EP2623617A2 - Procédé de fabrication d'un composant de blindage et composant de blindage - Google Patents

Procédé de fabrication d'un composant de blindage et composant de blindage Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2623617A2
EP2623617A2 EP20130153012 EP13153012A EP2623617A2 EP 2623617 A2 EP2623617 A2 EP 2623617A2 EP 20130153012 EP20130153012 EP 20130153012 EP 13153012 A EP13153012 A EP 13153012A EP 2623617 A2 EP2623617 A2 EP 2623617A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
preform
board
carburizing
mass
temperature
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP20130153012
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Hans-Gerd Lambers
Markus Müller
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Benteler Defense GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Benteler Defense GmbH and Co KG
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Benteler Defense GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Benteler Defense GmbH and Co KG
Publication of EP2623617A2 publication Critical patent/EP2623617A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/42—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for armour plate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/62—Quenching devices
    • C21D1/673—Quenching devices for die quenching
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C8/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
    • C23C8/08—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases only one element being applied
    • C23C8/20—Carburising
    • C23C8/22—Carburising of ferrous surfaces
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
    • C23C8/28—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases more than one element being applied in one step
    • C23C8/30—Carbo-nitriding
    • C23C8/32—Carbo-nitriding of ferrous surfaces
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C8/80—After-treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2221/00—Treating localised areas of an article

Definitions

  • the present invention is in the field of armoring objects both in the military and in the civilian field against external hostile effects.
  • the hostile actions can be used in the event of warlike or war-like conflicts. H. especially in military conflicts or civil wars, by both combatants and non-combatants; and in the case of non-belligerent situations, by persons, organizations or organizations motivated by criminal, political, ethnic or religious reasons.
  • the objects can be any objects that experience has shown to be subject to hostile external influences. Therefore, these objects include in particular persons, land vehicles, aircraft, watercraft and buildings.
  • the present invention relates to the manufacture of armor components that serve as protective covers for these objects and thus provide protection against external, mechanically acting hazards.
  • these armor components are suitable as protective covers for vehicles, preferably for land vehicles.
  • the land vehicles include in particular military land vehicles and civil special protection vehicles.
  • an armor component according to the invention comprises low-alloy steel, wherein the one or more steel components of the armor component are formed, in particular three-dimensionally formed, or have been.
  • the present invention relates to the armor components manufactured per se and the use of such armor components.
  • the tank components after DE 10 2005 014 298 B4 are designed to arm vehicles against ballistic fire. This is achieved by the fact that the tank components, together with suitable methods for their production in the DE 10 2005 014 298 B4 which have high hardness values of up to 580 HV30.
  • the projectiles which have been fired at the vehicle from the outside when hitting a tank component to DE 10 2005 014 298 B4 smashed into numerous projectile parts.
  • the projectile debris then each have only a fraction of the kinetic energy of the original projectile and do not penetrate the tank component, but bounce off it, without shedding on the inside of the tank component splinters that could endanger the vehicle occupants.
  • a steel armor Since a steel armor has a very high basis weight due to the high density of material, but generally the wall thickness of the material for the respective Beschussan petition should be kept as low as possible, which is why a double or multi-shell structure of the entire armor of at least two or more layers of protection or Armor steels, whose at least two different layers on the one hand have only a high strength with reduced ductility and on the other hand only a high ductility with reduced strength, is only partially suitable.
  • a double or multi-layered construction of such designed layers of protective or armored steel leads to massive increases in weight makes it disadvantageously noticeable in the armor of civil special protection vehicles.
  • the armor of the object in addition to the design for protection against ballistic bombardment in the form of hard core projectiles or hard core projectiles, the armor of the object also in terms of protection against bombardment in the form of soft core projectiles or To design soft core projectiles. It is a part of the aspect, which is to be achieved by the armor of the object, also to achieve a certain level of protection against explosions by explosive weapons that cause their destructive effect, especially by the detonation wave resulting from the explosion.
  • the blast generated by the explosion, such explosive weapons based on substantially different principles than the destructive effect of an impacting ballistic projectile.
  • the destructive effect of these last-mentioned explosive weapons is also addressed in specialist circles under the keyword mine action.
  • an object of the invention to provide a manufacturing method for an armor component, the armor component while maintaining high dimensional accuracy for protection against ballistic bombardment in the form of hard core projectiles or hard core projectiles and against ballistic bombardment in the form of soft core projectiles or soft core projectiles is designed with a given also basic protection against impact.
  • a protection against both ballistic bombardment in the form of hard core projectiles or hard core projectiles as well as against ballistic bombardment in the form of soft core projectiles or soft core projectiles with a given also basic protection also designed to prevent exposure armor component.
  • the basic types of process of the invention according to the independent claims 1, 2, 5 and 6 refer in the independent claims 1 and 2 to thermochemical treatment of / at least one board or preform in the form of carburizing the / at least one board or preform and in the independent claims 5 and 6 on thermochemical treatment of the at least one board or preform in the form of carbonitriding the / at least one board or preform.
  • the two basic types of process of the invention according to the independent claims 1 and 2 with thermochemical treatment of the / at least one board or preform in the form of carburizing differ in the or the process step (s) that is carried out between the carburizing and the hot forming of the / at least one board or preform. Accordingly, the two basic types of process of the invention according to the independent claims 5 and 6 with thermochemical treatment of the / at least one board or preform in the form of carbonitriding differ in the or the process step (s) that between the carbonitriding and the hot forming of the / the at least one board or preform is or will be made.
