EP2573872A1 - Linsenantenne, die eine dielektrische, beugende Komponente umfasst, die in der Lage ist, eine Hyperfrequenzwellenfront zu formen - Google Patents

Linsenantenne, die eine dielektrische, beugende Komponente umfasst, die in der Lage ist, eine Hyperfrequenzwellenfront zu formen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2573872A1
EP2573872A1 EP12186157A EP12186157A EP2573872A1 EP 2573872 A1 EP2573872 A1 EP 2573872A1 EP 12186157 A EP12186157 A EP 12186157A EP 12186157 A EP12186157 A EP 12186157A EP 2573872 A1 EP2573872 A1 EP 2573872A1
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Prior art keywords
microstructures
diffractive
dielectric component
main
dielectric
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EP12186157A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2573872B1 (de
Inventor
Mane-Si Laure Lee-Bouhours
Brigitte Loiseaux
Jean-François Allaeys
Romain Czarny
Jean-Pierre Ganne
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Thales SA
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Thales SA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/02—Refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens, prism
    • H01Q15/08—Refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens, prism formed of solid dielectric material

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a lens antenna comprising a diffractive dielectric component capable of forming a microwave wavefront.
  • the invention finds a particular application in the field of Hertzian telecommunications, extending in a known manner from about 400 MHz to 300 GHz and corresponding to centimetric and millimeter wavelength wavelengths.
  • An antenna family capable of meeting the need to reduce congestion is the family of lens antennas, in which a radiofrequency source is placed at the focus of a dielectric lens.
  • the focal length / diameter (F / D) ratio of the lens is less than 0.5 for the 30GHz to 50GHz frequency band known as the Q band, corresponding respectively to a wavelength range of 6mm (corresponding to 50GHz) to 10mm ( corresponding to 30GHz).
  • a Fresnel lens 12 comprises a plurality of concentric annular zones 14, 16, also called Fresnel zones, arranged in the same plane.
  • the known disadvantages of Fresnel lenses are a lower diffraction efficiency and losses due to a shading effect of the zoning. The shading effect has been shown to be particularly important for large numerical apertures corresponding to low F / D values.
  • the manufactured lenses have a rounded shape at the discontinuities. This rounded shape significantly reduces the diffraction efficiency, especially when the size of a Fresnel zone is not large in front of the wavelength. In general, the more optics are open (small F / D) the smaller the size of the Fresnel areas.
  • the lens is formed of four concentric zones each pierced with holes of constant diameter, spaced apart by zones of dielectric material without holes, thus forming four separate Fresnel zones.
  • the holes are small in diameter relative to a target wavelength, corresponding to a frequency of 30GHz.
  • the solution proposed by Petosa et al. therefore shows unsatisfactory performance.
  • the invention proposes a lens antenna comprising at least one diffractive dielectric component capable of shaping a microwave wavefront having a wavelength in a range of 1 millimeter to 50 centimeters.
  • said diffractive dielectric component comprises a plurality of main microstructures formed in a substrate refractive index substrate material so as to form an artificial material of effective refractive index, each main microstructure having a size smaller than a length target waveform taken in said wavelength range, said main microstructures being arranged in zones, so as to vary a surface filling ratio, the effective refractive index being a function of said surface filling ratio, the arrangement being such that the effective refractive index varies within a said zone said dielectric diffractive component in a quasi-monotonic manner between a minimum value and a maximum value less than or equal to the substrate refractive index.
  • a lens antenna according to the invention has a good performance and has a small footprint.
  • a diffractive dielectric component with an arrangement of main microstructures smaller than the target wavelength, called subwavelength microstructures allows the synthesis, for a zone of the component, of a quasi-monotone variation. almost continuous the effective refractive index with a large number of sub-wavelength microstructure patterns. This makes it possible to improve the diffraction efficiency and to avoid shading losses.
  • the solution proposed by the invention makes it possible to maximize the guiding effects and thus maximize the efficiency of the dielectric component, which makes it possible to obtain effective lens antennas in the microwave range.
