a form of revolution and a plurality of radiating strands helically wound around the form of revolution, characterized in that each radiating strand is defined by a repetition of a fractal pattern comprising segments constituted by a sinusoidal curve.

L'invention est avantageusement complétée par les caractéristiques suivantes, prises seules ou en une quelconque de leur combinaison techniquement possible :

  • chaque segment correspond à une demi-période d'une courbe sinusoïdale définie par y x = S . k . L . sin π L . x
    Figure imgb0001
    où : S est un entier à valeur dans {-1; +1}, k est le rapport entre l'amplitude de la sinusoïde et sa demi-longueur d'onde ;
  • chaque segment du motif fractal à une longueur identique ;
  • le fractal est du type Von Koch dont chaque ligne droite est remplacée par un segment sinusoïdal ;
  • les brins rayonnants sont chacun constitués par une zone métallisée déterminée, enroulée en hélice sur la surface latérale d'un manchon, tel que l'axe directeur de chaque brin est distant de l'axe du brin suivant d'une distance déterminée, définie selon toute perpendiculaire à toute ligne directrice du manchon comme la distance entre deux points, chacun défini par une intersection entre l'axe d'un brin et une perpendiculaire à toute ligne directrice du manchon ;
  • la forme de révolution est cylindrique ou conique ;
  • l'antenne comprend quatre brins rayonnants identiques ;
  • la longueur d'un brin déroulé est de l'ordre de k . λ 4
    Figure imgb0002
    λ est la longueur d'onde de fonctionnement de l'antenne.
The invention is advantageously completed by the following features, taken alone or in any of their technically possible combination:
  • each segment corresponds to half a period of a sinusoidal curve defined by there x = S . k . The ' . sin π The ' . x
    Figure imgb0001
    where: S is an integer with a value in {-1; +1}, k is the ratio between the amplitude of the sinusoid and its half-wavelength;
  • each segment of the fractal pattern to an identical length;
  • the fractal is of the Von Koch type, each straight line of which is replaced by a sinusoidal segment;
  • the radiating strands are each constituted by a determined metallized zone, helically wound on the lateral surface of a sleeve, such that the direction axis of each strand is distant from the axis of the next strand by a determined distance, defined according to any perpendicular to any guide line of the sleeve as the distance between two points, each defined by an intersection between the axis of a strand and a perpendicular to any guide line of the sleeve;
  • the form of revolution is cylindrical or conical;
  • the antenna comprises four identical radiating strands;
  • the length of a strand unwound is of the order of k . λ 4
    Figure imgb0002
    where λ is the operating wavelength of the antenna.

PRESENTATION DES FIGURESPRESENTATION OF FIGURES

D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention ressortiront encore de la description qui suit laquelle est purement illustrative et non limitative et doit être lue en regard des dessins annexés sur lesquels

