EP2748062B1 - Fachwerksversteifter beschlag - Google Patents

Fachwerksversteifter beschlag Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2748062B1
EP2748062B1 EP12778542.6A EP12778542A EP2748062B1 EP 2748062 B1 EP2748062 B1 EP 2748062B1 EP 12778542 A EP12778542 A EP 12778542A EP 2748062 B1 EP2748062 B1 EP 2748062B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
base structure
fitting
plate
truss
sloping
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
Application number
EP12778542.6A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2748062A1 (de
Inventor
Robert Erik Grip
Michael Kirtland HUGHES
Daniel Joseph BAZILE
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Boeing Co
Original Assignee
Boeing Co
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Boeing Co filed Critical Boeing Co
Publication of EP2748062A1 publication Critical patent/EP2748062A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2748062B1 publication Critical patent/EP2748062B1/de
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B1/00—Devices for securing together, or preventing relative movement between, constructional elements or machine parts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
    • B64C1/00—Fuselages; Constructional features common to fuselages, wings, stabilising surfaces or the like
    • B64C1/26—Attaching the wing or tail units or stabilising surfaces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B5/00—Joining sheets or plates, e.g. panels, to one another or to strips or bars parallel to them
    • F16B5/0004—Joining sheets, plates or panels in abutting relationship
    • F16B5/0084—Joining sheets, plates or panels in abutting relationship characterised by particular locking means
    • F16B5/0092—Joining sheets, plates or panels in abutting relationship characterised by particular locking means with locking means rotating about an axis parallel to the main plane and perpendicular to the abutting edge, e.g. screw, bayonet
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B5/00—Joining sheets or plates, e.g. panels, to one another or to strips or bars parallel to them
    • F16B5/02—Joining sheets or plates, e.g. panels, to one another or to strips or bars parallel to them by means of fastening members using screw-thread
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to fittings that connect two structures and transfer axial loads between them with a minimum of bending and shear stresses in the fittings.
  • Structures such as aircraft, civil structures and other large structures, may be built from assemblies, which in turn may be built from subassemblies. In such structures transmitting large loads between one assembly and an adjacent assembly or subassembly is often necessary.
  • one semi-span of an aircraft wing may be attached to a structure on the fuselage. As the wing bends upward due to upward air loads acting upon the wing, compression stress is caused in the upper wing surface and tension loads are created in the lower wing surface.
  • transferring the large compression or tension loads from one structure to another may be necessary. Transferring tension loads are more challenging than compression loads for reasons described herein.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an example of a prior art angle clip 100 useable in connecting structures.
  • the angle clip 100 may include an end pad 102.
  • the end pad 102 may include an opening 104 formed therein for receiving a fastener 106, such as a bolt or other type fastener.
  • the fastener 106 may include a shank 109 and a head 110.
  • Opening 104 is sized to prevent the head 110 of the fastener 106 from passing through the opening 104.
  • the end pad 102 may be a plate that carries the fastener load to any adjoining walls by shear and bending forces or loads similar to those illustrated in Figure 2B .
  • the end pad 102 is substantially quadrilateral in shape, for example substantially rectangular.
  • the fastener 106 or bolt may connect the angle clip 100 or other fitting to a mating fitting on an adjacent structure.
  • the angle clip 100 or other fitting may abut a mating fitting on the adjacent structure.
  • An example of a fitting abutting a mating fitting that is attached to an adjacent structure is illustrated in Figure 14 .
  • Tension loads are transmitted to a fitting from one structure through the fitting's walls attached (or integral) to that structure and these loads are transmitted to another structure via a tension fastener (or fastners).
  • Figure 2B illustrates tension forces acting on the side walls and tension fastener shank 109 of a channel tension clip.
  • the load path can be described as follows: tension load travels from a structure into the side walls of one fitting to the end pad of that fitting, through the tension bolt into the end pad of the adjoining fitting, and then to the side walls of the that adjoining fitting, and then to the adjoining structure.
  • the angle clip 100 may include an adjoining wall or side wall 108 that may project substantially perpendicular to the end pad 102 and substantially parallel to an axis of the fastener 106 or bolt.
  • a fitting including three of the four sides of a quadrilateral end pad 102 having adjoining side walls is referred to as a channel fitting.
  • An example of a channel fitting 400 including three adjoining side walls 402, 404 and 406 is illustrated in Figure 4 .
  • the side wall 406 of a channel fitting is also referred to as a back plane. If only two sides that meet in a common corner are joined to the end pad 102, the fitting is termed an angle fitting.
  • An example of an angle fitting 300 including two adjacent joining side walls 302 and 304 is illustrated in Figure 3 .
  • the fitting is termed an angle clip 100 as illustrated in Figure 1 . If two opposite sides of the quadrilateral end pad 102 are each joined to a side wall 202 and 204, the fitting is termed a channel tension clip.
  • An example of a channel tension clip 200 is illustrated in Figure 2A with the two opposite side walls 202 and 204.
  • channel tension fittings are more efficient than channel fittings, which in turn are more efficient than angle fittings, which in turn, are more efficient than channel or angle clips. While machining cost does influence the design of channel fittings and channel tension clips, minimizing weight of any structural components of an aircraft or structure to be used in outer space is highly desirable. This is because, over the life of the structure, each unit of weight for each part of the vehicle represents a very large amount of fuel with an associated cost. Since the weight savings allows the total vehicle weight to be reduced, there may also be other benefits or advantages, such as for example manufacturing and maintenance costs.
  • the axial load, as illustrated by arrow 206 in Figure 2B , from the fastener 106 or bolt is also transferred into the end pad 102 as illustrated in Figure 2B primarily by the mechanism of the fastener head 110 clamping the end pad 102. From there, the load is transmitted to the side walls 202 and 204 by combined shear and bending forces. In other words, the end pad 102 behaves similar to a beam. Since transferring loads from one point to another point by bending is not as efficient as transferring loads by axial force, there is an inherent inefficiency in using plates in bending to transfer the load.
  • the use of a bolt forces a certain amount of eccentricity into the connection. Because the bolt has a head which is typically 1.6 times the diameter of the bolt shank, the side walls cannot be any closer than 0.8 times the diameter of the bolt from the axis of the bolt. However, the fittings also need to be constructed with generous fillet radii at the junction of the end pad 102 and side walls 108, 202, 204, 302, 304, 402, 404 and 406 to preclude cracking, further increasing the eccentricity. In addition, unless an internal socket head is used, it is necessary for a socket wrench to fit over the head of the bolt. This minimum eccentricity forces the end pad to be a certain minimum size. For beams, increased length results in increased stresses, which result in inefficiency.
  • Tension bolts in traditional tension fittings and clips are often sized to have large diameters, in order to increase fitting end pad bending strength.
  • Larger bolt heads increase fitting strength by reducing moments induced in the end pad (specifically by reducing the effective end pad "lever arm” length, the span between the edge of the bolt and the fitting walls).
  • This approach to increasing fitting strength results in a weight penalty.
  • fillet 210 such as fillet 210 in Figure 2B for which the direction of maximum stress is oriented in the short transverse material direction of the plate 212 as illustrated in Figure 2B .
  • This material direction is usually the weakest and most brittle direction. Since it is unavoidable to load at least one fillet in this direction, it is necessary to select metallic alloys that are not as brittle. However, the price for this additional ductility is a reduction in ultimate strength. This reduction in allowable stresses results in increased inefficiency of the fitting.
