EP2804497B1 - Papier rempli de particules de tabac - Google Patents
Papier rempli de particules de tabac Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2804497B1 EP2804497B1 EP13700257.2A EP13700257A EP2804497B1 EP 2804497 B1 EP2804497 B1 EP 2804497B1 EP 13700257 A EP13700257 A EP 13700257A EP 2804497 B1 EP2804497 B1 EP 2804497B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- paper
- weight
- tobacco
- cigarette
- share
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Links
- 241000208125 Nicotiana Species 0.000 title claims description 67
- 235000002637 Nicotiana tabacum Nutrition 0.000 title claims description 67
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title claims description 23
- 235000019504 cigarettes Nutrition 0.000 claims description 64
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 64
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000000391 smoking effect Effects 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical class CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K tripotassium phosphate Chemical class [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium acetate Chemical compound [K+].CC([O-])=O SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001508 potassium citrate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- QEEAPRPFLLJWCF-UHFFFAOYSA-K potassium citrate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O QEEAPRPFLLJWCF-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000011082 potassium citrates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960002635 potassium citrate Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N (S)-malic acid Chemical class OC(=O)[C@@H](O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004254 Ammonium phosphate Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-hydroxysuccinic acid Chemical class OC(=O)C(O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019257 ammonium acetate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019289 ammonium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004310 lactic acid Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2] VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000347 magnesium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001862 magnesium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001630 malic acid Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011090 malic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011056 potassium acetate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000015497 potassium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium hydrogencarbonate Chemical compound [K+].OC([O-])=O TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011009 potassium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 159000000001 potassium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001509 sodium citrate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011083 sodium citrates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011008 sodium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical class COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- USFZMSVCRYTOJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium acetate Chemical compound N.CC(O)=O USFZMSVCRYTOJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005695 Ammonium acetate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium acetate Chemical compound [Na+].CC([O-])=O VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940043376 ammonium acetate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000148 ammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical class [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011736 potassium bicarbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000028 potassium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000160 potassium phosphate Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000015424 sodium Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium citrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000162 sodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical class [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 claims 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 229960004109 potassium acetate Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 229940086066 potassium hydrogencarbonate Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 229940083542 sodium Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 229960004249 sodium acetate Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 23
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 16
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 16
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 16
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 13
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 11
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 7
- SNICXCGAKADSCV-JTQLQIEISA-N (-)-Nicotine Chemical compound CN1CCC[C@H]1C1=CC=CN=C1 SNICXCGAKADSCV-JTQLQIEISA-N 0.000 description 6
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229960002715 nicotine Drugs 0.000 description 6
- SNICXCGAKADSCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nicotine Natural products CN1CCCC1C1=CC=CN=C1 SNICXCGAKADSCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229920002301 cellulose acetate Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 230000009931 harmful effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011256 inorganic filler Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910003475 inorganic filler Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 4
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 244000198134 Agave sisalana Species 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000012766 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000012765 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. spontanea Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000006240 Linum usitatissimum Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000004431 Linum usitatissimum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000009120 camo Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000005607 chanvre indien Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011487 hemp Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 2
- IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,3-diazinane-5-carboximidamide Chemical compound CN1CC(C(N)=N)C(=O)NC1=O IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000018185 Betula X alpestris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000018212 Betula X uliginosa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000858 Cyclodextrin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000166124 Eucalyptus globulus Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000000731 Fagus sylvatica Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010099 Fagus sylvatica Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000218657 Picea Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000008331 Pinus X rigitaeda Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000018646 Pinus brutia Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011613 Pinus brutia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M Sodium bicarbonate-14C Chemical compound [Na+].O[14C]([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ZDPALFHDPFYJDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Na].OC=O Chemical compound [Na].OC=O ZDPALFHDPFYJDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001860 citric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013355 food flavoring agent Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011121 hardwood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003906 humectant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004941 influx Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- HFHDHCJBZVLPGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N schardinger α-dextrin Chemical compound O1C(C(C2O)O)C(CO)OC2OC(C(C2O)O)C(CO)OC2OC(C(C2O)O)C(CO)OC2OC(C(O)C2O)C(CO)OC2OC(C(C2O)O)C(CO)OC2OC2C(O)C(O)C1OC2CO HFHDHCJBZVLPGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000011091 sodium acetates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000661 sodium alginate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010413 sodium alginate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940005550 sodium alginate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical class O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000011122 softwood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000167 toxic agent Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000003440 toxic substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000027 toxicology Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
- A24B15/10—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
- A24B15/16—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of tobacco substitutes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
- A24B15/10—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
- A24B15/12—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of reconstituted tobacco
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B3/00—Preparing tobacco in the factory
- A24B3/14—Forming reconstituted tobacco products, e.g. wrapper materials, sheets, imitation leaves, rods, cakes; Forms of such products
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of smoking articles.
