EP2552614A1 - Method for producing wheel axles, in particular for railway carriages - Google Patents

Method for producing wheel axles, in particular for railway carriages

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Publication number
EP2552614A1
EP2552614A1 EP11714912A EP11714912A EP2552614A1 EP 2552614 A1 EP2552614 A1 EP 2552614A1 EP 11714912 A EP11714912 A EP 11714912A EP 11714912 A EP11714912 A EP 11714912A EP 2552614 A1 EP2552614 A1 EP 2552614A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
forging
inner diameter
forging blank
blank
hollow
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP11714912A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2552614B1 (en
Inventor
Rupert Wieser
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GFM GmbH
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GFM GmbH
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Application filed by GFM GmbH filed Critical GFM GmbH
Publication of EP2552614A1 publication Critical patent/EP2552614A1/en
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C37/00—Manufacture of metal sheets, bars, wire, tubes or like semi-manufactured products, not otherwise provided for; Manufacture of tubes of special shape
    • B21C37/06—Manufacture of metal sheets, bars, wire, tubes or like semi-manufactured products, not otherwise provided for; Manufacture of tubes of special shape of tubes or metal hoses; Combined procedures for making tubes, e.g. for making multi-wall tubes
    • B21C37/15—Making tubes of special shape; Making tube fittings
    • B21C37/16—Making tubes with varying diameter in longitudinal direction
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21K—MAKING FORGED OR PRESSED METAL PRODUCTS, e.g. HORSE-SHOES, RIVETS, BOLTS OR WHEELS
    • B21K1/00—Making machine elements
    • B21K1/06—Making machine elements axles or shafts
    • B21K1/063—Making machine elements axles or shafts hollow
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21K—MAKING FORGED OR PRESSED METAL PRODUCTS, e.g. HORSE-SHOES, RIVETS, BOLTS OR WHEELS
    • B21K1/00—Making machine elements
    • B21K1/06—Making machine elements axles or shafts
    • B21K1/10—Making machine elements axles or shafts of cylindrical form

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing wheel axles, in particular for railway carriages, with a hollow axle body which forms stub axles opposite the thickened bearing seats and has a smaller internal diameter for the stub axles compared with an enlarged inner diameter between the bearing seats, the outer shape of the stub axle Axle body is forged.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object, a method for the production of wheel axles, in particular for railway cars, of the type described in such a way that an advantageous non-cutting machining of the axle body is made possible.
  • the invention achieves the stated object by forging a hollow forging blank having an inner diameter corresponding at least to the enlarged inner diameter of the axle body in the axial direction, using a forging mandrel having a shaped section for the enlarged inner diameter of the axle body, before the extended inner diameter forming section is made from a Extracted from the end of the hollow forging blank and the forged portion of the forging blank with the smaller inner diameter is forged by means of a forging mandrel with a smaller inner diameter section of the forging blank.
  • the two axle stubs must be forged at the opposite ends of the axle body, which requires a separate mandrel with a shaped section adapted to the smaller inside diameter.
  • the subsequent forging of the Achs stressesabitess with the expanded inner diameter between the two bearing seats requires axial relative movement between the forging blank and the forging mandrel when the molding portion of the wrought mandrel for the extended inner diameter has a shorter axial length than the Achsharmabrough with the expanded inner diameter.
  • For the final forging of the second stub axle of the forging mandrel is far enough to pull out of the forging blank that only the mold portion engages with the matched to the inner diameter of the stub axle outer diameter in the largely processed forging blank, so that for the forging of this stub axle a corresponding support on the stepped mold section of graded forge.
  • the forging blank may for example be made of a solid material by a punching in a known manner, wherein the thickened bearing seats are forged with a larger outside diameter before punching the forging blank produced in this way is subjected to the inventive method for forging the axle body.
  • a pressed hollow body or a seamless tube as forging blank. While generally pressed hollow bodies can readily be provided with a wall thickness sufficient to form the thickened bearing seats, larger wall thicknesses can create difficulties for seamless tubes. For this reason, it may be advantageous that the forging blank is upset before forging in the thickened bearing seats.
  • Such upsetting in the area of the thickened bearing seats has the advantage that less forging deformation is required in the area outside of these bearing seats.
  • the forgings heated up for forging are prone to scale. While the descaling takes place automatically when forging the outer surface, scaling in the interior of the later hollow axle body can lead to impairments of the surface quality in the cavity of the wheel axles.
  • the inner surface of the hollow forging blank may be descaled before forging, for example by means of a mandrel insertable into the hollow forging blank, which may be formed as a brush or provided with scrapers for the mechanical removal of scale layers.