  • At least one sheet steel plate and / or at least one sheet steel preform which has a minimum thickness of 2 mm and a carbon content of less than 0.5% by mass and a silicon content of greater than or equal to 0.2% by mass.
  • alloy contents are spatially averaged values, ie. that is, within typical alloying element specific tolerance ranges, there are scatters in the alloy contents around these averages.
  • this principle is valid for the presence of variations in alloy contents within alloying element specific tolerance ranges.
  • either the external dimensions of at least one steel sheet to be machined by the method according to the invention are identical to those with which the at least one board has previously been cut from a Stahlbandcoil, or with identical to those dimensions, each having a single Nathanseinzelblech, in particular a heavy plate having, as the at least one to be processed sheet steel plate is supplied unchanged to the inventive method.
  • the method according to the invention supplied at least one steel plate, which has been subjected to an upstream cutting or stamping step on their use as, in particular three-dimensional, reshaped armor component adapted outer contours, so that no further processing of the outer contours of the armor component is required ,
  • the at least one sheet steel plate is introduced into a carburizing plant for the purpose of carburizing.
  • one or more surface sections of the at least one board can be shielded from the carburizing process by applying to these one or more surface sections a hardening paste which shields the carburizing or by applying thereto one or more surface sections covering one or more separate, the
  • the Aufkohlung shielding or at least reducing layered body are arranged and locked or in each case several, in particular two, sheet steel blanks with opposing and at least mutually partially overlapping side surfaces are arranged opposite and locked, so that the so arranged opposite each other and mutually overlapping side surfaces are shielded from the environment.
  • upstream forming processes in particular by one or more cold forming processes, be converted into a surface element that extends in all three spatial directions and which forms the at least one preform, which is processed by the method according to the invention.
  • upstream forming processes are generally known to the person skilled in the art and therefore need not be described separately here.
  • the at least one preform to be processed by the method according to the invention is a semifinished product which, viewed over the entire surface dimensions of the preform, has a curved shape that is only limited in such a way that According to the method of the invention, at least one preform to be machined does not in any way have a component geometry, as occurs, for example, with rotationally symmetrical self-contained components.
  • the at least one sheet steel blank or the at least one sheet steel preform is heated at or above a temperature T carburize greater than or equal to the workpiece specific Ac 3 temperature.
  • the carburization plant in this case comprises a carburizing region, in which the at least one board is exposed to contact with at least one medium at or above a temperature T carburize heated and at or above this temperature over a period .DELTA.t carburized held at least.
  • this medium has the property that it is applied to the / at least one heated blank or preform at its / its total or partial area, which does not face the Environment of the carburizing section as shielded by the above measures, emits carbon.
  • the carbon given off to this total or partial surface diffuses from this total or partial surface exposed to the thermochemical treatment towards the interior of the / of the at least one blank or preform, whereby the carbon content in one of these total or partial surfaces is reduced the interior of the / at least one board or preform reaching edge layer is increased. That is, the at least one sheet steel plate or the at least one sheet steel preform is carburized.
  • the diffusing effect of the at least one carbon-emitting medium is terminated for the at least one blank or preform.
  • the termination of the diffusing effect can thereby be accomplished, for example, by completely removing the at least one blank or preform from the carburizing plant or by appropriately parameterizing the parameters temperature T carburize and / or concentration of the carbon-emitting medium in the carburizing zone of the carburization plant below the minimum values required for maintaining the diffusing effect - apart from negligible small diffusion processes - or that the / at least one circuit board or preform within the carburizing plant is moved out of the carburizing area into a spatial region where the parameters temperature T carburize and / or concentration of the carbon donating medium are below the minimum values required to maintain the diffusing effect.
  • At least the following parameters temperature T carburize , time span ⁇ t carburize and / or type and / or concentration of the at least one carbon donating medium are coordinated with one another, taking into account the alloy composition of the / used for the inventive method at least one board or preform that the total or partial area of the at least one board or preform affected by the diffusion of the carbon, the board or preform is carburized to a surface layer depth d carb of at least 0.3 mm in such a way that Expiration of the period ⁇ t carburize the carburized layer between the affected by the diffusion of carbon total or partial area and the edge layer depth d carb has a carbon content of at most 1.5 mass percent and 0.5 wt % minimum.
  • This carburized layer is referred to as edge layer in the context of the present invention.
  • the edge layer depth d carb is that distance perpendicular from the total or partial area exposed to the diffusing effect of the at least one medium up to the point inside the at least one sheet steel plate or the at least one sheet steel preform in which the carbon content has a value of 0.5 mass percent.
  • the at least one finished carburized sheet steel plate or the at least one finished carburized sheet steel preform has a zone area or a layer or zone in its interior relative to any desired point of its total area, in which the carbon content is less than 0.5 Is percent by mass, this zone region being referred to as the core zone in the context of the present invention.
  • the at least one finished carburized board or preform usually has numerous distortions. That is, in many places, the outer course, particularly with regard to waviness, of the carburized board or preform is deviated in an irregular manner from the outside dimensions of the board or preform that it had before starting the carburizing process.
  • the outer profile of the carburized preform deviates in an irregular manner, in particular compared to the outer dimensions of the preform significantly smaller values, typically below values of 10%, in particular 5%, from the outer course of the preform that the preform exhibited prior to the start of the carburizing process.