  • a bolt is comprised of a shank and a head.
  • the shank portion has a threaded portion which accepts the nut that is screwed onto the bolt, and an unthreaded portion.
  • the location of maximum stress occurs at the net area under the first thread.
  • the material of the bolt in the unthreaded area is not loaded to the ultimate capacity of the material because it is limited by the net area under the threads.
  • the threads introduce a stress concentration due to the notch created by the thread.
  • a threaded bolt itself has an inherent inefficiency. This inefficiency forces the diameter of the bolt to be larger than it would have been if these effects were not present, which in turn, forces the end pad to be wider than it otherwise would need to be.
  • a fitting is machined, forged, or extruded from a single material. Certain parts of the fitting are loaded in tension, while others are loaded in compression or shear. The materials used for current fittings are selected to handle these different loads in different parts of the fitting. This can result in inefficiencies, such as extra weight of the fitting and costs. Accordingly, fittings are needed that take into consideration the different loads carried by different portions of the fittings to be able to more efficiently carry the tension and compression loads and at the same time provide reduced weight and cost.
  • the document FR 2 676 032 A1 discloses an aerodynamic device with great adjustable lift made as a single element incorporating a device for controlling the boundary layer by natural bleed-off
  • the invention is represented by a mechanical fitting according to claim 1.
  • a method for connecting structures includes receiving one end of a fastener through an opening in a base structure of a mechanical fitting to fasten the fastener to a mating mechanical fitting.
  • the method may also include retaining an opposite end the fastener by a plate member of the mechanical fitting. The opposite end of the fastener is adapted to be held by the plate member.
  • the method may additionally include extending a first sloping plate between the plate member and the base structure.
  • the first sloping plate may extend from the base structure at a first predetermined angle relative to a plane of the base structure.
  • the method may further include extending a second sloping plate between the plate member and the base structure.
  • the second sloping plate may extend from the base structure at a second predetermined angle relative to the plane of the base structure.
  • a mechanical fitting for connecting structures comprises a base structure; a plate member; and a support structure for supporting the plate member at a predetermined spacing from the base structure.
  • the mechanical fitting may further comprise: a fastener; and a hole formed in the plate member for receiving the fastener, wherein the fastener is adapted to attach the mechanical fitting to another mechanical fitting;
  • the support structure comprises a truss structure; wherein the truss structure comprises: a first sloping plate extending between the plate member and the base structure, wherein the first sloping plate extends from the base structure at a first predetermined angle relative to a plane of the base structure; and a second sloping plate extending between the plate member and the base structure, wherein the second sloping plate extends from the base structure at a second predetermined angle relative to the plane of the base structure.
  • the mechanical fitting may further comprise: at least one side wall extending from the base structure, wherein the first sloping plate extends between the plate member and a vertex formed by the base structure and the at least one side wall; at least one other side wall extending from the base structure, wherein the second sloping plate extends between the plate member and a vertex formed by the base structure and the at least one other side wall; wherein the first predetermined angle and the second predetermined angle are one of equal and different angles; wherein the base, the plate member, the first sloping plate and the second sloping plate are integrally formed from a same material; wherein the first sloping plate and the second sloping plate are integrally formed with the plate member; and, wherein the first sloping plate and the second sloping plate are formed from a material comprising mechanical properties more resistant to compression between the base structure and the plate member compared to a material forming the base structure.
  • the mechanical fitting may further comprise: a first side wall extending from one side of the base structure; a second side wall extending from an opposite side of the base structure from the first side wall; a band attached to the plate member; a first sloping plate comprising a first end abutting a vertex formed by the band and the plate member and an opposite end abutting a vertex formed by the first side wall and the base structure, wherein the first sloping plate extends from the base structure at a first predetermined angle relative to a plane of the base structure; and a second sloping plate comprising a first end abutting a vertex formed by the band and the plate member and an opposite end abutting a vertex formed by the base structure and the second side wall, wherein the second sloping plate extends from the base structure at a second predetermined angle relative to the plane of the base structure.
  • the mechanical fitting may further comprise: a first side wall extending from one side of the base structure; a second side wall extending from an opposite side of the base structure from the first side wall; a noodle; a bifurcated band extending around the noodle to define the plate member and comprising a first band segment and a second band segment extending from the noodle; a first sloping plate comprising a first end abutting the band around the noodle and an opposite end abutting a vertex formed by the first side wall and the base structure, wherein the first sloping plate extends from the base structure at a first predetermined angle relative to a plane or the base structure; a second sloping plate comprising a first end abutting the band around the noodle and an opposite end abutting a vertex formed by the base structure and the second side wall, wherein the second sloping plate extends from the base structure at a second predetermined angle relative to the plane of the base structure; and a cam
  • a mechanical fitting for connecting structures comprising: a base structure; a plate member; at least one side wall extending from the base structure for attachment to a structure; a first sloping plate extending between the plate member and a vertex formed by the at least one side wall and the base structure, wherein the first sloping plate extends from the base structure at a first predetermined angle relative to a plane of the base structure; and a second sloping plate extending between the plate member and the base structure, wherein the second sloping plate extends from the base structure at a second predetermined angle relative to the plane of the base structure.
  • the mechanical fitting may further comprise: a fastener, wherein the plate member is adapted to hold the fastener; and an opening in the base structure for extending the fastener through the base structure for connecting the mechanical fitting to a mating mechanical fitting for connecting the structure to another structure, wherein a compression load is applied to the first sloping plate and the second sloping plate in response to connecting the mechanical fitting to the mating fitting; wherein the structure and the other structure comprise structures of an aircraft; wherein the first sloping plate and the second sloping plate are integrally formed with the plate; and, wherein the first sloping plate and the second sloping plate are formed from a material comprising mechanical properties that is more resistant to compression between the base structure and the plate member compared to a material forming the base structure.
  • a method for connecting structures comprising: receiving one end of a fastener through an opening in a base structure of a mechanical fitting to fasten the fastener to a mating mechanical fitting; retaining an opposite end of the fastener by a plate member of the mechanical fitting, wherein the opposite end of the fastener is adapted to be held by the plate member; extending a first sloping plate between the plate member and the base structure, wherein the first sloping plate extends from the base structure at a first predetermined angle relative to a plane of the base structure; and extending a second sloping plate between the plate member and the base structure, wherein the second sloping plate extends from the base structure at a second predetermined angle relative to the plane of the base structure; wherein the mechanical fitting comprises a side wall extending from the base structure and wherein the method further comprises attaching a structure of an aircraft to the side wall.
  • Figure 5A is a perspective view of an example of a mechanical fitting 500 useable for connecting structures including an end pad support structure 502 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the exemplary mechanical fitting 500 in Figure 5A is a truss channel tension clip type mechanical fitting.
  • the support structure or end pad support structure 502 will be initially described with reference to the truss channel tension clip type mechanical fitting; although, the end pad support structure 502 or variations thereof may be used in association with other types of fittings as described herein or as will be understood by those skilled in the art.
  • the mechanical fitting 500 may include a first plate, end plate or base structure 504 and second plate or plate member 506.
  • the end pad support structure 502 or end pad support structure supports the second plate or plate member 506 at a predetermined spacing from the base structure 504.
  • the base structure 504 and the plate member 506 may be substantially parallel to one another but do not necessarily have to be.
