EP2580563A2 - Procédé de mesure dynamométrique optique à faibles vibrations, notamment à températures élevées - Google Patents

Procédé de mesure dynamométrique optique à faibles vibrations, notamment à températures élevées

Info

Publication number
EP2580563A2
EP2580563A2 EP11754609.3A EP11754609A EP2580563A2 EP 2580563 A2 EP2580563 A2 EP 2580563A2 EP 11754609 A EP11754609 A EP 11754609A EP 2580563 A2 EP2580563 A2 EP 2580563A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
force
optical
geometry
region
change
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP11754609.3A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Wolfgang BÖHME
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Original Assignee
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV filed Critical Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Publication of EP2580563A2 publication Critical patent/EP2580563A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
    • G01L1/24—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L5/00—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes
    • G01L5/04—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for measuring tension in flexible members, e.g. ropes, cables, wires, threads, belts or bands
    • G01L5/10—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for measuring tension in flexible members, e.g. ropes, cables, wires, threads, belts or bands using electrical means
    • G01L5/105—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for measuring tension in flexible members, e.g. ropes, cables, wires, threads, belts or bands using electrical means using electro-optical means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N3/02—Details
    • G01N3/06—Special adaptations of indicating or recording means
    • G01N3/068—Special adaptations of indicating or recording means with optical indicating or recording means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N3/30—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying a single impulsive force, e.g. by falling weight
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
    • G01N2203/06—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means
    • G01N2203/0641—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means using optical, X-ray, ultraviolet, infrared or similar detectors
    • G01N2203/0647—Image analysis

