EP2621931A1 - Dérivés d'indoles tétracycliques pour le traitement d'une infection par le virus de l'hépatite c - Google Patents

Dérivés d'indoles tétracycliques pour le traitement d'une infection par le virus de l'hépatite c

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Publication number
EP2621931A1
EP2621931A1 EP11827912.4A EP11827912A EP2621931A1 EP 2621931 A1 EP2621931 A1 EP 2621931A1 EP 11827912 A EP11827912 A EP 11827912A EP 2621931 A1 EP2621931 A1 EP 2621931A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
alkyl
group
membered
haloalkyl
occurrence
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP11827912.4A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2621931A4 (fr
Inventor
Joseph A. Kozlowski
Stuart B. Rosenblum
Craig A. Coburn
Bandarpalle B. Shankar
G. Nair Anilkumar
Lei Chen
Michael P. Dwyer
Yueheng Jiang
Kartik M. Keertikar
Brian J. Lavey
Oleg B. Selyutin
Ling Tong
Michael Wong
De-Yi Yang
Wensheng Yu
Guowei Zhou
Hao Wu
Bin Hu
Bin Zhong
Fei Sun
Tao Ji
Changmao Shen
Razia Rizvi
Qingbei Zeng
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Merck Sharp and Dohme LLC
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Merck Sharp and Dohme LLC
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Publication date
Priority claimed from PCT/CN2010/077493 external-priority patent/WO2012040923A1/fr
Application filed by Merck Sharp and Dohme LLC filed Critical Merck Sharp and Dohme LLC
Publication of EP2621931A1 publication Critical patent/EP2621931A1/fr
Publication of EP2621931A4 publication Critical patent/EP2621931A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D498/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D498/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D498/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/437—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system containing a five-membered ring having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. indolizine, beta-carboline
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/4985—Pyrazines or piperazines ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
    • A61K31/5365—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
    • A61K31/5375—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine
    • A61K31/5383—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
    • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
    • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to novel Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives, compositions comprising at least one Tetracyclic Indole Derivative, and methods of using the Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives for treating or preventing HCV infection in a patient.
  • HCV Hepatitis C virus
  • BB-NANBH blood-associated NANBH
  • NANBH is to be distinguished from other types of viral-induced liver disease, such as hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), delta hepatitis virus (HDV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), as well as from other forms of liver disease such as alcoholism and primary biliar cirrhosis.
  • HAV hepatitis A virus
  • HBV hepatitis B virus
  • HDV delta hepatitis virus
  • CMV cytomegalovirus
  • EBV Epstein-Barr virus
  • HCV replication inhibition is a viable strategy for the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • Current therapies for HCV infection include a-interferon monotherapy and combination therapy comprising a-interferon and ribavirin. These therapies have been shown to be effective in some patients with chronic HCV infection, but suffer from poor efficacy and unfavorable side-effects and there are currently efforts directed to the discovery of HCV replication inhibitors that are useful for the treatment and prevention of HCV related disorders.
  • HCV HCV-resistant oligonucleotides
  • free bile acids such as ursodeoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid
  • conjugated bile acids such as tauroursodeoxycholic acid
  • Phosphonoformic acid esters have also been proposed as potentially useful for the treatment of various viral infections, including HCV.
  • Vaccine development has been hampered by the high degree of viral strain heterogeneity and immune evasion and the lack of protection against reinfection, even with the same inoculum.
  • HCV NS5A is a 447 amino acid phosphoprotein which lacks a defined enzymatic function. It runs as 56kd and 58kd bands on gels depending on phosphorylation state (Tanji, et al. J. Virol. 69:3980-3986 (1995)). HCV NS5A resides in replication complex and may be responsible for the switch from replication of RNA to production of infectious virus (Huang, Y, et al, Virology 364:1-9 (2007)).
  • Multicyclic HCV NS5A inhibitors have been reported. See U.S. Patent Publication Nos. US20080311075, US20080044379, US20080050336, US20080044380, US20090202483 and US2009020478.
  • HCV NS5A inhibitors having fused tricyclic moieties are disclosed in International Patent Publication Nos. WO 10/065681, WO 10/065668, and WO 10/065674.
  • HCV NS5A inhibitors and their use for reducing viral load in HCV infected humans have been described in U.S. Patent Publication No.
  • the present invention provides Compounds of Formula
  • a and A' are each independently a 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl, wherein said 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl group can be optionally fused to an aryl group; and wherein said 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl group can be optionally and independently substituted on one or more ring carbon atoms with R 13 , such that any two R 13 groups on the same ring, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, can join to form a fused, bridged or spirocyclic 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl group or a fused, bridged or spirocyclic 4 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl group, wherein said 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl contains from 1 to 2 ring heteroatoms, each
  • U is selected from N and C(R 2 );
  • V and V are each independently selected from N and C(R 15 );
  • W and W are each independently selected from N and C(R');
  • X and X' are each independently selected from N and C(R 10 );
  • Y and Y' are each independently selected from N and C(R 10 );
  • R 1 is selected from H, Ci-C 6 alkyl, 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl, halo, - OH, -0-(Ci-C 6 alkyl), Ci-C 6 haloalkyl and -0-(d-C 6 haloalkyl);
  • each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from H, Ci-C 6 alkyl, 3 to 6 membered cycloalkyl, -0-(Ci-C 6 alkyl), Ci-C 6 haloalkyl -0-(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl); halo, -OH, aryl, and heteroaryl;
  • each occurrence of R 3 is independently selected from H, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, -(C C 6 alkylene)-0-(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 alkylene)-0-(3 to 6 membered cycloalkyl), 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl, 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl, 9 or 10-membered bicyclic heteroaryl and benzyl, wherein said aryl group, said 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl group, said 9 or 10-membered bicyclic heteroaryl group or the phenyl moiety of said benzyl group can be optionally substituted with up to 3 groups, which can be the same or different, and are selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, C]-C 6 haloalkyl, -0-(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -0
  • each occurrence of R 4 is independently selected from -[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 ) 2 , -C(0)R n , -C(0)-[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 ) 2 , -C(0)-[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q -R n , -C(0)-[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 )C(0)- R 11 , -C(0)[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 )S0 2 -R n , -C(0)-[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 )C(0)0-R n , -C(O)- [C(R 7 ) 2 ]qC(0)0-R 1 1 and -alkylene-N(R 6 )-[C(R 7 ) 2 ]qC(0)0-R 1 1 and -alkylene-N(R 6 )-
  • each occurrence of R 5 is independently selected from H, Ci-C 6 alkyl, - (Ci-C 6 alkylene)-0-(Ci-C alkyl), 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl, 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl and benzyl, wherein said aryl group, said 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl group or the phenyl moiety of said benzyl group can be optionally substituted with up to 3 groups, which can be the same or different, and are selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, -O- (Ci-C 6 alkyl), -0-(d-C 6 haloalkyl), halo, -(Ci-Ce alkylene)-0-(d-C 6 alkyl) and - CN;
  • each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from H, Ci-C 6 alkyl, 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl and 5 or 6- membered monocyclic heteroaryl, wherein said 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl group, said 4 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl group, said aryl group and said 5 or 6- membered monocyclic heteroaryl group can be optionally and independently substituted with up to two R groups, and wherein two R groups that are attached to the same nitrogen atom, together with the common nitrogen atom to which they are attached, can join to form a 4 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl group;
  • each occurrence of R 7 is independently selected from H, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, -alkylene-0-(Ci-C 6 alkyl), 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl and 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl, wherein said 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl group, said 4 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl group, said aryl group and said 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl group can be optionally substituted with up to three R groups;
  • each occurrence of R 8 is independently selected from H, d-C 6 alkyl, halo, -d-C 6 haloalkyl, C,-C 6 hydroxy alkyl, -OH, -C(0)NH-(d-C 6 alkyl), -C(0)N(Ci- C 6 alkyl) 2 , -0-(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -NH 2 , -NH(d-C 6 alkyl), -N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 and -NHC(O)- (d-C 6 alkyl);
  • each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from H, d-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl and 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl;
  • each occurrence of R 10 is independently selected from H, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, halo, -OH, -0-(d-C 6 alkyl) and -CN;
  • each occurrence of R 1 1 is independently selected from H, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C)-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 hydroxyalkyl, 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl and 4 to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl;
  • each occurrence of R is independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci- C 6 haloalkyl, 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl and 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl;
  • each occurrence of R 13 is independently selected from H, halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, d-C 6 haloalkyl, 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 6-membered
  • heterocycloalkyl -CN, -OR 9 , -N(R 9 ) 2 , -C(0)R 12 , -C(0)OR 9 , -C(0)N(R 9 ) 2 , - NHC(0)R 12 , -NHC(0)NHR 9 , -NHC(0)OR 9 , -OC(0)R 12 , -SR 9 and -S(0) 2 R 12 , wherein two R 12 groups together with the carbon atom(s) to which they are attached, can optionally join to form a 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl group or 4 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl group;
  • each occurrence of R 14 is independently selected from H, halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl, -(Ci-C 6 alkylene)-0-(Ci-C 6 alkyl), 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl, Ci-C 6
  • haloalkyl aryl, 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl and benzyl, wherein said aryl group, said 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl group or the phenyl moiety of said benzyl group can be optionally substituted with up to 3 groups, which can be the same or different, and are selected from halo, -CN, d-C 6 alkyl, d-C 6 haloalkyl, -O- (Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 alkylene)-0-(d-C 6 alkyl) and -0-(d-C 6 haloalkyl);
  • each occurrence of R 15 is independently selected from H, Ci-C alkyl, 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl, halo, -OH, -0-(Ci-C 6 alkyl), Ci-C 6 haloalkyl and -O- (Ci-C 6 haloalkyl); each occurrence of R 16 is independently selected from H, halo, Ci-C 6 alkyl and 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl, wherein two R 16 groups that are attached to a common silicon atom can join to form a -(CH 2 ) 4 - or a -(CH 2 ) 5 - group; and
  • each occurrence of q is independently an integer ranging from 0 to 4, provided that the compound of formula (I) is other than:
  • Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof can be useful, for example, for inhibiting HCV viral replication or replicon activity, and for treating or preventing HCV infection in a patient. Without being bound by any specific theory, it is believed that the Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives inhibit HCV viral replication by inhibiting HCV NS5A.
  • the present invention provides methods for treating or preventing HCV infection in a patient, comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of at least one Tetracyclic Indole Derivative.
  • the present invention relates to novel Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives, compositions comprising at least one Tetracyclic Indole Derivative, and methods of using the Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives for treating or preventing HCV infection in a patient.
  • a "patient” is a human or non-human mammal. In one embodiment, a patient is a human. In another embodiment, a patient is a chimpanzee.
  • an effective amount refers to an amount of Tetracyclic Indole Derivative and/or an additional therapeutic agent, or a composition thereof that is effective in producing the desired therapeutic, ameliorative, inhibitory or preventative effect when administered to a patient suffering from a viral infection or virus-related disorder.
  • an effective amount can refer to each individual agent or to the combination as a whole, wherein the amounts of all agents administered are together effective, but wherein the component agent of the combination may not be present individually in an effective amount.
  • preventing refers to reducing the likelihood of HCV infection.
  • alkyl refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having one of its hydrogen atoms replaced with a bond.
  • An alkyl group may be straight or branched and contain from about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, an alkyl group contains from about 1 to about 12 carbon atoms. In different embodiments, an alkyl group contains from 1 to 6 carbon atoms (C]-C 6 alkyl) or from about 1 to about 4 carbon atoms (C1-C4 alkyl).
  • Non-limiting examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl and neohexyl.
  • An alkyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents which may be the same or different, each substituent being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cyano, hydroxy, -O-alkyl, -O-aryl, -alkylene-O-alkyl, alkylthio, -NH 2 , -NH(alkyl), -N(alkyl) 2 , -NH(cycloalkyl), -0-C(0)-alkyl, -0-C(0)-aryl, -0-C(0)-cycloalkyl, -C(0)OH and -C(0)O-alkyl.
  • an alkyl group is linear.
  • an alkyl group is branched. Unless otherwise indicated, an alkyl group is unsubstituted.
  • alkenyl refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond and having one of its hydrogen atoms replaced with a bond.
  • An alkenyl group may be straight or branched and contain from about 2 to about 15 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, an alkenyl group contains from about 2 to about 12 carbon atoms. In another embodiment, an alkenyl group contains from about 2 to about 6 carbon atoms.
  • Non-limiting examples of alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, n-butenyl, 3-methylbut-2-enyl, n- pentenyl, octenyl and decenyl.
  • An alkenyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents which may be the same or different, each substituent being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cyano, hydroxy, -O-alkyl, -O-aryl, -alkylene-O-alkyl, alkylthio, -NH 2 , - NH(alkyl), -N(alkyl) 2 , -NH(cycloalkyl), -0-C(0)-alkyl, -0-C(0)-aryl, -O-C(O)- cycloalkyl, -C(0)OH and -C(0)0-alkyl.
  • C 2 -C 6 alkenyl refers to an alkenyl group having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. Unless otherwise indicated, an alkenyl group is unsubstituted.
  • alkynyl refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond and having one of its hydrogen atoms replaced with a bond.
  • An alkynyl group may be straight or branched and contain from about 2 to about 15 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, an alkynyl group contains from about 2 to about 12 carbon atoms. In another embodiment, an alkynyl group contains from about 2 to about 6 carbon atoms.
  • Non-limiting examples of alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, 2-butynyl and 3-methylbutynyl.
  • An alkynyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents which may be the same or different, each substituent being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cyano, hydroxy, -O-alkyl, -O-aryl, -alkylene-O-alkyl, alkylthio, -NH 2 , -NH(alkyl), -N(alkyl) 2 , -NH(cycloalkyl), -0-C(0)-alkyl, -0-C(0)-aryl, -0-C(0)-cycloalkyl, -C(0)OH and -C(0)0-alkyl.