  • water can also be sprayed under high pressure into the hollow forging blank, advantageously via the descaling mandrel.
  • the cavity of the forging blank is at least substantially closed at the end during the forging process, then the escape of the protective agent introduced via the forge mandrel from the cavity of the forging blank can be avoided in a simple manner, whereby advantageous process conditions can be achieved with regard to the suppression of scale formation.
  • FIG. 1 shows a wheel axle to be produced in a simplified longitudinal section
  • FIG. 2 shows a forging apparatus for carrying out the method according to the invention for producing wheel axles according to FIG. 1, in particular for railway carriages, in a schematic side view, partly torn open and
  • FIG. 1 shows a wheel axle to be produced in a simplified longitudinal section
  • FIG. 2 shows a forging apparatus for carrying out the method according to the invention for producing wheel axles according to FIG. 1, in particular for railway carriages, in a schematic side view, partly torn open
  • FIG. 1 shows a wheel axle to be produced in a simplified longitudinal section
  • FIG. 2 shows a forging apparatus for carrying out the method according to the invention for producing wheel axles according to FIG. 1, in particular for railway carriages, in a schematic side view, partly torn open
  • FIG. 1 shows a wheel axle to be produced in a simplified longitudinal section
  • FIG. 2 shows a forging apparatus for carrying out the method according to the invention for producing wheel axles according to FIG. 1, in particular
  • this forging device fragmentary in the area between the two clamping heads on both sides of the forging tools in a schematic longitudinal section in different working positions.
  • the wheel axle to be forged has a hollow axle body 1 with two thickened bearing seats 2 and with stub axles 3 offset from these bearing seats 2 for wheel suspension. take up.
  • the illustrated apparatus for producing a wheel axle for railway cars with an axle 1 according to the Fig. 1 comprises according to FIG. 2 in a conventional manner pairwise opposed forging tools 7, for example in the form of forging hammers, between which the tubular forging blank 8 with a simultaneous rotation to its axis is conveyed through axially to its processing.
  • 7 clamping heads 9, 10 are provided on both sides of the forging tools, which are rotatably mounted in a respective housing 11 and with the aid of the housing 11 along a guide bed 12 can be moved.
  • the intermittent rotary drive for the clamping heads 9, 10 is not shown for reasons of clarity.
  • a stepped forging mandrel 13 is mounted axially adjustable, which forms an end-side mold portion 14 with an inner diameter of the stub axle 3 corresponding outer diameter and an adjoining mold portion 15 for the enlarged cylindrical cavity 5 of the Achs stressesabitess 4.
  • the opposite chuck 10 is associated with a likewise axially adjustable mandrel 16, which serves for descaling the inner surface of the hollow forging blank 8 and for example, a brush head 17 carries, in addition to nozzles not shown for acting on the inner surface of the hollow forging blanket 8 with water under high pressure Support the descaling of the inner surface of the forging blank 8 can be equipped.
  • a hollow, tubular forging blank 8 is used, which in the selected embodiment Having an adapted to the dimensions of the bearing seats 2 of the axle body 1 outer diameter with a corresponding wall thickness.
  • This forging blank 8 is clamped after a corresponding heating to a predetermined forging temperature in the chuck 9 and axially advanced against the opposite chuck 10 to descaling its inner surface by means of the brush head 17 which is pushed over the mandrel 16 in the hollow forging blank 8, such as this is indicated in Fig. 2 by an arrow.
  • the forging of the adjoining the bearing seat 2 Achs stressesabitess 4 with the extended cylindrical cavity 5 requires a reduction of the outer diameter of the mold blank 8.
  • the inner diameter of the enlarged cavity 5 defining mold portion 15 of the forged mandrel 16 is to hold against the forging area, resulting in an axial forging advance of the forging blank 8 by the chuck 9 a forging corresponding retraction of the forging mandrel 13 conditions to support the forging blank 8 during the forging process on the mold section 15 of the forging mandrel 13 can.
  • the bearing head 2 closer to the clamping head 9 can be forged, specifically via the mold section 15 of the forging mandrel 13, as can be seen in FIG. 5.
  • the chuck 10 must take over the feed drive for the Schmiederohiing 8 in order to use the forging tools 7 unhindered by the chuck 9 can.
  • a corresponding protective agent can be introduced into the hollow forging blank 8 by the forging mandrel 15.
  • a corresponding protective conduit 18 through the forging mandrel 13 is indicated by dash-dotted lines.
  • Protective gas, but also a protective liquid can be used as protective agent.