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of optical force measurement, for example in the field of high-speed tests and / or at high or low temperatures.
  • a high-speed test is understood to mean an experiment in which a material sample is subjected to a rapid, sudden load (rapid dynamic load) which leads to a change in geometry, in particular a change in length, of the material sample.
  • the invention also relates to an arrangement which is designed to carry out a method for optical force measurement.
  • characteristic values and flow curves for describing the deformation and deformation are used as input data for vehicle crash simulations for the materials used
  • the latter measurement technique is very expensive because of the instrumentation of each material sample ' , each with a strain gauge on the front and back and the required calibration.
  • a basic requirement is that the modulus of elasticity of the material to be investigated is not dependent on the strain rate, so that the application z. B. in plastics is not directly possible (this restriction does not apply to the method of EP 1 466 157 Bl).
  • the aforementioned measurement techniques are based on the use of strain gauges which are to be applied to the material robe (or to the special force measuring element).
  • the range of application is limited to the field of application of strain gauges, ie for conventional glued foil expansion strips approximately to a temperature range of -60 ° C to +200 ° C. ⁇ For experiments at higher temperatures, it is basically possible, for example in the case of metallic materials, to apply high-temperature strain gauges to any material sample by soldering or welding, but this is a very expensive and expensive solution.
  • this force measuring method should, in particular, also be suitable for determining the time-dependent force curve with high precision under fast, dynamic loads.
  • the object of the invention is, moreover, an arrangement with which the aforementioned optical force measuring procedure can be carried out.
  • the present invention will be described first in general, then by means of an embodiment.
  • the following description of the force measuring method is carried out primarily on a method for carrying out a high-speed test and the geometry changes in the course of such an experiment on a solid, for example in the form of changes in length.
  • the present invention can also be used outside the range of high-speed experiments, with the specific geometry change which is evaluated according to the invention being determined in each case from the type of test used (see below).
  • the predetermined (preferably one-to-one) force-geometry change relationship may in particular be Hooke's law. In principle, however, other, e.g. Non-linear relationships for determining the applied force in the context of the present invention evaluable.
  • the elastic range may be due to the hooke
  • the force-geometry change relationship described above is exploited, from an expansion (after suitable calibration or determination of the modulus of elasticity) the associated technical tension and from this with the corresponding output cross section at the measuring point on the sample, the corresponding force which causes this strain determine. This is done as described above according to the invention by optical means.
  • the basic idea of the present invention is therefore to optically record and evaluate a change in geometry in an elastic sample section (in particular: a strain measurement in a dynamometer part of the specimen that deforms exclusively elastically).
  • the optical detection can be especially useful in high speed trials e.g. mitopholfe a high-speed camera with high spatial and temporal resolution and the evaluation with a corresponding Schmanalysisso tware, as described in detail below, be performed with high accuracy.
  • a reversible change in length, in particular an extension or a shortening, of the elastic region is detected optically.
  • the predetermined force-geometry change relationship can thus be a relationship between a force effect and a reversible change in length in the elastic region caused by this force effect (eg Hooke's law).
  • table acquisition can also z.
  • high-speed tests such as shear tests
  • shear tests are used, which lead to a rotation, distortion and / or shear in the elastically deforming area, which can then be correspondingly optically recorded and evaluated.
  • the momentary state of the geometry of the elastic region caused in each case by a temporally varying acting force can be detected optically.
  • the instantaneous force acting on this instantaneous state of the geometry can then be calculated from the current geometry state by means of the predetermined force-geometry change relationship. According to the invention, a determination of the time-dependent force signal is thus possible.
  • At least two markings can be applied at a distance from one another.
  • two predetermined structures eg projections or trenches or also protruding surface textures in this area
  • These markers are then optically imaged at different acting forces. Positions and / or distances of these markings are evaluated in these different geometrical states, such as, for example, lengths of the elastic region reflecting optical images, ie positions and / or distances of these markings in the individual optical images are determined and for calculating changes in geometry in the elastic region evaluated.
  • the solid (material sample) can be a
  • Inelastisch deformable test area and have a material fit associated with and / or integrally formed with the test area dynamometer area.
  • the dynamometer area is then the area of the solid body which deforms purely elastically under the action of force and which is optically detected according to the invention.
  • two (or even more) temperature-resistant markings can be applied in the dynamometer part of the sample.
  • these markings can be lines, points, circles or crosses, or else contain stochastically distributed speckle patterns, as used, for example, in gray scale correlation analyzes which can be used as optical evaluation methods.
  • the width of the dynamometer range is generally much greater than the width of the test area described above, in order to obtain exclusively linear-elastic deformations in the dynamometer area until the sample breaks in the test area.
  • Video cameras can be used for recording, high-speed video cameras in particular can be used as optical measuring devices, but alternatively optical extensometers can also be used.
  • tensile tests in particular: high-speed tensile tests
  • an elongation as a function of the loading time can thus be recorded according to the invention.
  • Extension curves can be created from those on ⁇ drawings after exposure, the time-dependent Verlan- represent the load interval. It is essential that the corresponding geometric changes in high local-. and / or temporal resolution; This is especially with the use of high-speed video cameras with
  • Image acquisition rates of at least 10,000 images per second, preferably with at least 100,000 images per second ensured, usually at the same time a sufficiently large spatial resolution or a sufficiently large number of pixels (pixels) is required (eg 100 pixels in the measuring direction) to achieve sufficient measurement accuracy.
