Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing aromatic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
  • A61K31/4709—Non-condensed quinolines and containing further heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
  • A61K31/472—Non-condensed isoquinolines, e.g. papaverine
  • A61K31/4725—Non-condensed isoquinolines, e.g. papaverine containing further heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
  • A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
  • A61K31/513—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim having oxo groups directly attached to the heterocyclic ring, e.g. cytosine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings

Definitions

• the present invention provides non-nucleoside compounds which inhibit HCV RNA-dependent RNA viral polymerase. These compounds are useful for the treatment of RNA-dependent RNA viral infection. They are particularly useful as inhibitors of hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase, as inhibitors of HCV replication, and for the treatment of hepatitis C infection.
• HCV hepatitis C virus
• Hepatitis C virus is the leading cause of chronic liver disease throughout the world. ( Boyer, N. et al., J. Hepatol. 2000 32:98-112 ). Patients infected with HCV are at risk of developing cirrhosis of the liver and subsequent hepatocellular carcinoma and hence HCV is the major indication for liver transplantation.
• HCV has been classified as a member of the virus family Flaviviridae that includes the genera flaviviruses, pestiviruses, and hapaceiviruses which includes hepatitis C viruses ( Rice, C. M., Flaviviridae: The viruses and their replication. In: Fields Virology, Editors: B. N. Fields, D. M. Knipe and P. M. Howley, Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, Pa., Chapter 30, 931-959, 1996 ).
• HCV is an enveloped virus containing a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome of approximately 9.4 kb.
• the viral genome consists of a highly conserved 5' untranslated region (UTR), a long open reading frame encoding a polyprotein precursor of-approximately 3011 amino acids, and a short 3' UTR.
• HCV Hastolic hyperplasia
• Type 1b is the most prevalent subtype in Asia. ( X. Forms and J. Bukh, Clinics in Liver Disease 1999 3:693-716 ; J. Bukh et al., Semin. Liv. Dis. 1995 15:41-63 ). Unfortunately Type 1 infectious is more resistant to therapy than either type 2 or 3 genotypes ( N. N. Zein, Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2000 13:223-235 ).
• Viral structural proteins include a nucleocapsid core protein (C) and two envelope glycoproteins, E1 and E2.
• HCV also encodes two proteases, a zinc-dependent metalloproteinase encoded by the NS2-NS3 region and a serine protease encoded in the NS3 region. These proteases are required for cleavage of specific regions of the precursor polyprotein into mature peptides.
• the carboxyl half of nonstructural protein 5, NS5B contains the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
• the function of the remaining nonstructural proteins, NS4A and NS4B, and that of NS5A remain unknown. It is believed that most of the non-structural proteins encoded by the HCV RNA genome are involved in RNA replication
• Ribavirin (1-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-1H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-carboxylic acid amide; Virazole®) is a synthetic, non-interferon-inducing, broad-spectrum antiviral nucleoside analog. Ribavirin has in vitro activity against several DNA and RNA viruses including Flaviviridae ( Gary L. Davis. Gastroenterology 2000 118:S104-S114 ). Although, in monotherapy ribavirin reduces serum amino transferase levels to normal in 40% of patients, it does not lower serum levels of HCV-RNA.
• Ribavirin also exhibits significant toxicity and is known to induce anemia.
• Viramidine is a ribavirin prodrug converted ribavirin by adenosine deaminase to in hepatocytes. ( J. Z. Wu, Antivir. Chem. Chemother. 2006 17(1):33-9 )
• Interferons have been available for the treatment of chronic hepatitis for nearly a decade. IFNs are glycoproteins produced by immune cells in response to viral infection. Two distinct types of interferon are recognized: Type 1 includes several interferon alphas and one interferon beta, type 2 includes interferon gamma. Type 1 interferons are produced mainly by infected cells and protect neighboring cells from de novo infection. IFNs inhibit viral replication of many viruses, including HCV, and when used as the sole treatment for hepatitis C infection, IFN suppresses serum HCV-RNA to undetectable levels. Additionally, IFN normalizes serum amino transferase levels. Unfortunately, the effects of IFN are temporary. Cessation of therapy results in a 70% relapse rate and only 10-15% exhibit a sustained virological response with normal serum alanine transferase levels. (Davis, Luke-Bakaar, supra )
• PEGASYS® is a conjugate interferon ⁇ -2a and a 40 kD branched mono-methoxy PEG and PEG-INTRON® is a conjugate of interferon ⁇ -2b and a 12 kD mono-methoxy PEG.
• Combination therapy of HCV with ribavirin and interferon- ⁇ ⁇ currently is the optimal therapy for HCV.
• Combining ribavirin and PEG-IFN (infra) results in a sustained viral response (SVR) in 54-56% of patients with type 1 HCV.
• SVR sustained viral response
• combination therapy also produces side effects which pose clinical challenges. Depression, flu-like symptoms and skin reactions are associated with subcutaneous IFN- ⁇ and hemolytic anemia is associated with sustained treatment with ribavirin.
• RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is absolutely essential for replication of the single-stranded, positive sense, RNA genome. This enzyme has elicited significant interest among medicinal chemists.