  • the brush head 14 of the mandrel 16 is used for this purpose.
  • On the opposite end face of the forging blank could be provided in Figs.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Forging (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for producing wheel axles, in particular for railway carriages, having a hollow axle body (1), which with respect to thickened bearing seats (2) forms shouldered axle stubs (3) for receiving the wheel and has an inner diameter for the axle stubs (3) smaller than a widened inner diameter between the bearing seats (2), wherein the outer form of the axle body (1) is forged. In order to avoid machining, according to the invention, a hollow forging blank (8) having an inner diameter corresponding at least to the widened inner diameter of the axle body (1) is forged, advancing in the axial direction, using a forging mandrel (13) having a mould section (15) for the widened inner diameter of the axle body (1), before the mould section (15) for the widened inner diameter is pulled out from one end of the hollow forging blank (8) and the still unforged section of the forging blank (8) having the smaller inner diameter is forged with the aid of a forging mandrel (13) having a mould section (14) for the smaller inner diameter of the forging blank (8).

Description

Verfahren zum Herstellen von Radachsen, insbesondere für Eisenbahnwagen Technisches Gebiet  Method for producing wheel axles, in particular for railroad cars Technical field
Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Verfahren zum Herstellen von Radachsen, insbesondere für Eisenbahnwagen, mit einem hohlen Achskörper, der gegenüber verdickten Lagersitzen abgesetzte Achsstummel zur Radaufnahme bildet und einen gegenüber einem erweiterten Innendurchmesser zwischen den Lagersitzen kleineren Innendurchmesser für die Achsstummel aufweist, wobei die Außenform des Achskörpers geschmiedet wird. The invention relates to a method for producing wheel axles, in particular for railway carriages, with a hollow axle body which forms stub axles opposite the thickened bearing seats and has a smaller internal diameter for the stub axles compared with an enlarged inner diameter between the bearing seats, the outer shape of the stub axle Axle body is forged.
Stand der Technik State of the art
Um die Radachsen eines Eisenbahnwagens mit Hilfe von Ultraschall überprüfen zu können, ist es notwendig, hohle Achskörper vorzusehen, in die ein Ultraschallkopf eingeführt werden kann. Um die Achslasten aufnehmen zu können, sind die Achskörper mit verdickten Lagersitzen versehen, denen gegenüber die Achsstummel zur Radaufnahme abgesetzt sind. Zur Gewichtsreduktion wird ein erweiterter Innendurchmesser des hohlen Achskörpers zwischen den Lagersitzen gefordert, was zu einer spanabhebenden Bohrbearbeitung der Achskörper führt. Dies gilt auch für den Fall, dass diese Achskörper vor dem Bohren durch einen Schmiedevorgang hergestellt worden sind. Die spanabhebende Bearbeitung der Radachsen ist jedoch aufwendig und bringt unter Umständen die Gefahr mit sich, dass aufgrund der Kerbwirkungen der durch die spanabhebende Bearbeitung bedingten Oberflächenstruktur die Dauerfestigkeit der Radachsen leidet. Darstellung der Erfindung In order to be able to check the wheel axles of a railway carriage with the aid of ultrasound, it is necessary to provide hollow axle bodies into which an ultrasonic head can be inserted. In order to absorb the axle loads, the axle bodies are provided with thickened bearing seats, opposite which the stub axles are offset from the wheel. To reduce weight, an extended inner diameter of the hollow axle body between the bearing seats is required, which leads to a machining boring of the axle body. This also applies to the case where these axle bodies have been produced by a forging process prior to drilling. However, the machining of the wheel axles is complicated and may involve the risk that the fatigue strength of the wheel axles suffers due to the notch effects of the surface structure caused by the machining. Presentation of the invention
Der Erfindung liegt somit die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Radachsen, insbesondere für Eisenbahnwagen, der eingangs geschilderten Art so auszugestalten, dass eine vorteilhafte spanlose Bearbeitung des Achskörpers ermöglicht wird. The invention is therefore based on the object, a method for the production of wheel axles, in particular for railway cars, of the type described in such a way that an advantageous non-cutting machining of the axle body is made possible.