- it relates to means for reducing harmful ingredients in the smoke of such a smoking article as tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide.
- a typical cigarette consists of a tobacco rod, which is wrapped by a cigarette paper and usually has a cylindrical shape.
- a filter which is usually made of cellulose acetate and wrapped with a filter paper wrapper.
- segmented filters These have one or more segments in which various substances, such as activated carbon or paper filters, are located.
- the filter and the cigarette paper-wrapped tobacco rod are joined together by the tipping paper, also called tipping paper. Further, it is known to perforate the tipping paper so as to dilute the smoke flowing through the filter.
- the smoking levels of a cigarette can be determined by a method according to ISO 4387.
- the cigarette is lit on the first move and then every minute a train with a tensile duration of 2 seconds and a volume of 35 cm 3 is performed with sinusoidal tensile profile. This is repeated until the cigarette falls below a predetermined length in the standard.
- the smoke passing from the mouth end of the cigarette is collected in a Cambridge Filter Pad , which is then analyzed to determine the amount of tar and nicotine and, if necessary, the content of various other substances.
- the non-resorbed gaseous ingredients in the filter are passed on and also analyzed, for example, to determine the content of CO.
- the tobacco rod of a cigarette is wrapped with a cigarette paper, which consists at least partially of pulp fibers, such as wood pulp fibers or fibers of flax, hemp or sisal.
- the wood pulp fibers used for papermaking are usually distinguished into long and short fibers, with long fibers typically being pulp fibers of softwoods, such as spruce or pine, with a length of more than 2 mm, while the short fibers are usually of hardwoods, such as birch, beech or eucalyptus, and typically have a length of less than 2mm, often about 1mm.
- the pulp fibers typically make up about 60 to 100% by weight of the finished paper.
- the cigarette paper may also contain fillers, principally lime, but other inorganic fillers such as titanium dioxide, calcium sulfate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, and talc are also possible fillers.
- the mass fraction of the inorganic fillers is typically up to 40 wt .-% of the finished paper.
- the cigarette paper can still contain substances that control the burning behavior of a cigarette.
- substances that control the burning behavior of a cigarette examples are sodium and potassium citrates, sodium and potassium bicarbonates, ammonium, sodium and potassium acetates, and sodium and potassium salts of formic acid, malic acid, lactic acid, ammonium, sodium and potassium phosphates, which in a mass fraction of up to 5 wt. -% to be added.
- the addition of flavors is still possible to taste with this one To influence cigarette paper manufactured cigarette, or to flavor the sidestream smoke.
- a measurement of the CO 2 diffusivity can be carried out, for example, by means of a diffusion measuring device from Borgwaldt KC ( Diffusivity Tester ) or Sodim (CO 2 Diffusivity Meter) .
- a measurement of the diffusivity can take place under standard conditions according to ISO 187.
- the cigarette paper may also be previously exposed to an elevated temperature to simulate thermal stress.
