EP2643104A1 - Impact device for cleaning of surfaces, particularly heat delivery surfaces - Google Patents
Impact device for cleaning of surfaces, particularly heat delivery surfacesInfo
- Publication number
- EP2643104A1 EP2643104A1 EP11842482.9A EP11842482A EP2643104A1 EP 2643104 A1 EP2643104 A1 EP 2643104A1 EP 11842482 A EP11842482 A EP 11842482A EP 2643104 A1 EP2643104 A1 EP 2643104A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- anvil
- spring
- impact
- impact device
- fastened
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 3
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 2
- MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ferrous sulfide Chemical class [Fe]=S MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000002918 Fraxinus excelsior Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002956 ash Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013536 elastomeric material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B08—CLEANING
- B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
- B08B7/00—Cleaning by methods not provided for in a single other subclass or a single group in this subclass
- B08B7/02—Cleaning by methods not provided for in a single other subclass or a single group in this subclass by distortion, beating, or vibration of the surface to be cleaned
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28G—CLEANING OF INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL SURFACES OF HEAT-EXCHANGE OR HEAT-TRANSFER CONDUITS, e.g. WATER TUBES OR BOILERS
- F28G7/00—Cleaning by vibration or pressure waves
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28G—CLEANING OF INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL SURFACES OF HEAT-EXCHANGE OR HEAT-TRANSFER CONDUITS, e.g. WATER TUBES OR BOILERS
- F28G1/00—Non-rotary, e.g. reciprocated, appliances
- F28G1/08—Non-rotary, e.g. reciprocated, appliances having scrapers, hammers, or cutters, e.g. rigidly mounted
Definitions
- the invention relates to an impact device for cleaning of surfaces, particularly heat delivery surfaces, such as boiler faces, convection packets and heat exchangers, the impact device comprising
- a body with a first end facing the anvil, and a second end positioned opposite to the first end;
- a hammer unit comprising a hammer arranged to be displaceable in the body
- the heat delivery surface may also be a superheater, radiation shields, feed water heaters and air heaters, for example.
- An object of the impact device is to free the heat delivery surface from depositions of various kinds agglomerating on the heat delivery surfaces during the use.
- the depositions should be removed because they prevent the plant or entity which they belong to, for instance a boiler face, from efficiently transferring heat energy, which interferes with the operation of the plant.
- the deposits may cause a shutdown.
- Deposits agglomerate for instance because particles present in hot gases agglomerate on the heat delivery surface.
- the deposits may be, for example, roasted ore concentrate, condensed metallic compounds, soot, ashes, iron oxide, iron sulphides and dirt.
- the impact devide should be constructed in such a way that it gives a mechanical shock with correct force and frequency so that it will be capable of operating in a desired manner. Information on this is found in publications, and experiments can be carried out to obtain the best results. In this context, reference is made to DE 10 2007 024 286 A1.
- a problem with such impact devices is that their components are subjected to high loads which shorten their service life and cause, in any case, a need for maintenance. Certain components must be exchanged after they have worn down. Disassembling the impact devices and assembling them must, therefore, be as simple as possible - not only for saving time but also for not having to have a shutdown in the plant on which they are mounted.
- the body When the hammer unit of the impact device is used to strike against the anvil, the body tends to be displaced in a direction opposite to the striking direction of the hammer unit. This recoil loads the components of the impact device.
- the impact device In order to damp the recoil and in order to decrease the load on the components, the impact device may be provided with means that damp the impact force from the anvil to the body. Such means are known from WO 2008/071852.
- the spring packet which is arranged to receive impact energy from the hammer and to transfer it to the anvil should be without clearance and also abut the body.
- a problem with this known impact device is that it does not comprise means that would guarantee that the spring packet is kept in contact with the anvil. Furthermore, it has a relatively complex construction.
- the impact device according to WO 2008/071852 is not capable of efficiently damping the force caused by the impact against the body either, and the damping requires that two cylindrical surfaces be displaced in relation to one another, which cannot take place if said surfaces have corroded. Disassembling this known impact device for maintenance is also difficult. Disassembling is required every now and then to carry out necessary maintenance.
- the object of the present invention is to eliminate the problems of the prior art and to achieve an improved, novel impact device which is durable because its components are not subjected to too high accelerations and shocks and which is reliable and can be easily disassembled when required.