  • the invention will be described more particularly in the application of diffractive dielectric lenses or diffractive dielectric components for a lens antenna in the microwave range in the range of 30 GHz to 50 GHz (known as the Q band), which is a particular range of the microwave domain.
  • a lens antenna is composed of a source of microwave electromagnetic waves and a lens, which is a diffractive dielectric component and which collects and reshapes the wave generated by the source, resulting in a front of modified wave.
  • the source is located at the focus of this component, or more generally near the focus of this component.
  • Component 20 of the figure 2 is a so-called ladder grating diffractive component made of a substrate material 21 and composed of two rungs 22 of period A, each step corresponding to a zone of the component. It is a conventional diffractive dielectric component, made of a substrate material of given substrate refractive index, in which the monotonic variation of refractive index is obtained by the variation of height between the height h1 and the height h2 of each step 22.
  • the refractive index will be called simply index.
  • the maximum height h (h 2 -h 1 ) is calculated, as a function of the index variation nn 0 , to obtain a phase shift of 2 ⁇ .
  • Component 23 of the figure 2 is made of a substrate material 24 and comprises two zones or steps 25 of constant height, corresponding to the steps 22 of the component 20, increasing monotonically increasing index per zone, or index gradient, between the minimum value 1, which is the index of vacuum, and n, n being greater than 1, the variation being schematically represented by an arrow.
  • the component 26 of the figure 2 is formed by a substrate 27 comprising subwavelength microstructures 28, which are in this example pillars.
  • the sub-wavelength microstructures may be holes or pillars, these microstructures having the effect of locally varying the amount of dielectric material.
  • the microstructures of the component 26 are arranged in zones, which are zones of period A in the case of a network, or Fresnel zones in the case of a lens, or any zones in the case of a component. non-periodic.
  • the effective refractive index varies in a quasi-monotonic manner, between a minimum value and a maximum value less than or equal to the refractive index of the substrate 27.
  • the diffraction efficiency is improved because the use of the sub-wavelength microstructures avoids the shading effect obtained with the embodiment in echelette 20, and therefore makes it possible to increase the efficiency of the dielectric component 26 by relative to the efficiency of the echelette component 20.
  • the pillars 28 which are square section, circular or hexagonal for example, have variable widths, the maximum width being equal to d which is less than ⁇ 0 , the target wavelength in the microwave domain considered.
  • the pillars are arranged in a periodic structure of period ⁇ s which is the distance between the centers of two consecutive pillars in the example of the figure 2 .
  • the arrangement structure is pseudo-periodic, with ⁇ s near distances, typically ranging between about 0.75 ⁇ s 1,25 ⁇ s and to induce a little disorder which would allow in some cases to smooth or reduce the unwanted diffraction orders.
  • the microstructures are arranged in zones according to a mesh which is square, rectangular or hexagonal, for example.
  • the dielectric component behaves as an artificial material whose effective index varies locally per area monotonously, forming a material with a gradient of effective index.
  • ⁇ s ⁇ 0 max not s ⁇ not Inc. + not Inc. ⁇ sin ⁇
  • n s the refractive index of the substrate dielectric material
  • ⁇ the incidence angle of the wave beam on the dielectric component. If the period ⁇ s is chosen greater than the value given by the formula of Eq2, the dielectric component no longer has the property of artificial material with a desired index gradient.
  • the effective index depends on the geometry of the sub-wavelength microstructure.
  • a surface filling ratio is defined which is equal to the area occupied by the pillars contained in a surface unit divided by the same surface unit.
  • a surface unit is defined as the area of the side square ⁇ s .
  • the effective index is almost proportional to the surface fill rate.
  • the surface coverage ratio is equal to the area of remaining substrate dielectric material per unit area divided by the same surface unit.
  • the surface filling ratio represents the surface of the substrate material constituting the artificial material per unit area.
  • Component 29 of the figure 2 represents an alternative embodiment of variation of index in a substrate dielectric material 30 according to the invention, making it possible to obtain an effective index variation similar to that obtained with the component 26: a set of pillars 31 of given width d 1 , which is an order of magnitude lower than that of the target wavelength ⁇ 0 , d 1 ⁇ ⁇ 0 , which are arranged in a variable density per unit area.