• Compounds of the present invention and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are also useful in treating and preventing viral infections, in particular, hepatitis C infection, and diseases in living hosts when used in combination with each other and with other biologically active agents, including but not limited to the group consisting of interferon, a pegylated interferon, ribavirin, protease inhibitors, polymerase inhibitors, small interfering RNA compounds, antisense compounds, nucleotide analogs, nucleoside analogs, immunoglobulins, immunomodulators, hepatoprotectants, anti-inflammatory agents, antibiotics, antivirals and antiinfective compounds.
• interferon a pegylated interferon
• ribavirin protease inhibitors
• polymerase inhibitors small interfering RNA compounds
• antisense compounds nucleotide analogs, nucleoside analogs, immunoglobulins, immunomodulators, hepatoprotectants, anti-inflammatory agents, antibiotics, antivir
• Such combination therapy may also comprise providing a compound of the invention either concurrently or sequentially with other medicinal agents or potentiators, such as ribavirin and related compounds, amantadine and related compounds, various interferons such as, for example, interferon-alpha, interferon-beta, interferon gamma and the like, as well as alternate forms of interferons such as pegylated interferons. Additionally combinations of ribavirin and interferon, may be administered as an additional combination therapy with at least one of the compounds of the present invention.
• other medicinal agents or potentiators such as ribavirin and related compounds, amantadine and related compounds, various interferons such as, for example, interferon-alpha, interferon-beta, interferon gamma and the like, as well as alternate forms of interferons such as pegylated interferons.
• ribavirin and interferon may be administered as an additional combination therapy with at least one of
• interferons currently in development include albinterferon- ⁇ -2b (Albuferon), IFN-omega with DUROS, LOCTERON TM and interferon- ⁇ -2b XL. As these and other interferons reach the marketplace their use in combination therapy with compounds of the present invention is anticipated.
• HCV polymerase inhibitors are another target for drug discovery and compounds in development include R-1626, R-7128, IDX184/IDX102, PF-868554 (Pfizer), VCH-759 (ViroChem), GS-9190 (Gilead), A-837093 and A-848837 (Abbot), MK-3281 (Merck), GSK949614 and GSK625433 (Glaxo), ANA598 (Anadys), VBY 708 (ViroBay).
• Inhibitors of the HCV NS3 protease also have been identified as potentially useful for treatment of HCV.
• Protease inhibitors in clinical trials include VX-950 (Telaprevir, Vertex), SCH503034 (Broceprevir, Schering), TMC435350 (Tibotec/Medivir) and ITMN-191 (Intermune).
• Other protease inhibitors in earlier stages of development include MK7009 (Merck), BMS-790052 (Bristol Myers Squibb), VBY-376 (Virobay), DXSCA/IDXSCB (Idenix), BI12202 (Boehringer), VX-500 (Vertex), PHX1766 Phenomix).
• cyclophilin inhibitors which inhibit RNA binding to NS5b, nitazoxanide, Celgosivir (Migenix), an inhibitor of ⁇ -glucosidase-1, caspase inhibitors, Toll-like receptor agonists and immunostimulants such as Zadaxin (SciClone).
• HCV Hepatitis C virus
• a or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity; for example, a compound refers to one or more compounds or at least one compound.
• a compound refers to one or more compounds or at least one compound.
• the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more”, and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein.
• the terms “comprise(s)” and “comprising” are to be interpreted as having an open-ended meaning. That is, the terms are to be interpreted synonymously with the phrases “having at least” or “including at least”.
• the term “comprising” means that the process includes at least the recited steps, but may include additional steps.
• the term “comprising” means that the compound or composition includes at least the recited features or components, but may also include additional features or components.
• any variable e.g., R 1 , R 4a , Ar, X 1 or Het
• its definition on each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence. Also, combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such compounds result in stable compounds.
• a bond drawn into ring system indicates that the bond may be attached to any of the suitable ring atoms.
• variable can be equal to any integer value of the numerical range, including the end-points of the range.
• variable can be equal to any real value of the numerical range, including the end-points of the range.
• a variable which is described as having values between 0 and 2 can be 0, 1 or 2 for variables which are inherently discrete, and can be 0.0, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, or any other real value for variables which are inherently continuous.
• Tautomeric compounds can exist as two or more interconvertable species.
• Prototropic tautomers result from the migration of a covalently bonded hydrogen atom between two atoms.
• Tautomers generally exist in equilibrium and attempts to isolate an individual tautomers usually produce a mixture whose chemical and physical properties are consistent with a mixture of compounds. The position of the equilibrium is dependent on chemical features within the molecule. For example, in many aliphatic aldehydes and ketones, such as acetaldehyde, the keto form predominates while; in phenols, the enol form predominates.
• the compounds of the present invention may contain an acidic or basic center and suitable salts are formed from acids or bases may form non-toxic salts which have similar antiviral activity.
• suitable salts include the hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, bisulfate, nitrate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate.
• salts of organic acids include acetate, fumarate, pamoate, aspartate, besylate, carbonate, bicarbonate, camsylate, D and L-lactate, D and L-tartrate, esylate, mesylate, malonate, orotate, gluceptate, methylsulfate, stearate, glucuronate, 2-napsylate, tosylate, hibenzate, nicotinate, isethionate, malate, maleate, citrate, gluconate, succinate, saccharate, benzoate, esylate, and pamoate salts.
