EP2641960A1 - Composition de carburant et son utilisation - Google Patents

Composition de carburant et son utilisation Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2641960A1
EP2641960A1 EP13160463.9A EP13160463A EP2641960A1 EP 2641960 A1 EP2641960 A1 EP 2641960A1 EP 13160463 A EP13160463 A EP 13160463A EP 2641960 A1 EP2641960 A1 EP 2641960A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
gasoline
fuel
terpinene
alpha
octane
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP13160463.9A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Timothy Shea
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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Publication of EP2641960A1 publication Critical patent/EP2641960A1/fr
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
    • C10L1/06—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for spark ignition
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
    • C10L1/1608—Well defined compounds, e.g. hexane, benzene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C10L10/10—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
    • C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
    • C10L2200/0407—Specifically defined hydrocarbon fractions as obtained from, e.g. a distillation column
    • C10L2200/0415—Light distillates, e.g. LPG, naphtha
    • C10L2200/0423—Gasoline
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
    • C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
    • C10L2200/0461—Fractions defined by their origin
    • C10L2200/0469—Renewables or materials of biological origin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
    • C10L2270/02—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines
    • C10L2270/023—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines for gasoline engines

Definitions

  • Embodiments of the present invention relate to a gasoline composition and its use, particularly, in combustion engines.
  • Spark initiated internal combustion gasoline engines require fuel of a minimum octane level which depends upon the design of the engine.
  • Petroleum refineries are constantly faced with the challenge of continually improving their products to meet increasingly severe governmental efficiency and emission requirements, and consumers' desires for enhanced performance.
  • petroleum producers blend a plurality of hydrocarbon containing streams to produce a product that will meet governmental combustion emission regulations and the engine manufacturers performance fuel criteria, such as research octane number (RON), motor octane number (MON), and/or the road index (or octane rating) which is the average of RON and MON.
  • a commonly used measure of a gasoline's ability to burn without knocking is its octane number.
  • Octane numbers compare a gasoline's tendency to knock against the tendency of a blend of heptane and isooctane to knock. Gasolines that match a blend of 87% isooctane and 13% heptane are given an octane number of 87.
  • There are three ways of reporting octane numbers Measurements made at high speed and high temperatures with variable ignition timing to stress the fuel's knock resistance are reported as motor octane numbers. Measurements taken under relatively mild engine conditions with variable compression ratio are known as research octane numbers. The road-index octane numbers reported on gasoline pumps are an average of these two.
  • engine manufacturers conventionally design spark ignition type internal combustion engines around the properties of the fuel. For example, engine manufacturers endeavor to inhibit to the maximum extent possible the phenomenon of auto-ignition which typically results in knocking and, potentially engine damage, when a fuel with insufficient knock-resistance is combusted in the engine.
  • octane ratings correlate to higher activation energies (the amount of applied energy required to initiate combustion). Since higher octane fuels have higher activation energy requirements, it is less likely that a given compression will cause uncontrolled ignition (autoignition or detonation). A fuel with a higher octane rating can be burnt in an engine with a high compression ratio without causing detonation. Compression is directly related to power and to thermodynamic efficiency so engines that require a higher octane fuel usually develop more motive power and therefore do more work in relation to the calorific value of the fuel (BTU) being used.
  • BTU calorific value of the fuel
  • Power output is a function of the properties of the fuel used, as well as the design of the engine itself, and is related to octane rating of the fuel. Power is limited by the maximum amount of fuel-air mixture that can be brought into the combustion chamber.
  • the throttle When the throttle is partly open, only a small fraction of the total available power is produced because the manifold is operating at pressures far below that of the external atmosphere (depression). In this case, the octane requirement is far lower than when the throttle is opened fully and the manifold pressure increases to almost that of the external atmosphere, or higher in the case of forced induction engines (See supercharged or turbocharged engines).