  • the variation of the density also makes it possible to vary the surface filling ratio, and thus the effective index of the component 29.
  • a graded index dielectric component is constructed based on holes-like microstructures on the same principle, by drilling holes of fixed diameter or size into the dielectric material, and varying the number of holes per unit of area.
  • the figure 3 illustrates a view from above of various embodiments of diffractive dielectric components with echelette gratings according to the invention.
  • a first view of the top 32 illustrates a first embodiment of a diffractive dielectric component 26, with two zones or steps, comprising microstructures 33 with a square section of variable size, and arranged in a square mesh.
  • a second view of the top 34 illustrates a second embodiment of a diffractive dielectric component 26, with two zones or rungs, comprising microstructures 35 of circular cross section and of variable diameter, arranged in a hexagonal mesh.
  • the view 36 illustrates an embodiment of a diffractive dielectric component 29, with two zones or steps, comprising microstructures 37 of square section of constant size, arranged with a variable surface density.
  • microstructures - holes or pillars, of round section, square or in another geometric form - are suitable for the realization of diffractive dielectric components for microwave waves, of microwave wavelength, because the dimensions of the microstructures , calculated from the target wavelength, are greater than 1 mm, and therefore do not require expensive manufacturing technology.
  • the diffractive dielectric component is made with pillar type microstructures, which have the advantage of optimizing the waveguiding and thus increasing the diffraction efficiency.
  • holes and pillars are associated in the same component.
  • microstructures are, according to one embodiment, microstructures of square section, round, oval, hexagonal, of width equal to the depth, that is to say to the right flank or quasi-right in the thickness of the component.
  • the microstructures are cone-shaped, that is to say having flanks that are not straight in the thickness of the substrate, for example with a smaller diameter on the air side and wider side. substrate.
  • the Figures 4 to 6 provide several examples of microstructure sizing to obtain various effective indices.
  • the figure 4 is a graph representing the effective index of the dielectric component composed of periodic pillar microstructures as a function of the surface filling ratio.
  • the target wavelength ⁇ 0 is 7.14 mm, corresponding to a frequency of approximately 42 GHz.
  • the period ⁇ s is in this example equal to 0.336 x ⁇ 0 .
  • This choice corresponds to an opening of f / 1.4.
  • the effective index is almost proportional to the surface fill rate.
  • five points of the graph noted P 1 to P 5 have been distinguished.
  • the surface filling ratio of the pillars is represented schematically by a top view of each square-section pillar 38 centered per unit area 40.
  • the zone 38 represents the dielectric material composing the pillar, zone 42 corresponds to the air (zone left empty around the pillars).
  • the graph of the figure 5 is similar to that of the figure 4 for a dielectric component composed of periodic holes.
  • the surface filling ratio is given here by the area occupied by the dielectric material, namely the surface 44 minus the hole area 46 of square section of side d. Naturally, the d side is inversely proportional in this case to the surface filling rate.
  • the effective index obtained is almost proportional to the surface filling rate.
  • the figure 6 is a graph representing the effective index of the dielectric component composed of pillars and periodic holes of constant size and density per unit of variable area, as a function of the surface fill rate.
  • each microstructure (hole or pillar)
  • the size d on the side of the square section of each microstructure is constant and equal to 0.2mm, and it is the density of material per unit area that varies.
  • Curve 50 corresponds to pillar-shaped microstructures
  • curve 52 corresponds to hole-shaped microstructures
  • the hatched areas correspond to the dielectric material and the non-filled areas correspond to air.
  • the two geometries namely pillars and holes
  • the two geometries are combined in order to be able to use the entire index excursion and to reduce the height of the structures.
  • the index excursion becomes equal to 1.54, resulting in a height about 4.6mm.
  • the combination of pillars and holes makes it possible to further reduce the bulk of the diffractive dielectric component.
  • the dielectric component in order to facilitate the manufacturing process, is composed of pillars of constant size, and arranged so as to vary their density to obtain a quasi index gradient, with a variable number of pillars per unit of surface.
  • Such microstructures can be manufactured easily by molding, and thus produced in large numbers.
  • the pillar microstructures arranged in zones are positioned on the two opposite faces of the dielectric component, so as to associate two phase functions, one on each side of the component.