• suitable salts see Berge et al, J. Pharm. Sci., 1977 66:1-19 and G. S. Paulekuhn et al. J. Med. Chem. 2007 50:6665 .
• composition comprising a compound according to formula I wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 R 48 , R 4b , R 4c , R 5 , R a , R b , R c , R d , R e , R f , R g and n are as defined herein above with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.
• alkyl as used herein without further limitation alone or in combination with other groups, denotes an unbranched or branched chain, saturated, monovalent hydrocarbon residue containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
• C 1-6 alkyl refers to an alkyl composed of 1 to 6 carbons.
• alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, lower alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, neopentyl, hexyl, and octyl. Any carbon hydrogen bond can be replaced by a carbon deuterium bond with departing from the scope of the invention.
• alkylaryl haloalkylheteroaryl
• arylalkylheterocyclyl alkylcarbonyl
• alkoxyalkyl alkylcarbonyl
• phenylalkyl refers to an alkyl group having one to two phenyl substituents, and thus includes benzyl, phenylethyl, and biphenyl.
• An "alkylaminoalkyl” is an alkyl group having one to two alkylamino substituents.
• “Hydroxyalkyl” includes 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropyl, 2-hydroxybutyl, 2,3-dihydroxybutyl, 2-(hydroxymethyl), 3-hydroxypropyl, and so forth. Accordingly, as used herein, the term "hydroxyalkyl” is used to define a subset of heteroalkyl groups defined below.
• (ar)alkyl refers to either an unsubstituted alkyl or an aralkyl group.
• (hetero)aryl or (hetero)aryl refers to either an aryl or a heteroaryl group.
• alkylene denotes a divalent saturated linear hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., (CH 2 ) n )or a branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., -CHMe- or -CH 2 CH(i-Pr)CH 2 -), unless otherwise indicated.
• C 0-4 alkylene refers to a linear or branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical comprising 1-4 carbon atoms or, in the case of Co, the alkylene radical is omitted. Except in the case of methylene, the open valences of an alkylene group are not attached to the same atom. Examples of alkylene radicals include, but are not limited to, methylene, ethylene, propylene, 2-methyl-propylene, 1,1-dimethyl-ethylene, butylene, 2-ethylbutylene.
• alkoxy as used herein means an -O-alkyl group, wherein alkyl is as defined above such as methoxy, ethoxy, n-propyloxy, i-propyloxy, n-butyloxy, i-butyloxy, t-butyloxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy, including their isomers.
• “Lower alkoxy” as used herein denotes an alkoxy group with a "lower alkyl” group as previously defined.
• C 1-10 alkoxy refers to an-O-alkyl wherein alkyl is C 1-10 .
• haloalkyl denotes an unbranched or branched chain alkyl group as defined above wherein 1, 2, 3 or more hydrogen atoms are substituted by a halogen.
• Examples are 1-fluoromethyl, 1-chloromethyl, 1-bromomethyl, 1-iodomethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, 1-fluoroethyl, 1-chloroethyl, 1 2-fluoroethyl, 2-chloroethyl, 2-bromoethyl, 2,2-dichloroethyl, 3-bromopropyl or 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl.
• fluoroalkyl refers to a haloalkyl moiety wherein fluorine is the halogen.
• C 1-3 alkylsulfonylamido as used herein refers to a group RSO 2 NH wherein R is a C 1-3 alkyl group as defined herein.
• sulfonylamino may be use as a prefix while “sulfonylamide” is the corresponding suffix.
• cycloalkyl denotes a saturated carbocyclic ring containing 3 to 8 carbon atoms, i.e. cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl or cyclooctyl.
• C 3-7 cycloalkyl refers to an cycloalkyl composed of 3 to 7 carbons in the carbocyclic ring.
• cycloalkylalkyl refers to the radical R'R"-, wherein R' is a cycloalkyl radical as defined herein, and R" is an alkylene radical as defined herein with the understanding that the attachment point of the cycloalkylalkyl moiety will be on the alkylene radical.
• cycloalkylalkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclopentylethyl.
• C 3-7 cycloalkyl-C 1-3 alkyl refers to the radical R'R" where R' is C 3-7 cyclolalkyl and R" is C 1-3 alkylene as defined herein.
• halogen or "halo” as used herein means fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
• hydroxyalkyl and “alkoxyalkyl” as used herein denotes alkyl radical as herein defined wherein one to three hydrogen atoms on different carbon atoms is/are replaced by hydroxyl or alkoxy groups respectively.
• a C 1-3 alkoxy-C 1-6 alkyl moiety refers to a C 1-6 alkyl substituent in which 1 to 3 hydrogen atoms are replaced by a C 1-3 alkoxy and the point of attachment of the alkoxy is the oxygen atom.
• nitro refers to a group -NO 2 .
• carboxy refers to a group -CO 2 H.
• heteroaryl refers to "pyridinyl", “pyrazinyl” and “pyridazinyl” rings.
• pyridine refers to a six-membered heteroaromatic ring with one nitrogen atom.