  • the plate member 506 may be oriented at a predetermined angle relative to a plane of the base structure
  • the end pad support structure 502 may include a truss support structure 508 or similar structure.
  • the truss support structure 508 may include a first sloping plate 510 extending between the plate member 506 and the base structure 504.
  • the first sloping plate 510 extends from the base structure 504 at a first predetermined angle ⁇ relative to a plane of the base structure 504 illustrated by line 512 in Figure 5B .
  • the truss support structure 508 also includes a second sloping plate 514 extending between the plate member 506 and the base structure 504.
  • the second sloping plate 514 may extend from the base structure 504 at a second predetermined angle ⁇ relative to the plane 512 of the base structure 504.
  • the first predetermined angle ⁇ and the second predetermined angle ⁇ may be equal to one another or in other embodiments may be different angles similar to that illustrated in Figure 9 .
  • the mechanical fitting 500 may also include a fastener 516.
  • the fastener 516 may be a bolt or other type of fastener similar to that described herein.
  • a hole or opening 518 may be formed in the base structure 504 for receiving the fastener 516.
  • Another hole or opening 520 may be formed in the plate member 506 for receiving the fastener 516.
  • the fastener 516 may be adapted to attach the mechanical fitting 500 to a mating mechanical fitting similar to that illustrated in Figures 6 , 15A and 17A .
  • the mechanical fitting 500 may include at least one side wall extending from the base structure 504. In this configuration the mechanical fitting 500 would represent an angle clip truss fitting similar to each of the mating angle clip truss fittings illustrated in Figures 15A and 15B .
  • the mechanical fitting 500 or truss channel tension clip as illustrated in Figures 5A and 5B includes a first side wall 522 and a second side wall 524.
  • the side walls 522 and 524 may extend from opposite ends of the base structure 504 on either side of the end pad support structure 502 or truss support structure 508.
  • the first sloping plate 510 may extend between the plate member 506 and a vertex 526 formed by the base structure 504 and the first side wall 522.
  • the second sloping plate 514 may extend between the plate member 506 and a vertex 528 formed by the base structure 504 and the second side wall 524. Because the truss support structure 508 resolves the system of forces by internal tension and compression loads and minimizes bending moments in the members 504, 510, and 514, there will be less moments transferred into the side walls 522 and 524. For this reason, the side walls 522 and 524 may be thinner compared to traditional mechanical fittings, such as those illustrated in Figures 1-4 .
  • the truss support structure 508 may replace the end pad in traditional tension fittings, such as those illustrated in Figures 1-4 and any variations thereof or types of mechanical fittings in addition to those illustrated and described herein.
  • Figure 5B is a top view of the mechanical fitting 500 including the truss support structure 508 of Figure 5A illustrating forces or loads on the mechanical fitting 500 and truss support structure 508 and internal tension and compression stresses within the mechanical fitting 500.
  • the sloping plates 510 and 514 transmit the fastener or bolt tension load to the side walls 522 and 524 via load components acting parallel to the fastener 516 or tension bolt. Because of the slope, these sloping plates 510 and 514 also transmit a horizontal component of load into the vertices 526 and 528.
  • the load components in the side walls 522 and 524 are tension load components as illustrated by arrows 530 and 532 in Figure 5B .
  • the sloping plates 510 and 514 carry only compression loads as illustrated by arrows 534 and 536 in Figure 5B .
  • the end plate or base structure 504 carries the horizontal load components acting substantially perpendicular to the fastener 516 transmitted by the sloping plates 510 and 514.
  • the base structure 504 carries only tension loads as illustrated by arrows 538 and 540 in Figure 5B .
  • the forces in the sloping plates 510 and 514 or compressive members are reacted by the base structure 504 and the side wall at each side wall 522 and 524.
  • a vertical component of the force in the sloping plates 510 and 514 is carried solely by the side walls 522 and 524.
  • the horizontal component of the force in the sloping plates 510 and 514 is carried by the base structure 504.
  • the fastener 516 is midway between the two side walls 522 and 524.
  • Each side wall 522 and 524 will carry substantially one-half of the tension force in the fastener 516.
  • the magnitude of the load carried by the base structure 504 will vary depending on the angles ⁇ and ⁇ between each sloping plate 510 and 514 and the base structure 504. A large angle ⁇ or ⁇ will result in less force being carried by the base structure 504. A smaller angle ⁇ or ⁇ will result in more force being carried by the base structure 504.
  • the geometry of the intersection of the sloping plates 510 and 514, base structure 504, and side walls 522 and 524 may be formed so that the mid-surfaces of each member meet in a common intersection point. As illustrated in Figure 5B , broken lines are shown extending down the mid-surfaces of sloping plate 514, base structure 504 and side wall 524 which meet at a common point 542. This arrangement minimizes bending moments in the compressive sloping plates 510 and 514, base structure 504, and side walls 522 and 524 resulting from eccentricities that would occur if the locations of the forces were not lined up in this manner.
  • Figure 6 is a top view of an example of a truss end pad mechanical fitting 600 and a mating truss end pad mechanical fitting 602 connecting structures 606 and 608 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the exemplary truss end pad mechanical fittings 600 and 602 illustrated in Figure 6 are each similar to the truss channel tension clip type mechanical fitting 500 including a truss support structure 508 similar to that described with reference to Figures 5A and 5B .
  • the truss end pad mechanical fittings 600 and 602 may butt against one another as illustrated in Figure 6 .
  • the fastener 516 or tension bolt connects the two fittings 600 and 602 together.
  • the side walls 522 and 524 may also support structures.
  • side wall 522 of truss end pad fitting 602 supports structure 606 and side wall 522 of truss end pad fitting 602 supports structure 608.
  • the structures 606 and 608 may be attached to the side wall 522 by fasteners or by another suitable attachment mechanism.
  • the structures 606 and 608 may be structures, assemblies or subassemblies of an aircraft or structure, such as a bridge, building or other civil structure. There may be a gap G between structures 606 and 608.
  • the truss end pad mechanical fitting 600 may be made from a single piece of material similar to the exemplary mechanical fitting 500 described with reference shown in Figures 5A and 5B or the fitting may be formed from different components.
  • Figure 7 is a top view of an example of a truss end pad mechanical fitting 700 including a truss support structure 708 which is a separate component in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the truss support structure 708 may include a second plate or plate member 706 and first and second sloping plates 710 and 714 that may be integrally formed separate from the end plate or base structure 704 and side walls 722 and 724. An end of each of the sloping plates 710 and 714 may abut or contact a vertex 726 and 728 formed by base structure 704 and each of the side walls 722 and 724.
  • the truss support structure 708 may be made from a different material from the base structure 704 and side walls 722 and 724. Materials may be selected for the truss support structure 708 such that the first and second sloping plates 710 and 714 are formed from a material having advantageous mechanical properties in compression or mechanical properties that are more resistant to compression forces or loads between the base structure 704 and the plate member 706 compared to a material that may be selected to form the base structure 704 and side walls 722 and 724. Similarly, the material for the base structure 704 and side walls 722 and 724 may be selected to provide advantageous mechanical properties under tension loads or forces or more resistant to tension loads or forces.
  • truss support structure 708 materials having different properties, such as different electrical, conductive, thermal, insulating or other advantageous properties, may be selected to form the truss support structure 708 and base structure 704 and side walls 722 and 724 depending upon the application or use of the fitting.