  • the height of the microstructures is then distributed on the two opposite faces, involving microstructures that are easier to manufacture.
  • the second face has an effective index which varies between one and the index of the substrate, and therefore a lower effective index on average, which makes it possible to reduce the losses on the second interface.
  • the diffractive dielectric component comprises, on a first so-called diffractive face, microstructures, for example of the pillar type, arranged in zones, and on the opposite face, which is the first face encountered by the wavefront. resulting from the source and which is a non-diffractive face in this case, a structuring with sub-wavelength microstructures realizing a sub-wavelength phase function, allowing a shaping of the wavefront resulting from source.
  • the treatment applied to the face first encountered by the wavefront corrects the wavefront, in particular to make it perfectly spherical, before reaching the diffractive face.
  • the sub-wavelength microstructures are, for example, pillars of variable sizes or of fixed size and of variable density, realizing a slow variation of effective index.
  • the microstructures of the first face are not arranged in several zones with effective index variation as for the diffractive face.
  • the dielectric component formed of pillar microstructures also comprises an impedance matching, so as to reduce the losses due to incident wave reflections at the interfaces between the air and the artificial dielectric material.
  • the Figures 7 to 10 illustrate various profiles of the dielectric component with impedance matching.
  • the dielectric component 60 comprises on one face, which is the diffractive face, main microstructures arranged in zones, in the form of pillars 62, of variable sizes to obtain a index gradient as explained above.
  • projection micropiliers 64 which are secondary subwavelength microstructures, period ⁇ 1 an order of magnitude less than the period ⁇ s pillars 62, typically ⁇ s / 10 ⁇ ⁇ 1 ⁇ s / 2 and of size d 2 less than the width of the pillar 62 of smaller section.
  • the secondary microstructures are periodic and are not arranged in several zones, such as the main microstructures.
  • the period ⁇ 1 and the size d 2 are chosen by simulation so as to locally reduce the index of the dielectric component at the interface with the air.
  • the dielectric component 70 also comprises on a first face, the diffractive face, main microstructures, arranged in zones, in the form of pillars 72, of varying sizes to obtain a gradient index as explained above.
  • micropiliers 74 On these pillars 72 are embedded projecting secondary subwavelength microstructures, which are micropiliers 74, with a period of an order of magnitude less than the period ⁇ s of the pillars 72.
  • micropiliers 76 are also integrated on the second face of the dielectric component 70, which is opposite the first face, thus making it possible to achieve an impedance matching on the two interfaces of the lens and thus to further reduce the reflection losses.
  • the micropiliers 76 When the second face does not have sub-main wavelength microstructures, the micropiliers 76 have a period ⁇ 1 in the wider range, such that ⁇ s / 10 ⁇ ⁇ 1 ⁇ ⁇ s .
  • the dielectric component 78 is constructed by adding, with respect to the embodiment of the figure 8 a neutral dielectric plate 80 of thickness e equal to ⁇ 0 / 2n 'where ⁇ 0 is the target wavelength and n' is the refractive index of the blade.
  • the dielectric plate has a transmission coefficient of 1 at the wavelength ⁇ 0 , in normal incidence.
  • the sub-wavelength microstructures of the dielectric component 78 are better protected with respect to the external environment, this blade placed at the output of the dielectric component being usable as a protective blade against dust and rain, for example.
  • the dielectric plate 80 is positionable in the part where the beam is weakly divergent, and therefore for a very open system (small F / D, F / D ⁇ 1 for example) behind the dielectric component 78, that is to say on the side of the dielectric component 78 which is not facing the source.
  • a very open system small F / D, F / D ⁇ 1 for example
  • An example would be a Rexolite blade of 2.25mm thick to ensure blade transmission greater than 99.5% between 40.5GHz and 43.5GHz.
  • the dielectric component 82 is formed of a stack of geometries of sub-wavelength pillars in several layers.
  • main microstructures 84 which are pillars in this embodiment, are added two layers of secondary subwavelength microstructures, which are formed of micropiliers 86 and 88 of respectively smaller and smaller sizes.