• pyrimidine pyrimidinyl
• pyrazine pyrazinyl
• pyridazine pyridazinyl
• sulfamoyl refers to the radical -S(O) 2 NH 2 .
• N-alkylsulfamoyl and N, N-dialkylsulfamoyl refers to the radical -S(O) 2 NR'R", wherein R' and R" are hydrogen and lower alkyl and R' and R" are independently lower alkyl respectively.
• Examples of N-alkylsulfamoyl substituents include, but are not limited to methylaminosulfonyl, iso -propylaminosulfonyl.
• N,N-dialkylsulfamoyl substituents include, but are not limited to dimethylaminosulfonyl, iso -propyl-methylaminosulfonyl.
• carbamoyl as used herein means the radical -CONH 2 .
• N-alkylcabamoyl and “N,N-dialkylcarbamoyl” means a radical CONHR' or CONR'R” respectively wherein the R' and R" groups are independently alkyl as defined herein.
• N-arylcarbamoyl denotes the radical CONHR' wherein R' is an aryl radical as defined herein.
• benzyl refers to a C 6 H 5 CH 2 radical wherein the phenyl ring which can optionally be substituted with one or more, preferably one or three substituents independently selected from hydroxy, thio, cyano, alkyl, alkoxy, lower haloalkoxy, alkylthio, halogen , haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, alkoxycarbonyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, and dialkylaminoalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, carbamoyl, alkylcarbamoyl and dialkylcarbamoyl, arylcarbamoyl, arylcarb
• heteroaryl refers to "pyridinyl", “pyrazinyl” and “pyridazinyl” rings.
• pyridine refers to a six-membered heteroaromatic ring with one nitrogen atom.
• pyrimidine pyrimidinyl
• pyrazine pyrazinyl
• pyridazine pyridazinyl
• oxetane (oxetanyl), "tetrahydrofuran” (tetrahydrofuranyl) and “tetrahydropyran” (tetrahydropyranyl) refer to a four, five and six-membered non-fused heterocyclic ring respectively, each containing one oxygen atom.
• aryl refers to phenyl
• the cyclic amine is a piperazine, one nitrogen atom can be optionally substituted by C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 acyl, C 1-6 alkylsulfonyl.
• the activity of the inventive compounds as inhibitors of HCV activity may be measured by any of the suitable methods known to those skilled in the art, including in vivo and in vitro assays.
• the HCV NS5B inhibitory activity of the compounds of formula I can determined using standard assay procedures described in Behrens et al., EMBO J. 1996 15:12-22 , Lohmann et al., Virology 1998 249:108-118 and Ranjith-Kumar et al., J. Virology 2001 75:8615-8623 .
• the compounds of this invention have demonstrated in vitro HCV NS5B inhibitory activity in such standard assays.
• the HCV polymerase assay conditions used for compounds of the present invention are described in Example 4.
• Inhibition of recombinant purified HCV polymerase with compounds in vitro biochemical assays may be validated using the replicon system whereby the polymerase exists within a replicase complex, associated with other viral and cellular polypeptides in appropriate stoichiometry. Demonstration of cell-based inhibition of HCV replication may be more predictive of in vivo function than demonstration of HCV NS5B inhibitory activity in vitro biochemical assays.
• the compounds of the present invention may be formulated in a wide variety of oral administration dosage forms and carriers.
• Oral administration can be in the form of tablets, coated tablets, dragées, hard and soft gelatin capsules, solutions, emulsions, syrups, or suspensions.
• Compounds of the present invention are efficacious when administered by other routes of administration including continuous (intravenous drip) topical parenteral, intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous, transdermal (which may include a penetration enhancement agent), buccal, nasal, inhalation and suppository administration, among other routes of administration.
• the preferred manner of administration is generally oral using a convenient daily dosing regimen which can be adjusted according to the degree of affliction and the patient's response to the active ingredient.
• a compound or compounds of the present invention, as well as their pharmaceutically useable salts, together with one or more conventional excipients, carriers, or diluents, may be placed into the form of pharmaceutical compositions and unit dosages.
• the pharmaceutical compositions and unit dosage forms may be comprised of conventional ingredients in conventional proportions, with or without additional active compounds or principles, and the unit dosage forms may contain any suitable effective amount of the active ingredient commensurate with the intended daily dosage range to be employed.
• compositions may be employed as solids, such as tablets or filled capsules, semisolids, powders, sustained release formulations, or liquids such as solutions, suspensions, emulsions, elixirs, or filled capsules for oral use; or in the form of suppositories for rectal or vaginal administration; or in the form of sterile injectable solutions for parenteral use.
• a typical preparation will contain from about 5% to about 95% active compound or compounds (w/w).
• preparation or “dosage form” is intended to include both solid and liquid formulations of the active compound and one skilled in the art will appreciate that an active ingredient can exist in different preparations depending on the target organ or tissue and on the desired dose and pharmacokinetic parameters.
• excipient refers to a compound that is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition, generally safe, non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable, and includes excipients that are acceptable for veterinary use as well as human pharmaceutical use.
• the compounds of this invention can be administered alone but will generally be administered in admixture with one or more suitable pharmaceutical excipients, diluents or carriers selected with regard to the intended route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable” means that which is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non-toxic, and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable and includes that which is acceptable for human pharmaceutical use.