  • la figure 1 illustre de manière schématique en développé une antenne hélice de type connu comprenant des brins rayonnants rectilignes ;
  • la figure 2 illustre de manière schématique une vue de face d'une antenne hélice de type connu comprenant des brins rayonnants rectilignes ;
  • les figures 3a, 3b et 3c illustrent un motif de référence de type Von Koch avec des segments rectilignes et avec des segments constitués par une courbe sinusoïdale ;
  • les figures 4a, 4b et 4c illustrent respectivement un premier motif de référence, fractal d'ordre 1, un fractal d'ordre 2 et un fractal d'ordre 3 ;
  • les figures 5a, 5b et 5c illustrent respectivement, un second motif de référence, fractal d'ordre 1, un fractal d'ordre 2 et un fractal d'ordre 3 ;
  • les figures 6a, 6b et 6c illustrent respectivement, un troisième motif de référence, fractal d'ordre 1, un fractal d'ordre 2 et un fractal d'ordre 3 ;
  • les figures 7a et 7b illustrent respectivement, un quatrième motif de référence, fractal d'ordre 1 et un fractal d'ordre 2 ;
  • les figures 8a et 8b illustrent respectivement, un motif de référence, fractal d'ordre 1 et un fractal d'ordre 2 pour des motifs des brins rayonnants, selon un cinquième mode de réalisation ;
  • les figures 9a, 9b, 9c illustrent un motif de référence de type Von Koch avec des segments constitués par une courbe sinusoïdale selon plusieurs réalisations ;
  • la figure 10 illustre une réalisation d'une antenne de type hélice selon l'invention.
Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the description which follows, which is purely illustrative and nonlimiting, and should be read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
  • the figure 1 schematically illustrates in developed a helical antenna of known type comprising straight radiating strands;
  • the figure 2 schematically illustrates a front view of a known type of helix antenna comprising straight radiating strands;
  • the Figures 3a, 3b and 3c illustrate a Von Koch type reference pattern with rectilinear segments and segments consisting of a sinusoidal curve;
  • the Figures 4a, 4b and 4c respectively illustrate a first reference pattern, first order fractal, a second order fractal and a third order fractal;
  • the Figures 5a, 5b and 5c respectively illustrate, a second reference pattern, first order fractal, a second order fractal and a third order fractal;
  • the Figures 6a, 6b and 6c respectively illustrate, a third reference pattern, first order fractal, a second order fractal and a third order fractal;
  • the Figures 7a and 7b respectively illustrate a fourth reference pattern, first order fractal and a second order fractal;
  • the Figures 8a and 8b respectively illustrate, a reference pattern, first order fractal and a second order fractal for patterns of the radiating strands, according to a fifth embodiment;
  • the Figures 9a, 9b, 9c illustrate a Von Koch type reference pattern with segments constituted by a sinusoidal curve according to several embodiments;
  • the figure 10 illustrates an embodiment of a helical type antenna according to the invention.

DESCRIPTION DETAILLEE DE L'INVENTIONDETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Structure générale de l'antenneGeneral structure of the antenna

Les figures 1 et 2 illustrent respectivement une vue en développé et une vue de face d'une antenne hélice comprenant quatre brins rayonnants enroulé en hélice.The Figures 1 and 2 respectively illustrate a developed view and a front view of a helical antenna comprising four radiating strands helically wound.

Une telle antenne comprend deux parties 1, 2.Such an antenna comprises two parts 1, 2.

La partie 1 comprend une zone conductrice 10 et quatre brins rayonnants 11, 12, 13 et 14.Part 1 comprises a conductive zone 10 and four radiating strands 11, 12, 13 and 14.

Sur la partie 1, l'antenne de type hélice comprend quatre brins rayonnants 11, 12, 13, 14 enroulés en hélice selon une forme de révolution autour d'un manchon 15, par exemple.In part 1, the helical type antenna comprises four radiating strands 11, 12, 13, 14 helically wound in a shape of revolution around a sleeve 15, for example.

Sur cette partie, les brins 11-14 sont connectés d'une part en court circuit au niveau d'une première extrémité 111, 121, 131, 141 des brins à la zone conductrice 10 et d'autre part au niveau d'une seconde extrémité 112, 122, 132, 142 des brins au circuit d'alimentation 20.On this part, the strands 11-14 are connected on the one hand in short circuit at a first end 111, 121, 131, 141 strands to the conductive zone 10 and secondly in a second end 112, 122, 132, 142 of the strands to the feed circuit 20.

Les brins rayonnants 11-14 de l'antenne peuvent être identiques et sont par exemple au nombre de quatre. L'antenne est dans ce cas quadrifilaire.The radiating strands 11-14 of the antenna may be identical and are for example four in number. The antenna is in this case quadrifilar.

Le manchon 15 sur lequel l'antenne est enroulée est représenté en pointillé sur la figure 1 pour constituer l'antenne telle que représentée sur la figure 2.The sleeve 15 on which the antenna is wound is shown in dotted line on the figure 1 to constitute the antenna as represented on the figure 2 .

