EP2572515A1 - Microphone stéréo 3d à fente - Google Patents

Microphone stéréo 3d à fente

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Publication number
EP2572515A1
EP2572515A1 EP11754275A EP11754275A EP2572515A1 EP 2572515 A1 EP2572515 A1 EP 2572515A1 EP 11754275 A EP11754275 A EP 11754275A EP 11754275 A EP11754275 A EP 11754275A EP 2572515 A1 EP2572515 A1 EP 2572515A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
gap
microphone
sound
membrane
microphone according
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Granted
Application number
EP11754275A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP2572515B1 (fr
Inventor
Daniela Manger
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Individual
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Individual
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
    • H04R1/20—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics
    • H04R1/32—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired directional characteristic only
    • H04R1/34—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired directional characteristic only by using a single transducer with sound reflecting, diffracting, directing or guiding means
    • H04R1/38—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired directional characteristic only by using a single transducer with sound reflecting, diffracting, directing or guiding means in which sound waves act upon both sides of a diaphragm and incorporating acoustic phase-shifting means, e.g. pressure-gradient microphone
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R5/00—Stereophonic arrangements
    • H04R5/027—Spatial or constructional arrangements of microphones, e.g. in dummy heads
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
    • H04R1/20—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics
    • H04R1/32—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired directional characteristic only
    • H04R1/40—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired directional characteristic only by combining a number of identical transducers
    • H04R1/406—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired directional characteristic only by combining a number of identical transducers microphones
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R19/00—Electrostatic transducers
    • H04R19/01—Electrostatic transducers characterised by the use of electrets
    • H04R19/016—Electrostatic transducers characterised by the use of electrets for microphones

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a 3D stereo microphone according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • electromechanical transducers For recording and reproducing noises and sounds, electromechanical transducers have been known for over a century, which convert micromotion movements of air molecules into electrical signals that are processed and stored. At a selectable point in time, the stored signals can be retrieved and converted back into sound - that is, in movements of air molecules - via other electromechanical transducers, which are referred to as loudspeakers.
  • the original goal is to reproduce as accurately as possible at the ear of the hearing human being the same shape movements of the air components that would have reached the ear if the hearer personally and directly heard the respective noise.
  • the information about all individual movements in the air must be stored and reproduced completely and accurately.
  • the "rest” is initially defined by the quasi-static pressure of the ambient air, ie 1013 hectopascals.
  • the movement of the mass which contains a body, is called in the German language "impulse”, in other languages also as “momentum”.
  • the momentum is a vector quantity, so besides an amount, it also has a direction.
  • Pulse and velocity are vectors with a certain amount and a certain direction.
  • the force F which causes a change of motion, is proportional to the momentum change over time change with constant mass m:
  • An impulse of 1 N s causes a momentum change of 1 kg on a body . m / s caused.
  • the brain of modern man as an "artifice for identifying the direction of the initial sound that the level of the primary noise pulse on its way to the brain of specialized nerve cells up to thirty times amplified.
  • the impulse rises clearly from the normal level and returns a few milliseconds thereafter to the normal state, in which the ear is given priority to the perception of periodic signals such as, for example Tones is focused.
  • the signals of the left and right ears can be compared and evaluated so that the direction of the noise pulse can be located. This ability is also known as binaural hearing.
  • interaural time differences ITD
  • interaural level differences ILD
  • Runtime differences can be evaluated by the human ear already from a size of 10 ⁇ s for directional localization, which corresponds to a localization sharpness of about one degree.
  • a transit time difference of 630 ⁇ s the localization increases approximately proportional to the transit time difference.
  • a transit time difference of 630 ⁇ s corresponds to a path difference of the sound of 21, 5cm. This size is also called “Hornbostel-Wertheimer constant" and corresponds to the average distance between the two
  • the brain evaluates primarily the phase differences between the signals of the two ears and determines from this the interaural transit time difference (ITD).
  • ITD interaural transit time difference
  • the localization is based on the evaluation of interaural level differences ILD, as well as on the evaluation of interaural group delay differences, ie the propagation time differences of the signal envelopes.
  • FIG. 1 shows the course of the air pressure as a function of time at the ear of a listener when a dynamic air pressure change is generated at a certain distance from it by a single, rectangular force, hereinafter also referred to as "dynamic pressure change” , Around- In the vernacular, such a dynamic pressure change is also called “bang”.
  • the course of this pressure change can be divided into four different characteristic time zones, which are characterized by different phenomenological effects in humans.
  • the first pressure change range in the time interval to - ti, the force acting in onset time to accelerates the relevant air masses.
  • This acceleration can also be described as a temporal change of the speed.