  • OI Octane Index
  • K is a constant for a given engine, based on its operating conditions as described in Kalghatgi, G.T., "Fuel anti-knock quality - Part I. Engine Studies", SAE Paper # 2001-01-3584, SAE Trans., Journal of Fuels and Lubricants, Vol. 110, 2001 ; and Kalghatgi, G.T., "Fuel anti-knock quality - Part II. Vehicle Studies - how relevant is Motor Octane Number (MON) in modern engines?", SAE Paper # 2001-01-3585, SAE Trans., Journal of Fuels and Lubricants, Vol. 110, 2001 .
  • Embodiments of the present invention provide such a fuel composition.
  • one embodiment of the present invention provides a gasoline composition comprising (a) a major amount of a mixture of hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range and (b) a minor amount of alpha-terpinene.
  • a method for operating a spark ignition engine comprising: (a) providing to the engine a gasoline composition containing (i) a major amount of a mixture of hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range and (ii) a minor amount of alpha-terpinene, and (b) burning the gasoline composition in the engine.
  • the alpha-terpinene is present in an amount from 0.01% by weight to 10% by weight base on the total weight of the gasoline composition. In another embodiment, the alpha-terpinene is present in an amount from 0.5% by weight to 5% by weight base on the total weight of the gasoline composition. In yet another embodiment, the alpha-terpinene is present in an amount from 0.5% by weight to 3% by weight base on the total weight of the gasoline composition.
  • the gasoline composition has an Octane Index defined as (RON + MON)/2 of at least 80.
  • the gasoline composition further comprises at least one gasoline additive.
  • the gasoline additive comprises a detergent additive.
  • the detergent additive has a treat rate in a range of from 0.007 weight percent to 0.76 weight percent based on the final fuel composition.
  • the mixture of hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range comprises a saturated hydrocarbon content ranging from 40% to 80% by volume, an olefinic hydrocarbon content from 0% to 30% by volume and an aromatic hydrocarbon content from 10% to 60% by volume. In another embodiment, the mixture of hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range is present in an amount of at least 50% v/v.
  • Embodiments of a blended fuel composition according to aspects of the invention increase the sensitivity of the fuel without significantly altering the octane number. Fuel sensitivity is increased by increasing the delta between RON and MON. It has been found that fuels with high sensitivity perform better in modem gasoline engines.
  • the gasoline composition is lead-free and comprises alpha-terpinene.
  • the terpinenes are a group of isomeric hydrocarbons that are classified as terpenes. They each have the same molecular formula and carbon framework, but they differ in the position of carbon-carbon double bonds.
  • alpha-terpinene can be obtained by any suitable method. It may be synthetic or naturally occurring.
  • the alpha-terpinene or ⁇ -Terpinene also known as 1-methyl-4-isopropyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene) is available from TCI America,and MP Biomedicals.
  • ⁇ -Terpinene is a natural product that has been isolated from cardamom and marjoram oils, and from other natural sources.
  • biosynthesis of ⁇ -terpinene may occur via the mevalonate pathway because its starting reactant, dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), is derived from mevalonic acid.
  • DMAPP dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
  • GPP Geranyl pyrophosphate
  • IPP isopentenyl pyrophosphate
  • LPP linalyl pyrophosphate
  • the gasoline composition comprises a major amount of a mixture of hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range and a minor amount of ⁇ -terpinene
  • ⁇ -terpinene component means less than 10% by weight of the total gasoline composition, preferably less than 5% by weight of the total fuel composition and more preferably less than 3% by weight of the total fuel composition, such as 1% by weight, 1.5% by weight, 2% by weight, or 2.5% by weight. Further, the term “minor amount” also refers to at least some amount, preferably at least 0.001%, more preferably at least 0.5% by weight of the total gasoline composition.
  • a mixture of hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range comprises a liquid hydrocarbon distillate fuel component, or mixture of such components, containing hydrocarbons which boil in the range from 0 °C to 250°C (ASTM D86 or EN ISO 3405) or from 20 °C or 25 °C to 200 °C or 230°C.