Les brins rayonnants 11-14 sont orientés de sorte qu'un axe support AA', BB', CC' et DD' de chaque brin, forme un angle α par rapport à tout plan orthogonal à toute ligne L directrice du manchon 15.The radiating strands 11-14 are oriented so that a support axis AA ', BB', CC 'and DD' of each strand forms an angle α with respect to any plane orthogonal to any directing line L of the sleeve 15.

Cet angle α correspond à l'angle d'enroulement en hélice des brins rayonnants.This angle α corresponds to the helical winding angle of the radiating strands.

Les brins rayonnants 11-14 sont chacun constitué par une zone métallisée.The radiating strands 11-14 are each constituted by a metallized zone.

Sur les figures 1 et 2, les zones métallisées de la partie 1 sont des bandes symétriques par rapport à un axe directeur AA', BB', CC', DD' des brins.On the Figures 1 and 2 the metallized zones of part 1 are symmetrical bands with respect to a guide axis AA ', BB', CC ', DD' strands.

La distance d entre deux brins successifs est définie selon toute perpendiculaire à toute ligne L directrice du manchon 15 comme la distance entre deux points, chacun défini comme l'intersection de la dite perpendiculaire avec un axe des brins.The distance d between two successive strands is defined along any perpendicular to any line L of the sleeve 15 as the distance between two points, each defined as the intersection of the said perpendicular with an axis of the strands.

Par exemple, pour obtenir une antenne quadrifilaires symétrique, cette distance d sera fixée à un quart du périmètre du manchon 15.For example, to obtain a symmetrical quadrifilar antenna, this distance d will be fixed at a quarter of the perimeter of the sleeve 15.

Le substrat supportant les bandes métalliques est enroulé en hélice sur la surface latérale du manchon 15.The substrate supporting the metal strips is helically wound on the lateral surface of the sleeve 15.

Selon un mode de réalisation d'une telle antenne, les deux parties 1, 2 sont formées sur un circuit imprimé 100.According to one embodiment of such an antenna, the two parts 1, 2 are formed on a printed circuit 100.

Les brins rayonnants 11-14 sont alors des bandes métalliques obtenues par enlèvement de matière de chaque côté des bandes d'une zone métallisée, sur la surface du circuit imprimé 100.The radiating strands 11-14 are then metal strips obtained by removal of material on each side of the strips of a metallized zone, on the surface of the printed circuit 100.

Le circuit imprimé 100 est destiné à être enroulé autour d'un manchon 15 présentant une forme générale de révolution, tel qu'un cylindre ou un cône, par exemple.The printed circuit 100 is intended to be wound around a sleeve 15 having a general shape of revolution, such as a cylinder or a cone, for example.

La partie 2 de l'antenne comprend un circuit d'alimentation 20 de l'antenne.Part 2 of the antenna comprises a supply circuit 20 of the antenna.

Le circuit d'alimentation 20 de l'antenne est constitué par une ligne de transmission du type ligne à ruban en forme de méandre, assurant à la fois la fonction de répartition de l'alimentation et d'adaptation des brins rayonnants 11-14 de l'antenne.The supply circuit 20 of the antenna is constituted by a transmission line of the meander-shaped ribbon line type, ensuring both the function of distribution of the supply and adaptation of the radiating strands 11-14 of the antenna.

L'alimentation des éléments rayonnants se fait à amplitudes égales avec une progression de phases en quadrature.The supply of the radiating elements is at equal amplitudes with a progression of phases in quadrature.

La réduction de la taille des antennes de type hélice telles que représentées sur les figures 1 et 2 est obtenue en utilisant pour les brins rayonnants de la partie 1 de l'antenne des motifs particuliers qui vont être décrits ci-dessous. La partie 2 de l'antenne est quant à elle de type connu et ne sera pas plus détaillée.The reduction of the size of the helix type antennas as represented on the Figures 1 and 2 is obtained by using for the radiating strands of part 1 of the antenna particular patterns that are going to be described below. Part 2 of the antenna is of known type and will not be more detailed.