  • Pm the maximum pressure value
  • the human ear is guided by the difference in transit time of the sound
  • Sound between the two ears sound information about the spatial origin of the sound, by determining the direction from which it comes. For this purpose, it is already possible within the time interval to - ti, since, as already mentioned above, the maximum detectable transit time difference of the sound in the evaluation over both
  • Ears may be about 630 ⁇ if an average ear stand of 21 cm, a sound velocity of 343 m / s and an exactly lateral incidence of sound in the direction of an - imaginary - connecting line between the two ears can be assumed.
  • the brain After measuring the direction of the sound, the brain concentrates in a second time zone ti - tv on the recognition of the cause of the sound impulse. Typical for this time zone is the compensation of the maximum achieved air pressure value Pm. This pressure equalization produces another sound, which resembles a so-called "evocative keynote".
  • root refers to the music that deals primarily with “tones”, so with periodic vibrations. These vibrations are almost never exactly sinusoidal in practice, but can be broken down into a sum of numerous sinusoids, which is referred to as Fourier analysis.
  • the resulting vibration at the lowest frequency - that is, at the longest period - is called the "fundamental tone.” All other higher-frequency vibrations are so-called “overtones.”
  • the "root” determines the perceived pitch, while the resonating "harmonics” determine the timbre of the tone. If the overtones are rather low, one speaks of a "fundamental” sound.
  • the type of fundamental sound recorded by the hearing organs depends, inter alia, on the temporally transported energy of the jump excitation.
  • the pressure change in the form of a "decaying fundamental" in the hearing areas of the brain causes almost no pitch sensation, although a pressure change of the same course in the fourth time zone - about 30 Therefore, the two time zones of to - tv are also referred to as "masking time".
  • the pressure change in the second time zone ti - tv is periodic and not abrupt, no pitch sensation is possible before the time tv is reached. Instead, the brain is primarily focused on detecting the nature of the sound.
  • the duration of the masking time is depending on the suggestion z. 10 ms to 22 ms, which corresponds to a sinusoidal or cosinusoidal onset excitation of a number of approximately 9 to 22 periods of a 1 kHz sine wave. According to the empirical findings of the inventor, only the location and type of a sound source are perceptible before the end of this time interval to - tv.
  • the third time zone is the so-called blur area around the time tv.
  • the brain is no longer limited to comparisons with noise patterns in the evaluation of pressure changes, but it sets in the pitch sensation.
  • the Sharpness range begins - depending on the individual about 10ms after the onset time to and ends at the latest about 30 ms after to.
  • fourth time zone that is - about 30 ms after to - the brain analyzes the pressure changes primarily on the frequencies contained therein and their share of the frequency spectrum. Only after this point in time does the brain begin to realize what has often been understood as "hearing.” In fact, however, listening is from the first time zone, which begins with the onset at time to and almost until time H The second part of the "hearing" is the second time zone ti - tv, which is mainly used for comparison with learned sound patterns. Only in the third time zone, the blur range from about 10ms to about 30ms to to, these processes are completed and the fourth time zone begins with the recognition of pitches and timbres.
  • the lead tone which then determines the whole sound by its pitch, could be explained by the fact that in most sounds, the fundamental tone of that part of the highest amplitude is. And, as a rule, the fundamental tone actually dominates among the partials.
  • the ear can determine the tone pitch from the totality of the partials.
  • the experience is stored that a harmonic sound always consists of partials and that in a sound mostly the fundamental dominates, which is why basically the sound is assigned the pitch of the fundamental. If a sound appears in the ear, in which the basic tone is not dominated or even missing, it nevertheless reconstructs the familiar sound from the available information, namely from the remaining tones of tears. To a certain extent, the ear extrapolates the missing fundamental tone by deducing from the systematics of the existing harmonics the presence of a fundamental tone.
  • spectral apparatus of hearing like any other spectral apparatus, is used to represent temporal changes as stationary events, so it could be that the effort of spectral analysis of the sound movements in the ear serves to obtain stationary information that can be read and stored.
  • the cochlea consists - Rolled apart and simplified described - from three parallel, flexible hoses, also called Scala.
  • the middle of the three tubes is the Scala media, which adjoins the Scala vestibuli on one side and the Scala tympani on the opposite side.
  • the Scala vestibuli and the Scala tympani are connected and both are filled with the liquid perilymph.
  • the interface between the medial scala media and the scala vestibuli is the Reissner membrane and the connecting surface between the scala media and the scala tympani is the basilar membrane.
  • the latter is narrow and stiff at the beginning of the cochlea and broad and soft at the end.
  • An incoming sound impulse is introduced from the stirrup via the oval window into the Scala vestibuli and propagates there in the liquid perilymph as a traveling wave.
  • the pressure is passed through the Reissner membrane into the Scala media and from there through the basilar membrane into the Scala tympani.