  • the at least one sheet steel blank or the at least one sheet steel preform may be subjected to one or more further optional, in particular non-forming, process steps before it is heated for hot-forming.
  • These one or more further optional process steps include, in particular, process steps which relate to the material properties of the at least one finished carburized blank or preform, preferably its microstructural properties, particularly preferably its microstructure, and / or strength properties and / or toughness properties.
  • this one or more further optional process steps are performed without resorting to a constraint force, whereby the number and / or the extent of delays caused by the at least one finally carburized and subsequently one or more further optional process step (s) ) subjected board or preform, can be further increased.
  • the one or more cools a finished carburized board or Preform, in particular to room temperature, from.
  • the / at least one finished carburized board or preform is removed at the latest the carburizing before the / at least one board or preform for the purpose of at least partial hot working is heated completely or area by section.
  • the / at least one circuit board or preform is heated by means of a heating device completely or area by section at or above the workpiece-specific Ac 1 temperature.
  • the / at least one heated board or preform is placed in the mold cavity of an open die press and then the / at least one board or preform, which is completely or areawise still on or above the workpiece-specific Ac 1 temperature, by closing the die press in at least one, in particular three-dimensional, molded part formed.
  • the at least one shaped component in the stamping press is then completely or surface sectionally with a cooling rate v which is greater than or equal to the workpiece specific lower critical cooling rate v ucrit of the core zone or the non-carburized layer, at least until below martensite start Temperature M s of the edge layer or the carburized layer cooled, wherein the die press is closed at least temporarily during cooling.
  • the molding component thus formed has a martensite content both within the boundary layer and within the core zone.
  • the edge layer has a hardness which is greater than that of the core zone, since the carbon content of the surface layer is greater than the carbon content of the core zone.
  • the ductility of the core zone is greater than the ductility of the boundary layer due to the lower carbon content of the core zone compared to the carbon content of the boundary layer.
  • the molded component thus has, on the one hand, in the form of the edge layer, one or more partial regions (e) with such a high hardness, an impinging hard core projectile or hard core projectile of the predetermined firing class is smashed into numerous projectile part bodies.
  • the projectile debris generated thereby each have only a fraction of the kinetic energy of the impinging Hartkerntechnologieils and do not penetrate the armor produced using the molded component armor component, but bounce off, without any perforations are made on or in the armor component and without that on the opposite Side of the armor component shedding fragments, which could pose a threat to the armored object or persons to be protected.
  • the shaped component in the form of the core zone has a subregion with a higher ductility than the edge layer, so that this subregion of the core zone in the case of impact of a soft core projectile or soft core projectile whose kinetic energy without fragmentation in projectile part body by at least deformation of areas of the core zone simultaneously depleting the kinetic energy of the impacting soft-core projectile within these areas of the core zone.
  • this will provide some basic protection against blasting with an explosive force against which the object is to provide protection by the armor component to be manufactured, without causing cracks or perforations on or in the molded component and without peeling chips on the opposite side of the armor component which could pose a threat to the armored object or to persons to be protected.
  • the increased protective effect of the armor component to be manufactured against hard core projectiles or hard core projectiles is achieved primarily by the higher hardness of the martensite in the boundary layer compared to the core zone.
  • This increase in the protective effect, including the bombardment performance is not based on the formation of carbides in the surface layer. Rather, the proportion of carbides in the surface layer is reduced to a technically possible minimum, in particular by the use of the alloying element silicon with a content greater than or equal to 0.2 percent by mass and the upper limit of the maximum carbon content in the boundary layer to 1.5 mass percent.
  • the increase of the protective effect including the bombardment performance of the manufactured Armouring component is based in the context of the present invention, therefore, essentially not on a targeted indentation of carbide structures. It should be noted that the impact of carbide structures on adiabatic shear band formation has not been conclusively clarified.
  • the at least one shaped component is present as a steel sheet element extending in particular in all three spatial directions, in which no distortion occurs at least within those surface sections hot-formed and then press-hardened, more present.
  • the outer profile of the at least one molded component differ at least within those surface sections that have been thermoformed and then press-hardened from the planned or intended external course that the at least one shaped component in the armor component to be produced at least within these Surface sections of the at least one mold component should have constructive within the tolerance fields or must.
  • the steps of introducing the at least one steel plate or the at least one sheet steel preform into the carburization unit and carburizing the at least one board or preform within the carburizing section during the period ⁇ t carburize are the same as those of the first basic method ,
  • the at least one circuit board or preform After expiration of the time period .DELTA.t carburize , the at least one circuit board or preform, by removing it from the carburization plant , becomes the diffusing effect of the at least one medium finished. Subsequently, the / at least one board or preform is placed in the mold cavity of an open die press and then the / at least one board or preform, which is completely or surface sections still on or above the workpiece-specific Ac 1 temperature, by closing the Stamping press formed in at least one, in particular three-dimensional, molded component. There is no further process step between the removal of the at least one blank or preform from the carburizing plant and its introduction into the mold cavity of the stamping press.
  • the step of press-hardening the at least one molded component in the die press is equal to the press-hardening step in the first basic type of process.