  • C 2 -C 6 alkynyl refers to an alkynyl group having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. Unless otherwise indicated, an alkynyl group is unsubstituted.
  • alkylene refers to an alkyl group, as defined above, wherein one of the alkyl group's hydrogen atoms has been replaced with a bond.
  • alkylene groups include -CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, - CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH(CH 3 )- and - CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 -.
  • an alkylene group has from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms.
  • an alkylene group is branched.
  • an alkylene group is linear.
  • an alkylene group is - CH 2 -.
  • the term "Ci-C 6 alkylene" refers to an alkylene group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • aryl refers to an aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising from about 6 to about 14 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, an aryl group contains from about 6 to about 10 carbon atoms. An aryl group can be optionally substituted with one or more "ring system substituents" which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein below. In one embodiment, an aryl group can be optionally fused to a cycloalkyl or cycloalkanoyl group. Non- limiting examples of aryl groups include phenyl and naphthyl. In one embodiment, an aryl group is phenyl. Unless otherwise indicated, an aryl group is unsubstituted.
  • arylene refers to a bivalent group derived from an aryl group, as defined above, by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring carbon of an aryl group.
  • An arylene group can be derived from a monocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising from about 6 to about 14 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, an arylene group contains from about 6 to about 10 carbon atoms. In another embodiment, an arylene group is a naphthylene group. In another embodiment, an arylene group is a phenylene group.
  • An arylene group can be optionally substituted with one or more "ring system substituents" which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein below.
  • An arylene group is divalent and either available bond on an arylene group can connect to either group flanking the arylene group. For example, the group "A-arylene-B,” wherein the arylene group is:
  • an arylene group can be optionally fused to a cycloalkyl or cycloalkanoyl group.
  • arylene groups include phenylene and naphthalene.
  • an arylene group is unsubstituted.
  • an arylene group is:
  • cycloalkyl refers to a non-aromatic mono- or multicyclic ring system comprising from about 3 to about 10 ring carbon atoms. In one embodiment, a cycloalkyl contains from about 5 to about 10 ring carbon atoms. In another embodiment, a cycloalkyl contains from about 3 to about 7 ring atoms. In another embodiment, a cycloalkyl contains from about 5 to about 6 ring atoms.
  • cycloalkyl also encompasses a cycloalkyl group, as defined above, which is fused to an aryl (e.g., benzene) or heteroaryl ring.
  • Non-limiting examples of monocyclic cycloalkyls include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.
  • Non-limiting examples of multicyclic cycloalkyls include 1-decalinyl, norbornyl and adamantyl.
  • a cycloalkyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more "ring system substituents" which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein below. In one embodiment, a cycloalkyl group is unsubstituted.
  • 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl refers to a cycloalkyl group having from 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms. Unless otherwise indicated, a cycloalkyl group is unsubstituted. A ring carbon atom of a cycloalkyl group may be functionalized as a carbonyl group.
  • An illustrative example of such a cycloalkyl group includes, but is not limited to, cyclobutanoyl:
  • cycloalkenyl refers to a non-aromatic mono- or multicyclic ring system comprising from about 4 to about 10 ring carbon atoms and containing at least one endocyclic double bond. In one embodiment, a cycloalkenyl contains from about 4 to about 7 ring carbon atoms. In another embodiment, a cycloalkenyl contains 5 or 6 ring atoms.
  • monocyclic cycloalkenyls include cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohepta-l,3-dienyl, and the like.
  • a cycloalkenyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more "ring system substituents" which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein below.
  • a ring carbon atom of a cycloalkyl group may be functionalized as a carbonyl group.
  • a cycloalkenyl group is cyclopentenyl.
  • a cycloalkenyl group is cyclohexenyl.
  • the term "4 to 6- membered cycloalkenyl” refers to a cycloalkenyl group having from 4 to 6 ring carbon atoms. Unless otherwise indicated, a cycloalkenyl group is unsubstituted.
  • halo means -F, -CI, -Br or -I.
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group as defined above, wherein one or more of the alkyl group's hydrogen atoms has been replaced with a halogen. In one embodiment, a haloalkyl group has from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. In another embodiment, a haloalkyl group is substituted with from 1 to 3 F atoms. Non-limiting examples of haloalkyl groups include -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , - CH 2 C1 and -CC1 3 .
  • Ci-C 6 haloalkyl refers to a haloalkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • hydroxyalkyl refers to an alkyl group as defined above, wherein one or more of the alkyl group's hydrogen atoms has been replaced with an -OH group. In one embodiment, a hydroxyalkyl group has from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of hydroxyalkyl groups include -CH 2 OH, - CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH and -CH 2 CH(OH)CH 3 .
  • hydroxyalkyl refers to a hydroxyalkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • heteroaryl refers to an aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising about 5 to about 14 ring atoms, wherein from 1 to 4 of the ring atoms is independently O, N or S and the remaining ring atoms are carbon atoms.
  • a heteroaryl group has 5 to 10 ring atoms.
  • a heteroaryl group is monocyclic and has 5 or 6 ring atoms.
  • a heteroaryl group is bicyclic and had 9 or 10 ring atoms.
  • a heteroaryl group can be optionally substituted by one or more "ring system substituents" which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein below.
  • a heteroaryl group is joined via a ring carbon atom, and any nitrogen atom of a heteroaryl can be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide.
  • heteroaryl also encompasses a heteroaryl group, as defined above, which is fused to a benzene ring.
  • heteroaryls include pyridyl, pyrazinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridone (including N-substituted pyridones), isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furazanyl, pyrrolyl, triazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, oxindolyl, imidazo[l,2-a]pyridinyl, imidazo[2,l-b]thiazolyl, benzofurazanyl, indolyl, azaindolyl,
  • heteroaryl also refers to partially saturated heteroaryl moieties such as, for example, tetrahydroisoquinolyl, tetrahydroquinolyl and the like.
  • a heteroaryl group is a 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl.
  • a heteroaryl group is a 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl.
  • a heteroaryl group is a 5-membered monocyclic heteroaryl.
  • a heteroaryl group is a 9 or 10-membered monocyclic heteroaryl.
  • a heteroaryl group is a 9-membered monocyclic heteroaryl. Unless otherwise indicated, a heteroaryl group is unsubstituted.
  • heteroarylene refers to a bivalent group derived from an heteroaryl group, as defined above, by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring carbon or ring heteroatom of a heteroaryl group.
  • a heteroarylene group can be derived from a monocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising about 5 to about 14 ring atoms, wherein from 1 to 4 of the ring atoms are each independently O, N or S and the remaining ring atoms are carbon atoms.
  • a heteroarylene group can be optionally substituted by one or more "ring system substituents" which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein below.
  • heteroarylene group is joined via a ring carbon atom or by a nitrogen atom with an open valence, and any nitrogen atom of a heteroarylene can be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide.
  • heteroarylene also encompasses a heteroarylene group, as defined above, which is fused to a benzene ring.
  • heteroarylenes include pyridylene, pyrazinylene, furanylene, thienylene, pyrimidinylene, pyridonylene (including those derived from N-substituted pyridonyls), isoxazolylene, isothiazolylene, oxazolylene, oxadiazolylene, thiazolylene, pyrazolylene,
  • thiophenylene furazanylene, pyrrolylene, triazolylene, 1 ,2,4-thiadiazolylene, pyrazinylene, pyridazinylene, quinoxalinylene, phthalazinylene, oxindolylene, imidazo[l,2-a]pyridinylene, imidazo[2,l-b]thiazolylene, benzofurazanylene, indolylene, azaindolylene, benzimidazolylene, benzothienylene, quinolinylene, imidazolylene, benzimidazolylene, thienopyridylene, quinazolinylene,
  • heteroarylene also refers to partially saturated heteroarylene moieties such as, for example, tetrahydroisoquinolylene,
  • a heteroarylene group is divalent and either available bond on a heteroarylene ring can connect to either group flanking the heteroarylene group.
  • A-heteroarylene-B wherein the heteroarylene group is:
  • a heteroarylene group is a monocyclic heteroarylene group or a bicyclic heteroarylene group. In another embodiment, a heteroarylene group is a monocyclic heteroarylene group. In another embodiment, a heteroarylene group is a bicyclic heteroarylene group. In still another embodiment, a heteroarylene group has from about 5 to about 10 ring atoms. In another embodiment, a heteroarylene group is monocyclic and has 5 or 6 ring atoms. In another
  • a heteroarylene group is bicyclic and has 9 or 10 ring atoms.
  • a heteroarylene group is a 5-membered monocyclic heteroarylene.
  • a heteroarylene group is a 6-membered monocyclic
  • a bicyclic heteroarylene group comprises a 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heteroarylene group fused to a benzene ring. Unless otherwise indicated, a heteroarylene group is unsubstituted.
  • heterocycloalkyl refers to a non-aromatic saturated monocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising 3 to about 1 1 ring atoms, wherein from 1 to 4 of the ring atoms are independently O, S, N or Si, and the remainder of the ring atoms are carbon atoms.
  • a heterocycloalkyl group can be joined via a ring carbon, ring silicon atom or ring nitrogen atom.
  • a heterocycloalkyl group is monocyclic and has from about 3 to about 7 ring atoms. In another embodiment, a heterocycloalkyl group is monocyclic has from about 4 to about 7 ring atoms. In another embodiment, a heterocycloalkyl group is bicyclic and has from about 7 to about 1 1 ring atoms. In still another embodiment, a
  • heterocycloalkyl group is monocyclic and has 5 or 6 ring atoms.
  • a heterocycloalkyl group is monocyclic.
  • a heterocycloalkyl group is bicyclic. There are no adjacent oxygen and/or sulfur atoms present in the ring system.
  • Any -NH group in a heterocycloalkyl ring may exist protected such as, for example, as an -N(BOC), -N(Cbz), -N(Tos) group and the like; such protected heterocycloalkyl groups are considered part of this invention.
  • heterocycloalkyl also encompasses a heterocycloalkyl group, as defined above, which is fused to an aryl (e.g., benzene) or heteroaryl ring.
  • a heterocycloalkyl group can be optionally substituted by one or more "ring system substituents" which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein below.
  • the nitrogen or sulfur atom of the heterocycloalkyl can be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide.
  • Non-limiting examples of monocyclic heterocycloalkyl rings include oxetanyl, piperidyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, 1 ,4-dioxanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, delta-lactam, delta-lactone, silacyclopentane, silapyrrolidine and the like, and all isomers thereof.
  • Non-limiting illustrative examples of a silyl-containing heterocycloalkyl group include:
  • a ring carbon atom of a heterocycloalkyl group may be functionalized as a carbonyl group.
  • An illustrative example of such a heterocycloalkyl group is:
  • a heterocycloalkyl group is a 5-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment, a heterocycloalkyl group is a 6-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl.
  • the term "3 to 6-membered monocyclic cycloalkyl” refers to a monocyclic heterocycloalkyl group having from 3 to 6 ring atoms.
  • the term "4 to 6-membered monocyclic cycloalkyl” refers to a monocyclic heterocycloalkyl group having from 4 to 6 ring atoms.
  • 7 to 11-membered bicyclic heterocycloalkyl refers to a bicyclic heterocycloalkyl group having from 7 to 1 1 ring atoms. Unless otherwise indicated, an heterocycloalkyl group is unsubstituted.
  • heterocycloalkenyl refers to a heterocycloalkyl group, as defined above, wherein the heterocycloalkyl group contains from 4 to 10 ring atoms, and at least one endocyclic carbon-carbon or carbon-nitrogen double bond.
  • a heterocycloalkenyl group can be joined via a ring carbon or ring nitrogen atom.
  • a heterocycloalkenyl group has from 4 to 6 ring atoms.
  • a heterocycloalkenyl group is monocyclic and has 5 or 6 ring atoms.
  • a heterocycloalkenyl group is bicyclic.
  • a heterocycloalkenyl group can optionally substituted by one or more ring system substituents, wherein "ring system substituent" is as defined above.
  • the nitrogen or sulfur atom of the heterocycloalkenyl can be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide.
  • heterocycloalkenyl groups include 1,2,3,4- tetrahydropyridinyl, 1 ,2-dihydropyridinyl, 1 ,4-dihydropyridinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidinyl, 2- pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, 2-imidazolinyl, 2-pyrazolinyl, dihydroimidazolyl,
  • a ring carbon atom of a heterocycloalkenyl group may be functionalized as a carbonyl group.
  • a heterocycloalkenyl group is a 5-membered heterocycloalkenyl.
  • a heterocycloalkenyl group is a 6-membered heterocycloalkenyl.
  • the term "4 to 6-membered heterocycloalkenyl” refers to a heterocycloalkenyl group having from 4 to 6 ring atoms. Unless otherwise indicated, a heterocycloalkenyl group is unsubstituted.
  • Ring system substituent refers to a substituent group attached to an aromatic or non-aromatic ring system which, for example, replaces an available hydrogen on the ring system.
  • Ring system substituents may be the same or different, each being independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -alkylene-ar l, -arylene-alkyl, - alkylene-heteroaryl, -alkenylene-heteroaryl, -alkynylene-heteroaryl, -OH,
  • Ring system substituent may also mean a single moiety which simultaneously replaces two available hydrogens on two adjacent carbon atoms (one H on each carbon) on a ring system.
  • Examples of such moiety are methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy, -C(CH 3 ) 2 - and the like which form moieties such as, for example:
  • silylalkyl refers to an alkyl group as defined above, wherein one or more of the alkyl group's hydrogen atoms has been replaced with a -Si(R x )3 group, wherein each occurrence of R x is independently Cj-C 6 alkyl, phenyl or a 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl group.