  • Other optical measuring methods such as, for example, laser-optical methods, are also suitable with adequate spatial and temporal resolution.
  • the forces caused by a dynamic and / or rapid loading of the material sample can be locally measured, during which load optical images of the elastic dynamometer area (that is, for example, the Markers in this area ⁇ can be generated by means of a camera, which can then be evaluated by means of an image analysis procedure, such as a gray value correlation analysis, on the basis of which evaluation the force which changes the geometry in the elastic range is calculated, as a rule using a calibration factor to be determined with at least one quasi-static preliminary test.
  • load optical images of the elastic dynamometer area that is, for example, the Markers in this area ⁇ can be generated by means of a camera, which can then be evaluated by means of an image analysis procedure, such as a gray value correlation analysis, on the basis of which evaluation the force which changes the geometry in the elastic range is calculated, as a rule using a calibration factor to be determined with at least one quasi-static preliminary test.
  • the dynamic and / or rapid loads may take the form of high-speed tests, in particular high-speed tensile tests, notched tensile tests, shearing tests and / or compression tests. be brought.
  • the test equipment that can be used for this purpose such as high-speed machines or
  • Impact devices are basically known to the person skilled in the art.
  • the geometry change in the dynamometer part against previously used force on at least one comparably instrumented and loaded material sample by means of conventional force measurement (for example with a load cell of the test device used) calibrated, ie a static calibration factor determined it can then be determined in the actual experiments on the basis of the recorded optical images of the time-dependent ("local") force curve.
  • the calibration is done in the elastic dynamometer part of the sample.
  • the calculation of the calibration factor is also possible with knowledge or assuming a constant modulus of elasticity using Hooke's law.
  • the calibration (or the determination of the predetermined force-geometry change relationship by static or quasi-static load of the solid) is advantageously carried out at external load speeds of ⁇ 0.1 m / s,
  • Example: In high-speed tensile test, the positions of the optical The selected markings can be evaluated with image analysis methods, from this the image of the time course of the local extension in the dynamometer part dL D (t) and the previously determined calibration factor ⁇ can be used to determine the desired local force curve F (t) ⁇ x dL D (t) who- the.
  • the present invention has the particular advantage that the method can also be carried out at temperatures of the solid which deviate greatly from the room temperature (for example, significantly above 200 ° C.). Of course that is. but also at room temperature, d. H. at 20 ° C, can be used.
  • the change in the distance of the markings applied in the test part can be recorded with an optical measuring device.
  • a measurement of a change in geometry in particular an extension dLp (t) or compression, can additionally be carried out in the test area of the sample.
  • This measurement in the test area of the be advantageously also visually, that is z. B. using high-speed cameras, done.
  • the force measurement according to the invention can thus be coupled with an extension or compression measurement in the test area of the sample in order to enable a comprehensive material characterization, for example in order to obtain a force extension curve.
  • This can be realized, in particular, by optically detecting and evaluating not only the elastic region of the sample, but at the same time and preferably with the same high-speed video recording and also the time profile of the technical strain in the test region of FIG
  • Sample is optically detected and evaluated by the determined extension dL P ⁇ t) is related to the test length L 0 : ⁇ (t) - dLp (t) / L 0 .
  • appropriate markings ie spaced apart from one another by L 0 ) in the test area of the sample are also to be applied or existing markings evaluated.
  • a tapered, non-reversibly deforming test region of the solid body (which is subjected to the same force as the elastic region of this test specimen) is thus also detected by measurement, wherein this detection advantageously also takes place optically.
  • both the force curve or the voltage curve o (t) and the strain curve in the test area of the sample ⁇ (t) can be measured simultaneously, so that, for example, the technical stress-strain curves ⁇ ( ⁇ ) to a crash-relevant material characterization and as input data for
  • Crash calculations can be determined (if necessary, also the true stress-strain curves on conversion assuming volume constancy in the region of the uniform mass).
  • the force is related to the output cross-section in the test area of the sample and the extension to the initial measuring length in the test area of the sample. With high-speed cameras with more than 100,000 images per second and a sufficient number of pixels, this allows a sufficient number of images even at high, crash-relevant strain rates or at correspondingly high, crash-like loading speeds, for example in the range of 20 m / s (possibly even beyond) gain per second as bases for the evaluation of reliable dynamic stress-strain curves.
  • the inventive method is applicable to flat tensile and round tensile specimens; depending on the sample size, the markings and the optical paths should be adapted to the situation.
  • an arrangement according to the invention for carrying out the method according to the invention comprises a test device for dynamically loading the material sample and an optical detection and evaluation device preferably having at least one camera ⁇ high-speed camera) for performing the optical detection and the subsequent calculations.
  • the method according to the present invention offers the following advantages in particular:
  • the process can also be used at high and low temperatures (especially at temperatures above 200 ° C).
  • the method provides inertia-free force measurement due to the "local" optical strain determination in the dynamometer part of the sample, allowing low-vibration force measurements even at high load speeds.
  • FIG. 1 an exemplary embodiment
  • FIG. 3 a variant thereof
  • FIG. 1 shows a material sample usable according to the invention together with applied markings.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 shows a variant of the method shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, in which a double-sided sample scanning takes place.
  • FIG. 1 shows a material sample 1 suitable for carrying out a method according to the invention, here for example made of aluminum.
  • the material sample 1 is made in one piece and as an elongate sample body. forms and has at its two opposite longitudinal ends la and lb two thickened sections, which are designed for clamping in a high-speed SwitzerlandprüfVorraum.
  • the upper end 1a is designed for clamping into the fixed Probeneinwear 8a (Figure 2) of the test apparatus (fixed clamping area la), the down here shown, opposite end of the sample body 1 (accelerated clamping area lb of the sample) for clamping in the accelerated sample clamping 8b of the test device.