  • the length of the rolled-out cochlea of 31, 5 mm also corresponds to the lower limit frequency of the human perceived as a sound vibration of 16 Hz.
  • the hair cells which are connected at one end to the Tektorial- or cover membrane and are connected at the other end on the basilar membrane with nerve cells.
  • the tectal membrane is a narrow strip which extends parallel to the basilar membrane through the scapular media and has swung there on a longitudinal edge.
  • tubular scala media in the middle between the two tubes of the Scala vestibuli and the Scala tympani is filled with a liquid, namely the endolymph.
  • the movements of the Scala vestibuli and the Scala tympani are therefore also passed on to the endolymph in the Scala media.
  • the tectal membrane and the basilar membrane also pivot against each other and thus excite the actual scarf isensoreri in the inner ear, namely the hair cells, which then transmit messengers that keep them in small vesicles, as information on nerve cells continue to the brain.
  • the hair cells transmit the information with the greatest temporal precision and show the highest transfer rates in the entire nervous system. Only since 2005 is it clear how the hair cells can achieve such high rates.
  • the hair cells are divided into two groups, namely the inner hair cells (IHZ) and the outer hair cells ( ⁇ HZ).
  • the inner hair cells in the Scala media recognize due to their mechanical linear alignment on the basilar membrane from otherwise uniform-rectilinear sound movements a curvature in the positive and negative directions as absolute physical time cause of an accelerated change in movement in the sound approach from the rest or its sonic extension ,
  • This vector sensor technology of the hair cells is made possible by the fact that, in contrast to the outer hair cells, they are not connected to the tectal membrane. Instead, they can float freely within the endolymph fluid of the cochlea. So far, they are represented in the literature as well as the outer hair cells as docked to the tectorial membrane.
  • the available analysis range is 31.5 mm cilia path length. This path length is traversed by an impulse impulse in about 5ms from the oval window to the heliocrotrema.
  • the dispersion with its root from the velocity of the bending wave mechanism in the cochlea widens the ratio of the time range from 10 ⁇ s to 10 ms, ie 1: 1000, to 1: 31, 6 ms duration.
  • the distance traveled is 31.6mm.
  • bipolar hair cells In this straight line, approximately 3,200 bipolar hair cells (IHC) can be detected, which can detect the direction and the amplitude (maximum 30 dB) above the threshold of hearing as changing pulse formation in the sound as information (lat .: in-form-shaping) ,
  • IHC in-form-shaping
  • One example is the so-called "beat tone" of a bell, the reason being that it is just a momentum impulse, without periodicity and of a momentary nature (Trendellenburg: Akustik, p. 59, Springer 1961).
  • the transverse vector circuit For the complete pulse interval - as opposed to the "onset" time for location (localization) - the transverse vector circuit is available. Its perimeter is 2 x 5 ms x 3.14 ( ⁇ ), giving a run-time detection range of 31.4 ms. Thus, 31.4 ms are available for the sound-emitting body in its image as the source location and shape to the hearing (see FIG. 1). In this time span, the single image of an iconic representation is subconsciously presented in human perception as a hearing event, when the smallest point (3200: 31, 4 ms ⁇ 10 ms) for the central image capacity of 10 ⁇ s duration in its auditory acuity from the world of Technique of human hearing world can be made available. The new 3D stereo slit microphone technology is used for this purpose.
  • the sensory cells docked on the tectorial membrane analyze, on the basis of their sinusoidal half-wave arrangement, also called V- or W-shaping, the periodic sound vibrations which, depending on their pitch, are mapped with their amplitude maximum at a specific location on the basilar membrane.
  • sinusoidal half-wave arrangement also called V- or W-shaping
  • the periodic sound vibrations which, depending on their pitch, are mapped with their amplitude maximum at a specific location on the basilar membrane.
  • the ⁇ HZ results in 30 dB in the amplitude maximum, which together with the IHZ up to 120 dB, the pain threshold leads (Wolf D. Keidel, Er Weg, physiology of hearing, Thieme Verlag Stuttgart 1975).
  • Many ideas and models since Helmholtz have been published in the scientific literature.
  • FIG. 2 shows at the top left the rectangular electric input signal for driving the loudspeaker and, in addition, the theoretically ideal pressure change at a location in front of the sound generator.
  • the bottom two rows show waveforms actually obtained and measured with a measuring microphone when six randomly picked-out conventional studio interception loudspeakers are used as sources to produce the dynamic pressure change of the air.
  • the curves within the first time zone t0-t1 according to FIG. 1 and the second time zone t1-tv are significantly falsified.
  • the theoretically ideal "decaying fundamental tone" actually to be reproduced by the jump excitation is superimposed by numerous very short noises generated by the respective loudspeaker which last about 0.1 milliseconds up to 20 milliseconds and from the loudspeaker diaphragm be developed at the beginning of each sound production.