  • the truss support structure 708 is also applicable to other types of mechanical fittings.
  • the truss support structure 708 may also be referred to as a compression member.
  • the cross sectional area of the sloping members 710 and 714 may be increased at the ends of the members where they contact the vertices 730 and 732. This additional area may reduce the bearing stresses in the members 710, 714, and in the material near the vertices 730 and 732.
  • the increased radii of the ends of the sloping members 710 and 714 can mate to fillet radii 734 and 736, further reducing stress concentrations in the base structure 704.
  • surface preparations including, but not limited to shot peening, lubricants, and coatings may protect the contact surfaces between the base structure 704, fillet radii 734 and 736 and truss support structure 708.
  • the truss support structure 708 may be made of an electrically insulative material, which may be advantageous in certain applications.
  • FIG. 8 is a top view of an example of a truss end pad mechanical fitting 800 including a truss support structure 808 in accordance with a further embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the truss end pad mechanical fitting 800 may be similar to the mechanical fittings 500 and 700 except the fastener 516 or bolt may be replaced by another type of tension member, such as a band 816 or other type tension member. Another difference may be the sloping plates 810 and 814 or compression members are not integrally formed with the second plate or plate member 806.
  • One advantage of the tension member or band 816 relative to a threaded bolt is that the band 816 eliminates the threads and thus the band 816 may be more efficient.
  • a force may be applied to the band 816 as illustrated by arrow 834 to induce tension into the band 816 and compression into the compression members or sloping plates 810 and 814.
  • the band 816 may be integrally formed with the plate member 806 as illustrated in Figure 8 or the plate member 806 may be attached to the band 816 by some mechanism.
  • the first sloping plate 810 may include a first end 826 abutting a vertex formed by the band 816 and the plate member 806. An opposite end 828 of the first sloping plate 810 abuts a vertex formed by a first side wall 822 and the end plate or base structure 804.
  • the first sloping plate 810 may extend from the base structure 804 at a first predetermined angle ⁇ relative to a plane of the base structure 804.
  • the second sloping plate 814 may include a first end 830 abutting a vertex formed by the band 816 and the plate member 806. An opposite end 832 of the second sloping plate 814 may abut a vertex formed by the base structure 804 and a second side wall 824 of the truss end pad mechanical fitting 800.
  • the second sloping plate 814 may extend from the base structure 804 at a second predetermined angle ⁇ relative to the plane of the base structure 804.
  • the band 816 and first and second sloping plates 810 and 814 are also applicable to other types of mechanical fittings.
  • Figure 9 is a top view of an example of a truss end pad mechanical fitting 900 including a truss support structure 908 in accordance with yet a further embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the truss end pad mechanical fitting 900 may be similar to the mechanical fitting 500 in Figure 5A except the fastener 916 may be closer to one of the side walls and the truss support structure 908 may be off-center similar to that illustrated in Figure 9 .
  • the truss end pad mechanical fitting 900 may include a side wall 924 that may be thicker in relation to the other side wall 922 in proportion to the distances of the fastener 916 from the respective side walls 922 and 924.
  • angles of the sloping members 910 and 914 will be different relative to a plane of the end plate or base structure 904 and a thickness of the sloping members 910 and 914 may vary to accommodate the different compressive loads.
  • the angles and thicknesses of the sloping members 910 and 914 may be adjusted to maintain a minimum weight of the mechanical fitting 900 and to minimize any moments resulting from eccentricities.
  • FIG. 10 is a top view of an example of a truss channel fitting 1000 including a truss support structure 1008 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the truss channel mechanical fitting 1000 includes an adjoining sidewall or backplane 1026 between side walls 1022 and 1024. Otherwise, the truss channel fitting 1000 is similar to the mechanical fitting 500 described with reference to Figures 5A and 5B .
  • the thicknesses of the sloping plates 1010 and 1014 may also be varied from a thicker dimension near the bolt 1016 to a thinner dimension or thickness near each side wall 1022 and 1024.
  • the width and thickness of the sloping plates 1010 and 1014 or compressive members may be varied such that the cross sectional area of the sloping plates 1010 and 1014 may be substantially constant.
  • the exemplary truss end pad fittings described herein may provide a stiffness or rigidity for connection of structures that approaches that of the parent material of the structures. This may be because the exemplary truss end pad fittings described herein provide a direct load path from the tension member (e.g. fastener or bolt) through the sloping plates or compression members into the area of the end plate or base structure that abuts an adjacent mirror or mating fitting to which an opposite end of the tension member attaches, similar to that illustrated in Figure 6 . Thus, there is no longer a need for a "toe" area that is typically required in prior art fittings, such as toe area 408 in Figure 4 .
  • the opening 1028 illustrates removal of the toe area.
  • Figure 11 is a perspective view of an example of a truss channel fitting 1100 without a toe area and including a truss end pad structure 1108 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the opening 1102 illustrates the removed toe area.
  • the force from the fastener or tension member 1116 is carried directly through the sloping plates 1110 and 1114 or compression members into the end plate or base member or structure 1104 and side walls 1122 and 1124. Longitudinal components of the forces are carried by the sidewalls 1122 and 1124 to the backplane 1126 through shear.
  • the truss channel fitting 1100 may be effectively clamped with an adjacent mirrored fitting on another side at the intersection of the sloping plates 1110 and 1114 and the side walls 1122 and 1124 and is not clamped at the location of the bolt or fastener as in prior art end pad fittings without a truss structure as described herein.
  • a limitation of prior art fittings is the size of the fillet radius between the backplane and the end plate or pad to preclude premature cracking at that fillet radius.
  • the exemplary truss channel fitting 1100 in Figure 11 avoids this deficiency by eliminating a joint between the base member or structure 1104 and the backplane 1126 by removing the toe area by forming the opening 1102. Because the load path no longer travels directly between the tension member 1116 and the backplane 1126, the intersection of those two elements has been removed.
  • the material in the backplane near the front of the fitting can be removed to form the opening 1102, thus having the "scalloped" feature illustrated in the embodiments of Figures 10 and 11 .
  • FIG. 12 is a perspective view of an example of a truss channel fitting 1200 including an eccentric truss end pad structure 1208 in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • side members 1222 and 1224 that function like trusses replace the solid sidewalls 1122 and 1124 in Figure 11 .
  • the bolt 1216 tension load is carried by the compressive members 1210 and 1214 to the side members 1222 and 1224, but instead of transferring the load to the backplane 1226 by shear, the load is carried in axial tension through the side members 1222 and 1224. This axial tension is then sheared into the backplane 1226 near an end 1228 of the truss channel fitting 1200.
  • a horizontal member may be needed to prevent the truss channel fitting 1200 from opening up at the backplane 1226 near the scallop 1202.
  • the hole 1218 in the base member or structure 1204 is a close-fit hole, the possibility of transmitting lateral loads into the truss channel fitting 1200 is present.
  • a loose fit hole 1218 is illustrated in Figure 12 to avoid the possibility of transmitting the lateral loads into the truss channel fitting 1200.
  • diagonal members 1230 and 1232 can be added as illustrated in Figure 12 to efficiently transfer this lateral load.
  • Figure 13A is a perspective view of an example of a truss angle fitting 1300 including a truss end pad structure 1308 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • Figure 13B is an end view of the exemplary truss angle fitting 1300 of Figure 13A taken along lines 13B-13B.