- a possible procedure is to expose the cigarette paper for 30 minutes at a temperature of 230 ° C in the presence of air. This can be done in a conventional drying oven. Since the change in the diffusivity of the cigarette paper is irreversible due to the heating process, the cigarette paper can be conditioned after heating according to the standard conditions according to ISO 187, before the measurement of the diffusivity is carried out. In the present disclosure, all data on the diffusivity values are obtained by this method, ie after heating to 230 ° C for 30 minutes and subsequent conditioning according to ISO 187.
- Ventilation results in greater dilution of the mainstream smoke and thus lower levels of smoke.
- the ventilation of a cigarette can be adjusted for example via a perforation on the tipping paper or on the air permeability of the cigarette paper.
- Another way of influencing the exhaustion values is the filtration of the mainstream smoke.
- This can be done, for example, by a filter made of cellulose acetate or by segmented filters.
- the latter have, in addition to one or more segments of cellulose acetate, also chambers associated with certain substances, such as activated carbon or Paper filters are filled. These cause additional filtration of the smoke and thus lead to a reduction of the smoke values, and occasionally to a selective reduction of certain smoke ingredients.
- Another way to reduce the levels of smoke is to replace some of the tobacco with other material that may be partially non-combustible, resulting in fewer harmful substances overall.
- Such a material is in KG McAdam et al., The use of a novel tobacco substitute-sheet and smoke dilution to reduce toxicant yields in cigarette smoke, Food and Chemical Toxicology, Volume 49, Issue 8, 1684-1696 (2011 ) . It is a material that consists mainly of lime and glycerin and sodium alginate.
- a paper for incorporation in the smokable material according to the preamble of claim 1 is made US 2006/0021626 known. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide means by which harmful levels of smoke in a smoking article can be reduced while at the same time having the least possible effect on the smoker's taste.
- the paper according to the invention is intended for incorporation into the smokable material of a smoking article, for example in the tobacco rod of a cigarette. It contains a fiber content that contains pulp fibers and tobacco particles.
- the tobacco particles can form 2 to 20 wt .-%, preferably 5 to 15 wt .-% and particularly preferably 5 to 10 wt .-% of the fiber content.
- the inventor has found that the levels of smoking can be significantly reduced when paper containing such tobacco particles is added to the actual tobacco, i. H. this paper replaces part of the tobacco normally present. At the same time, the taste for the smoker is only slightly influenced by the addition of such paper. In this way, a very advantageous compromise results from reducing the smoking value on the one hand and maintaining the character of the cigarette, in particular their taste, on the other hand.
- the admixture of the paper according to the invention into the tobacco rod can reduce the exhaustion values to a far greater extent than would have been expected by the person skilled in the art. It is clear that the levels of smoking are reduced as the tobacco is replaced by other, especially nonflammable, paper components. The reduction of the exhaustion values, however, goes far beyond this predictable effect. Instead, the paper according to the invention can be used to produce an additional filtering effect, which contributes to the reduction of the exhaustion values.
- the tobacco particles have an average size of less than 1 mm, preferably a mean size of 0.05 .mu.m to 200 .mu.m.
- the "size" of a tobacco particle refers to the size of the tobacco particle as determined by Sedigraph.
- These tobacco particles may be a waste product of tobacco processing, such as tobacco dust. However, it is also possible to use normal cut tobacco, which has been minced by suitable methods.
- the paper according to the invention preferably corresponds in its construction substantially to a conventional cigarette paper and, like this, contains pulp fibers, such as wood pulp fibers or pulp fibers from other plants, such as e.g. As flax, hemp or sisal.
- the pulp fibers comprise long fibers, short fibers or a mixture of long and short fibers.
- "long fibers” are fibers having a length of more than 2 mm and “short fibers” being fibers having a length of less than 2 mm, typically about 1 mm.
- long fibers result in an increase in tensile strength, while a higher proportion of short fibers gives the paper a looser, more porous structure.