  • the loudspeaker diaphragm is a relatively inert mass which is pushed in one direction by the electric drive, opposing the deflection of the spring force of the diaphragm and its suspension until the mass comes to a standstill. Then the spring action accelerates the membrane again in the other direction, swinging beyond its original rest position. With this transient, the speaker settles to vibrations with a certain frequency.
  • Pulse-fidelity is the ability of a loudspeaker to follow a pulse-shaped signal as far as possible without transient or decaying processes, and instead most loudspeakers produce state-of-the-art loudspeakers even vibrations with low, medium and high frequencies, which are caused among other things by partial vibrations on the membrane, a generally hard-hanging membrane and cavity resonances in the speaker and in the listening room.
  • a conventional loudspeaker diaphragm When a conventional loudspeaker diaphragm is to emit a pulse, it triggers the movements of the loudspeaker diaphragm, which wave outwards. This will still radiate sound, although the impulse is long over. As a rule, the edge of the membrane is not terminated with the correct characteristic impedance so that the wave is reflected and the pulse is further extended.
  • FIG. 3 This is shown in FIG. 3 in a representation analogous to FIG. 2.
  • the obtained air pressure change at the measuring location comes comparatively close to the ideal shown in the middle range.
  • the speaker as such is no longer recognized by the listeners and the original signal can be transmitted and felt virtually unadulterated.
  • Biegewellenwandler according to the principle of J.W. Manger are, however, essentially free from natural oscillations, so that when removing a listener from the stereo center and a sophisticated sense of hearing does not change, since the nearer speaker is not perceived as disturbing due to lack of significant natural oscillations. This allows several people to enjoy the same content simultaneously. And especially in the approach of sound vibrations, the crucial part of every sound for the geometric location in the brain of the hearing person.
  • the music listener comes close to the illusion of sitting in front of the instrument itself, because the reproduction is virtually inaudible, since the MSW converter no longer emits transient noises. Instead of the sounds of the loudspeaker, the only thing that the ear hears is the transient effects of the musical instruments, which locate the instrument in the concert hall and reproduce its character image.
  • the decisive feature is the thin and flexible membrane, which consists of three layers. It does not store forces caused by drive or springback. Instead, the counteracting mass and spring forces cancel their storage components within the membrane itself. They are dissipated with the sound as heat.
  • the membrane oscillates at a rise time of only 0.014 milliseconds to the signal frequency and holds this sound to the musical signal change. With a single membrane, the entire transmission range from 80 hertz to 33 kilohertz is covered. This means that in conventional multiple
  • Loudspeakers necessary crossovers and phase-overlapping overlaps in the sound-image-determining frequency range can be avoided.
  • the sound is created on a single, relatively small area, which in comparison to previous systems has come very close to the ideal of producing sound in one point. All the waves that define it form a complex sound pressure wave form in front of the membrane, as high and low frequencies occur simultaneously at different points of the membrane. Compared to conventional loudspeakers, the input signal is imaged almost perfectly so that the original and complete sound pressure image, which once reacted with the microphone, reaches the human ear.
  • FIG. 4 shows the measurement result on the time axis with a scale of 50 microseconds per raster unit.
  • FIG. 5 shows the result of a same measurement as in FIG. 4, but here with an acoustic deflection element which covers one half of the bending wave transducer. Also with this
  • Measurement is the measuring microphone again first in the central axis the bending wave transducer arranged and then removed in each case in steps of about 15 ° from this central axis out.
  • FIG. 5 shows quite clearly as a measurement result that the rise in the curve is absolutely linear independently of the respective angle.
  • the object of this invention is a three-dimensional hearing in which also the vector information of each sound signal is transmitted, so that the listener can identify, in addition to the sounds and sounds, also their location and their nature,
  • microphones which, as electroacoustic transducers, convert the motion impulses of the air surrounding them, which have been produced by sounds and sounds, into corresponding electrical voltage impulses.
  • a condenser microphone consists of a very thin, flexible and electrically conductive membrane, which is electrically insulated and mounted at a very short distance in front of a metal plate.
  • the membranes usually have only a material thickness of a few micrometers, so that they are still set in motion by very weak motion pulses of the ambient air. Between the membrane and the metal plate there is an air layer, which is compressed with each movement of the membrane. Thus, this air layer does not distort the effect on the movement of the membrane, the metal plate is usually provided with numerous holes through which the pressurized air flows and flows into a - also air-filled cavity behind the metal plate, compared to the air space between the membrane and Metal plate is very big.
  • the capacitor is connected via a high-resistance resistor to a DC voltage source, e.g. connected to a battery that charges it.
  • a DC voltage source e.g. connected to a battery that charges it.