  • the dynamometer region 2 formed with the same cross-section as the fixed clamping region 1a and immediately adjacent to the latter, and the material on it (ie on the opposite side of the stationary clamping region 1a)
  • the test section of the material sample 1 is immediately adjacent to the dynamometer section 2). All the sections 1a, 2, 3 and 1b of the sample 1 are formed here together as a one-piece body, that is to say connected in a material-locking manner.
  • the accelerated clamping region 1b of the sample thus follows, which in turn is formed with the same cross section as the regions 1a, 2 of the sample.
  • test area 3 tapers toward the middle between the two adjacent areas 1b, 2, thus having a significantly reduced cross section there. Due to this significantly reduced cross section, the test area 3 of the sample can also be deformed beyond reaching the yield point (plastic deformation), without it being in the dynamometer area
  • FIG. 1 shows two line-shaped markings 4a, 4b, which are arranged at a distance from one another along the longitudinal axis of the sample 1 in the dynamometer region 2 of the sample. Since the sample 1 deforms purely elastically in the dynamometer region 2, these two markings 4 a, 4 b or the latter can be modified
  • two further marks 5a, 5b are on the same side of the sample, but centrally in the tapering section of the test area 3 of the sample
  • a high-speed camera In order to detect and evaluate the changes in the positions and / or the distances of the markers 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, a high-speed camera is used
  • the grayscale correlation analysis which can be advantageously used, in particular for speckle markings and described here by way of example, as an optical measuring method, with which local changes, for example one
  • a graphic image of the displacement field is obtained, represented as a vector image or as an overlay grating; an associated protocol provides quantitative information for each evaluated point ⁇ positions, displacements and maximum correlation coefficients).
  • the data of the protocol can u. a. be used for the quantitative determination of components of the distortion sensor, from which the desired material properties such as the strain can be derived.
  • the longitudinal extent L k of the dynamometer section 2 is about 30 mm and the
  • the distance of the markers 4a, 4b is for example 20 mm.
  • the distance a of the two markings 5a, 5b in Test area 3 is 20 minutes here.
  • the total length L t of the sample here is about 150 mm.
  • FIG. 1 thus shows how according to the invention a
  • FIG. 2 outlines an arrangement according to the invention, which is designed for performing a method according to the invention ⁇ ahead, so for example, for optical imaging outlined in Figure 1.
  • the arrangement comprises at first a testing device, which is merely indicated here, with a fixed sample clamping 8a, in which the section 1a of the sample shown in FIG. 1 is fixed almost immovably (FIG. 2, upper center).
  • the testing device comprises an accelerated sample clamping 8b (FIG. 2, middle bottom), which is also merely indicated here, in which the section 1b of the sample 1 is movably fixed and where the dynamic loads are introduced by a suitable loading device.
  • the arrangement comprises a high-speed video camera 6, which is designed and arranged (possibly with additional optics not described in detail here), that both the test area 3 and the dynamometer area 2 of the sample 1 simultaneously and with very high time resolution or frame rate with sufficient number of pixels can be optically detected.
  • the arrangement finally includes one with the high speed video camera
  • the bidirectional data exchange associated evaluation device 9 for example, a computer system
  • the above-described Grauwertkorrelationsana- analysis of the camera 6 detected positions 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b is possible.
  • Form test device (possibly together with other optical elements used for multilateral imaging 7a, 7b, see Figure 3), the detection and evaluation ⁇ device of the arrangement.
  • FIG. 2 at the bottom right then outlines the stress-strain curve ⁇ ( ⁇ ) obtained from these two curves a (t) and ⁇ (t).
  • FIG. 2 thus shows the inventive principle of measurement technology for high-speed tensile tests with low-vibration local optical force and strain measurement.
  • FIG. 3 shows a variant of the present invention in which the determination of the aforementioned quantities ⁇ , ⁇ takes place on two opposite sides of the sample 1.
  • the procedure and arrangement are basically the same as in FIGS. 1 and 2 described below, so that only the differences are described below.
  • respective mirror arrangements 7a, 7b are arranged on these two sides of the sample, which are aligned so that from both opposite sides of the sample in each case a test area and a dynamometer area of the sample can be detected by the single high-speed camera 6.
  • the test area and the overlying dynamometer area of the first side Sl of the sample 1 are imaged via the mirror arrangement 7a into the receiving area of the camera 6 and the test area together with the adjacent dynamometer area of the opposite, second sample side S2 via the mirror arrangement 7b.
  • the image must be made in such a way that the two opposite sides of the sample are imaged onto separate image sections of the image acquisition unit of the camera 6 so that the position of the individual markings can be separated during the evaluation.
  • the signals can be averaged and used as a result. If there are greater deviations of both signals, the cause (for example, superimposed bending parts) must be located and corrected.
  • FIG. 3 thus shows an arrangement according to the invention for a two-sided optical force and strain measurement in high-speed tensile tests, with the aid of which bending parts with only one high-speed camera can also be detected.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
  • Length Measuring Devices By Optical Means (AREA)
  • Force Measurement Appropriate To Specific Purposes (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Mechanical Vibrations Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de mesure dynamométrique optique selon lequel une zone (2) élastiquement déformable et/ou se déformant élastiquement d'un solide (1) subit une modification de géométrie sous l'exercice d'une force, la modification de géométrie de la zone (2) sous l'exercice de la force est détectée optiquement, et la force provoquant la modification de géométrie est calculée sur la base de la modification de géométrie optiquement détectée en tenant compte d'un rapport modification de géométrie / force prédéfini, de préférence non équivoque. L'invention porte également sur un dispositif permettant de réaliser ce procédé.
EP11754609.3A 2010-06-14 2011-05-31 Procédé de mesure dynamométrique optique à faibles vibrations, notamment à températures élevées Withdrawn EP2580563A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102010023727A DE102010023727A1 (de) 2010-06-14 2010-06-14 Verfahren zur schwingungsarmen optischen Kraftmessung, insbesondere auch bei hohen Temperaturen
PCT/DE2011/001156 WO2011157261A2 (fr) 2010-06-14 2011-05-31 Procédé de mesure dynamométrique optique à faibles vibrations, notamment à températures élevées