  • a silylalkyl group has from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • a silyl alkyl group contains a -Si(CH 3 ) 3 moiety.
  • Non-limiting examples of silylalkyl groups include -CH 2 -Si(CH 3 ) 3 and -CH 2 CH 2 -Si(CH 3 ) 3 .
  • substituted means that one or more hydrogens on the designated atom is replaced with a selection from the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's normal valency under the existing circumstances is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.
  • stable compound' or “stable structure” is meant a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent.
  • substantially purified form refers to the physical state of a compound after the compound is isolated from a synthetic process (e.g., from a reaction mixture), a natural source, or a combination thereof.
  • substantially purified form also refers to the physical state of a compound after the compound is obtained from a purification process or processes described herein or well-known to the skilled artisan (e.g., chromatography, recrystallization and the like), in sufficient purity to be characterizable by standard analytical techniques described herein or well-known to the skilled artisan.
  • protecting groups When a functional group in a compound is termed "protected”, this means that the group is in modified form to preclude undesired side reactions at the protected site when the compound is subjected to a reaction. Suitable protecting groups will be recognized by those with ordinary skill in the art as well as by reference to standard textbooks such as, for example, T. W. Greene et al, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (1991), Wiley, New York.
  • composition is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.
  • Prodrugs and solvates of the compounds of the invention are also contemplated herein.
  • a discussion of prodrugs is provided in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems (1987) 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, (1987) Edward B. Roche, ed., American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press.
  • the term "prodrug” means a compound ⁇ e.g., a drug precursor) that is transformed in vivo to provide a Tetracyclic Indole Derivative or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of the compound. The transformation may occur by various mechanisms ⁇ e.g., by metabolic or chemical processes), such as, for example, through hydrolysis in blood.
  • a prodrug can comprise an ester formed by the replacement of the hydrogen atom of the acid group with a group such as, for example, (Ci-C 8 )alkyl, (C 2 -Ci 2 )alkanoyloxymethyl, l-(alkanoyloxy)ethyl having from 4 to 9 carbon atoms, 1 -methyl- l-(alkanoyloxy)-ethyl having from 5 to 10 carbon atoms,
  • alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms 1- (alkoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl having from 4 to 6 carbon atoms, 1 -methyl- 1- (alkoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl having from 5 to 8 carbon atoms, N- (alkoxycarbonyl)aminomethyl having from 3 to 9 carbon atoms, 1-(N- (alkoxycarbonyl)amino)ethyl having from 4 to 10 carbon atoms, 3-phthalidyl, 4- crotonolactonyl, gamma-butyrolacton-4-yl, di-N,N-(Ci-C 2 )alkylamino(C2-C 3 )alkyl (such as ⁇ -dimethylaminoethyl), carbamoyl-(Ci-C 2 )alkyl, N,N-di (Ci- C 2 )alkylcarbamoyl-(Ci-C 2 )
  • a prodrug can be formed by the replacement of the hydrogen atom of the alcohol group with a group such as, for example, (C]-C 6 )alkanoyloxymethyl, 1- ((C i -C 6 )alkanoy loxy)ethy 1, 1 -methyl- 1 -((C i -C 6 )alkanoyloxy)ethyl, (C i - C6)alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl, N-(Ci-C 6 )alkoxycarbonylaminomethyl, succinoyl, (Ci- C 6 )alkanoyl, a-amino(Ci-C4)alkyl, a-amino(Ci-C4)alkylene-aryl, arylacyl and a- aminoacyl, or ⁇ -aminoacyl-a-aminoacyl, where each a-aminoacyl
  • a prodrug can be formed by the replacement of a hydrogen atom in the amine group with a group such as, for example, R-carbonyl-, RO-carbonyl-, NRR'-carbonyl- wherein R and R' are each independently (Ci-C ⁇ alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl, benzyl, a natural a-aminoacyl, -QOH ⁇ C OY 1 wherein Y 1 is H, (C r C 6 )alkyl or benzyl, - C(OY 2 )Y 3 wherein Y 2 is (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl and Y 3 is (d-C 6 )alkyl; carboxy (C C 6 )alkyl; amino(C C 4 )alkyl or mono-N- or di-N,N-(Ci-C 6 )alkylaminoalkyl
  • esters of the present compounds include the following groups: (1) carboxylic acid esters obtained by esterification of the hydroxy group of a hydroxyl compound, in which the non-carbonyl moiety of the carboxylic acid portion of the ester grouping is selected from straight or branched chain alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, sec-butyl or n-butyl), alkoxyalkyl (e.g., methoxymethyl), aralkyl (e.g., benzyl), aryloxyalkyl (for example, phenoxymethyl), aryl (e.g., phenyl optionally substituted with, for example, halogen, Ci -4 alkyl, -0-(Ci -4 alkyl) or amino); (2) sulfonate esters, such as alkyl- or
  • aralkylsulfonyl for example, methanesulfonyl
  • amino acid esters e.g., L-valyl or L-isoleucyl
  • phosphonate esters (5) mono-, di- or triphosphate esters.
  • the phosphate esters may be further esterified by, for example, a C 1-20 alcohol or reactive derivative thereof, or by a 2,3-di (C 6- 2 4 )acyl glycerol.
  • One or more compounds of the invention may exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like, and it is intended that the invention embrace both solvated and unsolvated forms.
  • Solvate means a physical association of a compound of this invention with one or more solvent molecules. This physical association involves varying degrees of ionic and covalent bonding, including hydrogen bonding. In certain instances the solvate will be capable of isolation, for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of the crystalline solid.
  • Solvate encompasses both solution-phase and isolatable solvates. Non-limiting examples of solvates include ethanolates, methanolates, and the like.
  • a "hydrate” is a solvate wherein the solvent molecule is water.
  • One or more compounds of the invention may optionally be converted to a solvate.
  • Preparation of solvates is generally known.
  • M. Caira et al, J. Pharmaceutical Sci., 93(3), 601-611 (2004) describe the preparation of the solvates of the antifungal fluconazole in ethyl acetate as well as from water.
  • Similar preparations of solvates, hemisolvate, hydrates and the like are described by E. C. van Tonder et al, AAPS PharmSciTechours. , 5(1), article 12 (2004); and A. L. Bingham et al, Chem. Commun., 603-604 (2001).
  • a typical, non-limiting, process involves dissolving the inventive compound in desired amounts of the desired solvent (organic or water or mixtures thereof) at a higher than room temperature, and cooling the solution at a rate sufficient to form crystals which are then isolated by standard methods.
  • Analytical techniques such as, for example IR spectroscopy, show the presence of the solvent (or water) in the crystals as a solvate (or hydrate).
  • Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives can form salts which are also within the scope of this invention.
  • Reference to a Tetracyclic Indole Derivative herein is understood to include reference to salts thereof, unless otherwise indicated.
  • the term "salt(s)", as employed herein, denotes acidic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic acids, as well as basic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic bases.
  • a Tetracyclic Indole Derivative contains both a basic moiety, such as, but not limited to a pyridine or imidazole, and an acidic moiety, such as, but not limited to a carboxylic acid
  • zwitterions inner salts
  • the salt is a pharmaceutically acceptable ⁇ i.e., non-toxic, physiologically acceptable) salt.
  • the salt is other than a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
  • Salts of the Compounds of Formula (I) may be formed, for example, by reacting a Tetracyclic Indole Derivative with an amount of acid or base, such as an equivalent amount, in a medium such as one in which the salt precipitates or in an aqueous medium followed by lyophilization.
  • Exemplary acid addition salts include acetates, ascorbates, benzoates, benzenesulfonates, bisulfates, borates, butyrates, citrates, camphorates,
  • camphorsulfonates fumarates, hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, hydroiodides, lactates, maleates, methanesulfonates, naphthalenesulfonates, nitrates, oxalates, phosphates, propionates, salicylates, succinates, sulfates, tartarates, thiocyanates,
  • toluenesulfonates also known as tosylates
  • acids which are generally considered suitable for the formation of pharmaceutically useful salts from basic pharmaceutical compounds are discussed, for example, by P. Stahl et al, Camille G. (eds.) Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts. Properties, Selection and Use. (2002) Zurich: Wiley-VCH; S. Berge et al, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (1977) 66(1) 1-19; P. Gould, International J. of Pharmaceutics (1986) 33 201-217; Anderson et al, The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry (1996), Academic Press, New York; and in The Orange Book (Food & Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. on their website). These disclosures are incorporated herein by reference thereto.
  • Exemplary basic salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium, and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases (for example, organic amines) such as dicyclohexylamine, t-butyl amine, choline, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine and the like.
  • alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium, and potassium salts
  • alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts
  • salts with organic bases for example, organic amines
  • organic bases for example, organic amines
  • amino acids such as arginine, lysine and the like.
  • Basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quarternized with agents such as lower alkyl halides ⁇ e.g., methyl, ethyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), dialkyl sulfates ⁇ e.g., dimethyl, diethyl, and dibutyl sulfates), long chain halides ⁇ e.g., decyl, lauryl, and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), aralkyl halides ⁇ e.g., benzyl and phenethyl bromides), and others.
  • agents such as lower alkyl halides ⁇ e.g., methyl, ethyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), dialkyl sulfates ⁇ e.g., dimethyl, diethyl, and dibutyl sulfates), long chain halides ⁇ e.g., decy
  • Diastereomeric mixtures can be separated into their individual diastereomers on the basis of their physical chemical differences by methods well- known to those skilled in the art, such as, for example, by chromatography and/or fractional crystallization. Enantiomers can be separated by converting the
  • enantiomeric mixture into a diastereomeric mixture by reaction with an appropriate optically active compound (e.g., chiral auxiliary such as a chiral alcohol or Mosher's acid chloride), separating the diastereomers and converting (e.g., hydrolyzing) the individual diastereomers to the corresponding pure enantiomers.
  • an appropriate optically active compound e.g., chiral auxiliary such as a chiral alcohol or Mosher's acid chloride
  • Sterochemically pure compounds may also be prepared by using chiral starting materials or by employing salt resolution techniques.
  • some of the Tetracyclic Indole may also be prepared by using chiral starting materials or by employing salt resolution techniques.
  • Derivatives may be atropisomers (e.g., substituted biaryls) and are considered as part of this invention. Enantiomers can also be directly separated using chiral
  • Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives may exist in different tautomeric forms, and all such forms are embraced within the scope of the invention.
  • keto-enol and imine-enamine forms of the compounds are included in the invention.
  • All stereoisomers (for example, geometric isomers, optical isomers and the like) of the present compounds including those of the salts, solvates, hydrates, esters and prodrugs of the compounds as well as the salts, solvates and esters of the prodrugs), such as those which may exist due to asymmetric carbons on various substituents, including enantiomeric forms (which may exist even in the absence of asymmetric carbons), rotameric forms, atropisomers, and diastereomeric forms, are contemplated within the scope of this invention. If a Tetracyclic Indole Derivative incorporates a double bond or a fused ring, both the cis- and trans-forms, as well as mixtures, are embraced within the scope of the invention.
  • Individual stereoisomers of the compounds of the invention may, for example, be substantially free of other isomers, or may be admixed, for example, as racemates or with all other, or other selected, stereoisomers.
  • the chiral centers of the present invention can have the S or R configuration as defined by the TUPAC 1974 Recommendations.
  • the use of the terms "salt”, “solvate”, “ester”, “prodrug” and the like, is intended to apply equally to the salt, solvate, ester and prodrug of enantiomers, stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers, positional isomers, racemates or prodrugs of the inventive compounds.
  • the atoms may exhibit their natural isotopic abundances, or one or more of the atoms may be artificially enriched in a particular isotope having the same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number predominantly found in nature.
  • the present invention is meant to include all suitable isotopic variations of the compounds of generic Formula I.
  • different isotopic forms of hydrogen (H) include protium ( ] H) and deuterium ( 2 H).
  • Protium is the predominant hydrogen isotope found in nature. Enriching for deuterium may afford certain therapeutic advantages, such as increasing in vivo half-life or reducing dosage requirements, or may provide a compound useful as a standard for characterization of biological samples.
  • Isotopically-enriched Compounds of Formula (I) can be prepared without undue experimentation by conventional techniques well known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the Schemes and Examples herein using appropriate isotopically-enriched reagents and/or intermediates.
  • a Compound of Formula (I) has one or more of its hydrogen atoms replaced with deuterium.
  • Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives Polymorphic forms of the Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives, and of the salts, solvates, hydrates, esters and prodrugs of the Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives, are intended to be included in the present invention.
  • Ac is acyl
  • AcCl is acetyl chloride
  • AcOH or HOAc is acetic acid
  • Amphos is (4-(N ⁇ V)-dimethylaminophenyl)-di-tertbutylphosphine
  • Aq is aqueous
  • BF 3 » OEt 2 is boron trifluoride etherate
  • BOC or Boc is tert-butyloxycarbonyl
  • Boc 2 0 is Boc anhydride
  • Boc-Pro-OH is Boc protected proline
  • L-Boc-Val-OH is Boc protected L- valine
  • BOP is Benzotriazole-l-yl-oxy-tris-(dimethylamino)-phosphonium
  • n-BuLi is n-butyllithium
  • CBZ or Cbz is carbobenzoxy
  • DCM is dichloromethane
  • DDQ is 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-l,4-benzoquinone
  • Dess-Martin reagent is ,l,l-Triacetoxy-l,l-dihydro-l,2-benziodoxol-3(lH)-one
  • DIPEA is diisopropylethylamine
  • DME is dimethoxyethane
  • DMF is N,N-dimethylformamide
  • dppf is diphenylphosphinoferrocene
  • DMSO is dimethylsulfoxide
  • EtMgBr is ethylmagnesium bromide
  • EtOAc is ethyl acetate
  • Et 2 0 is diethyl ether
  • Et 3 N or NEt 3 is triethylamine
  • LRMS low resolution mass spectrometry
  • Mel is iodomethane
  • MeOH is methanol
  • NBS is N-bromosuccinimide
  • N3 ⁇ 4OAc is ammonium acetate
  • NMM is N- methylmorpholine
  • Pd/C is palladium on carbon
  • Pd(PPh 3 )4 is tetrakis
  • PdCl 2 (dppf) 2 is [1,1 -Bis(diphenylphosphino) ferrocene]dichloro palladium(II); PdCl 2 (dppf) 2 « CH 2 Cl 2 is [1,1 - Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene] dichloro palladium(II) complex with
  • TBDMSCl is tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride; TFA is trifluoroacetic acid; Tf 2 0 is triflic anhydride; THF is tetrahydrofuran; TLC is thin-layer chromatography; and TosCl is p-toluenesulfonyl chloride.