- the tobacco particles are more suitable for replacing short fibers than long fibers.
- the proportion of long and short fibers in the paper according to the invention can be varied within wide ranges.
- the proportion of long fibers is more than 60 wt .-%, preferably more than 80 wt .-% and particularly preferably more than 90 wt .-% of the fiber content of the paper.
- the proportion of short fibers less than 20 wt .-%, more preferably less than 10 wt .-% of the fiber content of the paper.
- the short fibers in this case should be ground in a manner known per se in the art.
- the filtration effect is influenced by the specific pore structure of the paper according to the invention, which can be characterized by the diffusivity.
- the paper is designed to have a diffusivity of from 0.01 cm / s to 2.0 cm / s, preferably from 0.015 cm / s to 1.0 after heating to 230 ° C for 30 minutes cm / s and particularly preferably from 0.16 cm / s to 0.75 cm / s, measured at standard conditions according to ISO 187.
- the pre-measurement carried out thermal load, ie heating to 230 ° C for 30 min, the thermal stress in the tobacco rod during smoldering or smoking. In this way, at least approximately the diffusivity of the paper can be determined under the conditions relevant in practice.
- the paper has a thickness of 20 .mu.m to 100 .mu.m, preferably from 40 .mu.m to 90 .mu.m.
- a preferred basis weight is 20 g / m 2 to 80 g / m 2 , preferably 30 g / m 2 to 70 g / m 2 .
- Such thicknesses and basis weights have been found in experiments to be suitable for the purpose of the invention to reduce smoking fume levels.
- Another practical advantage is that paper of this strength can be produced well on conventional machines for the production of ordinary cigarette paper, as used for example for wrapping a tobacco rod.
- the paper contains a filler which constitutes up to 50% by weight, preferably 10 to 40% by weight, particularly preferably 20 to 35% by weight of the paper.
- a suitable filler is, for example, lime, in particular precipitated lime, which has a higher chemical purity than lime from geological degradation.
- other inorganic fillers are suitable besides lime, for example titanium dioxide, calcium sulfate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide or talc, which can be used individually or in mixtures.
- a filler content above 50% by weight has proved less suitable because of the lower strength of the paper and the tendency of the paper to dust.
- the fire broth may include one or more of the following: sodium citrate, potassium citrate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, ammonium acetate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, formic acid sodium or potassium salts, malic acid or lactic acid, ammonium phosphate, sodium phosphate or potassium phosphate.
- the Brandsalz forms up to 5 wt .-%, particularly preferably up to 3 wt .-% of the total paper pulp.
- the burn salts can either be applied directly to the paper machine by means of a glue or film press or afterwards in a separate device on the paper.
- the paper according to the invention is intended to replace part of the tobacco in the tobacco rod of the cigarette, its visual appearance also plays a role. Therefore, additional dyes may be added to the paper of the invention to match the color of the paper to that of the tobacco.
- additional dyes may be added to the paper of the invention to match the color of the paper to that of the tobacco.
- One possibility is iron oxide particles, but other inorganic or organic dyes or pigments may be used.
- it will be limited to a proportion of up to 10% by weight of the paper pulp.
- an aqueous tobacco extract can also be applied to the paper.
- This extract can be prepared by mixing tobacco with an appropriate amount of water and filtering off the mixture after a storage period of, for example, 24 hours at room temperature or elevated temperature.
- the tobacco extract may be diluted or concentrated before it is applied to the cigarette paper.
- the application of this extract can be done in the size or film press or on a separate device. Also an order together with the Brandsalzen is possible.
- the remaining after removal of the water solids content of the extract preferably makes up to 5 wt .-% of the paper mass, particularly preferably 2 to 4 wt .-%.
- the paper may be treated with flavors that are easily introduced into the smokable material of the smoking article in this way.
- flavorings or humectants known from tobacco processing can be applied to the paper according to the invention, the sum of these substances preferably up to 3% by weight of the paper pulp, particularly preferably up to 2 Wt .-% of the pulp.