Motifs des brins rayonnantsPatterns of radiating strands

Les brins rayonnant sont constitués par un fractal, comportant des segments constitués par une courbe sinusoïdale.The radiating strands are constituted by a fractal, comprising segments constituted by a sinusoidal curve.

On appelle segment, un élément élémentaire du motif fractal.A segment is an elemental element of the fractal pattern.

La figure 3a illustre un motif de référence d'un fractal du type Von Koch comportant trois éléments élémentaires 30, 31, 33. Un tel motif est un fractal d'ordre 1. Sur la figure 3a l'élément élémentaire est un segment rectiligne.The figure 3a illustrates a reference pattern of a Von Koch fractal having three elementary elements 30, 31, 33. Such a pattern is a first order fractal. figure 3a the elementary element is a rectilinear segment.

Les fractals ont la propriété d'autosimilarité, ils sont formés de copies d'eux-mêmes à des échelles différentes. Ce sont des courbes auto-similaires et très irrégulières.Fractals have the property of self-similarity, they are formed of copies of themselves at different scales. They are self-similar and very irregular curves.

Un fractal est notamment composé de répliques réduites, du motif de référence.A fractal is composed in particular of reduced replicas, of the reference pattern.

Un fractal est généré par itération d'étapes de réduction du motif de référence puis application du motif obtenu au motif de référence.A fractal is generated by iteration of steps of reduction of the reference pattern then application of the pattern obtained to the reference pattern.

Les ordres supérieurs sont obtenus en appliquant au milieu de chaque segment du motif de référence ce même motif de référence réduit, et ainsi de suite.The higher orders are obtained by applying to the middle of each segment of the reference pattern this same reduced reference pattern, and so on.

Le motif de référence peut être simple ou alterné par rapport à un axe directeur du motif.The reference pattern may be simple or alternating with respect to a direction axis of the pattern.

Le choix du motif à proprement parler est guidé par les performances en rayonnement de l'antenne.The choice of the pattern itself is guided by the radiation performance of the antenna.

Pour la génération du fractal du type Von Koch on peut se référer à http://www.mathcurve.com/fractals/koch/koch.shtml.For the generation of the Von Koch fractal one can refer to http://www.mathcurve.com/fractals/koch/koch.shtml.

Pour diminuer la hauteur de l'antenne tout en gardant la même fréquence de fonctionnement (résonance) chaque segment rectiligne du motif fractal est remplacé par un segment sinusoïdal.To reduce the height of the antenna while keeping the same operating frequency (resonance) each rectilinear segment of the fractal pattern is replaced by a sinusoidal segment.

Un tel remplacement permet d'augmenter la longueur déployée du brin rayonnant pour une hauteur donnée ou de réduire la hauteur de l'antenne pour une longueur déployée donnée.Such a replacement makes it possible to increase the deployed length of the radiating strand for a given height or to reduce the height of the antenna for a given deployed length.

La fréquence de résonance de l'antenne est fixée par la longueur déployée des brins rayonnants. Cette longueur déployée est fonction des paramètres de l'hélice (hauteur, rayon et nombre de tours) et de la géométrie du motif utilisé.The resonance frequency of the antenna is fixed by the extended length of the radiating strands. This extended length is a function of the propeller parameters (height, radius and number of revolutions) and the geometry of the pattern used.

La figure 3b illustre un motif de référence utilisé pour les brins de l'antenne hélice, chaque segment 30', 31', 32', 33' du motif fractal est constitué par un segment sinusoïdal.The figure 3b illustrates a reference pattern used for the strands of the helix antenna, each segment 30 ', 31', 32 ', 33' of the fractal pattern is constituted by a sinusoidal segment.