  • Figure 13B also shows the internal tension and compression stresses in the end plate 1304 and the sloping plates 1310 and 1314. Similar to the other mechanical fittings described herein, the tension in the bolt 1316 or other fastener is carried by the two sloping plates 1310 and 1314 or compression members into a base structure 1304 and side walls 1322 and 1324.
  • Figure 14 is top view of a pair of prior art angle clips 100 fastened together for connecting two structures 1400 and 1402.
  • the angle clips 100 are similar to the angle clip 100 described with reference to Figure 1 .
  • Figure 15A is a top view of a pair of truss angle tension clips 1500 each including a truss end pad support structure 1502 for joining two structures 1504 and 1506 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • Figure 15B is a top view of the pair of truss angle tension clips 1500 of Figure 15A illustrating forces or loads on the truss angle tension clips 1500 and truss end pad support structure 1502, and the tension and compression stresses within the members of the fitting.
  • Each of the truss angle tension clips 1500 may include a base member or base structure 1508 and a plate member 1510. A first sloping plate 1512 and a second sloping plate 1514 or compression members may extend between the plate member 1510 and the base structure 1508. The truss angle tension clips 1500 may be clamped together by a tension member 1516 or bolt. Each of the truss angle tension clips 1500 include a side wall 1518 extending from the base structure 1508. Each side wall 1518 may extend substantially perpendicular to the base structure 1508, although depending upon the application, the side wall 1518 may extend from the end plate 1508 at some other angle. The truss end pad support structure 1502 eliminates bending from the tension member 1516.
  • the tension member 1516 can be made smaller than the tension member associated with the prior angle clip 100 in Figure 14 . Additionally, the thicknesses of the side walls 1518 can be reduced compared to the side walls 108 as illustrated by comparing Figures 15A and 15B to Figure 4 because bending stresses are substantially minimized by the truss end pad support structure 1502 relative to the prior art angle clip 100 in Figure 14 .
  • the sloping plate 1512 or compression member on one side of the truss end pad structure 1502 does not have a side wall or vertical leg adjacent to it. This is inconsequential, because the purpose of the truss fitting is to firmly clamp the two side walls 1518 together at the mating surfaces between the two fittings.
  • the sloping plates 1512 and 1514 or compression members are present only because symmetry is required, so that the forces at the head of the tension member 1516 and along the mating surface of the base members or structures 1508 are balanced. There is force balance from the sloping plates 1512 and 1514 except for a net horizontal force. The net horizontal force is balanced by the pair of base structures 1508 in tension.
  • Figure 16 is a top view of a pair of prior art angle tension fittings 1600 fastened together for connecting two structures 1602 and 1604.
  • Figure 17A is a top view of a pair of truss angle tension fittings 1700 each including a truss end pad support structure 1702 for joining two structures 1704 and 1706 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • Figure 17B is a top view of the pair of truss angle tension fitting 1700 of Figure 17A illustrating forces or loads on the tension clip and truss end pad structure 1702, and the internal tension and compression stresses.
  • the truss end pad support structures 1702 are separate components from the truss angle tension fitting 1700 and are separately formed.
  • the truss end pad support structure 1702 may be similar to the truss support structure 708 described with reference to Figure 7 , or it may be arranged in an integral manner as described with reference to Figure 6 . In other embodiments, the truss end pad support structure 1702 may be arranged as separate pieces as described with reference to Figure 8 . While the fittings 1500 and 1700 in Figures 15 and 16 are shown to mirror one another or to be substantially identical, they do not need to be and have different configurations or be different types of fittings.
  • One aspect of the truss angle tension fitting 1700 is that it can provide a smooth transfer of load from one fitting to its mating fitting along all of the boundaries which have backup structure.
  • a significant benefit of the truss end pad arrangement is that it allows the mating surfaces to be clamped very close to the location of the mating surface, in contrast to the prior art fittings, which are clamped at a remote location (at the bolt or tension member), as discussed in paragraph [0003] for the prior art fittings.
  • the prior art fittings show a tendency to "open up" at the end pad bends, thus decreasing the joint stiffness.
  • the fittings described in the invention will maintain their joint stiffness at higher loads, until the tension member stretches so much that the fittings separate.
  • one edge is firmly clamped.
  • two opposite sides are clamped.
  • two adjacent sides are clamped.
  • three sides are clamped.
  • an additional edge is also clamped. This additional edge does not transfer axial loads from one fitting to the other fitting, but it provides for a nearly symmetrical system of forces for the bolt, compression members, and the other leg or side wall of the angle tension fitting.
  • FIGS. 18A-18E are each a top view of different fittings 1800-1808 including a rectangular polygon truss end pad fitting in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the fitting in Figure 18A is an angle tension clip 1800 with a side wall extending from only one side 1810 (illustrated by the cross-hatching) of the angle tension clip 1800.
  • the fitting in Figure 18B is a channel tension clip including side walls 1812 and 1814 (illustrated by cross-hatching) extending from two opposite sides of the truss end pad fitting 1802.
  • the fitting in Figure 18C is an angle fitting 1804 including side walls 1816 and 1818 extending from two adjacent sides of the angle fitting 1804.
  • the fitting in Figure 18D is a channel fitting 1806 including side walls 1820, 1822 and 1824 extending from three sides of the channel fitting 1806.
  • the fitting in Figure 18E is a full surround fitting 1808 including side walls 1826-1832 extending from all four sides of the full surround fitting 1808.
  • the side walls are illustrated by cross-hatching in Figures 18A-18E .
  • FIG. 18F a channel tension fitting 1830 is illustrated. This configuration differs from those discussed thus far in that it does not have an end plate included.
  • the function of the end plate (to prevent the base of the pyramid shape 1832 from spreading apart) is performed by the lower portions of the sloping pyramid shape 1832 being stretched in tension in a direction parallel with the base of the pyramid 1832 and substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the fastener 1833.
  • a base structure or base member 1834 of each fitting extending from the side walls 1836 and 1838 may only extend partially between the side walls 1836 and 1838.
  • Figure 8G shows only the pyramid 1832 with the tension forces and compression forces in the pyramid 1832 indicated.
  • the compression forces in the pyramid sides are oriented similar to the compression forces in the sloping plates illustrated in Figures 5B , 15B , and 17B .
  • the lower portion of the pyramid sides near the base experience tension in a circumferential direction around the base of the pyramid 1832.
  • Figure 18H is an example of another embodiment of a pyramid shape 1840.
  • material has been added to the base plane of the pyramid 1840, making this configuration or embodiment stiffer and more efficient compared to the configuration illustrated in Figure 18G .
  • Figure 18I is an example of another embodiment of a pyramid 1842.
  • the sloping plates of the pyramid 1832 have been replaced by elongate members substantially along the edges of the pyramid 1842. These elongate members carry compression forces.
  • the perimeter of the base of the pyramid 1842 is also comprised of elongate members, which carry tension forces. Thus, the perimeter elongate members serve the same restraining function as the end plate of the fittings illustrated in Figures 5B , 15B , and 17b which include end plates.
  • the configuration or embodiment of the pyramid 1844 shown in Figure 18J is similar to that illustrated in Figure 18I , except that the perimeter elongate members have been replaced by diagonal elongate members.
  • the diagonal elongate members carry tension forces, and also serve the restraining function as the perimeter elongate members of the configuration shown in Figure 18I .