• a “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” form of an active ingredient may also initially confer a desirable pharmacokinetic property on the active ingredient which were absent in the non-salt form, and may even positively affect the pharmacodynamics of the active ingredient with respect to its therapeutic activity in the body.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound means a salt that is pharmaceutically acceptable and that possesses the desired pharmacological activity of the parent compound.
• Such salts include: (1) acid addition salts, formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; or formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethane-disulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-toluenesulfonic acid, cam
• Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, pills, capsules, cachets, suppositories, and dispersible granules.
• a solid carrier may be one or more substances which may also act as diluents, flavoring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, preservatives, tablet disintegrating agents, or an encapsulating material.
• the carrier In powders, the carrier generally is a finely divided solid which is a mixture with the finely divided active component.
• the active component In tablets, the active component generally is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding capacity in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.
• Suitable carriers include but are not limited to magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar, lactose, pectin, dextrin, starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, a low melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like.
• Solid form preparations may contain, in addition to the active component, colorants, flavors, stabilizers, buffers, artificial and natural sweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents, and the like.
• Liquid formulations also are suitable for oral administration include liquid formulation including emulsions, syrups, elixirs, aqueous solutions, aqueous suspensions. These include solid form preparations which are intended to be converted to liquid form preparations shortly before use. Emulsions may be prepared in solutions, for example, in aqueous propylene glycol solutions or may contain emulsifying agents such as lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, or acacia. Aqueous solutions can be prepared by dissolving the active component in water and adding suitable colorants, flavors, stabilizing, and thickening agents. Aqueous suspensions can be prepared by dispersing the finely divided active component in water with viscous material, such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and other well known suspending agents.
• viscous material such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and other well known suspending agents.
• the compounds of the present invention may be formulated for parenteral administration (e.g., by injection, for example bolus injection or continuous infusion) and may be presented in unit dose form in ampoules, pre-filled syringes, small volume infusion or in multi-dose containers with an added preservative.
• the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, for example solutions in aqueous polyethylene glycol.
• oily or nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles examples include propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils (e.g., olive oil), and injectable organic esters (e.g., ethyl oleate), and may contain formulatory agents such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying or suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
• the active ingredient may be in powder form, obtained by aseptic isolation of sterile solid or by lyophilisation from solution for constitution before use with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile, pyrogen-free water.
• the compounds of the present invention may be formulated for topical administration to the epidermis as ointments, creams or lotions, or as a transdermal patch.
• Ointments and creams may, for example, be formulated with an aqueous or oily base with the addition of suitable thickening and/or gelling agents.
• Lotions may be formulated with an aqueous or oily base and will in general also containing one or more emulsifying agents, stabilizing agents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, or coloring agents.
• Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising active agents in a flavored base, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base such as gelatin and glycerin or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.
• the compounds of the present invention may be formulated for administration as suppositories.
• a low melting wax such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides or cocoa butter is first melted and the active component is dispersed homogeneously, for example, by stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool, and to solidify.
• the compounds of the present invention may be formulated for vaginal administration. Pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or sprays containing in addition to the active ingredient such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
• the compounds of the present invention may be formulated for nasal administration.
• the solutions or suspensions are applied directly to the nasal cavity by conventional means, for example, with a dropper, pipette or spray.
• the formulations may be provided in a single or multidose form. In the latter case of a dropper or pipette, this may be achieved by the patient administering an appropriate, predetermined volume of the solution or suspension. In the case of a spray, this may be achieved for example by means of a metering atomizing spray pump.
• the compounds of the present invention may be formulated for aerosol administration, particularly to the respiratory tract and including intranasal administration.
• the compound will generally have a small particle size for example of the order of five (5) microns or less. Such a particle size may be obtained by means known in the art, for example by micronization.
• the active ingredient is provided in a pressurized pack with a suitable propellant such as a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), for example, dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, or dichlorotetrafluoroethane, or carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
• CFC chlorofluorocarbon
• the aerosol may conveniently also contain a surfactant such as lecithin.
• the dose of drug may be controlled by a metered valve.
• the active ingredients may be provided in a form of a dry powder, for example a powder mix of the compound in a suitable powder base such as lactose, starch, starch derivatives such as hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP).
• a suitable powder base such as lactose, starch, starch derivatives such as hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP).
• the powder carrier will form a gel in the nasal cavity.
• the powder composition may be presented in unit dose form for example in capsules or cartridges of e.g. , gelatin or blister packs from which the powder may be administered by means of an inhaler.
• formulations can be prepared with enteric coatings adapted for sustained or controlled release administration of the active ingredient.
• the compounds of the present invention can be formulated in transdermal or subcutaneous drug delivery devices. These delivery systems are advantageous when sustained release of the compound is necessary and when patient compliance with a treatment regimen is crucial.
• Compounds in transdermal delivery systems are frequently attached to an skin-adhesive solid support.
• the compound of interest can also be combined with a penetration enhancer, e.g ., Azone (1-dodecylaza-cycloheptan-2-one).