Dans le cas de la figure 3a on a un motif fractal de type Von Koch de premier ordre composé de quatre segments rectilignes de longueur identique L'/3, L'étant la longueur 'horizontale' du motif. Dans le cas de la figure 3b chaque segment de longueur L'/3 du motif Von Koch (celui de la figure 3a) est remplacé par un segment sinusoïdal (soit une demi-période de sinusoïde).In the case of figure 3a there is a first-order von Koch fractal pattern composed of four straight segments of identical length L '/ 3, L being the' horizontal 'length of the pattern. In the case of figure 3b each segment of length L '/ 3 of the Von Koch pattern (that of the figure 3a ) is replaced by a sinusoidal segment (half a sinusoidal period).

Tous les segments du motif ont la même longueur.
Un motif fractal est défini par trois paramètres :

  • la taille de chaque répétition du motif de référence (ordre 1 du motif fractal) ;
  • le nombre de répétition que l'on appelle nombre de cellules ;
  • l'itération du fractal que l'on appelle ordre du fractal.
  • En outre, un brin de l'antenne est défini par les paramètres suivants :
  • longueur déployée ;
  • l'angle α correspondant à l'angle d'enroulement en hélice du brin rayonnant ;
  • longueur de la cellule L ;
All segments of the pattern have the same length.
A fractal pattern is defined by three parameters:
  • the size of each repetition of the reference pattern (order 1 of the fractal pattern);
  • the number of repetitions known as the number of cells;
  • the iteration of the fractal called fractal order.
  • In addition, one strand of the antenna is defined by the following parameters:
  • deployed length;
  • the angle α corresponding to the helical winding angle of the radiating strand;
  • length of the cell L;

La sinusoïde qui module le profil fractal peut être en particulier définie par la fonctionnelle suivante y = S . k . L . sin π L . x

Figure imgb0003
où : S est un entier à valeur dans {-1; +1}, constant sur un segment, k est le rapport entre l'amplitude de la sinusoïde et sa demi-longueur d'onde (demi-période) Ainsi, comme on le comprend, la sinusoïde modulant le motif fractal est définie sur une période.The sinusoid that modulates the fractal profile can be defined in particular by the following functional there = S . k . The ' . sin π The ' . x
Figure imgb0003
where: S is a value integer in {-1; +1}, constant on a segment, k is the ratio between the amplitude of the sinusoid and its half-wavelength (half-period) Thus, as we understand it, the sinusoid modulating the fractal pattern is defined on a period.

Sur la figure 3b le motif est tel que S = +1 tandis que sur la figure 3c le motif est tel que S = -1.On the figure 3b the pattern is such that S = +1 while on the figure 3c the pattern is such that S = -1.

Ainsi ce motif de référence est constitué par une succession d'arcs de sinusoïde alternés constituant un motif fractal.Thus this reference pattern is constituted by a succession of alternating sinusoid arcs constituting a fractal pattern.

La fonction peut être définie segment par segment ou en adoptant une coordonnée curviligne le long du motif.The function can be defined segment by segment or by adopting a curvilinear coordinate along the pattern.

Dans le case de la figure 3b, la fonctionnelle ci-dessus définie a été appliquée par tranches de deux segments (segments 30, 31 d'une part et segments 32, 33 d'autre part).In the box of the figure 3b , the above defined functional was applied in segments of two segments (segments 30, 31 on the one hand and segments 32, 33 on the other hand).

Dans le cas de la figure 3a les segments centraux font un angle de 60°. Pour obtenir le motif de la figure 3b on applique d'abord la fonctionnelle à deux segments rectilignes et on les oriente de 60°.On illustre sur les figures 9a, 9b et 9c un motif pour différentes valeurs de k pour S=+1.In the case of figure 3a the central segments make an angle of 60 °. To get the reason for the figure 3b the functional is first applied to two rectilinear segments and is oriented by 60 °. Figures 9a, 9b and 9c a pattern for different values of k for S = + 1.