  • the carburization plant is a gas carburizing furnace and the gas is present in at least one medium which gives off carbon to the at least one sheet steel plate or to the at least one sheet steel preform. It is particularly advantageous if the at least partial carburizing of the / of the at least one blank or preform takes place in the gas carburizing furnace in the presence of at least one carrier gas and at least one enrichment gas, wherein the carrier gas preferably comprises carbon monoxide and / or the enrichment gas comprises a hydrocarbon gas.
  • the carburizing section of the carburizing system is a carburizing bath and is in liquid form at least one medium which delivers carbon to the at least one blank or preform ,
  • the at least one sheet steel plate or the at least one sheet steel preform is introduced into a carbonitriding plant for the purpose of carbonitriding.
  • the / at least one board or preform is heated at or above a temperature T carbonitride greater than or equal to the workpiece specific Ac 1 temperature, in contrast to carburizing according to the first or second basic type of process In any case, heating takes place at or above the workpiece-specific Ac 3 temperature.
  • the carbonitriding system in this case comprises a carbonitriding region in which the carbonitride heated at or above a temperature T and exposed to or above this temperature over a period ⁇ t of carbonitrides is exposed to at least one medium or at least one blank or preform.
  • this medium has the property that carbon and nitrogen are attached to the at least one heated blank or preform on its total or partial surface, which is not shielded from the surroundings of the carbonitriding region emits. Carbon and nitrogen, which are released at this total or partial surface, diffuse from this thermochemically treated exposed total or partial surface toward the interior of the / at least one board or preform, whereby the carbon content and the nitrogen content be increased in one of this total or partial area ago in the interior of the / at least one board or preform-reaching edge layer. That is, the at least one sheet steel plate or the at least one sheet steel preform is carbonitrided.
  • the diffusing effect of at least one carbon and nitrogen donating medium is terminated.
  • the termination of the diffusing effect can thereby be accomplished that the / at least one board or preform of the carburizing plant is completely removed or that the parameters temperature T carbonitride and / or concentration of the carbon and nitrogen donating medium in the carbonitriding area of the carbonitriding plant correspondingly far, namely below below for the maintenance of the or at least one board or preform within the carbonitriding plant is moved out of the carbonitriding zone into a spatial region where the parameters temperature T release carbonitrides and / or concentration of the carbon and nitrogen Medium below the minimum values required to maintain the diffusing effect.
  • At least the following parameters temperature T carbonitride , time ⁇ t carbonitride and / or the type and / or concentration of at least one carbon and nitrogen donating medium are coordinated so taking into account the alloy composition of / used for the inventive method at least one board or preform, that at the total or partial area of the at least one blank or preform affected by the diffusion of the carbon and nitrogen, the board or preform is carbonitrided to a surface layer depth d carb of at least 0.3 mm in such a way that after the time has elapsed ⁇ t carbonitride, the carbonitrided layer between the affected by the diffusion of carbon and nitrogen total or partial area and the edge layer depth d carb has a carbon content of at most 1.5 percent by mass and 0.5 wt .- % minimum.
  • This carbonitrided layer is also referred to as edge layer in the context of the present invention.
  • the edge layer depth d carb that distance perpendicular from the diffusing effect of at least one medium exposed total or partial area up to that point inside the at least one sheet steel plate or at least one sheet steel preform, wherein the Carbon content has a value of 0.5 mass percent.
  • the at least one finished carbonitrided sheet steel plate or the at least one finished carbonitrided sheet steel preform has a zone area or a layer or zone in its interior relative to any desired point of its total area, in which the carbon content is less than 0.5 Is percent by mass, this zone region being referred to as the core zone in the context of the present invention.
  • the at least one finished carbonitrided board or preform usually has numerous distortions. That is, in many instances, the outer profile of the carbonitrided board or preform diverge irregularly from the outer dimensions of the board or preform that it has exhibited prior to the beginning of the carbonitriding process.
  • the steps following the carbonitriding of the at least one board or preform are the same as the corresponding steps in the first basic type of process.
  • the steps of introducing the at least one steel sheet board or the at least one sheet steel preform into the carbonitriding equipment and carbonitriding the at least one board or preform within the carbonitriding portion during the period ⁇ t of carbonitrides are equal to the respective steps the third basic type of procedure.
  • the step of press-hardening the at least one mold member in the die press is equal to the press-hardening step in the third basic mode.
  • the carbonitriding region of the carbonitriding plant is a salt bath and the at least one medium which delivers carbon and nitrogen to the at least one sheet steel plate or the at least one sheet steel preform, is liquid.
  • the carbonitriding plant is a carbonitriding furnace and the at least one medium discharges carbon and nitrogen to the at least one blank or preform , is present in gaseous form. It is particularly advantageous if the nitrogen is present in the form of ammonia.
  • the armor component produced that is to say more precisely the shaped component obtained by at least partial hot forming and press-hardening, has a silicon content greater than or equal to 0.2% by mass according to all the basic types of process of the invention.
  • the silicon content of the lower limit for the unavoidable proportion of carbides in the surface layer can be further lowered and also in the core zone, the proportion of carbides is reduced compared to protective steels with lower silicon content.
  • a carbon content in mass percentage in the closed interval of 0.15 to 0.45%, particularly preferably in the closed interval of 0.3 to 0.45%, lying.
  • the / at least one board or preform regardless of carburizing a nitrogen content in mass percent less than or equal to 0.05%, more preferably smaller or equal to 0.02%, more preferably less than or equal to 0.015%.