  • a proportional voltage pulse can be tapped at the resistor and fed to a microphone amplifier.
  • This microphone amplifier acts as an impedance converter and adjusts its impedance directly to the cable for signal transmission. The signal voltage is not amplified.
  • the resistance value must be set so high that with a change in capacitance in the rhythm of the lower limit frequency (for example 20 Hz) the charge is still sufficiently constant, so that the voltage on the capacitor changes with the sound vibrations.
  • the lower limit frequency for example 20 Hz
  • resistance values of up to about 1 G ⁇ result.
  • Such a condenser microphone explains, for example, the published patent application DE 10 2008 013 395 A1. It describes how the metal plate opposite the diaphragm can be made of a material originally intended only as an electronic circuit board. On a mechanically very stable carrier material, eg made of ceramic, a thin copper layer is formed. brought, which can be brought into the required shape for a condenser microphone with little effort.
  • each electrical signal is supplied to its own sound transducer, so a total of two sound transducers are driven.
  • Such microphones are also known as stereo microphones.
  • a stereo microphone is the DE 91 01 371 before. It lists a total of three microphones, which are arranged side by side and can be brought into different angles to each other. If the microphones in a wink! aligned with each other, meet the scarf impulses only on a microphone frontally and on the other side. Since each microphone has a directional characteristic, the two signals differ significantly. This creates the disadvantage of mutual distortion.
  • the human brain can derive the direction of the received signal - as previously explained in detail in this application as a so-called "first time zone of the perception of an acoustic pulse.”
  • the human ear In the phase described in this application as a "second time zone of the perception of an acoustic pulse" in which the nature of the sound signal is evaluated, the human ear also evaluates level differences between the left and the right ear.
  • the invention has the task of developing a stereo microphone that converts motion impulses and sound waves of the surrounding air into two electrical voltages with which - after appropriate amplification - a high-quality speakers - such as the bending wave converter according to the principle of JW Manger - Can be controlled and then the ambient air imparting motion impulses that not only produce music and sound perceived sound waves, but also generate air movements, with the help of which the human ear can locate the source of movement impulses in three-dimensional space and the nature of the sound signal at the beginning of the transient process can judge.
  • a stereo microphone that converts motion impulses and sound waves of the surrounding air into two electrical voltages with which - after appropriate amplification - a high-quality speakers - such as the bending wave converter according to the principle of JW Manger - Can be controlled and then the ambient air imparting motion impulses that not only produce music and sound perceived sound waves, but also generate air movements, with the help of which the human ear can locate the source of movement impulses in three-dimensional space and the nature of the
  • the aim of the invention is therefore a stereo microphone, which converts pulses of motion of its ambient air into electrical voltages, which in turn another, electrical converter is controlled so that the air movements generated by it are identical to those air movements that activates the stereo microphone according to the invention during recording to have. It is therefore an essential part of the object of the invention to enable a three-dimensional spatial hearing.
  • the invention teaches that the Pvletallplatte is divided by a gap in a left metal plate as a left counter electrode and a right metal plate as a right counter electrode, which are electrically isolated from each other and each have their own electrical connection.
  • the 3D stereospalt microphone according to the invention thus closes the chain in the complete transmission, storage and subsequent reproduction of sounds and sounds.
  • the microphone according to the invention also absorbs the extremely rapid changes in shape that human hearing causes to erode. understanding of the vectorial nature of sounds and sounds.
  • the result is not just information to the listener, e.g. an orchestra on which side of the podium the timpani were set up and at what point on the stage the brass instruments stood, but also on the details of the sound information at the beginning of a sound and when switching from one sound to another. Only at the beginning of a sound pulse - namely in the first approximately 60 microseconds - does the brain's auditory center evaluate the information received with respect to the spatial orientation of the sound movement. Only in this period of time can the hearing detect the vectorial character of a sound image. The task of three-dimensional hearing becomes possible only with a microphone according to the invention.
  • a microphone according to the invention receives and electrically reproduces this aperiodic, spatial information which is also at the beginning of each new periodic oscillation, that is continuously and repeatedly an essential part of the sound image.
  • a microphone according to the invention enables complete recording and conversion of a complete sound image.
  • the very decisive and significant effect of the invention is that through the gap, the two metal plates and thus the two, directly juxtaposed microphones even the slightest differences in the duration of the sound can already be distinguished and recorded.
  • the two metal plates receive motion impulses that hit them directly on the front without any difference in transit time - ie exactly at the same time.
  • the two signals generated by a 3D slit microphones according to the invention are exactly identical for exactly vertical sound pulses. With obliquely incident sound pulses, the differences in the transit time and in the level can be detected exactly.