Le paramètre k permet d'augmenter la longueur déployée pour chaque segment correspondant du fractal Von Koch : au lieu d'avoir un court segment rectiligne on a un segment sinusoïdal de longueur déployée plus grande. Plus l'amplitude de la sinusoïde est large plus la longueur déployée est grande. Il faut néanmoins veiller à éviter les chevauchements de brins rayonnants lorsque k prend des valeurs de trop fortes.The parameter k makes it possible to increase the length deployed for each corresponding segment of the fractal Von Koch: instead of having a short rectilinear segment, there is a sinusoidal segment of greater length. The larger the amplitude of the sinusoid, the larger the length deployed. However, care must be taken to avoid overlapping radiating strands when k takes too high values.

On peut envisager également d'autres types de motif fractals dans lesquels chaque segment est remplacé par une courbe sinusoïdale.Other types of fractal patterns in which each segment is replaced by a sinusoidal curve can also be envisaged.

Les figures 4a, 5a, 6a, 7a et 8a illustrent un motif de référence (fractal d'ordre 1) dont les segments sont rectilignes.The FIGS. 4a, 5a, 6a, 7a and 8a illustrate a reference pattern (fractal order 1) whose segments are straight.

Sur la figure 4a le motif de référence est un triangle dans lequel la base est supprimée.On the figure 4a the reference pattern is a triangle in which the base is deleted.

Sur la figure 5a le motif de référence est un carré dans lequel la base est supprimée.On the figure 5a the reference pattern is a square in which the base is deleted.

Sur la figure 6a le motif de référence comprend deux trapèzes isocèles en opposition et espacés de la largeur de la petite base, dans lesquels la grande base a été supprimée. L'angle θ entre un côté s'étendant de la petite base vers la grande base.On the figure 6a the reference pattern comprises two isosceles trapezes in opposition and spaced from the width of the small base, in which the large base has been removed. The angle θ between a side extending from the small base to the large base.

Sur la figure 7a le motif de référence comprend deux triangles équilatéraux en opposition et espacés de la largeur d'un côté, dans lesquels la base a été suppriméeOn the figure 7a the reference pattern comprises two equilateral triangles in opposition and spaced from the width of one side, in which the base has been removed

Les figures 4b, 5b et 6b, 7b et 8b illustrent respectivement l'ordre 2 d'un motif fractal suite à une itération des motifs de référence des figures 4a, 5a, 6a, 7a, 8a, respectivement.The Figures 4b, 5b and 6b, 7b and 8b respectively illustrate the order 2 of a fractal pattern following an iteration of the reference patterns of the FIGS. 4a, 5a, 6a, 7a, 8a , respectively.

Les figures 4c, 5c, 6c illustrent respectivement l'ordre 3 d'un motif fractal suite à deux itérations des motifs de référence des figures 4a, 5a, 6a.The Figures 4c, 5c, 6c respectively illustrate the order 3 of a fractal pattern following two iterations of the reference patterns of the Figures 4a, 5a, 6a .

Dans le cas de certains motifs notamment ceux du type représentés aux figures 4a, 6a et 7a des croisements entre lignes d'une même cellule sont possibles.In the case of certain reasons, in particular those of the type represented in FIGS. 4a, 6a and 7a crosses between lines of the same cell are possible.

Pour éviter de tels croisements on peut jouer sur l'angle β (voir les figures 4a, 6a et 7a).To avoid such crossings we can play on the angle β (see FIGS. 4a, 6a and 7a ).

L'angle β est l'angle entre le premier segment incliné et la base supprimée.The angle β is the angle between the first inclined segment and the deleted base.

L'ajustement de cet angle β permet de réduire la longueur des brins.The adjustment of this angle β reduces the length of the strands.