- Other additives as are customary in the production of cigarette papers, for example starch, alginates, wet strength agents, retention aids or other auxiliaries of the Paper production can be contained in the paper, the proportion of these substances in total being preferably less than 2% by weight of the paper pulp, particularly preferably less than 1% by weight.
- the paper according to the invention can be produced on conventional paper machines, preferably wire-screening machines.
- a fiber-filler suspension which is applied from the headbox to the wire of the paper machine, first by dewatering by vacuum and gravity, in the press section by mechanical pressure and finally in the dryer section by heat, so that at the end of the paper machine, the paper can be rolled up.
- the tobacco particles are treated in the manufacturing process preferably as the short fibers in the manufacturing process conventional cigarette paper and are therefore preferably used unground.
- the paper of the invention In order for the paper of the invention to be processed on conventional cigarette machines, such as tobacco, it must be cut into pieces of suitable size.
- the size of these pieces is based on the cutting size of the tobacco, the length of 0.1 mm to 10 mm, preferably 0.3 mm to 8 mm, more preferably 0.4 mm to 6 mm and the width of 0.1 mm to 2 mm, preferably 0.3 mm to 1.5 mm, particularly preferably 0.4 mm to 1 mm.
- the invention also relates to a smoking article whose smokable material, in particular tobacco rod, paper is admixed according to one of the abovementioned embodiments.
- the paper according to the invention replaces a part of the usually present smokable material of the smoking article.
- the reduction of the values of smoke is relatively strong, so that one may already expect a significant effect when replacing 2% of the mass of smokable material by the paper according to the invention. It is not advisable to replace more than 50% of the mass of smokable material with the paper according to the invention, because then the taste of the cigarette is excessively impaired. Preferably, one will choose a range of 10 to 30% by weight of the mass of smokable material.
- the paper was comminuted, before blending with the tobacco, to pieces 0.4 mm to 1.0 mm wide and 0.5 mm to 5.0 mm long.
- Cigarettes were made using paper patterns 2-8.
- the cigarettes had a length of 84 mm, a diameter of about 8 mm and a filter plug of cellulose acetate with a length of 16 mm, which was connected by a Tippingpapier with a length of 26 mm with the tobacco rod.
- the cigarette paper further contained 2% by weight of citrates as brand salts.
- the tobacco used was a commercial American Blend brand BATTON. Each cigarette contained a total fill of about 800 mg. This was composed of 80 wt .-% tobacco and 20 wt .-% of the shredded paper according to the invention, so that each cigarette contained about 640 mg of tobacco and about 160 mg of the paper according to the invention.
- the reference cigarette used was a cigarette with the above technical data but with about 800 mg of tobacco without the paper according to the invention.
- test paper 8 was made without the use of long fibers and also causes a significant reduction of Abrauchhong, wherein for this paper, the short fibers were ground to obtain sufficient mechanical strength, while they were used unground in the other test papers. However, based on a higher mechanical strength of the paper value, it is preferable to choose a sufficient proportion of long fibers.
- the measurements show that the proportion of lime in the paper samples has a considerable influence on the reduction of the exhaustion values. On the one hand, this is due to the fact that lime is not flammable and thus hardly contributes to the levels of consumption, and partly because it influences the diffusivity of the paper according to the invention.
- the values of 40% by weight of Paper pulp in samples 2-6 and 0% of pulp in sample 7 show the extreme values. In many practical embodiments of the invention, the lime content will move in a middle range of this interval.
- test paper 8 shows a considerably higher diffusivity, but this test paper is not comparable in all respects because of the grinding of the short fibers with the test papers 2-7.
- burn salts in the paper speeds up the glow of the cigarette and thus reduces the number of strokes.