  • the source and species information is included in the first 30 milliseconds of each sound signal, whether it is a sound or a changing sound. In contrast to the prior art, this information is also contained in the first 30 milliseconds of the two electrical signals emitted by the 3D stereo microphone according to the invention.
  • the invention proposes, as a variant embodiment, that the gap between the two metal plates is completely filled by an electrical insulator.
  • the material of this insulator should have the highest possible dielectric strength, but preferably should not increase the capacitance between the two edges of the metal plates, i. So do not have a high dielectric constant, which increases the total effective parasitic capacitance.
  • the capacity of each individual half of the microphone capsule is about 25-30 picofarads.
  • the parasitic capacitance between the two front edges has an order of magnitude of 3-4 picofarads, ie about one-tenth of the capacity of the actual two microphone capsules.
  • This value causes such little "crosstalk" between the two channels of the SD stereo microphone according to the invention that in practice it does not matter can be achieved with the microphone according to the invention for the first time that the electrical signal contains not only the basic information about the motion pulses of the surrounding air, but also all those information when settling a sound that needs human hearing to the direction and thus the place as well be able to determine the type of sound signal quickly and accurately.
  • the invention proposes a gap width of 100 microns.
  • the width of the gap is limited to a value between 40 microns and 10 microns.
  • the gap has the profile of a truncated cone, that is, is significantly narrower on the side of the two metal plates facing the membrane than on its opposite side.
  • a 3D stereo microphone according to the invention is constructed in the simplest embodiment as a pressure receiver, which has only one large opening, which is covered with a membrane. This achieves an approximately spherical directional diagram. Only for high and highest frequencies, the directional diagram has a preferred direction, so it is aligned with the sound source.
  • a 3D stereo microphone according to the invention also has two openings in its hollow body, each of which is closed with its own membrane.
  • a microphone capsule is called a "pressure gradient receiver" a set. This can be seen on the outside of the microphone because there are openings on both sides of the microphone capsule for the entry and exit of air.
  • sound reflections which additionally act on the microphone, for example in interiors are masked out, since only the difference between the pressure wave arriving from one side and the wave reflected from the other side is detected. Therefore, a Druckgradiente- nemubentician basically a directional characteristic.
  • a microphone capsule according to the invention can also be used in all other known constructions of a condenser microphone to be presented.
  • spherical bodies such as kidney, supercardioid or hypercardioid, separators, shotgun bodies, miniature bodies and / or other, known in the current state of the art surrounded by additional mechanical elements or physical forms.
  • the two metal plates of the otherwise separate, two microphone capsules can be mounted on a common carrier.
  • a common carrier As a result, an increased mechanical stability and increased accuracy for the adjustment of the gap between the two metal plates are achieved.
  • This also increases the accuracy of the proportion of the electrical signal, which after the conversion into sound movements of the air allows the human ear to localize, so makes up the three-dimensional portion of hearing. By a lifelike "in-form-make" thus increases the information content of the sound signal.
  • the invention proposes that a partition wall adjoins the insulator in the gap and / or on the left metal plate and / or on the right metal plate near the gap and adjoins the microphone capsule. This achieves complete separation of the cavity behind the two metal plates.
  • the invention recommends to separate the two chambers even air-tight from each other, because thereby any crosstalk from the "back" of the metal plates is avoided forth.
  • each of these two chambers should be connected to the outside atmosphere via a small bore so that the air in the chambers does not stress the membrane like a spring, and thus air pressure changes do not squeeze or inflate the chambers like the can of a barometer.
  • the metal plates and the membrane may be oriented at any angle to each other.
  • the invention prefers that the two metal plates are aligned parallel to the diaphragm, because then the errors in the conversion of the sound pressure into electrical voltages are lowest.
  • a preferred embodiment of the 3D slit microphone according to the invention has a membrane with an extremely low bending strength.
  • the advantage is that the incident sound movements are distorted less and less with decreasing flexural strength of the membrane. Therefore, for the membrane in the xis a gold foil with a thickness of a few microns may be a preferred variant.
  • the shape of the hollow body serving as a microphone capsule is in principle arbitrary. However, for good transmission at all frequencies and at all slopes of a pulse, regular shapes are advantageous.
  • the invention prefers that the microphone capsule is formed as a hollow cylinder whose lower end face is closed and whose upper end face is the opening which is closed by the membrane and the cross section of the hollow cylinder is a circle.
  • the metal plate is halved with respect to the membrane by a gap, it may also be useful to form the surfaces of both metal plates into an oval or an ellipse.
  • the gap passes through the geometric center of the microphone capsule.
  • the gap is arranged in the region of the lowest bending strength of the membrane.
  • the microphone according to the invention can also detect very small transit time differences between two sound movements.
  • the shape of the gap is arbitrary in the most general case.
  • a grader gap reduces the parasitic capacitances between the two metal plates to the lowest possible level.