  • the material in the pyramids and base can be arranged in many ways, of which only a few are illustrated herein.
  • the material in the base plane 1846 of the fitting is in the plane of the base.
  • the elongate members are arranged such that they are some distance away from the plane of the base which mates to another structure or adjoining fitting, and are thus closer to the bolt head. This distance will cause small moments to be generated in the sloping elongate members.
  • the perimeter elongate members in this manner due to greater ease of manufacturing, these relatively small moments can be easily tolerated. This general principle applies to all fittings in this disclosure.
  • Truss end pad fittings may also be formed in different shapes or may include end plates of different shapes, such as for example irregular polygons of three or more sides. A subset of these edges may transfer loads from one fitting to the mating fitting. There is no limitation as to the arrangement of sides which transfer or not transfer load. For best efficiency, compression members or sloping plates are located at those points or edges which have mating structure.
  • Figures 19A-19E are each a top view of a different fitting 1900-1908 including an irregularly shaped truss end pad fitting in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. Side walls extending from the irregular fittings 1900-1908 are illustrated by cross-hatching the side wall extending out of the page. Figures 19D and 19E illustrate that the side walls of the fitting need not be straight. Although straight side walls, sloping plates, and end plates are typically the most efficient, non-straight side walls, sloping plates, or end plates can be used.
  • Figure 20A is a perspective view of a portion of an example of a truss end pad fitting 2000 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • Figure 20B is a plan view of the exemplary truss end pad fitting 2000 of Figure 20A .
  • Figure 20C is a cross-section view of the exemplary truss end pad fitting 2000 of Figure 20B taken along lines 20C-20C.
  • Figure 20D is a cross-sectional view of the exemplary truss end pad fitting 2000 of Figure 20B taken along lines 20D-20D.
  • Figure 20E is an end view of the exemplary truss end pad fitting of Figure 20B taken along lines 20E-20E.
  • Each truss end pad fitting 2000 includes a support fitting 2002.
  • the support fitting 2002 may include an integrally formed end plate, base structure or membrane 2004 and side walls 2006 and 2008.
  • the membrane 2004 and side walls 2006 and 2008 may form a cavity 2209 in the support fitting 2002.
  • the truss end pad fitting 2000 may also include a tension member or band 2010.
  • the band 2010 carries the tension loads and replaces the fastener or bolt in conventional truss end pad fittings.
  • the base structure or membrane 2004 of support fitting 2002 includes an opening therein 2011 through which the band 2010 may extend between the mating support fittings 2002a and 2002b as best illustrated in Figure 20B .
  • the base structure or membrane 2004a of one support fitting 2002a may be different than the base structure or membrane 2004b of the mating support fitting 2002b as illustrated in Figure 20B .
  • the base structure or membrane 2004a may bow into the cavity 2009 of the support fitting 2002a.
  • the base structure or membrane 2004a may have a flange 2004b that extends into the cavity 2009 of the support fitting 2002a.
  • the end plates may be the same.
  • the truss end pad end pad fitting 2000 may also include a pair of compression members, sloping plates or elbows 2012 and 2014 to carry compressive loads.
  • the elbows 2012 and 2014 may be the same or similar to the sloping plates previously described.
  • a noodle 2016 or other retention mechanism prevents the band 2010 from sliding past the elbows 2012 and 2014.
  • the noodle 2016 may be any shape that permits an end of each of the elbows 2012 and 2014 to be retained as illustrated in Figures 20A and 20B .
  • the band 2010 is a bifurcated band including a first band segment 2010a and a second band segment 2010b.
  • the band 2010 extends around the noodle 2016 and may define a second plate or performs the function of the second plate in the previous embodiments.
  • the noodle 2016 also replaces a bolt head or fastener head while also retaining the elbows 2012 and 2014, compression members or sloping plates.
  • an end of the first elbow 2012 or sloping plate may abut a vertex or stop formed by the band 2010 extending around the noodle 2016 or second plate.
  • An opposite end of the first elbow 2012 may abut a vertex formed by the membrane 2004 and side wall 2008 of the support fitting 2002.
  • the second elbow 2014 or sloping plate may abut a vertex or stop formed by the band 2010 extending around the noodle 2016 and an opposite end of the first elbow 2012 may abut a vertex formed by the membrane 2004 and the other side wall 2006 of the support fitting 2002.
  • Each of the first elbows 2012 and second elbow 2014 may extend from the membrane 2004 at a predetermined angle relative to a plane of the membrane 2004.
  • the elbows 2012 and 2014 may be specially formed so that the ends of the elbows nest against the band segments 2010a and 2010b and the end plate or membrane 2004 of the support fitting 2002 such that bearing stresses may be reduced.
  • the ends of the elbows 2012 and 2014 may be treated or coated with a material such that there is an advantageous interface between the two materials of the elbows and the support fitting 2002.
  • a coating may be selected to protect the components from galvanic corrosion, to either increase or decrease the coefficient of friction between the components, for example coated in a lubricant, or a coating for some other desired purpose or performance characteristic. This feature may also be applied to the fittings described with reference to Figures 7 and 8 .
  • Strain gauge elements may also be installed or embedded in the elbows 2012 and 2014 to measure load in the fitting 2000.
  • the truss end pad fitting 2000 may also include a cam 2018 or similar feature to spread the two segments of the band 2010 apart, thus inducing additional tension in the band segments 2010a and 2010b.
  • the band 2010 replaces the bolt or other fastener in a conventional fitting.
  • the cam 2018 may include a knob 2019 for operating the cam 2018 to induce tension in the band 2010 as best illustrated in Figure 20C .
  • the band 2010 may be made from a metallic material or any other material that has a high tensile strength.
  • the band 2010 need not be extremely stiff but may need to be stiff enough so that the cam 2018 is effective in tightening the band segments 2010a and 2010b.
  • the cam 2018 may be substantially elliptically shaped such that the cam 2018 is oriented with a smaller dimension perpendicular to the axis of the band 2010 during assembly. After all components of the fitting 2000 are in place, the cam 2018 may be rotated such that the long dimension of the cam 2018 is perpendicular to the axis of the band segments 2010a and 2010b, thus spreading the segments apart to provide tension in the band 2010 and to retain the elbows 2012 and 2014 in place. The tension provided by rotating the cam 2018 results in a tensile strain being applied to the band segments 2010a and 2010b sufficient to apply the desired amount of preload in the fitting 2000.
  • the band 2010 may yield upon the spreading action of the cam 2018.
  • the band 2010 may be a throw-away or disposable component similar to a cotter pin if the fitting 2000 is taken apart for maintenance.
  • the band 2010 may be formed by a plurality of wires which may be wrapped around the noodle 2016 like a cable.
  • the plurality of wires may be quite stiff and strong in tension but quite flexible in bending. Accordingly, the spreading action by the cam 2018 will not result in large bending stresses in the plurality of wires near the noodle 2016 and near the cam 2018.
  • the allowable stresses of small wires are typically greater than they are for solid materials. Thus, a small cross-sectional area may be employed.
  • the plurality of wires may also provide resistance to the consequences of fatigue. If one wire should crack the defect will not spread to the adjacent wires as may be the case for a solid malleable metal band.