Dans le cas d'un motif de type Von Koch on a à l'ordre 1, un rapport entre la longueur déployée et la longueur du motif à l'ordre 1 de 4/3. A l'ordre 3 ce rapport est de (4/3)3 ce qui est faible.In the case of a Von Koch type pattern, there is a ratio between the deployed length and the length of the pattern at the order 1 of 4/3. At order 3 this ratio is (4/3) 3 which is low.

Pour obtenir une réduction plus importante on peut jouer sur l'angle β. Le triangle équilatéral du motif Von Koch devient alors isocèle au lieu d'être équilatéral et les deux segments de triangle deviennent plus longs que ceux du triangle équilatéral initial (à longueur L' constante). Leur longueur est de L'/(6.cos β) et le rapport de la longueur déployée sur la longueur L' est donné par L 3 + 2 L 6 cos β + L 3 L n = 2 cos β + 1 3 cos β n

Figure imgb0004
n étant l'ordre de la courbe fractale. De cette façon, on peut déployer une longueur de brin dans une même longueur. On appelle ce motif de référence un motif « Von Koch modifié ».
Comme précédemment chaque segment constituant les motifs fractals ci-dessus décrits est constitué par une courbe sinusoïdale. Pour des raisons de lisibilité, ces motifs ne sont pas représentés mais au vue de la description ci-dessus, l'homme du métier comprend comment aboutir à l'antenne hélice dont les brins rayonnants sont constitués par un motif fractal dont les segments sont constitués par un segment sinusoïdal.To obtain a larger reduction one can play on the angle β. The equilateral triangle of the Von Koch pattern then becomes isosceles instead of being equilateral and the two triangle segments become longer than those of the initial equilateral triangle (to length The constant). Their length is L '/ (6.cos β) and the ratio of the length deployed on the length L' is given by The ' 3 + 2 The ' 6 cos β + The ' 3 The ' not = 2 cos β + 1 3 cos β not
Figure imgb0004
n being the order of the fractal curve. In this way, one can extend a strand length in the same length. This reference pattern is called a "Von Koch Modified" pattern.
As before, each segment constituting the fractal patterns described above is constituted by a sinusoidal curve. For reasons of readability, these patterns are not shown but in view of the description above, the skilled person understands how to achieve the helix antenna whose radiating strands are constituted by a fractal pattern whose segments are constituted by a sinusoidal segment.

Exemple de réalisation et performancesExample of realization and performances

Une antenne de type hélice comprenant un fractal du type Von Koch dont les segments ont été remplacés par des segments sinusoïdaux a été réalisée et testée. La figure 10 illustre une réalisation d'une telle antenne.A helix type antenna comprising a Von Koch type fractal whose segments have been replaced by sinusoidal segments has been realized and tested. The figure 10 illustrates an embodiment of such an antenna.

En particulier, les performances d'une telle antenne ont été mesurées et comparées à une antenne (de référence) de type hélice quadrifilaire comprenant des brins rectilignes l'antenne ayant une hauteur de 514 mm.In particular, the performance of such an antenna was measured and compared to a quadrifilar helix (reference) antenna comprising rectilinear strands, the antenna having a height of 514 mm.