  • the optimal boiling ranges and distillation curves for such base fuels will typically vary according to the conditions of their intended use, for example the climate, the season and any applicable local regulatory standards or consumer preferences.
  • the hydrocarbon fuel component(s) may be obtained from any suitable source. They may for example be derived from petroleum, coal tar, natural gas or wood, in particular petroleum. Alternatively, they may be synthetic products such as from a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Conveniently, they may be derived in any known manner from straight-run gasoline, synthetically-produced aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures, thermally or catalytically cracked hydrocarbons, hydrocracked petroleum fractions, catalytically reformed hydrocarbons or mixtures of these.
  • the hydrocarbon fuel component(s) comprise components selected from one or more of the following groups: saturated hydrocarbons, olefinic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and oxygenated hydrocarbons.
  • a mixture of hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range comprises a mixture of saturated hydrocarbons, olefinic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and, optionally, oxygenated hydrocarbons.
  • a mixture of hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range gasoline mixtures comprises a saturated hydrocarbon content ranging from 40% to 80% by volume, an olefinic hydrocarbon content from 0% to 30% by volume and an aromatic hydrocarbon content from 10% to 60% by volume.
  • the base fuel is derived from straight run gasoline, polymer gasoline, natural gasoline, dimer and trimerized olefins, synthetically produced aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures, or from catalytically cracked or thermally cracked petroleum stocks, and mixtures of these.
  • the hydrocarbon composition and octane level of the base fuel are not critical. In a specific embodiment, the octane level, (RON + MON)/2, will generally be above 80.
  • Any conventional motor fuel base can be employed in embodiments of the present invention.
  • hydrocarbons in the gasoline can be replaced by up to a substantial amount of conventional alcohols or ethers, conventionally known for use in fuels.
  • the base fuels are desirably substantially free of water since water could impede a smooth combustion.
  • the gasoline base fuel represents the major proportion of a fuel composition of embodiments of the invention.
  • the term "major amount” is used herein because the amount of hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range is often 50 weight or volume percent or more.
  • the concentration of the gasoline base fuel is 50% v/v or greater.
  • the concentration of the base fuel is up to 99.5% v/v, preferably up to 99.9, and more preferably up to 99.95% v/v or 99.5% v/v.
  • the concentration is up to 60% v/v, 65% v/v, 70% v/v, 80% v/v, or 90% v/v.
  • the concentration is up to 95% v/v, 98% v/v, or 99% v/v.
  • the fuel composition is not an emulsion.
  • the gasoline base fuel and the alpha-terpinene are miscible and do not separate into layers overtime.
  • the hydrocarbon fuel mixture of an embodiment is substantially lead-free, but may contain minor amounts of blending agents such as methanol, ethanol, ethyl tertiary butyl ether, methyl tertiary butyl ether, tert-amyl methyl ether and the like, at from 0.1% by volume to 15% by volume of the base fuel, although larger amounts may be utilized.
  • blending agents such as methanol, ethanol, ethyl tertiary butyl ether, methyl tertiary butyl ether, tert-amyl methyl ether and the like, at from 0.1% by volume to 15% by volume of the base fuel, although larger amounts may be utilized.
  • the fuel can also contain one or more conventional additives including antioxidants such as phenolics, e.g., 2,6-di-tertbutylphenol or phenylenediamines, e.g., N,N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, dyes, metal deactivators, dehazers such as polyester-type ethoxylated alkylphenol-formaldehyde resins.
  • antioxidants such as phenolics, e.g., 2,6-di-tertbutylphenol or phenylenediamines, e.g., N,N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine
  • dyes e.g., N,N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine
  • metal deactivators e.g., N,N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine
  • dehazers such as
  • Corrosion inhibitors such as a polyhydric alcohol ester of a succinic acid derivative having on at least one of its alpha-carbon atoms an unsubstituted or substituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group having from 20 to 50 carbon atoms, for example, pentaerythritol diester of polyisobutylene-substituted succinic acid, the polyisobutylene group having an average molecular weight of 950, in an amount from 1 ppm (parts per million) by weight to 1000 ppm by weight, may also be present.