  • the width of the micropiliers 86 is smaller than the width of the pillars 84
  • the width of the micropiliers 88 is smaller than the width of the micropiliers 86.
  • Such a component is easier to manufacture than a component having a single antireflection layer formed of a plurality of very fine micropiliers.
  • the example of figure 10 has two layers of secondary microstructures, but a higher number of layers is realized in an alternative mode.
  • a lens antenna according to the invention comprises a dielectric system consisting of a matrix, square or more generally rectangular, of diffractive dielectric components comprising subwavelength microstructures as described above.
  • the figure 11 illustrates such a dielectric system 90 formed of a 2x2 square matrix of four components 92, 94, 96 and 98.
  • Each of the components is formed of concentric zones or rings z1, z2, z3 and z4, each zone being composed of subwavelength microstructures, for example pillars, as described above.
  • the proposed matrix has the advantage of not having any overlap of one component over the other which composes it, while ensuring the use of the whole of the useful area (no dead zone in the matrix): the the whole of the wave beam arriving on the matrix is transformed by the matrix, there is no zone between the components of the matrix which does not contribute to the collimation of the beam.
  • the arrangement in the form of matrix pxq makes it possible to further miniaturize the dielectric system, because to obtain a given numerical aperture, the focal length and therefore the diameter of each lens of the matrix is divided by the dimension p of the matrix in one direction and the dimension q of the matrix in the other direction.
  • the Figures 12 to 14 illustrate other useful features for antennas in the microwave domain achievable with diffractive dielectric systems as described above. These features allow for example to direct the beam in a desired direction, or to cover multiple directions, and / or could be combined with a matrix of sources to reduce the thickness of the antenna, to obtain point-to-multipoint links.
  • the point-to-multipoint functionality is implemented in a node of a capillary network for example.
  • the figure 12 illustrates the deflection of microwave electromagnetic waves by the use of a dielectric component which is an off-axis lens L formed of sub-wavelength microstructures.
  • the microwave waves come from the source S.
  • the lens L deflects the rays of the source to obtain a single beam F1.
  • the figure 13 illustrates a lens L 'formed of subwavelength microstructures for generating two beams F1, F2 from a single source S, with identical or different energy distributions.
  • the figure 14 illustrates an embodiment with a plurality of sources in the same plane, S1, S2, which generate wave beams to a dielectric system composed of a matrix of dielectric components L1, L2, making it possible to obtain two F1 wave beams , F2.
  • wavefront shaping includes the various wavefront shaping types described above with reference to the Figures 12 to 14 such as the deflection of a wave beam and the separation of a wave beam into two or more wave beams.
  • diffractive dielectric components as described are associated, for example one behind the other with air layers separating them, in a lens antenna according to the invention.
  • the dielectric components with subwavelength microstructures are also able to obtain a better broadband focusing efficiency (nominal wavelength ⁇ 20%) than the conventional ladder profile components.
  • one of the advantages of the dielectric components according to the invention is their manufacture, which can be easily performed for series of components and at low cost, because of their dimensioning. It is possible to manufacture a usable mold for mass production, and thus each diffractive dielectric component is manufactured by molding / demolding, in a single manufacturing step.