• Sustained release delivery systems are inserted subcutaneously into to the subdermal layer by surgery or injection.
• the subdermal implants encapsulate the compound in a lipid soluble membrane, e.g., silicone rubber, or a biodegradable polymer, e.g ., polylactic acid.
• lipid soluble membrane e.g., silicone rubber
• biodegradable polymer e.g ., polylactic acid.
• suitable formulations along with pharmaceutical carriers, diluents and excipients are described in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 1995, edited by E. W. Martin, Mack Publishing Company, 19th edition, Easton, Pennsylvania .
• a skilled formulation scientist may modify the formulations within the teachings of the specification to provide numerous formulations for a particular route of administration without rendering the compositions of the present invention unstable or compromising their therapeutic activity.
• the modification of the present compounds to render them more soluble in water or other vehicle may be easily accomplished by minor modifications (salt formulation, esterification, etc .), which are well within the ordinary skill in the art. It is also well within the ordinary skill of the art to modify the route of administration and dosage regimen of a particular compound in order to manage the pharmacokinetics of the present compounds for maximum beneficial effect in patients.
• terapéuticaally effective amount means an amount required to reduce symptoms of the disease in an individual.
• the dose will be adjusted to the individual requirements in each particular case. That dosage can vary within wide limits depending upon numerous factors such as the severity of the disease to be treated, the age and general health condition of the patient, other medicaments with which the patient is being treated, the route and form of administration and the preferences and experience of the medical practitioner involved.
• a daily dosage of between about 0.01 and about 1000 mg/kg body weight per day should be appropriate in monotherapy and/or in combination therapy.
• a preferred daily dosage is between about 0.1 and about 500 mg/kg body weight, more preferred 0.1 and about 100 mg/kg body weight and most preferred 1.0 and about 10 mg/kg body weight per day.
• the dosage range would be about 7 mg to 0.7 g per day.
• the daily dosage can be administered as a single dosage or in divided dosages, typically between 1 and 5 dosages per day. Generally, treatment is initiated with smaller dosages which are less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased by small increments until the optimum effect for the individual patient is reached.
• One of ordinary skill in treating diseases described herein will be able, without undue experimentation and in reliance on personal knowledge, experience and the disclosures of this application, to ascertain a therapeutically effective amount of the compounds of the present invention for a given disease and patient.
• the active compound or a salt can be administered in combination with another antiviral agent such as ribavirin, a nucleoside HCV polymerase inhibitor, another HCV non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitor or HCV protease inhibitor.
• another antiviral agent such as ribavirin, a nucleoside HCV polymerase inhibitor, another HCV non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitor or HCV protease inhibitor.
• the activity may be increased over the parent compound.
• the treatment is combination therapy, such administration may be concurrent or sequential with respect to that of the nucleoside derivatives.
• Concurrent administration as used herein thus includes administration of the agents at the same time or at different times. Administration of two or more agents at the same time can be achieved by a single formulation containing two or more active ingredients or by substantially simultaneous administration of two or more dosage forms with a single active agent.
• references herein to treatment extend to prophylaxis as well as to the treatment of existing conditions.
• treatment also includes treatment or prophylaxis of a disease or a condition associated with or mediated by HCV infection, or the clinical symptoms thereof.
• terapéuticaally effective amount means an amount required to reduce symptoms of the disease in an individual.
• the dose will be adjusted to the individual requirements in each particular case. That dosage can vary within wide limits depending upon numerous factors such as the severity of the disease to be treated, the age and general health condition of the patient, other medicaments with which the patient is being treated, the route and form of administration and the preferences and experience of the medical practitioner involved.
• a daily dosage of between about 0.01 and about 1000 mg/kg body weight per day should be appropriate in monotherapy and/or in combination therapy.
• a preferred daily dosage is between about 0.1 and about 500 mg/kg body weight, more preferred 0.1 and about 100 mg/kg body weight and most preferred 1.0 and about 10 mg/kg body weight per day.
• the dosage range would be about 7 mg to 0.7 g per day.
• the daily dosage can be administered as a single dosage or in divided dosages, typically between 1 and 5 dosages per day. Generally, treatment is initiated with smaller dosages which are less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased by small increments until the optimum effect for the individual patient is reached.
• One of ordinary skill in treating diseases described herein will be able, without undue experimentation and in reliance on personal knowledge, experience and the disclosures of this application, to ascertain a therapeutically effective amount of the compounds of the present invention for a given disease and patient.
• a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention, and optionally one or more additional antiviral agents is an amount effective to reduce the viral load or achieve a sustained viral response to therapy.
• Useful indicators for a sustained response, in addition to the viral load include, but are not limited to liver fibrosis, elevation in serum transaminase levels and necroinflammatory activity in the liver.
• a marker is serum alanine transminase (ALT) which is measured by standard clinical assays.
• an effective treatment regimen is one which reduces ALT levels to less than about 45 IU/mL serum.
• the modification of the present compounds to render them more soluble in water or other vehicle may be easily accomplished by minor modifications (salt formulation, esterification, etc .), which are well within the ordinary skill in the art. It is also well within the ordinary skill of the art to modify the route of administration and dosage regimen of a particular compound in order to manage the pharmacokinetics of the present compounds for maximum beneficial effect in patients.