  • the band 2010 may also be made from fibers, such as carbon fibers, Kevlar or similar fiber materials which have very high strengths and stiffness. Kevlar is a trademark of E.I. Dupont de Nemours and Company in the United States, other countries or both. Using such fiber materials may result in even smaller cross-sectional areas which in turn reduces eccentricities similar to those previously described. If a non-metallic (non-conducting) material is used for the band 2010, a single metallic wire (or small set of metallic wires) could function as a strain gauge for measuring the load in the band 2010, and thus, the load in the fitting 2000.
  • fibers such as carbon fibers, Kevlar or similar fiber materials which have very high strengths and stiffness. Kevlar is a trademark of E.I. Dupont de Nemours and Company in the United States, other countries or both. Using such fiber materials may result in even smaller cross-sectional areas which in turn reduces eccentricities similar to those previously described. If a non-metallic (non
  • the cam 2018 may include a detent or other mechanism to permit locking the cam 2018 in position with the band 2010 in tension to prevent the cam 2018 from rotating out of its preferred alignment due to vibration or other environmental effects.
  • a cover or retention bar 2020 may be provided to prevent the noodle 2016 and elbows 2012 and 2014 from moving vertically away from a lower wall 2022 of the support fitting 2002 and out of the cavity 2009 of the fitting 2000.
  • the band 2010, elbows 2012 and 2014, and other components are separate, they can each be made from different materials having different material characteristics or properties, such as electrical conductive or insulative properties, thermally conductive or insulative properties or other material properties depending on the design and application of the fitting 2000.
  • the components may also include features to provide a degree of vibration isolation if desired or needed. If the fitting 2000 is a more lightly loaded fitting, certain components of the fitting may be replaced with a compliant material that provides some degree of isolation from vibration. These features can also apply to the other fittings described herein.
  • Figure 21 is an example of a truss support structure 2100 for use in mechanical fittings similar to those described herein in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the truss support structure 2100 may also be referred to as a compression member.
  • the truss support structure 2100 or compression member may be substantially pyramid shaped as illustrated in Figure 21 .
  • Similar to that previously described truss support structure 2100 may include two sloping plates 2102 and 2104 or pyramid sides joined by an upper or top plate 2106.
  • the top plate 2106 may be adapted for receiving a fastener (not shown in Figure 21 ).
  • the top plate 2106 may have an opening 2108 formed therein for receiving a tension member or fastener, such as a bolt or other fastener similar to those described herein.
  • the tension member or fastener may include a head or fitting to abut or contact a periphery or boundary of the opening 2108 so that the fastener is held or retained by the truss support structure 2100 for applying tension to the fastener and compression in the sloping plates 2102 and 2104 of the truss support structure 2100 or compression member similar to that illustrated and described herein when tension is applied to the fastener.
  • the truss support structure 2100 in Figure 21 is shown as including substantially flat sloping plates 2102 and 2104.
  • the thickness T of the truss support structure 2100 may need to be large enough compared to a slant height H of the sloping plates 2102 and 2104 that structural instability caused by buckling or deformation may not be a concern.
  • the thickness of the sloping plates 2102 and 2104 may be small enough such that if the form of the sloping plates may buckle.
  • the cross-section of the sloping plates 2102 and 2104 need not be approximately constant, but may vary in thickness, or have stiffening elements or may be formed in different shapes.
  • Figures 22A-22J are each an example of a different cross-section of the sloping plates 2102 and 2104 taken along lines 22A-22J in Figure 21 .
  • the sloping plates 2102 and 2104 may each have a different one of the exemplary cross-sections shown in Figures 22A-22J .
  • Figure 23 is a flow chart of an example of a method 2300 for connecting a first structure to at least one other structure in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the first structure and the at least one other structure may be a structure of an aircraft, civil structure or other assembly or subassembly.
  • an end of a fastener may be received through an opening in an end plate of a mechanical fitting to fasten the fastener to a mating mechanical fitting for connecting the first structure to at least one other structure.
  • an opposite end of the fastener is retained by a second plate or upper plate of the mechanical fitting.
  • the opposite end of the fastener is adapted to be held or retained by the second or top plate.
  • a first sloping plate or pyramid side of a compression member may extend between the second or upper plate and the end plate.
  • the first sloping plate or pyramid side of the compression member may extend from the end plate at a first predetermined angle relative to a plane of the end plate.
  • the first sloping plate or pyramid side may be integrally formed with the second or upper plate or may be a separate component of a truss support structure or compression member.
  • the first sloping plate or pyramid side may be formed from a different material than the end plate to provide desired performance characteristics or selected properties such as superior performance under compression loads, lighter weight, etc.
  • a second plate or pyramid side of a compression member may be extended between the second or upper plate and the end plate.
  • the second sloping plate or pyramid side may extend from the end plate at a second predetermined angle relative to the plane of the end plate.
  • the second sloping plate or pyramid side may be integrally formed with the second plate or may be a separate component of the support structure or compression member.
  • the second plate or pyramid side may also be formed from a different material from the end plate to provide desired performance characteristics or selected properties such as superior performance under compression loads, lighter weight, etc.
  • a structure such as an aircraft structure, civil structure or other structure may be attached to a side wall extending from the end plate of the mechanical fitting to form an assembly.

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  • Bolts, Nuts, And Washers (AREA)

Claims (11)

  1. Mechanisches Anschlussstück (500) zum Verbinden von Strukturen, das aufweist:
    eine Basisstruktur (504);
    ein Plattenglied (506); und
    eine Haltestruktur (502) zum Halten des Plattenglied (506) in einem vorbestimmten Abstand zur Basisstruktur (504),
    wobei die Haltestruktur (502) eine Trägerstruktur (508) aufweist; wobei die Trägerstruktur (508) aufweist:
    eine erste geneigte Platte (510), die sich zwischen dem Plattenglied und der Basisstruktur erstreckt, wobei sich die erste geneigte Platte von der Basisstruktur in einem ersten vorbestimmten Winkel relativ zu einer Ebene der Basisstruktur erstreckt; und
    eine zweite geneigte Platte (514), die sich zwischen dem Plattenglied und der Basisstruktur erstreckt, wobei sich die zweite geneigte Platte von der Basisstruktur in einem zweiten vorbestimmten Winkel relativ zur Ebene der Basisstruktur erstreckt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
    die erste geneigte Platte (510) und die zweite geneigte Platte (512) aus einem Material gebildet sind, welches mechanische Eigenschaften aufweist, die widerstandsfähiger gegenüber einer Verdichtung zwischen der Basisstruktur (504) und dem Plattenglied (506) im Vergleich zu einem Material sind, welches die Basisstruktur (504) bildet.
  2. Mechanisches Anschlussstück nach Anspruch 1, das des Weiteren aufweist:
    eine Befestigungseinrichtung (516); und
    ein Loch (520), das im Plattenglied (506) zum Aufnehmen der Befestigungseinrichtung (516) ausgebildet ist, wobei die Befestigungseinrichtung (516) zum Anbringen des mechanischen Anschlussstücks (500) an einem anderen mechanischen Anschlussstück angepasst ist.
  3. Mechanisches Anschlussstück nach Anspruch 1, das des Weiteren zumindest eine Seitenwand (522, 524) aufweist, die sich von der Basisstruktur (504) erstreckt, wobei sich sich die erste geneigte Platte (510) zwischen dem Plattenglied (508) und einem Eckpunkt (526, 528) erstreckt, der durch die Basisstruktur (504) und die zumindest eine Seitenwand (522, 524) gebildet wird.