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EP12186157.9A 2011-09-26 2012-09-26 Linsenantenne, die eine dielektrische, beugende Komponente umfasst, die in der Lage ist, eine Hyperfrequenzwellenfront zu formen Active EP2573872B1 (de)

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PL12186157.9T PL2573872T4 (pl) 2011-09-26 2012-09-26 Antena soczewkowa zawierająca dielektryczny element dyfrakcyjny zdatny do kształtowania czoła fali o częstotliwości mikrofalowej

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FR1102910A FR2980648B1 (fr) 2011-09-26 2011-09-26 Antenne lentille comprenant un composant dielectrique diffractif apte a mettre en forme un front d'onde hyperfrequence

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EP2573872A1 true EP2573872A1 (de) 2013-03-27
EP2573872B1 EP2573872B1 (de) 2016-01-20

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CN103268985A (zh) * 2013-04-24 2013-08-28 同济大学 一种电磁波波束调控装置
WO2018091587A1 (fr) 2016-11-17 2018-05-24 Thales Dispositif de depointage de faisceau par deplacement de rouleaux dielectriques effectifs
EP3371852A1 (de) * 2015-11-06 2018-09-12 Thales Kompakte antenne mit einem ausrichtbaren strahl
US10746903B2 (en) 2017-09-20 2020-08-18 The Boeing Company Gradient index (GRIN) spoke lens and method of operation
US10777905B2 (en) 2018-09-07 2020-09-15 The Boeing Company Lens with concentric hemispherical refractive structures
US10916853B2 (en) 2018-08-24 2021-02-09 The Boeing Company Conformal antenna with enhanced circular polarization
US10923831B2 (en) 2018-08-24 2021-02-16 The Boeing Company Waveguide-fed planar antenna array with enhanced circular polarization
US10938082B2 (en) 2018-08-24 2021-03-02 The Boeing Company Aperture-coupled microstrip-to-waveguide transitions
US10971806B2 (en) 2017-08-22 2021-04-06 The Boeing Company Broadband conformal antenna
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FR3116910A1 (fr) * 2020-12-01 2022-06-03 Valeo Vision Ensemble de véhicule comprenant un capteur radar et une lentille à gradient d’indice
FR3116909A1 (fr) * 2020-12-01 2022-06-03 Valeo Vision Ensemble de véhicule comprenant un capteur radar et un agencement de couches formant un logo
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CN103268985A (zh) * 2013-04-24 2013-08-28 同济大学 一种电磁波波束调控装置
CN103268985B (zh) * 2013-04-24 2015-07-22 同济大学 一种电磁波波束调控装置
EP3371852A1 (de) * 2015-11-06 2018-09-12 Thales Kompakte antenne mit einem ausrichtbaren strahl
WO2018091587A1 (fr) 2016-11-17 2018-05-24 Thales Dispositif de depointage de faisceau par deplacement de rouleaux dielectriques effectifs
US10971806B2 (en) 2017-08-22 2021-04-06 The Boeing Company Broadband conformal antenna
US10746903B2 (en) 2017-09-20 2020-08-18 The Boeing Company Gradient index (GRIN) spoke lens and method of operation
US11233310B2 (en) 2018-01-29 2022-01-25 The Boeing Company Low-profile conformal antenna
US10938082B2 (en) 2018-08-24 2021-03-02 The Boeing Company Aperture-coupled microstrip-to-waveguide transitions
US10923831B2 (en) 2018-08-24 2021-02-16 The Boeing Company Waveguide-fed planar antenna array with enhanced circular polarization
US10916853B2 (en) 2018-08-24 2021-02-09 The Boeing Company Conformal antenna with enhanced circular polarization
US10777905B2 (en) 2018-09-07 2020-09-15 The Boeing Company Lens with concentric hemispherical refractive structures
US11177548B1 (en) 2020-05-04 2021-11-16 The Boeing Company Electromagnetic wave concentration
US11385384B2 (en) 2020-05-12 2022-07-12 The Boeing Company Spoke dielectric lens
FR3116910A1 (fr) * 2020-12-01 2022-06-03 Valeo Vision Ensemble de véhicule comprenant un capteur radar et une lentille à gradient d’indice
FR3116909A1 (fr) * 2020-12-01 2022-06-03 Valeo Vision Ensemble de véhicule comprenant un capteur radar et un agencement de couches formant un logo
WO2022117349A1 (fr) * 2020-12-01 2022-06-09 Valeo Vision Ensemble de véhicule comprenant un capteur radar et une lentille à gradient d'indice
WO2022117348A1 (fr) * 2020-12-01 2022-06-09 Valeo Vision Ensemble de véhicule comprenant un capteur radar et un agencement de couches formant un logo

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FR2980648A1 (fr) 2013-03-29
ES2570679T3 (es) 2016-05-19
PL2573872T4 (pl) 2016-09-30
EP2573872B1 (de) 2016-01-20
FR2980648B1 (fr) 2014-05-09
PL2573872T3 (pl) 2016-08-31
US20130076581A1 (en) 2013-03-28
US8963787B2 (en) 2015-02-24

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