• Step 1 A mixture of 20 (2.0 g, 7.75 mmol) and 22 (1.40 g, 11.62 mmol) in MeCN (10 mL) was stirred at RT for 45 min. To this mixture was added BiCl 3 (0.49 g, 1.55 mmol) and a solution of N -vinyl pyrrolidinone ( 24 , 1.72 g, 15.50 mmol) in MeCN (10 mL) dropwise. The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h then diluted with EtOAc and H 2 O ( ca. 20 mL). The white solid was filtered and washed with H 2 O. The organic layer in the filtrate was dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated. The crude was purified by SiO 2 chromatogrpahy eluting with an EtOAc/hexane gradient (15 to 75% EtOAc) to afford 312 mg of 26 and 978 mg of 28.
• Step 2 To a solution of adduct 28 (705 mg, 1.40 mmol) in MeCN (10 mL) cooled to 0 °C was added dropwise a solution of CAN (1.92 g, 3.51 mmol) in MeCN (10 mL). The reaction mixture was then stirred at 0 °C until all of the starting material was consumed. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc and H 2 O. The organic layer was separated, washed with brine, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated. The crude was purified SiO 2 chromatography eluting with an EtOAc/hexane gradient (1 to 15% EtOAc) to afford 302 mg of 26 as a light yellow solid.
• Step 3 A mixture of 26 (300 mg, 0.72 mmol), iron powder (121 mg, 2.17 mmol) and NH 4 Cl (116 mg, 2.17 mmol) in a mixture of MeOH (30 mL) and H 2 O (10 mL) was heated at reflux for 1.5 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to RT and filtered through a pad of CELITE. The filtrate was concentrated and the residue was partitioned between EtOAc and H 2 O. The organic layer was dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford 202 mg of 30a which was used without further purification.
• Step 4 To a solution of 30a (200 mg, 0.52 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) cooed to 0 °C was added pyridine (92 ⁇ L, 1.14 mmol) and followed by MsCl (42 ⁇ L, 0.55 mmol). The reaction mixture was then stirred at 0 °C for 45 min before it was quenched with H 2 O and diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer was separated, washed with brine, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated. The crude was purified SiO 2 chromatography eluting with an EtOAc/hexane gradient (20 to 70% EtOAc) to afford 208 mg of 30b.
• Step 5 A sealed tube was charged with 30b (50 mg, 0.11 mmol), 2-hydroxy-pyridin-3-yl boronic acid (18 mg, 0.16 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl 2 (CH 2 Cl 2 ) (4 mg, 0.01 mmol) and Na 2 CO 3 (17 mg, 0.16 mmol), MeOH (3 mL) and DCM (1 mL) sealed and irradiated in a microwave reactor at 115 °C for 25 min. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the crude product purified by SiO 2 chromatography eluting with EtOAc to afford 32 mg of 32 as a solid.
• N- ⁇ 4-[7- tert -Butyl-8-methoxy-5-(2-methoxy-6-methyl-pyridin-3-yl)-quinolin-2-yl]-phenyl ⁇ -methanesulfonamide (34) was prepared as described in steps 1 to 5 of Example 1 except in step 5, 2-hydroxy-pyridin-3-yl boronic acid was replaced by 2-methoxy-6-methyl-pyridin-3-yl boronic acid
• Step 6 A mixture of pyridine 34 (80 mg), 48% HBr (200 ⁇ L) in AcOH (3 mL) in a sealed tube was heated at 65 °C for 6.5 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to RT, poured into a mixture of EtOAc and ice-water. The mixture was neutralized with sat'd. aq. NaHCO 3 . The organic layer was separated, washed sequentially with H 2 O and brine, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated to afford 61 mg of 36 as a solid.
• a tube was charged with 30b (60 mg), uracil (73 mg), pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (2-cyano-phenyl)-amide (14 mg) and CuI (6 mg) and K 3 PO 4 (137 mg) in DMSO (5 mL), sealed and irradiated in a microwave reactor at 150 °C for 5 h.
• the reaction mixture was cooled to RT and the pH adjusted to ca. 2 with aq. HCl.
• the mixture was extracted with EtOAc.
• the organic extract was washed sequentially with H 2 O and brine, dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo.
• the crude residue was purified SiO 2 chromatography eluting with 5% MeOH/DCM to afford 9.3 mg of 38.
• RNA product generated by NS5B570-Con1 at the end of the reaction was directly proportional to the amount of light emitted by the scintillant.
• the N-terminal 6-histidine tagged HCV polymerase derived from HCV Con1 strain, genotype 1b (NS5B570n-Con1) contains a 21 amino acid deletion at the C-terminus relative to the full-length HCV polymerase and was purified from E. coli strain BL21(DE) pLysS.
• the construct, containing the coding sequence of HCV NS5B Con1 (GenBank accession number AJ242654) was inserted into the plasmid construct pET17b, downstream of a T7 promoter expression cassette and transformed into E. coli.
• NS5B570n-Con1 was purified to homogeneity using a three-step protocol including subsequent column chromatography on Ni-NTA, SP-Sepharose HP and Superdex 75 resins.