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2580563A2 true EP2580563A2 (fr) 2013-04-17

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EP11754609.3A Withdrawn EP2580563A2 (fr) 2010-06-14 2011-05-31 Procédé de mesure dynamométrique optique à faibles vibrations, notamment à températures élevées

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Country Link
EP (1) EP2580563A2 (fr)
DE (1) DE102010023727A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2011157261A2 (fr)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR3011929A1 (fr) * 2013-10-16 2015-04-17 Univ Lille 1 Sciences & Technologies Suivi de la striction d'un materiau quel que soit son aspect par deux cameras 3d.
US9757862B2 (en) 2014-10-16 2017-09-12 Technische Universität München Tactile sensor
DE102016108966B4 (de) * 2016-05-13 2017-11-30 Technische Universität München Visuell-haptischer Sensor für 6D-Kraft/Drehmoment
DE102016112654B3 (de) * 2016-07-11 2017-10-19 Universität Siegen Werkstoffprobe, Verfahren zum Festlegen einer Probengeometrie, Verfahren zum Ermitteln eines Werkstoffverhaltens und/oder von Werkstoffkennwerten, Spannungs-Dehnungs-Kurve eines Werkstoffs und Produkt
DE102017123275B4 (de) * 2017-10-06 2022-07-28 Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Vertreten Durch Den Bundesminister Für Wirtschaft Und Energie, Dieser Vertreten Durch Den Präsidenten Der Bundesanstalt Für Materialforschung Und -Prüfung (Bam) Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur dynamischen Belastungsprüfung
JP7099215B2 (ja) 2018-09-18 2022-07-12 横浜ゴム株式会社 ホースの耐疲労性評価システム
JP7099216B2 (ja) 2018-09-18 2022-07-12 横浜ゴム株式会社 ホースの耐疲労性評価方法

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CH423301A (de) * 1965-06-15 1966-10-31 E Russenberger Max Werkstoffprüfmaschine mit photoelektrischer Steuervorrichtung für die Beanspruchung
GB2281632B (en) * 1993-09-02 1996-11-27 Czeslaw Golebiowski Measurement of parameters of elongate moving members
DE10201861A1 (de) 2002-01-18 2003-08-07 Fraunhofer Ges Forschung Vorrichtung zur schwingungsarmen Kraftmessung bei schnellen, dynamischen Zugversuchen an Werkstoffproben
US7377181B2 (en) * 2006-03-10 2008-05-27 Northrop Grumman Corporation In-situ large area optical strain measurement using an encoded dot pattern
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Publication number Publication date
DE102010023727A1 (de) 2011-12-15
WO2011157261A3 (fr) 2012-04-05
WO2011157261A2 (fr) 2011-12-22

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