  • present invention provides Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives of Formula (I):
  • a and A' are each a 5-membered heterocycloalkyl group.
  • a and A' are each a 6-membered heterocycloalkyl group.
  • a and A' are each independently selected from:
  • a and A' are each independently selected from:
  • a and A' are each independently:
  • a and A' are each independently:
  • R 13 is independently H, CH 3 , or F.
  • each occurrence of R 4 is independently -C(O)- [C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 )C(0)0-R n .
  • each occurrence of R 4 is independently: , wherein R b is H, alkyl, haloalkyl, 3 to 6- membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl and R a is alkyl, haloalkyl, silylalkyl, 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl or 4 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl.
  • each occurrence of R 4 is independently: R a is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, cyclopropyl, -CH 2 CH 2 Si(CH 3 ) 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CF 3 , pyranyl, benzyl or phenyl, and R b is methyl, ethyl or isopropyl.
  • each occurrence of R 4 is independently - C(0)CH(alkyl)-NHC(0)Oalkyl.
  • a and A' are each independently selected from:
  • R 4 is: , wherein R b is H, alkyl, haloalkyl, 3 to 6- membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl and R a is alkyl, haloalkyl, silylalkyl, 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl or 4 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl.
  • a and A' are each independently selected from:
  • R 4 is: , wherein R a is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, cyclopropyl, -CH 2 CH 2 Si(CH 3 )3, -CH 2 CH 2 CF 3 , pyranyl, benzyl or phenyl, and R 1 is methyl, ethyl or isopropyl.
  • a and A' are each independently selected from:
  • R 4 is:
  • a and A' are each independently selected from: and R 4 is:
  • a and A' are each: , wherein each occurrence of R is independently H,
  • G is -C(R 3 ) 2 -0-.
  • G is -C(R 3 ) 2 -0- and each occurrence of R 3 is independently selected from H, Ci-C 6 alkyl, 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl and 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl, wherein said 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl group and said phenyl groups can be optionally substituted with up to 2 groups, which can be the same or different, and are selected from halo, -CN, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, -O-Ct-Ce alkyl, -(C ⁇ - C 6 alkylene)-0-Ci-C 6 alkyl and -0-Ci-C 6 haloalkyl.
  • G is -C(R 3 ) 2 -0-, wherein one occurrence of R 3 is H, and the other occurrence of R 3 is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, cycloalkyl and phenyl, wherein said phenyl group can be optionally substituted with up to 2 groups, which can be the same or different, and are selected from halo, -CN, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci- C 6 haloalkyl, -0-Ci-C 6 alkyl, -(Ci-Qs alkylene)-0-C C 6 alkyl and -0-Ci-C 6 haloalkyl.
  • G is -C(R 3 ) 2 -0- and each occurrence of R 3 is independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, - methylcyclopropyl, methylenecyclopropyl, phenyl, pyridyl, and pyrimidyl wherein said phenyl, pyridyl and pyrimidinyl group can be optionally substituted with up to 2 groups, which can be the same or different, and are selected from F, CI, -CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , OCF 3 and OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 .
  • G is -CH(R )-0-, wherein R is selected from Ci- C 6 alkyl, phenyl, 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl and 9 or 10-membered bicyclic heteroaryl, wherein said phenyl group, said 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl group and said 9 or 10-membered bicyclic heteroaryl group can be optionally substituted with a Ci-C 6 alkyl group.
  • G is -CH(R 3 )-0-, wherein R 3 is selected from methyl, phenyl, 5-methyl-thiophen-2-yl and benzothiophen-2-yl.
  • G is -C(R 3 ) 2 -0-, wherein one occurrence of
  • R is H, and the other occurrence of R is selected from phenyl, methyl, thiophenyl or benzothiophenyl, wherein said benzothiophenyl can be optionally substituted witha Ci-C 6 alkyl, cycloalkyl and phenyl, wherein said phenyl group can be optionally substituted with up to 2 groups, which can be the same or different, and are selected from halo, -CN, d-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, -0-C r C 6 alkyl, -(Ci-Q alkylene)-0- d-C 6 alkyl and -0-d-C 6 haloalkyl.
  • G is -C(R 3 ) 2 -0- and each occurrence of R 3 is independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, ⁇ - methylcyclopropyl, methylenecyclopropyl, phenyl, pyridyl, and pyrimidyl wherein said phenyl, pyridyl and pyrimidinyl group can be optionally substituted with up to 2 groups, which can be the same or different, and are selected from F, CI, -CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , OCF 3 and OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 .
  • G is -C(R 3 ) 2 -0-, wherein one occurrence of
  • R is H, and the other occurrence of R is selected from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, ⁇ -methylcyclopropyl, methylenecyclopropyl, phenyl, pyridyl, and pyrimidyl wherein said phenyl, pyridyl and pyrimidinyl group can be optionally substituted with up to 2 groups, which can be the same or different, and are selected from F, CI, -CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , OCF 3 and OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 .
  • G is -C(R 3 ) 2 -0-, wherein both R 3 groups, together with the common carbon atom to which they are attached, join to form a carbonyl group, a 3 to 6-membered spirocyclic cycloalkyl group or a 3 to 6-membered spirocyclic heterocycloalkyl group.
  • each occurrence of R 3 is independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, ⁇ -methylcyclopropyl,
  • phenyl, pyridyl, and pyrimidinyl wherein said phenyl, pyridyl and pyrimidinyl group can be optionally substituted with up to 2 groups, which can be the same or different, and are selected from F, CI, -CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , OCF 3 and
  • U is C(R 2 ).
  • U is CH.
  • U is CF
  • V is C(R 15 ).
  • V is CH.
  • V is CF
  • V is N.
  • V is C(R 15 ).
  • V is CH.
  • V is CF
  • V is N.
  • V and V are each CH.
  • W is C(R 15 ).
  • W is CH.
  • W is CF
  • W is N.
  • W ' is C(R 15 ).
  • W ' is CH.
  • W ' is CF
  • W is N.
  • W and W are each CH.
  • V, V W and W are each CH.
  • R 1 is absent.
  • R 1 is F.
  • each occurrence of R 3 is independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, l'-methylcyclopropyl,
  • phenyl, pyridyl, and pyrimidinyl wherein said phenyl, pyridyl and pyrimidinyl group can be optionally substituted with up to 2 groups, which can be the same or different, and are selected from F, CI, -CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , OCF 3 and
  • each occurrence of R 10 is independently H or F.
  • each occurrence of R 10 is H.
  • variables A, A', G, R 1 , U, V, V, W, W, X, X', Y and Y' for the Compounds of Formula (I) are selected independently of each other.
  • the Compounds of Formula (I) are in substantially purified form.
  • the Compounds of Formula (I) have the formula
  • a and A' are each independently a 5-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl, wherein said 5-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl group can be optionally and independently substituted on one or more ring carbon atoms with R 13 , such that any two R 13 groups on the same ring, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, can join to form a fused, bridged or spirocyclic 3 to 6- membered cycloalkyl group or a fused, bridged or spirocyclic 4 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl group, wherein said 5-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl contains from 1 to 2 ring heteroatoms, each independently selected from N(R 4 ) and Si(R 16 ) 2 ;
  • V and V are each independently selected from N and C(R 15 );
  • R 1 represents an optional ring substituent on the phenyl ring to which R 1 is attached, wherein said substituent is selected from C ⁇ -C alkyl and halo;
  • each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from H, C -C alkyl, 3 to 6 membered cycloalkyl, -0-(Ci-C 6 alkyl), C C 6 haloalkyl -0-(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl); halo, -OH, aryl, and heteroaryl
  • each occurrence of R 3 is independently selected from H, Ci-C alkyl, - (Ci-C 6 alkylene)-0-(Ci-C 6 alkyl), 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl, Cj-C 6 haloalkyl, aryl, 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl and benzyl, wherein said aryl group, said 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl group or the phenyl group of said benzyl group can be optionally substituted with up to 3 groups, which can be the same or different, and are selected from halo, -CN, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Cj-C 6 haloalkyl, -0-Ci-C 6 alkyl, -(Ci-C 6 alkylene)-0-C]-C 6 alkyl and -0-(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl); each occurrence of R 4 is independently -C(0)-[C(R 7 ) 2 ]N(
  • each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from H and CrC 6 alkyl
  • each occurrence of R 7 is independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci- C 6 haloalkyl, 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl and 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl, wherein said 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl group, said 4 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl group, said aryl group and said 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl group can be optionally and
  • each occurrence of R 8 is independently selected from H, Ci-C 6 alkyl, halo, -d-C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 hydroxyalkyl, -OH, -C(0)NH-(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -C(0)N(Ci- C 6 alkyl) 2 , -0-(C C 6 alkyl), -NH 2 , -NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -N(d-C 6 alkyl) 2 and -NHC(O)- (Ci-Ce alkyl);
  • each occurrence of R 10 is independently selected from H and halo; each occurrence of R 1 1 is independently Ci-C 6 alkyl;
  • each occurrence of R 13 is independently selected from H and halo, wherein two R 13 groups, together with the carbon atom(s) to which they are attached, can optionally join to form a 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl group or 4 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl group;
  • each occurrence of R 14 is independently selected from H, halo, CrC 6 alkyl, -(Ci-C 6 alkylene)-0-Ci-C 6 alkyl, 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, aryl, 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl and benzyl, wherein said aryl group, said 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl group or the phenyl group of said benzyl group can be optionally substituted with up to 3 groups, which can be the same or different, and are selected from halo, -CN, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, -0-Cj-C 6 alkyl, -(C]-C 6 alkylene)-0-Ci-C 6 alkyl and -0-Ci-C 6 haloalkyl;
  • each occurrence of R 15 is independently selected from H and halo; and each occurrence of R 16 is independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • a and A' are each a 5-membered monocyclic heteroaryl group.
  • a and A' are each a 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl group. In another embodiment, for the Compounds of Formula (la), A and A' are each independently selected from:
  • a and A' are each inde endently selected from:
  • a and A' are each inde endently selected from:
  • a and A' are each:
  • each occurrence of Z is independently -Si(R 13 ) 2 -, -C(R 13 ) 2 - or -S-, and each occurrence of R 13 is independently H, Me, F or two R 13 groups together with
  • Z can combine to form a spirocyclic 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl group or a spirocyclic 3 to 6-membered silyl-containing heterocycloalkyl group.
  • a and A' are each independently:
  • a and A' are each independently:
  • R 13 is independently H, CH 3 , or F.
  • each occurrence of R 4 is independently -C(0)C(R 7 ) 2 NHC(0)0-R n or -C(0)C(R 7 ) 2 N(R 6 ) 2 .
  • each occurrence of R 4 is independently -C(0)-[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 )C(0)0-R n .
  • each occurrence of R 4 is independently -C(0)CH(alkyl)-NHC(0)Oalkyl
  • each occurrence of 4 is independently: , wherein R b is H, alkyl, haloalkyl, 3 to 6- membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl and R a is alkyl, haloalkyl, silylalkyl, 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl or 4 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl.
  • each occurrence of 4 is independently: , wherein R is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, cyclopropyl, -CH 2 CH 2 Si(CH 3 )3, -CH 2 CH 2 CF 3 , pyranyl, benzyl or phenyl, and R b is methyl, ethyl or isopropyl.
  • each occurrence of R 4 is independently -C(0)CH(alkyl)-NHC(0)Oalkyl.
  • each occurrence of R 4 is independently:
  • a and A' are each independently selected from:
  • R 4 is: , wherein R 1 is H, alkyl, haloalkyl, 3 to 6- membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl and R a is alkyl, haloalkyl, silylalkyl, 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl or 4 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl.
  • a and A' are each independently selected from:
  • R 4 is: , wherein R a is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, cyclopropyl, -CH 2 CH 2 Si(CH 3 ) 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CF 3 , pyranyl, benzyl or phenyl, and R 1 is methyl, ethyl or isopropyl.
  • a and A' are each independently selected from:
  • R 4 is:
  • a and A' are each independently selected from:
  • R 4 is:
  • A' are each:
  • R wherein each occurrence of R is independently H
  • G is -C(R ) 2 -
  • G is ⁇
  • G is -
  • G is -C(R 3 ) 2 - O- and each occurrence of R 3 is independently selected from H, Ci-C 6 alkyl, cycloalkyl and phenyl, wherein said phenyl group can be optionally substituted with up to 2 groups, which can be the same or different, and are selected from halo, -CN, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, -0-C C 6 alkyl, -(Ci-C 6 alkylene)-0-C r C 6 alkyl and - 0-C]-C 6 haloalkyl.
  • G is - C(R 3 ) 2 -0-, wherein one occurrence of R is H, and the other occurrence of R is selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, cycloalkyl and phenyl, wherein said phenyl group can be optionally substituted with up to 2 groups, which can be the same or different, and are selected from halo, -CN, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, -0-d-C 6 alkyl, -(Cj-C 6 alkylene)-0-C 1 -C 6 alkyl and -0-C]-C 6 haloalkyl.