  • the third or fourth basic method of the invention according to the independent claim 5 or 6 if the / at least one board or preform before carbonitriding a nitrogen content in mass percent less than or equal to 0.05%, particularly preferably smaller or equal to 0.02%, most preferably less than or equal to 0.015%.
  • thermochemically treated layer of the at least one molded component at least in the course of press hardening martensite is or is formed and thereby the carbon content in the core zone is less than 0.5 mass percent
  • thermochemically treated layer of the at least one molded component the carbon content is greater than or equal to 0.5 mass percent
  • the hardness of the thermochemically treated layer is greater than the hardness of the core zone.
  • the at least one sheet steel plate or the at least one sheet steel preform at its / its total or partial area up to an edge layer depth d carb of at least 0.5 mm, in particular 1.0 mm, preferred 1.5 mm, more preferably 2.0 mm, is thermochemically treated such that the thermo-chemically treated layer of the / of the at least one board or preform has a carbon content of at least 0.5 mass% and at most 1.5 mass%, and the / the at least one finished carburized board or preform, based on any point of its total area, has a core zone in which the carbon content is less than 0.5 mass%.
  • the hardness of the thermo-chemically treated layer which is wholly or partially converted to martensite, at least in the course of press-hardening can be increased by increasing the carbon content present before martensite formation in the thermochemically treated layer.
  • This increase in the hardness of the thermochemically treated layer by martensite formation applies in any case for an increase in the carbon content in the thermochemically treated layer to the carbon content of the boundary between hypereutectoid and hypereutectoid.
  • thermochemically treated layer has a portion having a carbon content greater than or equal to 0.6 percent by mass, in particular 0.7 percent by mass, preferably 0.8 percent by mass.
  • the carbon content in the core zone is less than 0.5 mass%
  • the / at least one board or preform in the first or third basic method of the invention for the purpose of at least partial hot working is heated completely or surface sections at or above the Ac 3 temperature of the non-thermochemically treated layer and at the beginning of the forming step is still present at or above the Ac 3 temperature of the non-thermochemically treated layer.
  • thermo-chemically treated layer has a subregion with a carbon content in the hypereutectoid region
  • the / at least one board or preform at least in the course of heating for the purpose of hot forming - and in the case of the Making one or more additional optional, In particular non-forming, process steps between the thermochemical treatment and the heating for the purpose of hot forming advantageously also in the course of this one or more further optional process steps - is heated to a temperature less than or equal to the workpiece-specific Ac 3 temperature of the thermochemically treated layer.
  • the upper critical cooling rate v okrit for martensite formation with increasing carbon Content decreases and thus the upper critical cooling rate of the thermochemically treated layer is less than the upper critical cooling rate of the non-thermochemically treated layer.
  • the cooling rate of said non-chemically treated layer is v, with which the at least cooled a form component in the die press completely or surface sections, beginning with or after the forming, okrit greater than or equal to the workpiece-specific upper critical cooling speed v chosen.
  • the method according to the invention is designed to prevent distortion on the at least one shaped component of the armor component to be produced.
  • delays in the at least one shaped component can be avoided by means of the method according to the invention.
  • at least one board or a preform whose outer dimensions have a minimum surface area of 100 cm 2 , in particular of 1,600 cm 2 , preferably 2,500 cm 2 , more preferably 10,000 cm 2 , most preferably 22,500 cm 2 .
  • the at least one board or preform suitably has a minimum extent in a surface direction of 10 cm, in particular 40 cm, preferably 50 cm, particularly preferably 100 cm, particularly preferably 150 cm.
  • the strength and toughness properties of the at least one molded component and thus also of the armor component to be manufactured can thereby be adjusted with regard to the potential stresses to which the armor component is designed or designed with regard to bombardment and impact, that the / at least one thermochemically treated board or preform one or more further optional, in particular non-forming, procedural steps is subjected. In this case, this is done at least one optional, in particular non-forming, process step after the end of the diffusing effect of the at least one medium used in carburizing or carbonitriding, but before heating for the purpose of hot forming.
  • hardening in the form of quenching the / of the at least one thermochemically treated board or preform is preferably selected as a further optional non-forming process step.
  • the / at least one board or preform starting from or with a temperature T quench greater than or equal to the material- specific Ac 1 Temperature of the / at least one board or preform is quenched, wherein the / at least one board or preform is present in full or area by section at the beginning of the quenching process at the temperature T quench .
  • the ukrit greater than or equal to the workpiece-specific lower critical cooling rate v of at least one board or preform, namely at least up to below the martensite start Temperature M s of the thermochemically treated layer is deterred. This ensures that, during quench hardening, at least one partial martensite transformation takes place both within the non-thermochemically treated layer and the thermochemically treated layer of the at least one blank or preform.
  • the quench hardening of the / of the at least one board or preform under at least partial martensite transformation surprisingly enhances the deflecting property of the armor component to be produced, especially with regard to bombardment, although the / at least one board or preform is at least partially downstream in time is reheated at or above the workpiece-specific Ac 1 temperature, hot worked, and press cured under at least partial martensite transformation both in the non-thermochemically treated layer and in the thermochemically treated layer.
  • the / at least one board or preform is quenched without exerting a form compulsion.
  • thermochemically treated layer okrit of / of the at least deterred a board or preform, since then below martensite start temperature M s of the thermochemically treated layer, the rate for austenite to martensite conversion is maximum.
  • the quench hardening of the / of the at least one circuit board or preform is carried out by means of water or at least one oil as quenching medium.