  • a polyhydric alcohol ester of a succinic acid derivative having on at least one of its alpha-carbon atoms an unsubstituted or substituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group having from 20 to 50 carbon atoms, for example, pentaerythritol diester of polyisobutylene-substituted succinic acid, the polyisobutylene group having an average molecular weight of 950
  • an effective amount of alpha-terpinene is introduced into the combustion zone of the engine in a variety of ways to improve fuel sensitivity.
  • a preferred method is to add a minor amount of alpha-terpinene to the fuel.
  • the fuel compositions of embodiments of the present invention may also contain one or more additional additive components.
  • the fuel composition will comprise a mixture of a major amount of hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range as described hereinbefore, a minor amount of alpha-terpinene as described hereinbefore and a minor amount of one or more detergents.
  • a carrier as described hereinbefore may also be included.
  • the term "minor amount” means less than 10% by weight of the total fuel composition, preferably less than 1% by weight of the total fuel composition and more preferably less than 0.1% by weight of the total fuel composition. However, the term “minor amount” will contain at least some amount, preferably at least 0.001%, more preferably at least 0.01% by weight of the total fuel composition.
  • the one or more detergents are added directly to the hydrocarbons, blended with one or more carriers, blended with alpha-terpinene, or blended with one or more carriers before being added to the hydrocarbon.
  • alpha-terpinene can be added at the refinery, at a terminal, at retail, or by the consumer.
  • the treat rate of the fuel additive detergent packages that contain one or more detergents in the final fuel composition is generally in the range of from 0.007 weight percent to 0.76 weight percent based on the final fuel composition.
  • the fuel additive detergent package may contain one or more detergents, dehazer, corrosion inhibitor and solvent.
  • a carrier fluidizer may sometimes be added to help in preventing intake valve sticking at low temperature.
  • a spark ignition engine can be operated with greater octane index by (a) providing a gasoline composition containing (i) a major amount of a mixture of hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range and (ii) a minor amount of alpha-terpinene to said engine, and (b) burning in said engine such gasoline composition as described above.
  • the Research Octane Number (RON) (ASTM D2699) and Motor Octane Number (MON) (ASTM D2700) will be the techniques used in determining the (RON + MON)/2 octane improvement of the fuel.
  • the RON and MON of a spark-ignition engine fuel is determined using a standard test engine and operating conditions to compare its knock characteristic with those of primary reference fuel blends of known octane number. Compression ratio and fuel-air ratio are adjusted to produce standard knock intensity for the sample fuel, as measured by a specific electronic detonation meter instrument system.
  • a standard knock intensity guide table relates engine compression ratio to octane number level for this specific method.
  • the specific procedure for the RON can be found in ASTM D-2699 and the MON can be found in ASTM D-2700.
  • Table I contains the engine conditions necessary in determine the RON and MON of a fuel.
  • the base fuel used in the test for Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 was an 87 (RON + MON)/2 regular base fuel.
  • the base fuel physical properties can be found in Table II.
  • Table II 87 Octane Base Fuel Physical Properties API Gravity 61.9 RVP 13.45 Distillation, (°F) IBP 87.1 10% 107.3 20% 123.2 30% 141.0 40% 161.5 50% 185.9 60% 218.1 70% 260.2 80% 308.6 90% 349.0 95% 379.3 End Pt.
  • the base fuel used in the test for Examples 2-5 was an 83 (RON + MON)/2 regular base fuel.
  • the base fuel physical properties can be found in Table III.
  • Table III 83 Octane Base Fuel Physical Properties Method Results Sulfur, ppm D-5453 61 API Gravity 58.6 RVP 9.26 Distillation (°F) D86 IBP 99 10% 129.7 20% 149.9 30% 169.8 40% 189.1 50% 209.3 60% 233.6 70% 262.2 80% 296.7 90% 336.3 95% 361.5 End Pt.