  • G is -C(R 3 ) 2 - O- and each occurrence of R 3 is independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, ⁇ -methylcyclopropyl, methylenecyclopropyl, phenyl, pyridyl, and pyrimidyl wherein said phenyl, pyridyl and pyrimidinyl group can be optionally substituted with up to 2 groups, which can be the same or different, and are selected from F, CI, -CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , OCF 3 and OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 .
  • G is - C(R 3 ) 2 -0-, wherein one occurrence of R is H, and the other occurrence of R is selected from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, l'-methylcyclopropyl, methylenecyclopropyl, phenyl, pyridyl, and pyrimidyl wherein said phenyl, pyridyl and pyrimidinyl group can be optionally substituted with up to 2 groups, which can be the same or different, and are selected from F, CI, -CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , OCF 3 and
  • U is C(R ).
  • V is C(R 15 ).
  • V is CH.
  • V is N.
  • V is C(R 15 ). In another embodiment, for the Compounds of Formula (la), V is CH. In another embodiment, for the Compounds of Formula (la), V is N. In still another embodiment, for the Compounds of Formula (la), V and V are each CH.
  • R is absent.
  • R 1 is F.
  • each occurrence of R 3 is independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, l'-methylcyclopropyl,
  • phenyl, pyridyl, and pyrimidinyl wherein said phenyl, pyridyl and pyrimidinyl group can be optionally substituted with up to 2 groups, which can be the same or different, and are selected from F, CI, -CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , OCF 3 and
  • each occurrence of R 10 is independently H or F.
  • each occurrence of R 10 is H.
  • variables A, A', G, R 1 , R 2 , R 10 , R 15 , U, V and V for the Compounds of Formula (la) are selected independently of each other.
  • the Compounds of Formula (la) are in substantially purified form.
  • the Compounds of Formula (I) have the formula
  • aryl group, said 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl group, said 9 or 10-membered bicyclic heteroaryl group or the phenyl group of said benzyl group can be optionally substituted with up to 3 groups, which can be the same or different, and are selected from halo, -CN, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C C 6 haloalkyl, -0-C r C 6 alkyl, -(Ci-C 6 alkylene)-0- Ci-C 6 alkyl and -0-(C C 6 haloalkyl);
  • each occurrence of R 4 is independently selected from -C(0)0-(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), -C(0)-CH(R 7 )N(R 6 ) 2 and -C(0)-CH(R 7 )C(0)0-R n ;
  • each occurrence of R 6 is independently H or Ci-C 6 alkyl; each occurrence of R 7 is independently selected from Ci-C 6 alkyl, phenyl, 4 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl and 3 to 6 membered cycloalkyl;
  • each occurrence of R 11 is independently C]-C 6 alkyl
  • each occurrence of R 13a is independently H, Me or F; or two R 13a groups that are attached to the same carbon atom, together with the common carbon atom to which they are attached, combine to form a spirocyclic 3 to 6 membered cycloalkyl group;
  • each occurrence of R 13b is independently H, or one or both R 13b groups and an R13 a group that are attached to same ring, together with the ring carbon atoms to which they are attached, can combine to form a fused 3 to 6 membered cycloalkyl group;
  • R 2 is H.
  • R 2 is F.
  • one occurrence of R 3 is H and the other occurrence of R 3 is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, 1 '-methylcyclopropyl, methylenecyclopropyl, phenyl, pyridyl, and pyrimidyl wherein said phenyl, pyridyl and pyrimidinyl group can be optionally substituted with up to 2 groups, which can be the same or different, and are selected from F, CI, -CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , OCF 3 , OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 .
  • each occurrence of R 3 is C]-C 6 alkyl.
  • R 3 is H.
  • one occurrence of R 3 is H and the other occurrence of R 3 is methyl, phenyl, 5 or 6- membered monocyclic heteroaryl or 9-membered bicyclic heteroaryl.
  • one occurrence of R 3 is H and the other occurrence of R 3 is phenyl, methyl,
  • each occurrence of R 4 is -C(0)CH(R 7 )NHC(0)OR n .
  • each occurrence of R 4 is -C(0)CH(R 7 )NHC(0)OR' 1 and each occurrence of R 11 is methyl.
  • each occurrence of R 4 is -C(0)CH(R 7 )NHC(0)OR n ; each occurrence of R 7 is isopropyl, benzyl, cyclopropyl or tetrahyropyranyl; and each occurrence of R 11 is methyl.
  • each occurrence of R 4 is -C(0)CH(R 7 )NHC(0)OR 11 ; each occurrence of R 7 is isopropyl or tetrahyropyranyl; and each occurrence of R 11 is methyl.
  • each occurrence of R 4 is -C(0)CH(R 7 )NHC(0)OR n ; each occurrence of R 7 is isopropyl; and each occurrence of R 11 is methyl.
  • each occurrence of R 4 is -C(0)CH(R 7 )NHC(0)OR n ; each occurrence of R 7 is
  • each occurrence of R 13a is independently H, or F.
  • each occurrence of R 13b is H.
  • one or both R I3b groups and an R13 a group that are attached to same ring, together with the ring carbon atoms to which they are attached, can combine to form a fused 3 to 6 membered cycloalkyl group.
  • one or both R 13b groups and an R13 a group that are attached to same ring, together with the ring carbon atoms to which they are attached, can combine to form a fused 3 to 6 membered cyclopropyl group.
  • each occurrence of R 15 is independently selected from H and F.
  • each occurrence of R 15 is H.
  • each occurrence of R 2 , R 13 and R 15 is independently selected from H and F.
  • each occurrence of R 22 ,, RR 1133 , and R 15 is independently selected from H and F and one occurrence of R 3 is H.
  • variables R 2 , R 3 , R 13 and R 15 for the Compounds of Formula (lb) are selected independently of each other.
  • the Compounds of Formula (lb) are in substantially purified form.
  • the Compounds of Formula (I) have the formula
  • R y is isopropyl or tetrahydropyranyl
  • R z is isopropyl or tetrahydropyranyl
  • R is H or halo
  • R 3 is selected from 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl or phenyl, wherein said phenyl group can be optionally substituted with up to 2 groups, which can be the same or different, and are selected from halo, -CN, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Cj-C 6 haloalkyl, -O- Ci-C 6 alkyl, -(Ci-C 6 alkylene)-0-Ci-C 6 alkyl and -0-C C 6 haloalkyland
  • each occurrence of R 13 is independently selected from H and halo; and each occurrence of R 15 is independently selected from H and halo.
  • R 3 is phenyl, wherein said phenyl group can be optionally substituted with up to 2 groups, which can be the same or different, and are selected from F, CI, -CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , OCF 3 , OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 .
  • R 3 is cyclopropyl.
  • R and R are each independently H or F.
  • each occurrence of R 13 is independently H or F;
  • R 3 is phenyl; each occurrence of R 13 is independently H or F; and R 2 and R 15 are each
  • phenyl group independently H or F, wherein said phenyl group can be optionally substituted with up to 2 groups, which can be the same or different, and are selected from F, CI, -CN, CH 3 , CF 3 , OCF 3 , OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 .
  • R 3 is cyclopropyl; each occurrence of R 13 is independently H or F; and R 2 and R 15 are each independently H or F.
  • the Compounds of Formula (I) have the formula
  • R 30 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, aryl, 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl or 9- membered bicyclic heteroaryl;
  • R w is H, or R w and R x , together with the ring carbon atoms to which they are attached, combine to form a fused 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl group;
  • R x is H or F, or R w and R x , together with the ring carbon atoms to which they are attached, combine to form a fused 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl group;
  • R y is H, or R y and R z , together with the ring carbon atoms to which they are attached, combine to form a fused 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl group;
  • R z is H or F, or R y and R z , together with the ring carbon atoms to which they are attached, combine to form a fused 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl group.
  • R is phenyl, methyl
  • R w and R x together with the ring carbon atoms to which they are attached, combine to form a fused cyclopropyl group.
  • R y and R z together with the ring carbon atoms to which they are attached, combine to form a fused cyclopropyl group.
  • R y and R z together with the ring carbon atoms to which they are attached, combine to form a fused cyclopropyl group and R w and R x , together with the ring carbon atoms to which they are attached, combine to form a fused cyclopropyl group.
  • R w , R x , and R y are each H and R z is F.
  • R w and R x together with the ring carbon atoms to which they are attached, combine to form a fused cyclopropyl group; R y is H and R z is F.
  • variables R 30 , R w , R x , R y , and R z are selected independently of each other.
  • the Compounds of Formula (Ic) are in substantially purified form.
  • compositions comprising an effective amount of a Compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • HCV antiviral agent is an antiviral selected from the group consisting of HCV protease inhibitors and HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors.
  • a pharmaceutical combination that is (i) a Compound of Formula (I) and (ii) a second therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of HCV antiviral agents, immunomodulators, and anti-infective agents; wherein the Compound of Formula (I) and the second therapeutic agent are each employed in an amount that renders the combination effective for inhibiting HCV replication, or for treating HCV infection and/or reducing the likelihood or severity of symptoms of HCV infection.
  • HCV antiviral agent is an antiviral selected from the group consisting of HCV protease inhibitors and HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors.
  • HCV antiviral agent is an antiviral selected from the group consisting of HCV protease inhibitors and HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors.
  • a method of inhibiting HCV replication in a subject in need thereof which comprises administering to the subject the pharmaceutical composition of (a), (b) or (c) or the combination of (d) or (e).
  • (k) A method of treating HCV infection and/or reducing the likelihood or severity of symptoms of HCV infection in a subject in need thereof which comprises administering to the subject the pharmaceutical composition of (a), (b) or (c) or the combination of (d) or (e).
  • the present invention also includes a compound of the present invention for use (i) in, (ii) as a medicament for, or (iii) in the preparation of a medicament for: (a) medicine; (b) inhibiting HCV replication or (c) treating HCV infection and/or reducing the likelihood or severity of symptoms of HCV infection.
  • the compounds of the present invention can optionally be employed in combination with one or more second therapeutic agents selected from HCV antiviral agents, anti-infective agents, and immunomodulators.
  • the present invention also includes the use of a compound of the present invention for (i) inhibiting HCV replication or (ii) treating HCV infection and/or reducing the likelihood or severity of symptoms of HCV infection.
  • Additional embodiments of the invention include the pharmaceutical compositions, combinations and methods set forth in (a)-(k) above and the uses set forth in the preceding paragraph, wherein the compound of the present invention employed therein is a compound of one of the embodiments, aspects, classes, subclasses, or features of the compounds described above. In all of these embodiments, the compound may optionally be used in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate as appropriate.
  • compositions and methods provided as (a) through (k) above are understood to include all embodiments of the compounds, including such embodiments as result from combinations of embodiments.
  • the Compounds of Formula (I) may be referred to herein by chemical structure and/or by chemical name. In the instance that both the structure and the name of a Compound of Formula (I) are provided and a discrepancy is found to exist between the chemical structure and the corresponding chemical name, it is understood that the chemical structure will predominate.
  • Non-limiting examples of the Compounds of Formula (I) include (i) compounds 1-1542, as set forth in Tables 1 and 2 in the Examples Section below.
  • the Compounds of Formula (I) may be prepared from known or readily prepared starting materials, following methods known to one skilled in the art of organic synthesis. Methods useful for making the Compounds of Formula (I) are set forth in the Examples below and generalized in Schemes 1-5 below. Alternative synthetic pathways and analogous structures will be apparent to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis.
  • Q and Q' are each independently halo, hydroxy, or a protected hydroxy such as methoxy or benzyloxy; M, M', M" are each independently halo, hydroxy, or a protected hydroxy, triflate, boronic acid or boronic ester; K represents a group that can form a bond to the indole nitrogen.
  • G is single or multiatom bridge, K should contain all the atoms of the bridge and a reactive group capable of forming a bond to nitrogen of the indole.
  • Examples of reactive groups capable of forming a bond to nitrogen are well known to one skilled in the art of organic synthesis and non-limiting examples include an alkyl halide, vinyl halide, aldehyde group or a vicinal dihalide.
  • Z represents an appropriate aryl coupling partner which will be well known to one skilled in the art of organic chemistry.
  • An example of aryl coupling partners include but are not limited to halide and triflate when the other partner is an arylboron or arylstannane derivative.
  • Tetracyclic Compounds of formula G8 can be prepared from suitably substituted indole derivatives of formula G6.
  • An indole derivative of formula G6 is cyclized to provide tetracyclic Compounds of formula G7.
  • Indole derivatives of formula G6 may be obtained commercially or prepared by using methods known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis. In an illustrative example, the
  • Compounds of formula G6 can be made via dehydration of a hydrazide of formula Gl with a ketone of formula G2 to provide hydrazones of formula G3, which can then be cyclized in the presence of a strong acid such as PPA or a Lewis acid such as aluminum chloride, to provide the hydroxyl-substituted indole Compounds of formula G4.
  • a Compound of formula G4 can then be reacted with an aldehyde of formula R 3 - CHO to provide the cyclized Compounds of formula G8, wherein G is -CHR 3 -0-.
  • Compounds of formula G7 can be made, for example, via the arylation of the 2-position of an indole of formula G5 with a coupling partner of formula G6.
  • a Compound of formula G7 can then be cyclized by reacting Y and K' to provide the Compounds of formula G8. It will be obvious to one skilled in the art of organic synthesis that the Compounds of formulas G4 and G7 may undergo further functional group manipulations prior to cyclization as necessary in order to provide the scope of the Compounds of Formula (I).