- the impact device according to the invention is characterized in that the body is fastened to the anvil by means of an elongated suspension element which is fastened to the anvil by a first end; that
- the means for damping impact force from the anvil to the body comprise a spring unit connecting the suspension element to the body flexibly, which allows the body to be displaced in the longitudinal direction of the suspension element;
- the hammer device comprises an end facing the anvil; and that the device comprises means for keeping an entity formed of the hammer unit end facing the anvil, the spring and the anvil under compression in a clearance-free manner.
- the spring entity comprises at least a planar spring element substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the suspension element.
- a spring element is easy to provide and it can be easily fastened to the suspension unit and to the body.
- said at least one spring element is fastened to the body by the first end of the body, which faces the anvil. The positioning of the spring element at said end of the body stabilizes the structure.
- the suspension element is flexibly fastened to the second end of the body, preferably by means of a second spring, which further stabilizes the structure. Since the fastening is flexible, the effect of harmful impacts and forces on the components of the impact device is minimal.
- the suspension element is detachably fastened to the anvil, preferably by means of screw fitting, and the spring unit is detachably fastened to the body in order for the disassembling of the impact device to be as simple as possible.
- the impact device comprises said second spring fastened to the second end of the body, it is preferably formed of a planar element perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the suspension element, and the fastening of the spring is made detachable in view of disassembing.
- An essential idea in the invention is that with the suspension element and the spring unit attached to it, it becomes possible to both damp undesired impact force from the anvil to the body and to cause the hammer unit to be directed to achieve a directed and centred impact against the anvil in order to efficiently transfer impact energy to the anvil.
- the spring and the anvil form a clearance-free entity under compression and reduce energy losses, and the efficiency of the device becomes high and, at the same time, wearing of the impact device components is reduced.
- the advantages of the impact device according to the invention involve that the device is capable of efficiently damping undesired impact force and undesired forces so that its maintenance interval and service life will be long.
- the efficiency and reliability of the impact device are high.
- the elongated suspension element of the impact device allow a fastening mechanism that is easily accessible and can be easily opened in case the impact device is to be detached from the plant to which it is attached for the purpose of maintenance.
- the hammer unit of the impact device causes no torque against the anvil, thanks to the hammer unit being suspended by means of the suspension element.
- Figures 1 and 2 show a first embodiment of the impact device in perspective from two different angles
- Figure 3 shows a side view of the impact device in Figure 1 ;
- Figure 4 shows a detail of the impact device in Figure 3;
- Figure 5 shows damping springs of the impact device, mounted on the body of the impact device
- Figure 6 shows the hammer unit of the impact device in the body
- Figure 7 shows an anvil part in the anvil of the impact device
- Figure 8 shows a side view of a second embodiment of the impact device
- Figure 9 shows a front view of the anvil in the impact device in Figure 8.
- Figure 10 shows a section view of the anvil along line X - X in Figure
- Figure 11 shows the impact device in Figure 8, seen from its rear end
- Figure 12 shows a front view of a rubber sheet of the impact device in Figure 8.
- Figure 13 shows a section view of the ruber sheet along line XIII - XIII in Figure 12;
- Figure 14 shows an enlargement of a suspension element in the embodiment in Figure 8.
- FIGs 1 and 2 show an impact device according to the invention.
- the impact device is fastened to a hammering beam 100 attached to a heat delivery surface (not shown) which is to be cleaned of soot or the like by means of the impact device.
- Fastening the impact device to the hammering beam 100 is suitably implemented by welding.
- a shock wave is transferred against the heat delivery surface (not shown) to be cleaned, whereby soot or the like falls off the heat delivery surface.
- the impact device comprises a body 2 and an anvil 1.
- the body 2 is fastened to the anvil 1 by means of an elongated suspension element 7.
- the suspension element 7 is fastened to the anvil 1 by its first end 8 by means of screws 10.
- the suspension element 7 and the body 2 are fastened to one another by means of a spring unit 9 and a spring 30.
- the spring unit 9 is fastened to the suspension element 7 by means of a fastener 22 and to the body 2 via a flange 20.
- the fastener 22 is preferably welded to the suspension element 7.