  • the / at least one board or preform after the thermochemical treatment - and in the case of performing a quenching process separate from the press-hardening after the quenching process - but tempered before heating for the purpose of hot forming it has been found by the inventor that by tempering the / of at least one board or preform, the deflection property of the armoring component to be produced is increased, although the / at least one board or preform after the starting time downstream at least partially on or above the workpiece-specific Ac 1 - Reheated temperature, hot-formed and press-cured under at least partial martensite transformation both in the non-thermochemically treated layer and in the thermochemically treated layer.
  • thermochemically treated at least one circuit board or preform achieves, above all, the risk of brittle fracture of the thermochemically treated at least one printed circuit board or preform, which is in particular due to their being or being moved Transport from the location of the carburizing or carbonitriding plant to the location of the hot working and press hardening process is reduced.
  • the at least one molded component is coated completely or in sections by electrochemical dip coating after the at least partial press hardening in the stamping press.
  • the electrochemical dip coating is preferably carried out as cathodic dip coating.
  • an electrocoating layer is applied to the at least one molded component completely or in areas. Since the molecular constituents of this electrodeposition coating layer are crosslinked three-dimensionally with one another, the applied electrodeposition coating layer has a stable structure, as a result of which the deflecting property of the armor component to be produced can be further increased with respect to bombardment and in particular to impacting.
  • the effect made in the course of cathodic dip painting separate acts or related heating of the mold component in addition positive on the Abwehr property of the armor component to be manufactured.
  • the invention also includes an armor component, in particular for a motor vehicle, which comprises at least one, in particular three-dimensional, molded component.
  • the mold component has been obtained by carburizing or carbonitriding at least one / s steel plate or sheet steel preform with a minimum thickness of 2 mm and by a at least partial hot forming process after the carburization or carbonitriding process in a die press with an at least partial press-hardening process in the stamping press.
  • the molding component has a silicon content greater than or equal to 0.2 mass percent in both the non-thermochemically treated and the thermochemically treated.
  • the molded component of the claimed armor component is thermochemically treated over a surface area or surface area to a surface layer depth d carb of at least 0.3 mm in such a way that the thermochemically applied layer or boundary layer of the at least one molded component has a carbon content of at least 0.5 percent by mass and maximum 1.5 percent by mass and the at least one molded component, based on any point of its total area, has a core zone in which the carbon content is less than 0.5 mass percent.
  • a coiled steel strip of 6.5 mm thickness is at least partially unwound, and then at least one steel plate 10 is cut off, which in Fig. 1 is shown in plan view before the beginning of the inventive method.
  • the individual cut sheet steel plate 10 has a thickness c of 6.5 mm and a rectangular basic shape with edge lengths a and b of 100 x 80 cm.
  • the sheet steel plate 10 has two opposite side surfaces or base surfaces 11 with the side lengths a equal to 100 cm and b equal to 80 cm and further four total opposite edge surfaces, namely, two first and two second edge surfaces.
  • the two first edge surfaces each have a long edge length equal to the side length a of 100 cm, and a short edge length equal to the thickness of the steel sheet 10 of 6.5 mm
  • the two second edge surfaces each have a long edge length , which is equal to the side length b of 80 cm, and a short edge length which is equal to the thickness of the sheet steel plate 10 of 6.5 mm.
  • Fig. 2 is a cross section through a section of the sheet steel plate 10 after Fig. 1 shown before the start of the inventive method, wherein the cross section through the sheet steel plate 10 is parallel to the longer edge with the edge length a executed.
  • these alloy contents are spatially averaged values, ie. that is, within typical alloying element specific tolerance ranges, there are scatters in the alloy contents around these averages.
  • the averaged values in all three spatial dimensions have been averaged in the formation of these over any spatial direction over a range of at least 0.1 mm.
  • the sheet steel blank 10 prior to the carburizing step of the method of the invention, is not formed in one or more upstream forming processes into a sheet extending in all three spatial directions. Rather, the sheet steel plate 10 without previous forming process and thus subjected to the carburization process of the method according to the invention as a flat surface element.
  • the steel plate 10 is completely for the purpose of carburizing in a gas carburizing furnace 20, which includes a carburizing section 21, brought in.
  • the gas carburizing furnace 20 in the present embodiment is an atmosphere furnace. Within the gas carburizing furnace 20, the steel sheet 10 is heated to a temperature T carburize greater than the workpiece specific Ac 3 temperature within a period of ⁇ t heat , carburize . It is known to the person skilled in the art that the Ac 3 temperature is also dependent on the heating speed. However, in the case of the embodiment described here, the heating rate is so low that the Ac 3 temperature for this heating process is only a negligible value above the Ac 3 temperature, which is for the present alloy composition for the idealized case of a quasi-static, ie quasi infinitely slow, warming applies. According to the specific embodiment, the steel sheet 10 in the gas carburizing furnace 20 is evenly heated to the temperature T carburize , which is substantially 50 ° C. above the workpiece-specific Ac 3 temperature.
  • the steel sheet 10 After heating the steel sheet 10 to the temperature T carburize , the steel sheet 10 is carburized within the carburizing portion 21 of the gas carburizing furnace 20.
  • the carburizing zone 21 coincides with the interior of the gas carburizing furnace 20, so that no introduction of the heated sheet steel blank 10 into a separate carburizing area is carried out here within the gas carburizing furnace 20.