  • D and D' are each independently C(R 13 ) 2 , N(R 4 ), S, O or Si(R 16 ) 2 ;
  • M and M' are each independently halo, triflate, boronic acid or boronic ester;
  • PG is a protecting group, such as Boc or 4-methoxybenzyl;
  • R 4 is -C(0)R n , -C(O)- [C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 ) 2 , -C(0)-[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q -R n , -C(0)-[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 )C(0)-R n , - C(0)[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 )S0 2 -R n , -C(0)-[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 )C(0)0-R n or -C(O)- [C(
  • a 2-amino aniline derivative of formula G12 can be reacted with an acyl halide of formula G13 to provide the 2-substituted benzimidazole Compounds of formula G14.
  • the Compounds of formula G14. can be cyclized and derivatized to provide Compounds of formula G15, using at methods analogous to those described in Scheme 1 for the conversion of G6 to G8.
  • a Compound of formula G15 can then be carried forth to the Compounds of formula G16 using methods analogous to those described in Scheme 2.
  • Z and Z' are each independently C(R 13 ) 2 , N(R 4 ), S, O or Si(R 16 ) 2 ; M and M' are each independently halo, triflate, boronic acid or boronic ester;
  • R 4 is -C(0)R n , -C(0)-[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 ) 2 , -C(0)-[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q -R n , -C(O)- [C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 )C(0)-R' ⁇ -C(0)[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 )S0 2 -R 1 -C(0)-[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 )C(0)0- R 1 1 or -C(0)-[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q C(0)0-R u ; and G, R 1 and R 2 are defined above for the
  • a pyridyl hydrazone of formula G17 can be converted to the tetracyclic Compounds of formula G19 using methods analogous to those described in Scheme 1 for the conversion of G3 to G8.
  • a Compound of formula G19 can then be carried forth to the Compounds of G20 using methods analogous to those described in Scheme 2.
  • Scheme 5 shows methods useful for making the Compounds of formula G24, which are useful intermediates for making the Compounds of Formula (I) wherein X and X' are each CH and Y and Y' are each N.
  • Z or Z' is C(R 13 ) 2 , N(R 4 ), S, O or Si(R 16 ) 2 ;
  • X is halo or inflate; and
  • PG is a amino protecting group, such as Boc or 4-methoxybenzyl.
  • An appropriately functionalized aldehyde of formula G21 can be reacted with glyoxal and ammonia to provide a substituted imidazole of formula G22.
  • a Compound of formula G22 can subsequently be selectively mono-halogenated to provide a mono-halogenated imidazole Compound of formula G24.
  • a Compound of formula G24 can subsequently be di-halogenated to provide a
  • amino acids such as, but not limited to proline, 4-(R)-fluoroproline, 4-(S)- fluoroproline, 4,4-difluoroproline, 4,4-dimethylsilylproline, aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane carboxylic acid, aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane carboxylic acid, (S)-2-piperidine carboxylic acid, valine, alanine, norvaline, etc.) are incorporated as part of the structures.
  • amide bonds include but are not limited to, the use of a reactive carboxy derivative ⁇ e.g., an acid halide, or ester at elevated temperatures) or the use of an acid with a coupling reagent ⁇ e.g., HOBt, EDCI, DCC, HATU, PyBrop) with an amine.
  • a reactive carboxy derivative e.g., an acid halide, or ester at elevated temperatures
  • a coupling reagent e.g., HOBt, EDCI, DCC, HATU, PyBrop
  • the Compounds Formula (I) may contain one or more silicon atoms.
  • the Compounds contemplated in this invention in general can be prepared using the carba-analog methodology unless otherwise noted. A recent review of the synthesis of silicon containing Compounds can be found in "Silicon Chemistry: from Atom to Extended Systems", Ed P. Jutzi & U. Schubet; ISBN 978-3-527-30647-3.
  • the starting materials used and the intermediates prepared using the methods set forth in Schemes 1-5 may be isolated and purified if desired using conventional techniques, including but not limited to filtration, distillation, crystallization, chromatography and alike. Such materials can be characterized using conventional means, including physical constants and spectral data.
  • the Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives are useful in human and veterinary medicine for treating or preventing a viral infection in a patient.
  • the Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives can be inhibitors of viral replication.
  • the Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives can be inhibitors of HCV replication. Accordingly, the Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives are useful for treating viral infections, such as HCV.
  • the Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives can be administered to a patient in need of treatment or prevention of a viral infection.
  • the invention provides methods for treating a viral infection in a patient comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of at least one Tetracyclic Indole Derivative or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives can be useful for treating or preventing a viral infection caused by the Flaviviridae family of viruses.
  • Flaviviridae infections that can be treated or prevented using the present methods include but are not limited to, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, Kyasanur Forest disease, Murray Valley encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, Tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile encephalitis, yellow fever and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection.
  • dengue fever Japanese encephalitis
  • Kyasanur Forest disease Murray Valley encephalitis
  • St. Louis encephalitis St. Louis encephalitis
  • Tick-borne encephalitis West Nile encephalitis
  • West Nile encephalitis yellow fever
  • HCV Hepatitis C Virus
  • the Flaviviridae infection being treated is hepatitis C virus infection.
  • the Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives are useful in the inhibition of HCV (e.g., HCV NS5A), the treatment of HCV infection and/or reduction of the likelihood or severity of symptoms of HCV infection and the inhibition of HCV viral replication and/or HCV viral production in a cell-based system.
  • HCV e.g., HCV NS5A
  • the Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives are useful in treating infection by HCV after suspected past exposure to HCV by such means as blood transfusion, exchange of body fluids, bites, accidental needle stick, or exposure to patient blood during surgery or other medical procedures.
  • the hepatitis C infection is acute hepatitis C. In another embodiment, the hepatitis C infection is chronic hepatitis C.
  • the invention provides methods for treating HCV infection in a patient, the methods comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of at least one Tetracyclic Indole Derivative or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the amount administered is effective to treat or prevent infection by HCV in the patient.
  • the amount administered is effective to inhibit HCV viral replication and/or viral production in the patient.
  • Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives are also useful in the preparation and execution of screening assays for antiviral compounds.
  • the Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives are also useful in the preparation and execution of screening assays for antiviral compounds.
  • the Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives are also useful in the preparation and execution of screening assays for antiviral compounds.
  • the Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives are also useful in the preparation and execution of screening assays for antiviral compounds.
  • Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives are useful for identifying resistant HCV replicon cell lines harboring mutations within NS5A, which are excellent screening tools for more powerful antiviral compounds. Furthermore, the Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives are useful in establishing or determining the binding site of other antivirals to the HCV replicase.
  • compositions and combinations of the present invention can be useful for treating a patient suffering from infection related to any HCV genotype.
  • HCV types and subtypes may differ in their antigenicity, level of viremia, severity of disease produced, and response to interferon therapy as described in Holland et al, Pathology, 30(21:192-195 (1998).
  • the nomenclature set forth in Simmonds et al, J Gen Virol, 74(Ptl l):2391-2399 (1993) is widely used and classifies isolates into six major genotypes, 1 through 6, with two or more related subtypes, e.g., la and lb.
  • genotypes 7-10 and 1 1 have been proposed, however the phylogenetic basis on which this classification is based has been questioned, and thus types 7, 8, 9 and 11 isolates have been reassigned as type 6, and type 10 isolates as type 3 (see Lamballerie et al, J Gen Virol, 78(Ptl):45-51 (1997)).
  • the major genotypes have been defined as having sequence similarities of between 55 and 72% (mean 64.5%), and subtypes within types as having 75%-86% similarity (mean 80%) when sequenced in the NS-5 region (see Simmonds et al, J Gen Virol, 75(Pt 5 ⁇ :1053-1061 (1994)).
  • the present methods for treating or preventing HCV infection can further comprise the administration of one or more additional therapeutic agents which are not Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is an antiviral agent.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is an immunomodulatory agent, such as an immunosuppressive agent.
  • the present invention provides methods for treating a viral infection in a patient, the method comprising
  • compositions comprising therapeutic agents may be administered in any order such as, for example, sequentially, concurrently, together, simultaneously and the like.
  • the amounts of the various actives in such combination therapy may be different amounts (different dosage amounts) or same amounts (same dosage amounts).
  • a Tetracyclic Indole Derivative and an additional therapeutic agent may be present in fixed amounts (dosage amounts) in a single dosage unit ⁇ e.g., a capsule, a tablet and the like).
  • the at least one Tetracyclic Indole Derivative is administered during a time when the additional therapeutic agent(s) exert their prophylactic or therapeutic effect, or vice versa.
  • the at least one Tetracyclic Indole Derivative and the additional therapeutic agent(s) are administered in doses commonly employed when such agents are used as monotherapy for treating a viral infection.
  • the at least one Tetracyclic Indole Derivative and the additional therapeutic agent(s) are administered in doses lower than the doses commonly employed when such agents are used as monotherapy for treating a viral infection.
  • the at least one Tetracyclic Indole Derivative and the additional therapeutic agent(s) act synergistically and are administered in doses lower than the doses commonly employed when such agents are used as monotherapy for treating a viral infection.
  • the at least one Tetracyclic Indole Derivative and the additional therapeutic agent(s) are present in the same composition.
  • this composition is suitable for oral administration.
  • this composition is suitable for intravenous administration.
  • this composition is suitable for subcutaneous administration.
  • this composition is suitable for parenteral administration.
  • Viral infections and virus-related disorders that can be treated or prevented using the combination therapy methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to, those listed above.
  • the viral infection is HCV infection.
  • the at least one Tetracyclic Indole Derivative and the additional therapeutic agent(s) can act additively or synergistically.
  • a synergistic combination may allow the use of lower dosages of one or more agents and/or less frequent administration of one or more agents of a combination therapy.
  • a lower dosage or less frequent administration of one or more agents may lower toxicity of therapy without reducing the efficacy of therapy.
  • the administration of at least one Tetracyclic Indole Derivative and the additional therapeutic agent(s) may inhibit the resistance of a viral infection to these agents.
  • Non-limiting examples of additional therapeutic agents useful in the present compositions and methods include an interferon, an immunomodulator, a viral replication inhibitor, an antisense agent, a therapeutic vaccine, a viral polymerase inhibitor, a nucleoside inhibitor, a viral protease inhibitor, a viral helicase inhibitor, a virion production inhibitor, a viral entry inhibitor, a viral assembly inhibitor, an antibody therapy (monoclonal or polyclonal), and any agent useful for treating an R A-dependent polymerase-related disorder.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is a viral protease inhibitor.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is a viral replication inhibitor.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is an HCV NS3 protease inhibitor.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is an HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitor.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is a nucleoside inhibitor.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is an interferon.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is an HCV replicase inhibitor.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is an antisense agent.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is a therapeutic vaccine.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is a virion production inhibitor.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is an antibody therapy.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is an HCV
  • the additional therapeutic agent is an HCV NS4A inhibitor.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is an HCV NS4B inhibitor.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is an HCV NS5A inhibitor In yet another embodiment, the additional therapeutic agent is an HCV NS3 helicase inhibitor.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is an HCV IRES inhibitor.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is an HCV p7 inhibitor.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is an HCV entry inhibitor.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is an HCV assembly inhibitor.
  • the additional therapeutic agents comprise a viral protease inhibitor and a viral polymerase inhibitor.
  • the additional therapeutic agents comprise a viral protease inhibitor and an immunomodulatory agent.
  • the additional therapeutic agents comprise a polymerase inhibitor and an immunomodulatory agent.
  • the additional therapeutic agents comprise a viral protease inhibitor and a nucleoside.
  • the additional therapeutic agents comprise an immunomodulatory agent and a nucleoside.
  • the additional therapeutic agents comprise an HCV protease inhibitor and an HCV polymerase inhibitor.
  • the additional therapeutic agents comprise a nucleoside and an HCV NS5A inhibitor.
  • the additional therapeutic agents comprise a viral protease inhibitor, an immunomodulatory agent and a nucleoside.
  • the additional therapeutic agents comprise a viral protease inhibitor, a viral polymerase inhibitor and an immunomodulatory agent.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is ribavirin.
  • HCV polymerase inhibitors useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, VP- 19744 (Wyeth/ViroPharma), PSI-7851 (Pharmasset), RG7128 (Roche/Pharmasset), PSI-938 (Pharmasset), PSI-7977
  • HCV polymerase inhibitors useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in International
  • Interferons useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, interferon alfa-2a, interferon alfa-2b, interferon alfacon-1 and PEG- interferon alpha conjugates.
  • PEG-interferon alpha conjugates are interferon alpha molecules covalently attached to a PEG molecule.
  • Illustrative PEG-interferon alpha conjugates include interferon alpha-2a (RoferonTM, Hoffman La-Roche, Nutley, New Jersey) in the form of pegylated interferon alpha-2a (e.g., as sold under the trade name PegasysTM), interferon alpha-2b (IntronTM, from Schering-Plough Corporation) in the form of pegylated interferon alpha-2b (e.g., as sold under the trade name PEG- IntronTMfrom Schering-Plough Corporation), interferon alpha-2b-XL (e.g., as sold under the trade name PEG-IntronTM), interferon alpha-2c (Berofor AlphaTM,
  • Antibody therapy agents useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, antibodies specific to IL-10 (such as those disclosed in US Patent Publication No. US2005/0101770, humanized 12G8, a humanized monoclonal antibody against human IL-10, plasmids containing the nucleic acids encoding the humanized 12G8 light and heavy chains were deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) as deposit numbers PTA-5923 and PTA-5922, respectively), and the like).
  • ATCC American Type Culture Collection
  • viral protease inhbitors useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, an HCV protease inhibitor.