- the welding seam is, in Figure 4, denoted with reference numeral 101.
- the spring unit 9 connects the suspension element 7 to the body 2 at an end 3 of the anvil 1 , facing the body, which is best seen in Figure 3.
- the anvil 1 has a shape somewhat different from that in Figure 1 to adapt to the hammering beam 100a that is crosswise in relation to the longitudinal direction of the suspension element 7.
- the spring 12 connects the suspension element 7 to a second end 4 of the body 2.
- the spring unit 9 comprises three planar spring elements 13, 14, 12, which are perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the suspension element 7, see Figure 4. They are at the bottom, by their first ends 15, 16, 11 , connected to the flange 20 via a first support 19, and at the top, by their second ends 17, 18, 105, connected to the fastener 22 via a second support 21.
- the support 19 is fastened to the flange 20 by means of screw fitting 111.
- the support 21 is fastened to the fastener 22 by means of screw fitting.
- the spring elements 13, 14, 12 are at a distance from one another such that there is an opening between the adjacent spring elements. Said opening has been provided by placing intermediate washers 106 between the adjacent spring elements.
- the spring elements 13, 14, 12 surround the suspension element 7, which means that the spring elements take only a little space although they can be dimensioned to give the spring unit a high spring constant, i.e. a rigid spring.
- Figure 5 shows the structure of the spring elements 13, 14, 12, and it can be understood how the elements surround the suspension element 7 when, at the same time, Figure 2 is examined where the suspension element 7 is visible.
- the spring 30 at the rear end of the body 2 is a planar el- ement perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the suspension element 7.
- the spring 30 is fastened to the body by means of screw fitting 102 and also fastened to the suspension element 7 by means of screw fitting, see Figure 2.
- Figure 6 shows that the body 2 is positioned in the hammer unit comprising a hammer 5 and an impact part 25. Since the impact part 25 is between the hammer 5 and the anvil 1 , it may be called an intermediate part.
- the hammer 5 is displaceable in the longitudinal direction of the body 2.
- the impact part 25 is arranged to abut an anvil part 24 when the impact device is mounted for use (cf. Figures 1 and 2).
- the contact force is generated by a spring 103.
- the contact force which corresponds to the prestressing force, is typically 500 to 1 000 N.
- the anvil part 24, in turn, abuts a spring 6 arranged to transfer impact energy to an anvil body 23.
- the spring 6 is formed of two cup springs 26, 27.
- the anvil 1 abuts, via the spring 6 and the anvil part 24, the impact part 25 with a counterforce F corresponding to the prestressing force of the spring 103.
- the anvil part 24 comprises a groove 28 arranged to fit into the inner circle of the cup spring 27 such that the anvil part 24 is kept supported in place in the cup spring 27, see Figures 6 and 7.
- the cup springs 26, 27 are, in turn, supported against the anvil body 23.
- the spring 103 is arranged to keep the hammer 5 in contact with the impact part 25 also when a prestressing force generated by the spring unit 9 and of a desired magnitude (e.g. 500 to 1 000 N) to maintain correct operation of the impact device affects the impact part 25.
- the arrangement described allows the entity formed of the hammer unit, the spring 6 and the anvil 1 to be kept under compression in a clearance-fee manner, and the end of the impact part 25 that faces the anvil part 24, the spring 6 and the anvil body 23 to be under compression in a clear- lance-free manner during the impact. Thanks to this, no high frequencies with energy losses are generated during the impact.
- the hammer 5 and the impact part 25 are guided well in the body 2 that forms a cylinder. Thanks to this, an air cushion of a uniform thickness is formed between the impact surface, i.e. between the hammer 5 and the impact part 25.
- the air gap prevents metallic contact between the hammer 5 and the impact part 25 during the impact.
- the body 2 is, in turn, directed straigth and centred towards the anvil 1 , which involves that also the impact part 25 becomes directed straight and centred towards the anvil.
- the anvil body 24 comprises a convex surface facing the facing end of the impact part 25 and having a large radius, the hammer unit always generates a straight and centred impact against the anvil body 24. Also this improves the efficiency of the device.
- the hammer unit and the hammer 5 have central boring 107 into which air or other gas can be conveyed under pressure. At the end of the boring 107, there is a valve 108 for conveying air in.