  4. Mechanisches Anschlussstück nach Anspruch 3, das des Weiteren zumindest eine weitere Seitenwand (524, 522) aufweist, die sich von der Basisstruktur (504) erstreckt, wobei sich die zweite geneigte Platte (514) zwischen dem Plattenglied (508) und einem Eckpunkt erstreckt, der durch die Basisstruktur (504) und die zumindest eine weitere Seitenwand (524, 522) gebildet wird.
  5. Mechanisches Anschlussstück nach Anspruch 1, wobei der erste vorbestimmte Winkel und der zweite vorbestimmte Winkel gleich sind.
  6. Mechanisches Anschlussstück nach Anspruch 1, wobei der erste vorbestimmte Winkel und der zweite vorbestimmte Winkel unterschiedliche Winkel sind.
  7. Mechanisches Anschlussstück nach einem der Ansprüche 1 - 6, wobei die Basis (504), das Plattenglied (506), die erste geneigte Platte (510) und die zweite geneigte Platte einstückig aus einem gleichen Material gebildet sind.
  8. Mechanisches Anschlussstück nach einem der Ansprüche 1 - 7, wobei die erste geneigte Platte (510) und die zweite geneigte Platte (514) einstückig mit dem Plattenglied (506) ausgebildet sind.
  9. Mechanisches Anschlussstück (800) nach einem der Ansprüche 3 - 8, das des Weiteren aufweist:
    eine erste Seitenwand (822), die sich von einer Seite der Basisstruktur (804) erstreckt;
    eine zweite Seitenwand (824), die sich von einer gegenüberliegenden Seite der Basisstruktur (804) von der ersten Seitenwand (822) erstreckt;
    ein Band (816), das an dem Plattenglied (806) angebracht ist;
    eine erste geneigte Platte (810), die ein erstes Ende (826), das gegen einen Eckpunkt anstößt, der durch das Band (816) und das Plattenglied (806) gebildet wird, und ein gegenüberliegendes Ende (828) aufweist, das gegen einen Eckpunkt anstößt, der durch die erste Seitenwand (822) und die Basisstruktur (804) gebildet wird, wobei sich die erste geneigte Platte (810) von der Basisstruktur (804) in einem ersten vorbestimmten Winkel relativ zu einer Ebene der Basisstruktur (504) erstreckt; und
    eine zweite geneigte Platte (812), die ein erstes Ende (830), das gegen einen Eckpunkt anstößt, der durch das Band (816) und das Plattenglied (806) gebildet wird, und ein gegenüberliegendes Ende (832) aufweist, das gegen einen Eckpunkt anstößt, der durch die Basisstruktur (804) und die zweite Seitenwand (824) gebildet wird, wobei sich die zweite geneigte Platte (812) von der Basisstruktur (804) in einem zweiten vorbestimmten Winkel relativ zur Ebene der Basisstruktur (804) erstreckt.
  10. Mechanisches Anschlussstück (2000) nach einem der Ansprüche 3 - 8, das des Weiteren aufweist:
    eine erste Seitenwand (2006), die sich von einer Seite der Basisstruktur (2004) erstreckt;
    eine zweite Seitenwand (2008), die sich von einer gegenüberliegenden Seite der Basisstruktur (2004) von der ersten Seitenwand erstreckt;
    eine Nudel (2016);
    ein sich gabelndes Band (2010), das sich um die Nudel (2016) erstreckt, um das Plattenglied zu definieren, und das ein erstes Bandsegment (2010a) und ein zweites Band (2010b) aufweist, die sich von der Nudel (2016) erstrecken;
    eine erste geneigte Platte (2012), die ein erstes Ende, das gegen das Band (2010) um die Nudel (2016) anstößt und ein gegenüberliegendes Ende aufweist, das gegen einen Eckpunkt anstößt, der durch die erste Wand (2006) und die Basisstruktur (2004) gebildet wird, wobei sich die erste geneigte Platte (2012) von der Basisstruktur (2004) in einem vorbestimmten Winkel relativ zu einer Ebene der Basisstruktur (2004) erstreckt;
    eine zweite geneigte Platte (2014), die ein erstes Ende, das gegen das Band (2010) um die Nudel (2016) anstößt, und ein gegenüberliegendes Ende aufweist, das gegen einen Eckpunkt anstößt, der durch die Basisstruktur (2004) und die zweite Seitenwand (2008) gebildet wird, wobei sich die zweite geneigte Platte (2014) von der Basisstruktur (2004) in einem zweiten vorbestimmten Winkel relativ zu der Ebene der Basisstruktur (2004) erstreckt; und
    einen Nocken (2018), der zwischen dem ersten Bandsegment (2010a) und dem zweiten Bandsegment (2010b) angeordnet ist, um das Band (2010) an einer Stelle zu halten.
  11. Verfahren zum Verbinden von Strukturen, das aufweist:
    Aufnehmen eines Endes einer Befestigungseinrichtung (516) durch eine Öffnung in einer Basisstruktur (504) eines mechanischen Anschlussstücks (500) gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 - 10, um die Befestigungseinrichtung (516) an einem passenden mechanischen Anschlussstück zu befestigen;
    Halten eines gegenüberliegenden Endes der Befestigungseinrichtung durch ein Plattenglied (506) des mechanischen Anschlussstücks, wobei das gegenüberliegende Ende der Befestigungseinrichtung zum Halten durch das Plattenglied (506) angepasst ist;
    Erstrecken einer ersten geneigten Platte (510) zwischen dem Plattenglied (506) und der Basisstruktur (504), wobei sich die erste geneigte Platte (510) von der Basisstruktur (504) in einem ersten vorbestimmten Winkel relativ zu einer Ebene der Basisstruktur (504) erstreckt;
    Erstrecken einer zweiten geneigten Platte (512) zwischen dem Plattenglied (506) und der Basisstruktur (504), wobei sich die zweite geneigte Platte (512) von der Basisstruktur (504) in einem zweiten vorbestimmten Winkel relativ zu der Ebene der Basisstruktur,
    wobei das mechanische Anschlussstück eine Seitenwand (522) aufweist, die sich von der Basisstruktur (504) erstreckt, und wobei das Verfahren des Weiteren ein Anbringen einer Struktur eines Luftfahrzeugs an der Seitenwand (522) aufweist.
EP12778542.6A 2011-11-04 2012-09-27 Fachwerksversteifter beschlag Not-in-force EP2748062B1 (de)

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US13/289,031 US20130114994A1 (en) 2011-11-04 2011-11-04 Truss end pad fitting
PCT/US2012/057659 WO2013066537A1 (en) 2011-11-04 2012-09-27 Truss end pad fitting

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WO2013066537A1 (en) 2013-05-10
EP2748062A1 (de) 2014-07-02
US20180163754A1 (en) 2018-06-14
JP6169090B2 (ja) 2017-07-26
US20170130749A1 (en) 2017-05-11
US9568031B2 (en) 2017-02-14
US9863451B2 (en) 2018-01-09
US20140255082A1 (en) 2014-09-11
CN103917443A (zh) 2014-07-09
JP2015501409A (ja) 2015-01-15
US20130114994A1 (en) 2013-05-09
US10072684B2 (en) 2018-09-11
CN103917443B (zh) 2017-02-22

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