- the paper samples 2, 4 and 5, which all contain about 2% by weight of potassium citrate as fire salt it was possible to achieve a reduction in the number of strokes by about 10%, which contributes approximately in the same ratio to a reduction in the values of smoke.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Paper (AREA)
- Cigarettes, Filters, And Manufacturing Of Filters (AREA)
Claims (14)
- Papier pour mélange dans le matériau à fumer d'un article à fumer, en particulier dans le bâton de tabac d'une cigarette,
dans lequel le papier contient une part de fibres, qui comprend des fibres de pâte et des particules de tabac,
caractérisé en ce que les particules de tabac ont une taille moyenne inférieure à 1 mm,
dans lequel les fibres de pâte comprennent un mélange de fibres longues et courtes, dans lequel la part des fibres longues est supérieure à 60 % en poids de la part de fibres du papier, et
dans lequel le papier a, après chauffage à 230°C pendant 30 min, une diffusivité de 0,01 cm/s à 2,0 cm/s, mesurée dans des conditions standard selon la norme ISO 187. - Papier selon la revendication 1, dans lequel les particules de tabac représentent de 2 à 20 % en poids, de préférence de 5 à 15 % en poids et de manière particulièrement préférée de 5 à 10 % en poids de la part de fibres.
- Papier selon la revendication 1 ou 2, dans lequel les particules de tabac ont une taille moyenne de 0,05 µm à 200 µm.
- Papier selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel la part des fibres longues est supérieure à 80 % en poids, de préférence supérieure à 90 % en poids de la part de fibres du papier et/ou
dans lequel la part des fibres courtes est inférieure à 20 % en poids, de préférence inférieure à 10 % en poids de la part de fibres du papier. - Papier selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, qui, après chauffage à 230°C pendant 30 min, a une diffusivité de 0,015 cm/s à 1,0 cm/s et de préférence de 0,16 cm/s à 0,75 cm/s, mesurée dans des conditions standard selon la norme ISO 187.
- Papier selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel le papier a une épaisseur de 20 µm à 100 µm, de préférence de 40 µm à 90 µm, et/ou le papier a un poids de base de 20 g/m2 à 80 g/m2, de préférence de 30 g/m2 à 70 g/m2.
- Papier selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel le papier contient une matière de remplissage, qui représente jusqu'à 50 % en poids, de préférence de 10 à 40 % en poids, de manière particulièrement préférée de 20 à 35 % en poids du papier, dans lequel
la matière de remplissage contient une ou plusieurs des matières suivantes : craie, en particulier craie précipitée, dioxyde de titane, sulfate de calcium, carbonate de magnésium, oxyde de magnésium, hydroxyde de magnésium, hydroxyde d'aluminium ou talc. - Papier selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, qui contient en outre un additif de combustion, qui représente jusqu'à 5 % en poids, de préférence jusqu'à 3 % en poids de la masse totale du papier, dans lequel l'additif de combustion comprend une ou plusieurs des matières suivantes : citrate de sodium, citrate de potassium, hydrogénocarbonate de sodium, hydrogénocarbonate de potassium, acétate d'ammonium, acétate de sodium, acétate de potassium, sels de sodium ou de potassium d'acide formique, d'acide malique ou d'acide lactique, phosphate d'ammonium, phosphate de sodium ou phosphate de potassium.
- Papier selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, qui contient en outre des colorants ou des pigments, qui représentent de préférence jusqu'à 10 % de la masse totale du papier, dans lequel les colorants ou les pigments contiennent de préférence de l'oxyde de fer.
- Papier selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, qui est imprégné d'un extrait de tabac aqueux, dont la teneur en matières solides après élimination de l'eau est jusqu'à 5 % en poids, de préférence entre 2 et 4 % en poids de la masse totale du papier, et/ou qui est traité avec des substances aromatiques.