- the hammer 5 is provided with a bevelling 109.
- a connection 110 allows the air to be quickly let out of the boring 107 and the gas chamber to the chamber 113.
- the mechanism comprises a pipe 114, in which a valve 115 is formed. The valve 115 opens for instance when the pressure in the pipe 114 and the boring 107 is reduced. Then, excess air can flow out of the chamber 113 to the surroundings via a filter 116.
- the filter 116 no dirt is formed in the device.
- the hammer 5 strikes against the impact part 25, which, in turn, gives impact energy to the anvil part 24, which, in turn, transfers impact energy via the spring 6 - i.e. not directly - to the anvil body 23.
- the impact of the hammer 5 generates in the anvil body 23 a frequency that is dependent on the mass of the movable hammer unit and the spring constant of the spring 6.
- the spring constanct affects the contact time and the frequency; a lower spring constant results in a longer contact time and a lower frequency.
- the mass of the hammer may suitably be 8 kg, for example.
- the frequency may suitably be 1 000 Hz if the hammer 5 is at a distance from the impact part 25.
- both traction forces and compression forces may be generated in such a way that on one side of the spring element, traction forces are generated, and on the opposite side, compression forces are generated.
- Figure 8 shows a second embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 8 uses reference numerals that correspond to those in Figures 1 to 7 for corresponding components.
- the embodiment in Figure 8 differs from the embodiment in Figure 1 primarily in that the spring unit has a different structure and in that the suspension element is different. Further, the shape of the anvil is different from that in Figure 1.
- the body 2' is fastened to the anvil 1' by a plurality of elongated suspension elements in the form of eight studs 7a' to 7f whose first ends 8a', 8e', 8f are fastened to the anvil 1'.
- the studs 7a' to 7f comprise, at their end that faces the anvil 1', threads 10a', 10e', 10f, and the anvil 1' comprises eight holes 31a' to 31f with threads for receiving the studs.
- the anvil 1' comprises a round plate with a through-hole for receiving the hammering beam 100'.
- the hammering beam 100' is welded to the anvil.
- the part of the hammering beam 100' that is, in Figure 8, positioned on the right side of the round plate of the anvil 1 ' and that abuts the spring 6' can be said to form a part of the anvil 1 ' because the hammer unit 5' strikes against said part.
- the spring unit for damping impact force from the anvil V to the body 2' is formed of eight screw springs 9a' to 9f arranged around the end of the studs 7a' to 7f that faces the body 2'.
- the screw springs 9a' to 9f abut, by their first end, the flange 20' at the end 3' of the body 2' facing the anvil 1 ', and abut, by their opposite end, nuts 111a' to 1 11 ', which fasten the anvil 1' to the flange 20', and abut the flange 20'.
- the impact device in Figure 8 comprises four rubber sheets 32' (or elastomeric sheets) in the form of a sheet packet that abuts, by its one end, the flange 20' and abuts shoulders 32' in the studs 7a', see Figure 14.
- the rubber sheets 32' have a corresponding hole 40' for the studs, see Figure 12, which shows a separate rubber sheet 32'.
- the hardness of the rubber sheets 32' is preferably 90 Shore, and their task is to damp vibrations.
- the number of rubber sheets 32' may vary.
- Figure 13 shows a section view according to line XIII to XIII in Figure 12.
- the suspension element is symmetrically with regard to the impact device. Thanks to this, the impact effect becomes symmetric in operation, which means that there is no need to construct the device with heavy components but the device can be made light. Further, there is the advantage that components which are easy to manufacture can be used; the springs may be standard components. The number of springs 9a' to 9f in the spring unit may vary.
- the means for keeping the entity comprising the hammer unit, the spring and the anvil under compression in a clearance-free manner may vary.
- prestressing can be generated by means of pressurized air or other gas.
- the mechanism with which the hammer unit strikes against the anvil may vary; the hammer of the hammer unit does not have to be displaceable by means of spring force but the displacement may be provided for example by pressurized air, hydraulically or magnetically, by gravitation, blasting or explosion.
- the structure of the hammer unit may vary, as may the structure of the anvil. Instead of cup springs, it is feasible to have springs of elastomeric material.