  • the change in RON, change in MON and the sensitivity change (RON-MON) from the base fuel were as follows: Table V ⁇ RON ⁇ MON Sensitivity ⁇ (RON-MON) OI alpha-terpinene 1.1 -1.3 2.4 86.5 Gamma-terpinene 0 -3.5 3.5 85.0 1,4-cyclohexadiene 0.6 -0.9 1.5 86.5
  • ⁇ RON is defined as the difference in RON values obtained for the basefuel and the basefuel + additive.
  • the value of ⁇ MON is defined similarly.
  • the Octane Index (OI) value is defined as (RON+MON)/2
  • the alpha and gamma isomers yield different results.
  • the sensitivity of the fuel containing alpha-terpinene has increased without significant change to the octane rating (octane index); whereas the gamma-terpinene containing fuel has increased sensitivity, but at the cost of lower octane index.
  • the resulting decrease in octane index will reduce the performance of the engine, as the fuel will exhibit reduced resistance to engine knock.
  • 1,4-cyclohexadiene is an example of the "root" chemical class that also produced a different result, it does not appreciably reduce the overall octane number of the fuel, but it does exhibit a much smaller sensitivity change.
  • the alpha-terpinene raises the RON as much as it lowers the MON, thus creating greater fuel sensitivity without altering the octane index number.
  • the alpha terpinene was added to a gallon of 83 Octane base fuel at a treat rate according to Table VI.
  • the individual additives were submitted for RON and MON testing in triplicate.
  • Table VI Example # Additive Additive Amount (wt%) 2 Alpha-terpinene 0.0 3 Alpha-terpinene 0.5 4 Alpha-terpinene 1.0 5 Alpha-terpinene 2.0
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 show graphs of the change in Octane Boost (Octane Index) and the sensitivity change (RON-MON) from the base fuel (denoted as dRON-dMON).
  • Octane Boost Octane Index
  • RON-MON sensitivity change from the base fuel
  • FIG. 1 details effect of the alpha-terpinene addition to octane boost of the fuel.
  • FIG. 2 details the sensitivity effect of the alpha-terpinene addition to fuel.
  • FIG. 2 examines only the effect on fuel sensitivity when alpha-terpinene is added. As shown, with 0.5% alpha-terpinene added, the fuel sensitivity increases by about 0.6. With 1.0% alpha-terpinene added, the fuel sensitivity increases by about 1.1. With 2.0% alpha-terpinene added, the fuel sensitivity increases by about 1.4. FIG. 2 shows that after 1.0% alpha-terpinene is added, the benefit begins to reduce. However, even after 2.0% of alpha-terpinene is added, there continues to be an observed benefit. Therefore, in certain embodiments, it is important to note the change in responsiveness when alpha-terpinene is added at concentrations below 1.0% compared to concentrations above 1.0%.
EP13160463.9A 2012-03-21 2013-03-21 Composition de carburant et son utilisation Withdrawn EP2641960A1 (fr)

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MY177483A (en) * 2014-10-06 2020-09-16 Shell Int Research Fuel composition having low vapour pressure
CN114958440B (zh) * 2020-05-27 2023-08-29 北京化工大学 一种环丙烷化多环萜类化合物及其制备方法与应用

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WO2008071628A1 (fr) * 2006-12-11 2008-06-19 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. Améliorations des compositions d'essence ou en rapport avec les compositions d'essence
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Title
KALGHATGI, G.T.: "Fuel anti-knock quality - Part I. Engine Studies", JOURNAL OF FUELS AND LUBRICANTS, vol. 110, 2001
KALGHATGI, G.T.: "Fuel anti-knock quality - Part II. Vehicle Studies - how relevant is Motor Octane Number (MON) in modern engines?", JOURNAL OF FUELS AND LUBRICANTS, vol. 110, 2001

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CN103320181A (zh) 2013-09-25

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