- Papier selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, qui est présent sous la forme de morceaux qui ont une longueur de 0,1 à 10,0 mm, de préférence de 0,3 à 8,0 mm et de manière particulièrement préférée de 0,4 à 6,0 mm, et/ou
ont une largeur de 0,1 à 2,0 mm, de préférence de 0,3 à 1,5 mm et de manière particulièrement préférée de 0,4 à 1,0 mm. - Article à fumer, dont le matériau à fumer, en particulier le tabac d'un bâton de tabac, est mélangé avec du papier selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes.
- Article à fumer selon la revendication 12, qui a une part du papier de 2 à 50% en poids, de préférence de 10 à 30 % en poids de la masse du matériau à fumer.
- Utilisation d'un papier selon l'une des revendications 1 à 11 pour mélange dans le matériau à fumer d'un article à fumer, en particulier dans le bâton de tabac d'une cigarette, pour réduire la production de fumée de l'article à fumer.
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PL13700257T PL2804497T3 (pl) | 2012-01-18 | 2013-01-14 | Papier napełniony drobinami tytoniu |
EP13700257.2A EP2804497B1 (fr) | 2012-01-18 | 2013-01-14 | Papier rempli de particules de tabac |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP12151612.4A EP2617299A1 (fr) | 2012-01-18 | 2012-01-18 | Papier rempli de particules de tabac |
EP13700257.2A EP2804497B1 (fr) | 2012-01-18 | 2013-01-14 | Papier rempli de particules de tabac |
PCT/EP2013/000094 WO2013107627A1 (fr) | 2012-01-18 | 2013-01-14 | Papier rempli de particules de tabac |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2804497A1 EP2804497A1 (fr) | 2014-11-26 |
EP2804497B1 true EP2804497B1 (fr) | 2017-12-20 |
Family
ID=47559452
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP12151612.4A Withdrawn EP2617299A1 (fr) | 2012-01-18 | 2012-01-18 | Papier rempli de particules de tabac |
EP13700257.2A Active EP2804497B1 (fr) | 2012-01-18 | 2013-01-14 | Papier rempli de particules de tabac |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP12151612.4A Withdrawn EP2617299A1 (fr) | 2012-01-18 | 2012-01-18 | Papier rempli de particules de tabac |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US9439451B2 (fr) |
EP (2) | EP2617299A1 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN104053369B (fr) |
BR (1) | BR112014017627B1 (fr) |
ES (1) | ES2660383T3 (fr) |
MY (1) | MY170064A (fr) |
PH (1) | PH12014501657B1 (fr) |
PL (1) | PL2804497T3 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2013107627A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AT515408B1 (de) | 2014-04-03 | 2015-09-15 | Tannpapier Gmbh | Diffusionsoptimiertes Mundstückbelagpapier |
EP3200626B1 (fr) * | 2014-09-30 | 2021-08-04 | Philip Morris Products S.A. | Matériau de tabac homogénéisé et procédé de production d'un tel matériau |
CN104824823B (zh) * | 2015-03-13 | 2017-11-28 | 广东中烟工业有限责任公司 | 提升再造烟叶感官质量的方法 |
WO2016156598A1 (fr) * | 2015-04-01 | 2016-10-06 | Philip Morris Products S.A. | Substance de tabac homogénéisée et procédé de production de substance de tabac homogénéisée |
DE102015105882B4 (de) * | 2015-04-17 | 2017-06-08 | Delfortgroup Ag | Umhüllungspapier mit hohem Kurzfaseranteil und Rauchartikel |
CN104790264B (zh) * | 2015-05-05 | 2016-11-30 | 云南中烟工业有限责任公司 | 一种功能性低克重卷烟纸及其制备方法 |
CA3116421A1 (fr) * | 2018-10-05 | 2020-04-09 | Swm Luxembourg | Enveloppe contenant du tabac presentant un aspect brillant blanc |