  • the heated steel sheet 10 is at or above the temperature T carburize over a period of time .DELTA.t carburize , which is presently held embodiment 0.5 to 10 hours held, and by contact with at least one medium to the heated board 10 at least carbon the surface of the board 10, ie at the side surfaces 11 and edge surfaces, gives off, carburized on their total surface.
  • the gas carburizing furnace 20 is an atmosphere furnace.
  • a carrier gas comprising carbon monoxide as carbon releasing carburizing agent, besides hydrogen and nitrogen in the carrier gas, and methane as an enriching gas are also present. This achieves a controlled carburizing process.
  • the individual proportions in the carrier gas are essentially: about 20% carbon monoxide, about 40% hydrogen and about 40% nitrogen.
  • Fig. 4 shows in cross section that section of the sheet steel plate 10, the in Fig. 2 is shown before the beginning of the process according to the invention, in the carburized Condition of the board 10 after completion of the diffusing action of the carburizing agent.
  • the finished carburized board 10 has numerous distortions 12. That is, in many places, the outer dimensions 13 of the carburized board 10 deviate in an irregular manner from those outer dimensions 14 of the board 10 which they exhibited before the start of the carburizing process.
  • the outer dimensions 14 of the board 10 which has exhibited these before the start of the carburizing process shown as dotted lines. Overall, therefore, deviates the outer profile of the carburized board 10 in an irregular manner from that outer course of the board 10, which has exhibited this before the start of the carburizing process.
  • Fig. 5 The formation of the boundary layer is in Fig. 5 , which in their lower part of a cross section through one opposite Fig. 4 enlarged view through a section of the carburized and the Gasaufkohlungsofen 20 removed sheet steel plate 10 shows, together with - in the upper part of Fig. 5 shown - associated course of the carbon content in the sheet steel plate 10 along a perpendicular to the side surfaces 11 of the board 10 stationary way d represented by the cross section shown. For the sake of clarity are in this lower part of Fig. 5 no distortion of the board 10 has been drawn.
  • the edge layer depth d carb that distance from the gas mixture facing and not protected against the diffusing effect of the carburizing surface, ie here the side surfaces 11 and edge surfaces
  • the board 10 perpendicular to the inside of the board 10 to the point at which the carbon content has a value of 0.5 mass percent defined.
  • the edge layer depth d carb has a value of 1.5 mm.
  • the term or the size of the surface layer depth d carb is synonymous or identical with the term or the size of the carburizing depth At 0.5 .
  • that region of the carburized sheet steel plate 10, which faces away from the carburizing medium during the carburization process and has a carbon content of less than 0.5 mass percent is referred to as core zone 16 or as a non-carburized layer of thickness e.
  • the core zone 16 lies inside the carburized sheet steel plate 10 and is enclosed by the edge layer 15 of the board 10 with respect to the environment.
  • that portion of the carburized sheet steel blank 10, which during the carburization process the Carburizing medium facing and has a carbon content greater than or equal to 0.5 percent by mass referred to as the edge layer 15 or edge zone or as a carburized layer.
  • the carburized board 10 After completion of the diffusing effect of the carburizing agent, the carburized board 10 is removed from the gas carburizing furnace 20 in the still-heated condition and immediately thereafter completely introduced into an oil bath 30 where it is quenched and hardened by the action of the oil present therein.
  • the oil present in the oil bath 30 thus acts as quenching medium or quenching agent on the circuit board 10. Due to the fact that the carburized board 10 has been held immediately after the termination of the diffusing effect of the carburizing agent, the board 10 being held at the time of termination of the diffusing effect at the temperature T carburize , which in turn is above the workpiece specific Ac 3 temperature is the carburized board 10 with a temperature T quench which is greater than or equal to the Ac 1 temperature, introduced into the oil bath 30.
  • At least the parameters type, amount and initial temperature of the oil present in the oil bath 30 are coordinated so that the effect of acting in the oil bath 30 on the oil with the temperature T quench , which is greater than or equal to the Ac 1 temperature, the board 10 completely or areawise with a cooling rate v quench greater than or equal to the workpiece specific lower critical cooling rate v ukrit the core zone 16 and the non-carburized layer without exerting a form constraint at least until below martensite start temperature M s of the edge layer 15 and the carburized layer is deterred.
  • the quench hardening of the carburized board 10 within the oil bath 30 starting at a temperature greater than or equal to the Ac 1 temperature at a cooling rate greater than or equal to the lower critical cooling rate v ukrit of the core zone 16 at least below martensite start temperature M s of the boundary layer 15, martensite formation occurs throughout quench hardening within the entire board 10. Since the Carbon content in the boundary layer 15 is greater than in the carbon content in the core zone 16, while the hardness of the martensite formed in the edge layer 15 is greater than the hardness of the martensite formed in the core zone 16. In the specific embodiment of the present embodiment of the method according to the invention, the carburized board 10 is cooled to room temperature in the course of quenching.
  • the cooled to room temperature board 10 is heated for the purpose of subsequent hot forming and press hardening by means of a heating device 40 completely at or above the workpiece-specific Ac 1 temperature.
  • the circuit board 10 is placed in an oven 40 and heated there at or above the workpiece-specific Ac 1 temperature.
  • the furnace 40 is a chamber furnace.
  • the furnace 40 is a continuous furnace, specifically a roller hearth furnace.