  • the smallest possible gap is preferred which has the same dimensions over the entire length.
  • the reduction of parasitic capacitance between the two adjacent metal plates can be the reason for widening the gap to the outside and giving it the shape of a parabola, for example.
  • an electrical energy source e.g. a battery and a load resistor connected and tapped at each load resistor, an electrical signal that is supplied to an impedance converter and then a microphone amplifier.
  • a 3D slotted microphone according to the invention can also be produced as an electret microphone in a simpler embodiment.
  • the advantage of an electret microphone over the condenser microphone is that it uses a permanent electrostatic polarization through an electret foil as a capacitor bias instead of an external supply voltage.
  • the membrane On the metal plates opposite the membrane an electret film is applied in each case, which provides for the membrane bias.
  • the electret is fixed and the membrane is a metallised, lighter foil
  • the size of the microphone capsule is usually between two millimeters and one centimeter
  • the frequency response can in practice in a design as a pressure receiver - a microphone with omnidirectional characteristics - range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz Since, due to the electret, no high bias voltage is required for the diaphragm, in practice a voltage of about 1.5 V is sufficient for the supply of the impedance transformer.
  • a 3D stereospalt microphone according to the invention is integrated in a hearing aid.
  • a inventive 3D split microphone z. B. is integrated in the front of a pair of glasses and thus allows a precisely directed hearing, so even the hearing impaired allows again to be acoustically oriented in the room.
  • a 3D slit microphone is a vector microphone that absorbs sound velocity and sound pressure. This makes it possible to record the particle movement and its intensity.
  • FIG. 1 time profile of the air pressure at a measuring location when a dynamic pressure change is suddenly produced at a distance from it according to the current state of the art.
  • Fig. 2 different temporal pressure curves when using speakers with conventional electrodynamic transducers according to the current state of the art.
  • Fig. 3 a curve analogous to FIG. 2, but when using a loudspeaker with a bending wave transducer according to the current state of the art.
  • Fig. 4 different waveforms analogous to FIG. 3 when using a loudspeaker with a bending wave transducer according to the prior art at different, not lying in the transducer axis measuring locations according to the current state of the art.
  • Fig. 5 Curves analogous to Figure 4, but in the half cover of the bending wave transducer with an acoustically impermeable deflection element according to the current state of the art.
  • FIG. 6 shows a section through a 3D stereo microphone according to the invention
  • FIG. 6 shows the section through an SD stereo microphone according to the invention.
  • the embodiment shown here consists of a hollow cylindrical microphone capsule 1, the underside of which is closed by a molded-on plane.
  • the microphone capsule 1 has on its upper side the opening 11, which is surrounded in this embodiment by two circumferential projections.
  • the metal plate 3 On the lower projection in the opening 11, the metal plate 3 is mounted, which is the counter electrode to the diaphragm 2 as the first electrode.
  • the essential element of the invention is very clear and to recognize at first glance, namely the division of the metal plate 3 through the gap 4 in the metal plate left 3L and the metal plate right 3R.
  • the gap 4 in FIG. 6 is shown to be relatively large, although in practice it is so narrow, typically 10 to 40 micrometers wide, that it would only be identifiable as a dash if it were scaled in FIG ,
  • the second projection of the microphone capsule 1 runs around, on which the membrane 2 is fixed isolated.
  • the membrane 2 runs parallel to the two metal plates 3L and 3R.
  • the diaphragm 2 as the first electrode and the metal plate 3L on the left as a counterelectrode and the metal plate 3R on the right as counterelectrodes each together with a part of the diaphragm 2 form a plate capacitor.
  • the dielectric of these two plate capacitors, so the material between the first electrode and the respective counter electrode is in a 3D stereo microphone according to the invention air.
  • FIG. 6 does not show that this change in capacitance is electrically interrogated by connecting a DC voltage source in series with a load resistor between the electrical terminal 2E of the diaphragm 2 and the electrical terminal 6L of the metal plate 3L and the electrical terminal 6R of the metal plate 3R , Any change in the capacitance between the membrane 2 and one of the two metal plates 3L or 3R can then be tapped off the load resistance as electrical voltage.
  • FIG. 6 for the sake of clarity, no additional material is shown in the gap 4 as an insulator.