CN110141005A (zh) * | 2019-06-26 | 2019-08-20 | 红云红河烟草(集团)有限责任公司 | 一种烟片及加热不燃烧烟支 |
US20220408798A1 (en) * | 2019-11-29 | 2022-12-29 | Philip Morris Products S.A. | Aerosol gernating substrate element with thick paper |
DE102021104160A1 (de) | 2021-02-22 | 2022-08-25 | Delfortgroup Ag | Verbessertes umhüllungspapier mit niedriger diffusionskapazität |
CN114088580B (zh) * | 2021-11-01 | 2023-12-15 | 河南中烟工业有限责任公司 | 一种利用丙二醇检测加热卷烟中施加料液扩散速率的方法 |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4542755A (en) * | 1984-05-25 | 1985-09-24 | Kimberly-Clark Corporation | Dry-forming of reconstituted tobacco and resulting product |
US4646764A (en) * | 1985-12-16 | 1987-03-03 | R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company | Process for providing roll reconstituted tobacco material |
US5322076A (en) * | 1992-02-06 | 1994-06-21 | R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company | Process for providing tobacco-containing papers for cigarettes |
GB9525625D0 (en) * | 1995-12-15 | 1996-02-14 | British American Tobacco Co | Reconstituted tobacco |
NL1020285C2 (nl) * | 2002-03-29 | 2003-09-30 | Deli Htl Tabak Mij B V | Werkwijze ter vervaardiging van een 'toploaded cigarette filler'. Werkwijze ter vervaardiging van een 'toploaded cigarette filler'. |
US20050056294A1 (en) * | 2002-11-19 | 2005-03-17 | Wanna Joseph T. | Modified reconstituted tobacco sheet |
US20050263161A1 (en) * | 2004-05-27 | 2005-12-01 | Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation | Tobacco filler of low nitrogen content |
US7428905B2 (en) * | 2004-07-30 | 2008-09-30 | R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company | Method of making smokeable tobacco substitute filler having an increased fill value |
TWI532442B (zh) * | 2007-03-09 | 2016-05-11 | 菲利浦莫里斯製品股份有限公司 | 製造重組煙草薄片之方法 |
CN101637298B (zh) * | 2009-08-18 | 2012-03-07 | 广东中烟工业有限责任公司 | 一种烟草薄片的制备方法及其应用 |
-
2012
- 2012-01-18 EP EP12151612.4A patent/EP2617299A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
-
2013
- 2013-01-14 MY MYPI2014001967A patent/MY170064A/en unknown
- 2013-01-14 BR BR112014017627-2A patent/BR112014017627B1/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2013-01-14 WO PCT/EP2013/000094 patent/WO2013107627A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2013-01-14 CN CN201380005851.9A patent/CN104053369B/zh active Active
- 2013-01-14 EP EP13700257.2A patent/EP2804497B1/fr active Active
- 2013-01-14 PL PL13700257T patent/PL2804497T3/pl unknown
- 2013-01-14 ES ES13700257.2T patent/ES2660383T3/es active Active
-
2014
- 2014-07-18 PH PH12014501657A patent/PH12014501657B1/en unknown
- 2014-07-18 US US14/334,869 patent/US9439451B2/en active Active
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2013107627A1 (fr) | 2013-07-25 |
PL2804497T3 (pl) | 2018-04-30 |
CN104053369A (zh) | 2014-09-17 |
EP2804497A1 (fr) | 2014-11-26 |
US20140326262A1 (en) | 2014-11-06 |
PH12014501657A1 (en) | 2014-10-13 |
EP2617299A1 (fr) | 2013-07-24 |
BR112014017627A2 (fr) | 2017-06-20 |
BR112014017627A8 (pt) | 2017-07-11 |
PH12014501657B1 (en) | 2014-10-13 |
CN104053369B (zh) | 2018-07-03 |
ES2660383T3 (es) | 2018-03-22 |
BR112014017627B1 (pt) | 2020-11-24 |
MY170064A (en) | 2019-07-02 |
US9439451B2 (en) | 2016-09-13 |
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