  • HCV protease inhibitors useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 7,494,988, 7,485,625, 7,449,447, 7,442,695, 7,425,576, 7,342,041, 7,253,160, 7,244,721, 7,205,330, 7,192,957, 7,186,747, 7,173,057, 7,169,760, 7,012,066, 6,914,122, 6,911,428, 6,894,072, 6,846,802, 6,838,475, 6,800,434, 6,767,991, 5,017,380, 4,933,443, 4,812,561 and 4,634,697; U.S. Patent Publication Nos. US20020068702, US20020160962, US20050119168, US20050176648, US20050209164,
  • HCV protease inhibitors useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, SCH503034 (Boceprevir, Schering- Plough), SCH900518 (Schering-Plough), VX-950 (Telaprevir, Vertex), VX-500 (Vertex), VX-813 (Vertex), VBY-376 (Virobay), MK-7009 (Merck), MK-5172 (Merck), BI-201335 (Boehringer Ingelheim), TMC-435 (Medivir/Tibotec), ABT-450 (Abbott), TMC-435350 (Medivir), ITMN-191/R7227 (InterMune/Roche), EA-058 (Abbott/Enanta), EA-063 (Abbott/Enanta), GS-9132 (Gilead/Achillion), ACH-1095 (Gilead/Achillon), IDX-136 (Idenix), IDX-316 (Idenix), ITMN
  • HCV protease inhbitors useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in Landro et al, Biochemistry, 36(31 :9340-9348 (1997); Ingallinella et al, Biochemistry,
  • HCV protease inhibitors useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, the following compounds:
  • Viral replication inhibitors useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, HCV replicase inhibitors, IRES inhibitors, NS4A inhibitors, NS3 helicase inhibitors, NS5A inhibitors, NS5B inhibitors, ribavirin, AZD-2836 (Astra Zeneca), BMS-790052 (Bristol-Myers Squibb, see Gao et al, Nature, 465:96-100 (2010)), viramidine, A-831 (Arrow Therapeutics); an antisense agent or a therapeutic vaccine.
  • HCV NS4A inhibitors useful in the useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos.
  • HCV NS4A inhibitors useful in the useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, AZD2836 (Astra Zeneca) and ACH-806 (Achillon Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, CT).
  • HCV replicase inhibitors useful in the useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. US20090081636.
  • Therapeutic vaccines useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, IC41 (Intercell Novartis), CSL123 (Chiron/CSL), GI 5005 (Glo situmune), TG-4040 (Transgene), GNI-103 (GENimmune), Hepavaxx C (ViRex Medical), ChronVac-C (Inovio/Tripep), PeviPROTM (Pevion Biotect), HCV/MF59 (Chiron Novartis) and Civacir (NABI).
  • compositions and methods examples include, but are not limited to, Ritonavir (Abbott), TT033 (Benitec/Tacere Bio/Pfizer), Sirna-034 (Sirna Therapeutics), GNI- 104 (GENimmune), GI-5005 (Globeimmune), IDX-102 (Idenix), LevovirinTM (ICN Pharmaceuticals, Costa Mesa, California); Humax (Genmab), ITX-2155
  • the doses and dosage regimen of the other agents used in the combination therapies of the present invention for the treatment or prevention of HCV infection can be determined by the attending clinician, taking into consideration the approved doses and dosage regimen in the package insert; the age, sex and general health of the patient; and the type and severity of the viral infection or related disease or disorder.
  • the Tetracyclic Indole Derivative(s) and the other agent(s) can be administered simultaneously (i.e., in the same composition or in separate compositions one right after the other) or sequentially. This particularly useful when the components of the combination are given on different dosing schedules, e.g., one component is administered once daily and another component is administered every six hours, or when the preferred
  • compositions are different, e.g., one is a tablet and one is a capsule.
  • a kit comprising the separate dosage forms is therefore advantageous.
  • a total daily dosage of the at least one Tetracyclic Indole Derivative(s) alone, or when administered as combination therapy can range from about 1 to about 2500 mg per day, although variations will necessarily occur depending on the target of therapy, the patient and the route of administration.
  • the dosage is from about 10 to about 1000 mg/day, administered in a single dose or in 2-4 divided doses.
  • the dosage is from about 1 to about 500 mg/day, administered in a single dose or in 2-4 divided doses.
  • the dosage is from about 1 to about 100 mg/day, administered in a single dose or in 2-4 divided doses.
  • the dosage is from about 1 to about 50 mg/day, administered in a single dose or in 2-4 divided doses.
  • the dosage is from about 500 to about 1500 mg/day,
  • the dosage is administered in a single dose or in 2-4 divided doses.
  • the dosage is from about 500 to about 1000 mg/day, administered in a single dose or in 2- 4 divided doses.
  • the dosage is from about 100 to about 500 mg/day, administered in a single dose or in 2-4 divided doses.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is INTRON- A interferon alpha 2b (commercially available from Schering-Plough Corp.)
  • this agent is administered by subcutaneous injection at 3MIU(12 mcg)/0.5mL/TIW for 24 weeks or 48 weeks for first time treatment.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is PEG- INTRON interferon alpha 2b pegylated (commercially available from Schering- Plough Corp.)
  • this agent is administered by subcutaneous injection at 1.5
  • mcg/kg/week within a range of 40 to 150 meg/week, for at least 24 weeks.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is ROFERON A interferon alpha 2a (commercially available from Hoffmann-La Roche)
  • this agent is administered by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection at 3MIU(1 1.1 mcg/mL)/TIW for at least 48 to 52 weeks, or alternatively 6MIU/TIW for 12 weeks followed by 3MIU/TIW for 36 weeks.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is PEGASUS interferon alpha 2a pegylated (commercially available from Hoffmann-La Roche)
  • this agent is administered by subcutaneous injection at 180 mcg/lmL or 180 mcg/0.5mL, once a week for at least 24 weeks.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is INFERGEN interferon alphacon-1 (commercially available from Amgen)
  • this agent is administered by subcutaneous injection at 9 mcg/TIW is 24 weeks for first time treatment and up to 15 mcg/TIW for 24 weeks for non-responsive or relapse treatment.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is Ribavirin (commercially available as REBETOL ribavirin from Schering-Plough or COPEGUS ribavirin from Hoffmann-La Roche)
  • this agent is administered at a daily dosage of from about 600 to about 1400 mg/day for at least 24 weeks.
  • one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from: an interferon, an immunomodulator, a viral replication inhibitor, an antisense agent, a therapeutic vaccine, a viral polymerase inhibitor, a nucleoside inhibitor, a viral protease inhibitor, a viral helicase inhibitor, a viral polymerase inhibitor a virion production inhibitor, a viral entry inhibitor, a viral assembly inhibitor, an antibody therapy (monoclonal or polyclonal), and any agent useful for treating an RNA- dependent polymerase-related disorder.
  • additional therapeutic agents selected from: an interferon, an immunomodulator, a viral replication inhibitor, an antisense agent, a therapeutic vaccine, a viral polymerase inhibitor, a nucleoside inhibitor, a viral protease inhibitor, a viral helicase inhibitor, a viral polymerase inhibitor a virion production inhibitor, a viral entry inhibitor, a viral assembly inhibitor, an antibody therapy (monoclonal or polyclonal), and any agent useful for treating
  • one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from an HCV protease inhibitor, an HCV polymerase inhibitor, an HCV replication inhibitor, a nucleoside, an interferon, a pegylated interferon and ribavirin.
  • the combination therapies can include any combination of these additional therapeutic agents.
  • one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with one additional therapeutic agent selected from an HCV protease inhibitor, an interferon, a pegylated interferon and ribavirin.
  • one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with two additional therapeutic agents selected from an HCV protease inhibitor, an HCV replication inhibitor, a nucleoside, an interferon, a pegylated interferon and ribavirin.
  • one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with an HCV protease inhibitor and ribavirin. In another specific embodiment, one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with a pegylated interferon and ribavirin.
  • one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with three additional therapeutic agents selected from an HCV protease inhibitor, an HCV replication inhibitor, a nucleoside, an interferon, a pegylated interferon and ribavirin.
  • one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from an HCV polymerase inhibitor, a viral protease inhibitor, an interferon, and a viral replication inhibitor. In another embodiment, one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from an HCV polymerase inhibitor, a viral protease inhibitor, an interferon, and a viral replication inhibitor. In another embodiment, one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from an HCV polymerase inhibitor, a viral protease inhibitor, an interferon, and ribavirin.
  • one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with one additional therapeutic agent selected from an HCV polymerase inhibitor, a viral protease inhibitor, an interferon, and a viral replication inhibitor. In another embodiment, one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with ribavirin.
  • one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with two additional therapeutic agents selected from an HCV polymerase inhibitor, a viral protease inhibitor, an interferon, and a viral replication inhibitor.
  • one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with ribavirin, interferon and another therapeutic agent.
  • one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with ribavirin, interferon and another therapeutic agent, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is selected from an HCV polymerase inhibitor, a viral protease inhibitor, and a viral replication inhibitor.
  • one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with ribavirin, interferon and a viral protease inhibitor.
  • one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with ribavirin, interferon and an HCV protease inhibitor.
  • one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with ribavirin, interferon and boceprevir or telaprevir.
  • one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with ribavirin, interferon and an HCV polymerase inhibitor.
  • one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with pegylated-interferon alpha and ribavirin.
  • one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with from one to three additional therapeutic agents, wherein the additional therapeutic agents are each independently selected from HCV protease inhibitors, HCV NS5A inhibitors and HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors.
  • one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with MK-5172.
  • one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with MK-7009.
  • one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with boceprevir.
  • one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with telaprevir.
  • one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with PSI-938.
  • one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with PSI-7977. In yet another embodiment, one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with RG-7128.
  • one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with (i) a compound selected from PSI-7977, PSI-938 RG-7128; and (ii) a compound selected from boceprevir, telaprevir, MK-7009 and MK-5172.
  • one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with PSI-7977 and MK-5172.
  • Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives are useful in veterinary and human medicine. As described above, the Tetracyclic Indole
  • Derivatives are useful for treating or preventing HCV infection in a patient in need thereof.
  • the Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives When administered to a patient, the Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives can be administered as a component of a composition that comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle.
  • the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of at least one Tetracyclic Indole Derivative and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the active ingredients will typically be administered in admixture with suitable carrier materials suitably selected with respect to the intended form of administration, i.e., oral tablets, capsules (either solid-filled, semi-solid filled or liquid filled), powders for constitution, oral gels, elixirs, dispersible granules, syrups, suspensions, and the like, and consistent with conventional pharmaceutical practices.
  • the active drug component may be combined with any oral non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier, such as lactose, starch, sucrose, cellulose, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, talc, mannitol, ethyl alcohol (liquid forms) and the like.
  • Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, dispersible granules, capsules, cachets and suppositories. Powders and tablets may be comprised of from about 0.5 to about 95 percent inventive composition. Tablets, powders, cachets and capsules can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration.
  • suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol and waxes.
  • lubricants there may be mentioned for use in these dosage forms, boric acid, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, and the like.
  • Disintegrants include starch, methylcellulose, guar gum, and the like.
  • Sweetening and flavoring agents and preservatives may also be included where appropriate.
  • Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions and emulsions and may include water or water-propylene glycol solutions for parenteral injection.
  • Liquid form preparations may also include solutions for intranasal administration.
  • Aerosol preparations suitable for inhalation may include solutions and solids in powder form, which may be in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as an inert compressed gas.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as an inert compressed gas.
  • solid form preparations which are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for either oral or parenteral administration.
  • liquid forms include solutions, suspensions and emulsions.
  • a low melting wax such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides or cocoa butter is first melted, and the active ingredient is dispersed homogeneously therein as by stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool and thereby solidify.
  • compositions of the present invention may be formulated in sustained release form to provide the rate controlled release of any one or more of the components or active ingredients to optimize therapeutic effects, i.e., antiviral activity and the like.
  • Suitable dosage forms for sustained release include layered tablets containing layers of varying disintegration rates or controlled release polymeric matrices impregnated with the active components and shaped in tablet form or capsules containing such impregnated or encapsulated porous polymeric matrices.
  • the one or more Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives are administered orally.
  • the one or more Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives are administered intravenously.
  • the one or more Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives are administered topically. In still another embodiment, the one or more Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives are administered sublingually.
  • a pharmaceutical preparation comprising at least one Tetracyclic Indole Derivative is in unit dosage form.
  • the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containing effective amounts of the active components.
  • compositions can be prepared according to conventional mixing, granulating or coating methods, respectively, and the present compositions can contain, in one embodiment, from about 0.1% to about 99% of the Tetracyclic Indole Derivative(s) by weight or volume. In various embodiments, the present
  • compositions can contain, in one embodiment, from about 1% to about 70% or from about 5% to about 60% of the Tetracyclic Indole Derivative(s) by weight or volume.
  • the quantity of Tetracyclic Indole Derivative in a unit dose of preparation may be varied or adjusted from about 1 mg to about 2500 mg. In various embodiments, the quantity is from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg, 1 mg to about 500 mg, 1 mg to about 100 mg, and 1 mg to about 100 mg.
  • the total daily dosage may be divided and administered in portions during the day if desired. In one embodiment, the daily dosage is administered in one portion. In another embodiment, the total daily dosage is administered in two divided doses over a 24 hour period. In another embodiment, the total daily dosage is administered in three divided doses over a 24 hour period. In still another embodiment, the total daily dosage is administered in four divided doses over a 24 hour period.
  • a total daily dosage of the Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives range from about 0.1 to about 2000 mg per day, although variations will necessarily occur depending on the target of therapy, the patient and the route of administration.
  • the dosage is from about 1 to about 200 mg/day, administered in a single dose or in 2-4 divided doses.
  • the dosage is from about 10 to about 2000 mg/day, administered in a single dose or in 2-4 divided doses.
  • the dosage is from about 100 to about 2000 mg/day, administered in a single dose or in 2-4 divided doses.
  • the dosage is from about 500 to about 2000 mg/day, administered in a single dose or in 2-4 divided doses.