  • FIG. 6 a fine perforation is shown as a variant of the metal plate on the left 3L and on the right 3R. Through these holes escapes the small air cushion between the membrane 2 and the two metal plates left 3L and right 3R.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Otolaryngology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Stereophonic System (AREA)
  • Soundproofing, Sound Blocking, And Sound Damping (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un microphone stéréo 3D à fente destiné à convertir des mouvements acoustiques de l'air ambiant en deux tensions électriques. Ce microphone comprend une capsule microphonique sous la forme d'un corps creux présentant au moins une ouverture recouverte par une membrane respective faisant office d'électrode, cette membrane étant composée d'une feuille flexible électroconductrice et étant fixée de manière électriquement isolée et étant placée à distance d'au moins une plaque métallique faisant office de contre-électrode fixée à l'intérieur de la capsule microphonique. Selon l'invention, la plaque métallique est séparée par une fente en une plaque métallique gauche faisant office de contre-électrode gauche et en une plaque métallique droite faisant office de contre-électrode droite, ces deux plaques étant isolées électriquement l'une de l'autre et présentant chacune sa propre connexion électrique.
EP11754275.3A 2010-05-21 2011-05-09 Microphone 3D-stereo à fente Active EP2572515B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102010021157A DE102010021157A1 (de) 2010-05-21 2010-05-21 3D-Stereospaltmikrofon
PCT/DE2011/001046 WO2011144200A1 (fr) 2010-05-21 2011-05-09 Microphone stéréo 3d à fente

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2572515A1 true EP2572515A1 (fr) 2013-03-27
EP2572515B1 EP2572515B1 (fr) 2014-04-09

Family

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EP11754275.3A Active EP2572515B1 (fr) 2010-05-21 2011-05-09 Microphone 3D-stereo à fente

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP2572515B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN102972045B (fr)
DE (2) DE102010021157A1 (fr)
DK (1) DK2572515T3 (fr)
WO (1) WO2011144200A1 (fr)

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DK2723102T3 (da) 2012-10-18 2019-01-02 Sonion Nederland Bv Transducer, høreapparat med transducer og en fremgangsmåde til betjening af transduceren
DK2723098T3 (en) * 2012-10-18 2017-03-13 Sonion Nederland Bv Double transducer with common membrane
CN103067830B (zh) * 2012-12-25 2016-04-13 苏州恒听电子有限公司 一种增强中频段输出的振膜及其制备方法
US8934649B1 (en) * 2013-08-29 2015-01-13 Solid State System Co., Ltd. Micro electro-mechanical system (MEMS) microphone device with multi-sensitivity outputs and circuit with the MEMS device
DE202015003626U1 (de) 2015-05-21 2015-07-10 Bertin Molz Anordnung von Mikrofonen zur Aufnahme von 3D Surround Sound und eine Vorrichtung dafür
US10715923B2 (en) 2016-07-11 2020-07-14 Goertek Inc. Condenser MEMS microphone and electronic apparatus

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DE1815694U (de) * 1957-03-16 1960-07-28 Kaessbohrer Fahrzeug Karl Behaelterfahrzeug.
DE1815694C2 (de) 1968-12-19 1971-02-18 Manger J W Elektrodynamisches Wandlersystem
DE2236374C3 (de) 1972-07-25 1975-01-16 Josef Wilhelm 8725 Arnstein Manger Elektroakustisches Wandlersystem
DE2500397C2 (de) 1975-01-07 1986-05-28 Schorlemer, Frhr. von, Reinfried, Dipl.-Phys., 3500 Kassel Membran für ein elektroakustisches Wandlersystem und damit ausgerüstetes elektroakustisches Wandlersystem
DE2725346C3 (de) 1977-06-04 1981-05-14 Josef Wilhelm 8725 Arnstein Manger Lautsprecher
FR2511571A1 (fr) * 1981-08-11 1983-02-18 Thomson Csf Transducteur electroacoustique a condensateur a dielectrique solide polarise
SE452083C (sv) * 1983-02-25 1991-01-14 Rune Rosander Mikrofon
DE9101371U1 (de) 1991-02-07 1991-04-25 Beyerdynamic GmbH & Co., 7100 Heilbronn Stereomikrofon
FR2688644B1 (fr) * 1992-03-11 1997-05-23 Blanchet Vincent Microphone a capteur fractionne.
US5889870A (en) * 1996-07-17 1999-03-30 American Technology Corporation Acoustic heterodyne device and method
DE202004005810U1 (de) * 2004-04-08 2004-06-17 Bachmeier, Claus Kugelflächenmikrofon
WO2007147643A2 (fr) * 2006-06-23 2007-12-27 Universität Bielefeld Nanomicrophone ou nanocapteur de pression
DE102008013395B4 (de) 2008-03-10 2013-10-10 Sennheiser Electronic Gmbh & Co. Kg Kondensatormikrofon

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE102010021157A1 (de) 2011-11-24
CN102972045B (zh) 2016-05-11
DK2572515T3 (da) 2014-07-07
DE112011104274A5 (de) 2013-10-10
EP2572515B1 (fr) 2014-04-09
CN102972045A (zh) 2013-03-13
WO2011144200A1 (fr) 2011-11-24

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