Le tableau ci-dessous répertorie les différents paramètres utilisés pour les brins rayonnants. Le fractal de base est un motif de Von Koch. Ordre 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 Nombre de cellules 3 3 3 3 4 2 2 3 α (degrés) 52 52 49 52 52 43 43 50 Longueur de cellule (mm) 155 150 140 135 108 250 243 190 k 0,5 0,5 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7 s -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 Hauteur (mm) 285 276 252 249 265 205 198 254 LHC (dB) 0,88 0,952 0,8 0,97 0,95 0,15 0,202 0,93 RHC (dB) -10,3 -10,2 -10,3 -11,8 -10,8 -10,2 -11,1 -10,0 S11 (dB) -6,1 -6 -6,9 -6,9 -6,3 -6,2 -6,3 -6,2 Efficacité 66 64 60 62 62 50 50 55 Taille relative (%) 55,4 53,7 49 48,4 51,6 39,9 38,5 49,4 Gain Max (dB) 2,44 2,41 1,91 2,23 2,26 0,37 0,36 1,6 On constate une réduction de la hauteur de l'antenne. Dans le tableau ci-dessus la taille relative (%) est calculée comme rapport entre la hauteur de l'antenne compacte et la hauteur de l'antenne de référence (514 mm).The table below lists the different parameters used for the radiating strands. The basic fractal is a motif of Von Koch. Order 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 Number of cells 3 3 3 3 4 2 2 3 α (degrees) 52 52 49 52 52 43 43 50 Cell length (mm) 155 150 140 135 108 250 243 190 k 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 s -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 Height (mm) 285 276 252 249 265 205 198 254 LHC (dB) 0.88 0,952 0.8 0.97 0.95 0.15 0.202 0.93 RHC (dB) -10.3 -10.2 -10.3 -11.8 -10.8 -10.2 -11.1 -10.0 S11 (dB) -6.1 -6 -6.9 -6.9 -6.3 -6.2 -6.3 -6.2 Efficiency 66 64 60 62 62 50 50 55 Relative size (%) 55.4 53.7 49 48.4 51.6 39.9 38.5 49.4 Max Gain (dB) 2.44 2.41 1.91 2.23 2.26 0.37 0.36 1.6 There is a reduction in the height of the antenna. In the table above the relative size (%) is calculated as the ratio between the height of the compact antenna and the height of the reference antenna (514 mm).

En outre, on constate que les meilleures performances sont obtenues avec l'antenne basée sur le motif de Von Koch avec segments sinusoïdaux d'ordre 2 et avec deux cellules. Cette antenne présente le même diagramme à 137MHz et à sa fréquence de résonance (144MHz). En outre, sa hauteur est de 198 mm (taille relative de 38.5%), soit une réduction de 61,5% de la hauteur de l'antenne de référence.In addition, it is found that the best performances are obtained with the antenna based on the Von Koch pattern with sinusoidal segments of order 2 and with two cells. This antenna has the same 137MHz pattern and resonance frequency (144MHz). In addition, its height is 198 mm (relative size 38.5%), a reduction of 61.5% of the height of the reference antenna.

Claims (8)

  1. Helical type antenna comprising a form of revolution and a plurality of radiating strands helically wound around the form of revolution, characterised in that each radiating strand is defined by a repetition of a fractal pattern comprising segments, a sinusoidal arc having been applied to each segment of the fractal pattern, so that each radiating strand has a pattern constituted by a succession of alternate sinusoidal arcs, each arc having as its guiding axis the segment of the fractal pattern.
  2. Helical type antenna according to claim 1, wherein each segment corresponds to a half-period of a sinusoidal curve defined by y x = S . k . L . sin π L . x
    Figure imgb0009
    where: S is an integer having a value within {-1; +1}, k is the ratio between the amplitude of the sinusoid and its half-wavelength, L' is the horizontal length of the pattern.
  3. Helical type antenna according to either claim 1 or claim 2, wherein each segment of the fractal pattern has an identical length.
  4. Helical type antenna according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the fractal is of the Von Koch type, each straight line of which is replaced by a sinusoidal segment.
  5. Antenna according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the radiating strands are each constituted by a specific metallised zone, helically wound on the lateral surface of a sleeve (15), such that the guiding axis (AA', BB', CC', DD') of each strand is distant from the axis of the following strand by a specific distance (d) defined according to any perpendicular to any guiding line (L) of the sleeve (15) as the distance between two points, each defined by an intersection between the axis of a strand and a perpendicular to any guiding line (L) of the sleeve (15).
  6. Antenna according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the form of revolution (15) is cylindrical or conical.
  7. Antenna according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the antenna comprises four identical radiating strands.
  8. Antenna according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the length of an unwound strand is approximately k . λ 4 ,
    Figure imgb0010
    where λ is the operating wavelength of the antenna.
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