  • compositions of the invention can further comprise one or more additional therapeutic agents, selected from those listed above herein. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the present invention provides compositions comprising: (i) at least one Tetracyclic Indole Derivative or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (ii) one or more additional therapeutic agents that are not a Tetracyclic Indole Derivative; and (iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the amounts in the
  • compositions are together effective to treat HCV infection.
  • the present invention provides compositions comprising a Compound of Formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • compositions comprising a Compound of Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and a second therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of HCV antiviral agents, immunomodulators, and anti-infective agents.
  • compositions comprising a Compound of Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and wto additional therapeutic agents, each of which are independently selected from the group consisting of HCV antiviral agents, immunomodulators, and anti-infective agents.
  • the present invention provides a kit comprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one Tetracyclic Indole Derivative, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester or prodrug of said compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, vehicle or diluent.
  • the present invention provides a kit comprising an amount of at least one Tetracyclic Indole Derivative, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester or prodrug of said compound and an amount of at least one additional therapeutic agent listed above, wherein the amounts of the two or more active ingredients result in a desired therapeutic effect.
  • the one or more Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives and the one or more additional therapeutic agents are provided in the same container.
  • the one or more Tetracyclic Indole Derivatives and the one or more additional therapeutic agents are provided in separate containers.
  • Intermediate Int-3d can be prepared using the procedure above from R- Phenyl glycine.
  • Step E Preparation of Compound Int-4f
  • a solution of Compound Int-4e 600 mg, 2.59 mmol
  • THF 5 mL
  • lithium hydroxide monohydrate 218 mg, 5.19 mmol
  • water 5 mL
  • the reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature for 2 hours then was concentrated in vacuo to half of its original volume.
  • the concentrated mixture was then acidified with 6N HC1 and extracted with EtOAc (7 * 50 mL).
  • the combined organic extracts were dried over Na 2 S04, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to provide Compound Int-4f as an off-white solid (485 mg, 86%).
  • N-Bromosuccinimide (838.4 mg, 4.71 mmol) was added in portions over 15 minutes to a cooled (ice/water) CH2CI2 (20 mL) solution of imidazole Int-7c (1.06 g, 4.50 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 75 minutes and concentrated in vacuo to oil. The residue obtained was purified using silica-gel RPLC (Acetonitrile/ water/ 0.1% TFA) to separate the mono bromide from its dibromo analog (over bromination) and the starting material. The RPLC elute was neutralized with excess ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4/ ⁇ , and the volatile component was removed in vacuo.
  • Int-7g (3.01g, 6.78 mmol, 1.0 eq) and Int-la (1.202 g, 6.86 mmol, 1.01 eq) were added to a 250 mL round-bottomed flask equipped with a stir bar. DMF was added, and the flask was connected to a vacuum line. The flask was cycled between vacuum and N 2 twice, then cooled in an ice-methanol bath for 10 minutes. HATU (2.75 g, 7.23 mmol, 1.07 eq) was added, followed by diisopropylethyl amine (2.80 mL). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at -15 °C for 20 minutes.
  • the major peak was collected to provide 1.28 g Int-7h as a white foam.
  • This material was further purified via sgc on an 80 g Isco Gold Si0 2 cartridge using a 45%-65% gradient of (5% methanol in EtOAc)/hexanes. Triethylamine 1% by volume was added to the MeOH/EtOAc solution. The fractions were assayed via TLC using Hanessian's stain. (See Example 13 below for more information on Hanessian's stain.) The major peak was collected as product to provide 1.18 g of Int-7h as a white foam. MS (ESI) m/z (M+H) + :373.1.
  • N-Moc-(S)-tetrahydropyranyl glycine (InMf) (252 mg, 1.160 mmol), Int-7g (354 mg, 1.225 mmol), DMF (6 mL), and DIPEA (0.7 mL, 4.01 mmol) were added to a 40 mL screw cap vial equipped with a stir bar.
  • the reaction mixture was placed under a blanket of N2 and the vial was capped.
  • the vial was cooled in an ice- methanol bath for 10 minutes.
  • HATU (445 mg, 1.215 mmol) was added, and the reaction mixture was left stirring at -15 °C. After 3 hours, the bath temp was 10 °C.
  • the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and aqueous ammonium chloride. The layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, gravity filtered, dried with MgS04, and filtered again. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure on the rotovap to provide a clear oil-(458 mg).
  • the crude product was purified via flash silica gel column chromatography on an Isco 24 g Si0 2 Gold cartridge, using a
  • N-Moc (S)-tetrahydropyranyl glycine In f (236 mg, 1.086 mmol) and Int-lOg (333 mg, 1.085 mmol), DMF (5 mL), and DIPEA (0.6 mL, 3.44 mmol) were added to a 40 mL screw cap vial equipped with a stir bar.
  • the reaction mixture was placed under a blanket of N2 and the vial was capped.
  • the vial was cooled in an ice- methanol bath for 15 minutes.
  • HATU (418 mg, 1.141 mmol) was added, and the reaction mixture was left stirring at -15 °C. After 3h, the bath temp was 10 °C.
  • the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and water. The layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, gravity filtered, dried with MgSCH, and filtered again. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure on the rotovap to provide a clear oil. The crude product was dissolved in methanol and left standing at room temperature over the weekend.
  • the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo.
  • the crude product was purified via flash silica gel column chromatography on an Isco 40 g Si0 2 Gold cartridge.
  • the column was initially eluted (mistakenly) with a 0%-50% EtOAc/hexanes gradient, then flushed with 5% (MeOH/(l%NHD(Aq.)))/CH2Cl2
  • the fractions were combined to provide 0.50 g of impure product as a clear oil.
  • the impure product was purified via flash silica gel column chromatography on an Isco 24 g Si0 2 Gold cartridge, using a 0%-5% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 gradient as the mobile phase to provide Int-7i as a clear oil-(0.306g).
  • Int-8b (7.5 g, 21.3 mmol) was dissolved in 100 mL of dichloromethane and cooled to 0 °C. TFA (100 mL) was added and the reaction was allowed to stir to room temperature over 2h. The solvent was removed and the residue obtained was redissolved in EtOAc then washed with saturated bicarbonate solution then brine. The extracts were dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to provide Compound Int-8c as an oil, which was used without further purification.
  • the solution was allowed to stir at -78 °C for 30 minutes and at 0 °C for one hour.
  • the solution was diluted with dichloromethane (300 mL) and washed with water, IN HC1, sat NaHCC>3, and brine. It was dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue obtained was dried in vacuo for 1 hour to provide Compound Int-lOc which was used without further purification.
  • Step D Preparation of Compound Int-lOe
  • Int-lOd 8 g, 33.3 mmol
  • CH3CN 250 mL
  • More CH 3 CN was added to form a clear solution.
  • NBS (1 1.3 g, 63.3 mmol) was added in one portion and the solution was allowed to stir at room temperature for about 15 hours.
  • C3 ⁇ 4CN was removed in vacuo and dichloromethane (50 mL) was added with stirring. The solid was filtered and washed with dichloromethane twice. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to about 30 mL and filtered again.
  • the filtrate was purified using flash column chromatography on silica gel (120g, 20% to 80% of EtOAc in Hexane) to provide Compound Int-lOe (11.88 g, 86.4%).
  • the aldehyde Int-lla was prepared from the commercially available alcohol using the method described in Example 10.
  • Int-llc was prepared from Int-llb using the method described in
  • Acid Int-12j (22.7 g, 100 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF (400 ml) in a 1000 mL flask, and cooled with an ice-water bath.
  • Borane tetrahydrofuran complex (1.0 M in THF, 200 ml, 200 mmol) was added via an additional funnel dropwise over a period of 80 minutes. After 1 hour at 0 °C the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and stir for about 15 hours. Methanol was then added dropwise via an additional funnel (-100 ml) and then the reaction was then concentrated in vacuo.
  • the residue was purified on a 300 g ISCO silica column/ Combi-Flash Rf system using a gradient of 0-70% ethyl acetate in hexanes to provide alcohol Int-12k as a colorless oil (18.2 g, 85%).
  • Oxalyl chloride (14.08 g, 111 mmol) was dissolved in methylene chloride (340 ml) in a 1000 mL flask and cooled to -78 °C under nitrogen atmosphere.
  • DMSO (9.33 g, 119 mmol) was added slowly via syringe over a period of 10 minutes. The resulting solution was allowed to stir at -78 °C for 45 minutes prior to the slow addition of the alcohol Int-12k (15.2 g, 85 mmol) in methylene chloride (50 ml) and stirred at - 78 °C under nitrogen for 45 minutes before addition of triethylamine (34.5 g, 341 mmol).
  • reaction was warmed to 0 °C and stirred at 0 °C for an additional 1 hour.
  • organic solution was washed with water, IN HC1 solution (300 ml), and water.
  • the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, concentrated in vacuo to provide aldehyde Int-121 as a colorless oil (18.14 g, -100%). This crude product was used for the next reaction without purification.
  • the aldehyde Int-121 (18.14 g, 86 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (37 ml) and the resulting solution was cooled with a RT water bath. A 7N ammonia solution in methanol (31.9 ml, 223 mmol) was then added dropwise via an additional funnel over a period of 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 20 minutes before a 40% aqueous solution of glyoxal (16.2 g, 112 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for about 15 hours and then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified using a 220 g ISCO silica
  • the mixture from mother liquid was purified using a 220 g ISCO silica column/Combi-Flash Rf system using 0-70% ethyl acetate in hexanes as the eluent to provide a second batch of Int-12n as a pale solid (7.73g, 43.8).
  • Step E Intermediate Int-12n (14.4 g, 35.4 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (45 ml) and water (16 ml) and placed in a water bath. EDTA (10.34 g, 35.3 mmol) followed by 7N ammonia in methanol (20.21 ml, 141 mmol) were then added. Zinc powder (2.314 g, 45.4 mmol) was then added and the resulting solution was allowed to stir at room temperature. After 6 hours the reaction was then concentrated and the residue was redissolved with ethyl acetate (100 ml), washed with water (2x50 ml), dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo.
  • the crude product was purified on a 80 g silica column with a Combi-Flash Rf system using a gradient of 0-70% ethyl acetate in hexanes to provide Int-12o as a white solid (7.56 g, 65%).
  • n-Butyllithium (Aldrich 2.5 M in hexanes , 478 mL, 1.19 mol, 1.09 eq) was added via a dropping funnel over 1 hour while maintaining the internal reaction temperature between -67 °C and - 76 °C. The resulting orange-red solution was allowed to gradually warm to room temperature for about 15 hours. The reaction mixture was then re-cooled to 0 °C and quenched with 500 mL of water. Diethyl ether (2L) was added and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with 1 L of diethyl ether.
  • the combined organic extracts was washed with water and brine, dried with MgSC ⁇ , filtered, and concentrated in vacuo, giving 480 g of orange oil. This material was left in vacuo for about 15 hours to provide 420 g of oil.
  • the crude product was split into two batches and purified via silica gel chromatography on a 1.6 kg flash column. The column was eluted with gradient of 0-4% ⁇ 2 0 in hexanes. The product fractions were concentrated in vacuo at a bath temperature at or below 40 °C giving 190 grams of Int-13c-(60%yield).
  • the resulting crude product was dried under house vacuum for about 15 hours.
  • the crude product was then dissolved in CH 2 C1 2 (750 mL) and Et 2 0 (1250 mL) and sodium iodide (96.4 g, 0.643 mol, 1.0 eq) was added.
  • Diisopropylethylamine (336 mL, 1.929 mol, 3.0 eq) was added slowly over 25 minutes with stirring, causing the temperature to increase to 35 °C then decrease to room temperature again.
  • the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 2 hours, after which time the MS of an aliquot indicated consumption of the starting material.
  • the reaction mixture was allowed to stir for an additional 2 hours and then Boc-anhydride (281 g, 1.286 mol, 2.0 eq) was added. The reaction mixture was then allowed to stir at room temperature. After two days, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (2 L) and water (1 L), and he layers were separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with 500 mL of EtO Ac. The combined organic extracts were washed with water (500 mL) and brine (500 mL), dried with MgSC , filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to a yellow oil (380 g). The crude product was split into two 180 g portions for convenience and each portion was purified via flash silica gel chromatography.
  • Polyphosphoric acid (111.8 g) and xylenes (260 mL) were added to a 1 liter 3-necked flask.
  • the flask was placed in a 100 °C oil bath, connected to a N 2 inlet, and equipped with a mechanical stirrer.
  • the PPA/xylenes mixture was allowed to stir for 30 minutes to bring the internal temperature up to 100 °C.
  • Compound Int-19d was then added in portions over 10 minutes.
  • the reaction was placed under N 2 atmosphere, capped, stirred for 30 minutes at 100 °C, and then stirred for 2.5 hours at 110 °C.
  • the flask was lifted out of the oil bath and allowed to cool for 15 minutes. Ice (750 mL) was added in portions to the reaction mixture with stirring.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des dérivés d'indoles tétracycliques de formule (I), leurs sels pharmaceutiquement acceptables et leurs compositions pharmaceutiques, dans laquelle A, A', G, R1, R15, U, V, V, W, W, X, X', Y, Y' sont tels que définis dans l'invention. L'invention concerne également l'utilisation desdits dérivés pour le traitement d'une infection par le virus de l'hépatite C (VHC).
EP11827912.4A 2010-09-29 2011-09-28 Dérivés d'indoles tétracycliques pour le traitement d'une infection par le virus de l'hépatite c Withdrawn EP2621931A4 (fr)

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US201061426724P 2010-12-23 2010-12-23
PCT/CN2011/001638 WO2012041014A1 (fr) 2010-09-29 2011-09-28 Dérivés d'indoles tétracycliques pour le traitement d'une infection par le virus de l'hépatite c

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