- the impact device is suitable for cleaning surfaces other than heat delivery surfaces. Thus, it may be used for cleaning gas pipes and gas pipe apparatuses.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Cleaning In General (AREA)
- Percussive Tools And Related Accessories (AREA)
- Cleaning By Liquid Or Steam (AREA)
- Apparatuses For Generation Of Mechanical Vibrations (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FI20106234A FI122923B (en) | 2010-11-23 | 2010-11-23 | Percussion device for cleaning surfaces, especially heating surfaces |
PCT/FI2011/051033 WO2012069702A1 (en) | 2010-11-23 | 2011-11-23 | Impact device for cleaning of surfaces, particularly heat delivery surfaces |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2643104A1 true EP2643104A1 (en) | 2013-10-02 |
EP2643104A4 EP2643104A4 (en) | 2014-11-26 |
EP2643104B1 EP2643104B1 (en) | 2017-06-28 |
Family
ID=43269011
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP11842482.9A Active EP2643104B1 (en) | 2010-11-23 | 2011-11-23 | Impact device for cleaning of surfaces, particularly heat delivery surfaces |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP2643104B1 (en) |
FI (1) | FI122923B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2012069702A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2019234296A1 (en) * | 2018-06-04 | 2019-12-12 | Kamwest Solutions Oy Ab | Impact device for cleaning of surfaces, particularly heat delivery surfaces |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2981368A4 (en) * | 2013-04-04 | 2016-09-21 | Infrafone Ab | A vibration damper for reducing vibrations of a low frequency sound generator |
DE102015010307B4 (en) * | 2015-08-07 | 2019-01-10 | Steinmüller Babcock Environment Gmbh | Apparatus for introducing impact forces into a heating surface and method for mounting an anvil |
DE102020134265A1 (en) | 2020-12-18 | 2022-06-23 | Rosink-Werkstätten GmbH | Impact cylinder support assembly comprising an impact cylinder and a support flange connected to a support body |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2008071852A1 (en) | 2006-12-14 | 2008-06-19 | Foster Wheeler Energia Oy | Impact rapping device |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4693732A (en) * | 1987-02-19 | 1987-09-15 | Martin Engineering Company | Piston vibrator |
DE3819111A1 (en) * | 1988-06-04 | 1989-12-14 | Netter Gmbh | PNEUMATIC KNOCKER |
DE3819112A1 (en) * | 1988-06-04 | 1989-12-14 | Netter Gmbh | KNOCKER WITH SELF-CONTROL |
DE4303484C2 (en) * | 1993-02-06 | 1996-02-08 | Steinmueller Gmbh L & C | Method and device for tapping objects |
JP2941626B2 (en) * | 1993-12-09 | 1999-08-25 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | Coal gasifier hammering equipment |
US5561583A (en) | 1994-10-20 | 1996-10-01 | Shideler; Thomas J. | Particulate-removal rapper-controller |
DE102007024286B4 (en) | 2006-06-06 | 2012-07-19 | Alstom Technology Ltd. | Boiler pipe wall and device for its cleaning |
CN201692969U (en) * | 2008-12-02 | 2011-01-05 | 国际壳牌研究有限公司 | Rapping apparatus |
-
2010
- 2010-11-23 FI FI20106234A patent/FI122923B/en active IP Right Review Request
-
2011
- 2011-11-23 WO PCT/FI2011/051033 patent/WO2012069702A1/en active Application Filing
- 2011-11-23 EP EP11842482.9A patent/EP2643104B1/en active Active
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2008071852A1 (en) | 2006-12-14 | 2008-06-19 | Foster Wheeler Energia Oy | Impact rapping device |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2019234296A1 (en) * | 2018-06-04 | 2019-12-12 | Kamwest Solutions Oy Ab | Impact device for cleaning of surfaces, particularly heat delivery surfaces |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FI20106234L (en) | 2012-05-24 |
WO2012069702A1 (en) | 2012-05-31 |
EP2643104A4 (en) | 2014-11-26 |
FI20106234A (en) | 2012-05-24 |
FI20106234A0 (en) | 2010-11-23 |
FI122923B (en) | 2012-08-31 |
WO2012069702A8 (en) | 2012-09-27 |
EP2643104B1 (en) | 2017-06-28 |
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