• Each 50 ⁇ L enzymatic reaction contained 20 nM RNA template derived from the complementary sequence of the Internal Ribosome Entry Site (cIRES), 20 nM NS5B570n-Con1 enzyme, 0.5 ⁇ Ci of tritiated UTP (Perkin Elmer catalog no. TRK-412; specific activity: 30 to 60 Ci/mmol; stock solution concentration from 7.5x10-5 M to 20.6x10-6 M), 1 ⁇ M each ATP, CTP, and GTP, 40 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 40 mM NaCl, 4 mM DTT (dithiothreitol), 4 mM MgCl2, and 5 ⁇ L of compound serial diluted in DMSO.
• cIRES Internal Ribosome Entry Site
• Reaction mixtures were assembled in 96-well filter plates (cat # MADVN0B, Millipore Co.) and incubated for 2 h at 30° C. Reactions were stopped by addition of 10% final (v/v) trichloroacetic acid and incubated for 40 min at 4° C. Reactions were filtered, washed with 8 reaction volumes of 10% (v/v) trichloroacetic acetic acid, 4 reaction volumes of 70% (v/v) ethanol, air dried, and 25 ⁇ L of scintillant (Microscint 20, Perkin-Elmer) was added to each reaction well.
• scintillant Meroscint 20, Perkin-Elmer
• Y % Min + % Max - % Min 1 + X IC 50 S corresponds to the relative enzyme activity (in %), " %Min” is the residual relative activity at saturating compound concentration, “%Max” is the relative maximum enzymatic activity, “X” corresponds to the compound concentration, and “S” is the Hill coefficient (or slope).
• This assay measures the ability of the compounds of formula I to inhibit HCV RNA replication, and therefore their potential utility for the treatment of HCV infections.
• the assay utilizes a reporter as a simple readout for intracellular HCV replicon RNA level.
• the Renilla luciferase gene was introduced into the first open reading frame of a genotype 1b replicon construct NK5.1 ( N. Krieger et al., J. Virol. 2001 75(10):4614 ), immediately after the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) sequence, and fused with the neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII) gene via a self-cleavage peptide 2A from foot and mouth disease virus ( M.D. Ryan & J. Drew.
• RNA was electroporated into human hepatoma Huh7 cells, and G418-resistant colonies were isolated and expanded.
• Stably selected cell line 2209-23 contains replicative HCV subgenomic RNA, and the activity of Renilla luciferase expressed by the replicon reflects its RNA level in the cells.
• the assay was carried out in duplicate plates, one in opaque white and one in transparent, in order to measure the anti-viral activity and cytotoxicity of a chemical compound in parallel ensuring the observed activity is not due to decreased cell proliferation or due to cell death.
• HCV replicon cells 2209-23
• Renilla luciferase reporter a Renilla luciferase reporter
• Dulbecco's MEM Invitrogen cat no. 10569-010
• FBS Invitrogen cat. no. 10082-1407
• dilutions of chemical compounds in the growth medium were added to the cells, which were then further incubated at 37°C for three days.
• the cells in white plates were harvested and luciferase activity was measured by using the R. luciferase Assay system (Promega cat no.
• WST-1 reagent from Roche Diagnostic (cat no. 1644807) was used for the cytotoxicity assay. Ten ⁇ L of WST-1 reagent was added to each well of the transparent plates including wells that contain media alone as blanks. Cells were then incubated for 2 h at 37° C, and the OD value was measured using the MRX Revelation microtiter plate reader (Lab System) at 450 nm (reference filter at 650 nm). Again CC 50 , the concentration of the drug required for reducing cell proliferation by 50% in relation to the untreated cell control value, can be calculated from the plot of percentage reduction of the WST-1 value vs. drug concentration as described above. TABLE II Compound Number HCV Replicon Activity IC 50 ( ⁇ M) Cytotoxic Activity CC 50 ( ⁇ M) 1-3 0.017 44
• compositions of the subject Compounds for administration via several routes were prepared as described in this Example.
• Composition for Oral Administration (A) Ingredient % wt./wt. Active ingredient 20.0% Lactose 79.5% Magnesium stearate 0.5%
• composition for Oral Administration Ingredient % wt./wt. Active ingredient 20.0% Magnesium stearate 0.5% Crosscarmellose sodium 2.0% Lactose 76.5% PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidine) 1.0%
• composition for Oral Administration Ingredient % wt./wt. Active compound 1.0 g Fumaric acid 0.5 g Sodium chloride 2.0 g Methyl paraben 0.15 g Propyl paraben 0.05 g Granulated sugar 25.5 g Sorbitol (70% solution) 12.85 g Veegum K (Vanderbilt Co.) 1.0 g Flavoring 0.035 ml Colorings 0.5 mg Distilled water q.s. to 100 ml
• Parenteral Formulation (D) Ingredient % wt./wt. Active ingredient 0.25 g Sodium Chloride qs to make isotonic Water for injection to 100 ml
• the active ingredient is dissolved in a portion of the water for injection. A sufficient quantity of sodium chloride is then added with stirring to make the solution isotonic. The solution is made up to weight with the remainder of the water for injection, filtered through a 0.2 micron membrane filter and packaged under sterile conditions.

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