  • the carbon content of the core zone 16 is below 0.5 percent by mass and thus completely in the hypoeutectoid region. Since, in the present exemplary embodiment, the carbon content of the boundary layer 15 is between 0.5 and 0.8 percent by mass, the carbon content of the boundary layer 15 is thus completely in the hypoeutectoid region. Therefore, it is conceivable according to an advantageous variant of the present embodiment of the inventive method, if the cooled to room temperature board 10 for the purpose of subsequent hot forming and press hardening completely or surface sections even on or above the workpiece-specific Ac 3 temperature of the surface layer 15 and the carburized Layer is heated.
  • the board 10 heated at or above the workpiece-specific Ac 1 temperature is spent from the furnace 40 into the mold cavity 53 of an open die press 50 by means of an automatic gripping device well known in the art.
  • the die press 50 continues to perform the actual hot forming step, ie, by reducing the distance between the lower die 51 and the upper die 52 of the Die press 50, the carburized and heated board 10 is formed into a desired three-dimensional mold member 60.
  • the forming process concerns the complete circuit board 10. It is ensured by a narrow time interval between the movement of the heated blank 10 into the mold cavity 53 and the start of the hot forming that the blank 10 at the beginning of the hot forming above the Ac 1 temperature is present.
  • the mold component 60 present after the hot-forming step has a three-dimensionally extending edge layer 65 or a carburized layer with the edge layer depth d carb , the edge layer 65 of the edge layer 15 formed during the carburizing of the board 10 taking into account the three-dimensional deformation equivalent. Furthermore, the mold component 60 comprises in its interior a three-dimensionally extending core zone 66 or a non-carburized layer with a thickness e, the core zone 66 corresponding to the core zone 16 formed during the carburizing of the circuit board 10 taking into account the three-dimensional forming.
  • the at least one shaped component 60 in the die press 50 is completely at a cooling rate v greater than or equal to the workpiece-specific lower critical cooling rate v ucrit of the core zone 66 or the non-carburized layer of the mold component 60 is, at least until below martensite start temperature M s of the edge layer 65 and the carburized layer of the mold member 60 cooled, the die press 50 is at least temporarily closed during cooling. That is, the molding member 60 is press-hardened in the die press 50.
  • the lower critical cooling rate of the edge layer 65 of the mold component 60 is less than or equal to the lower critical cooling rate v ukrit of the core zone 66 of the mold member 60 due to the higher carbon content of the edge layer 65 and also the cooling in the course of press hardening at least until below martensite start Temperature M s of the edge layer 65 takes place, it comes in the course of press hardening within the entire mold member 60 to martensite formation.
  • the Strength properties of both the edge layer 65 and the core zone 66 of the mold member 60 again increased or positively influenced against those strength properties, as they have been present in the board 10 after completion of quenching.
  • the hot forming and press hardening in the die press 50 ensures that the mold component 60 no longer has any distortions.
  • D. h. At any point deviates from the outer shape of the mold member 60 of the planned or intended course, the at least one mold member 60 in the armor component to be manufactured at least constructively within the tolerance fields should or must.
  • FIG. 6 A cross section through a section of a three-dimensional mold component 60, in which the sheet steel plate 10 after Fig. 1 has been converted in the course of the described embodiment of the method according to the invention, after completion of the method according to the invention, ie after completion of the press-hardening, is in Fig. 6 shown.
  • the mold component 60 present after execution of hot forming and press hardening is also completely coated by cathodic dip coating according to the exemplary embodiment described here. As a result of the cathodic dip coating, an electrocoating layer is thus completely applied to the molded component.

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WO2015000740A1 (fr) * 2013-07-05 2015-01-08 Thyssenkrupp Steel Europe Ag Élément en acier résistant à l'usure, au moins partiellement non revêtu
CN107617855A (zh) * 2017-10-24 2018-01-23 张麟敏 一种压制板的加工方法
CN109906278A (zh) * 2016-10-31 2019-06-18 新日铁住金株式会社 钢部件的制造方法以及钢部件

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DE102014203767A1 (de) * 2014-02-28 2015-09-03 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zur Herstellung von Fahrzeugbauteilen
DE102015105585B4 (de) 2015-04-13 2018-07-12 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Werkstücks aus Metallblech und Werkstück aus Metallblech
US10426037B2 (en) * 2015-07-15 2019-09-24 International Business Machines Corporation Circuitized structure with 3-dimensional configuration

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DE102005023952B9 (de) * 2005-05-20 2007-07-26 Carl Aug. Picard Gmbh & Co. Kg Sicherheitspanzerung zum Schutz gegen Beschuss sowie Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung
DE102008052632A1 (de) * 2008-10-22 2010-05-27 Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh Sicherungsschrank

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DE102005014298B4 (de) 2005-03-24 2006-11-30 Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh Panzerung für ein Fahrzeug

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2015000740A1 (fr) * 2013-07-05 2015-01-08 Thyssenkrupp Steel Europe Ag Élément en acier résistant à l'usure, au moins partiellement non revêtu
CN109906278A (zh) * 2016-10-31 2019-06-18 新日铁住金株式会社 钢部件的制造方法以及钢部件
EP3533886A4 (fr) * 2016-10-31 2020-04-01 Nippon Steel Corporation Procédé de production d'élément en acier, et élément en acier
CN107617855A (zh) * 2017-10-24 2018-01-23 张麟敏 一种压制板的加工方法

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