Die Erfindung löst die gestellte Aufgabe dadurch, dass ein hohler Schmiederohling mit einem zumindest dem erweiterten Innendurchmesser des Achskörpers entsprechenden Innendurchmesser unter Einsatz eines Schmiededorns mit einem Formabschnitt für den erweiterten Innendurchmesser des Achskörpers in Achsrichtung fortschreitend geschmiedet wird, bevor der Formabschnitt für den erweiterten Innendurchmesser aus einem Ende des hohlen Schmiederohlings herausgezogen und der noch ungeschmiedete Abschnitt des Schmiederohlings mit dem kleineren Innendurchmesser mit Hilfe eines Schmiededorns mit einem Formabschnitt für den kleineren Innendurchmesser des Schmiederohlings geschmiedet wird. The invention achieves the stated object by forging a hollow forging blank having an inner diameter corresponding at least to the enlarged inner diameter of the axle body in the axial direction, using a forging mandrel having a shaped section for the enlarged inner diameter of the axle body, before the extended inner diameter forming section is made from a Extracted from the end of the hollow forging blank and the forged portion of the forging blank with the smaller inner diameter is forged by means of a forging mandrel with a smaller inner diameter section of the forging blank.
Da von einem hohlen Schmiederohling ausgegangen wird, ergeben sich vorteilhafte Voraussetzungen für die Herstellung des hohlen Achskörpers durch ein Schmieden sowohl der Innen- als auch der Außenform. Die Formabschnitte zumindest eines Schmiededorns entsprechend dem Innendurchmesser der Achsstummel einerseits und entsprechend dem erweiterten Innendurchmesser zwischen den beiden Lagersitzen anderseits erlaubt das Schmieden eines Achskörpers mit einem bezüglich seines Durchmessers abgesetzten Hohlraum, wenn nach dem Schmieden des Achskörperabschnitts mit dem erweiterten Innendurchmesser der hiefür eingesetzte Formabschnitt des Schmiededorns soweit aus dem Schmiederohling herausgezogen wird, dass dieser Formabschnitt für den erweiterten Innendurchmesser außerhalb des Schmiederohlings zu liegen kommt, sodass dann mit Hilfe eines an den kleineren Innendurchmesser angepassten Formabschnitts eines Schmiededorns zumindest der Achsstum- mel an dem Ende geschmiedet werden kann, aus dem der Formabschnitt für den größeren Innendurchmesser herausgezogen wurde. Since it is assumed that a hollow forging blank, advantageous conditions for the production of the hollow axle body arise by forging both the inner and the outer mold. The mold sections of at least one forging mandrel according to the inner diameter of the stub axle on the one hand and according to the expanded inner diameter between the two bearing seats on the other hand allows the forging of an axle body with a cavity offset in diameter, if, after forging the Achskörperabschnitts with the expanded inner diameter of the mold section used for this forging mandrel if it is pulled out of the forging blank, that this shaped section for the expanded inside diameter comes to lie outside of the forging blank, so that then with the help of adapted to the smaller inner diameter molding section of a forging mandrel at least the Achsstum- mel can be forged at the end from which the molding section for the larger inner diameter has been pulled out.
Wird zunächst nur der Abschnitt des Achskörpers mit dem größeren Innendurchmesser geschmiedet, so müssen im Anschluss daran die beiden Achsstummel an den gegenüberliegenden Enden des Achskörpers geschmiedet werden, was einen gesonderten Dorn mit einem an den kleineren Innendurchmesser angepassten Formabschnitt bedingt. Günstigere Verhältnisse ergeben sich jedoch, wenn der hohle Schmiederohling ausgehend von einem Ende durchgehend bis zum anderen Ende unter Einsatz eines Schmiededorns mit zwei Formabschnitten entsprechend den unterschiedlichen Innendurchmessern des Achskörpers fortschreitend geschmiedet wird. Ein solcher Schmiededorn ermöglicht nämlich, dass zunächst ein Achsstummel mit dem daran anschließenden, verdickten Lagersitz über den gestuften Schmiededorn geschmiedet wird, und zwar unter einer relativen Vorschubbewegung des Schmiededorns und des Schmiederohlings gegenüber den Schmiedewerkzeugen. Das anschließende Schmieden des Achskörperabschnitts mit dem erweiterten Innendurchmesser zwischen den beiden Lagersitzen bedarf einer axialen Relativbewegung zwischen dem Schmiederohling und dem Schmiededorn, wenn der Formabschnitt des Schmiededorns für den erweiterten Innendurchmesser eine kürzere axiale Länge als der Achskörperabschnitt mit dem erweiterten Innendurchmesser aufweist. Zum abschließenden Schmieden des zweiten Achsstummels ist der Schmiededorn soweit aus dem Schmiederohling herauszuziehen, dass nur der Formabschnitt mit dem an den Innendurchmesser der Achsstummel angepassten Außendurchmesser in den weitgehend bearbeitenden Schmiederohling eingreift, sodass sich für das Schmieden dieses Achsstummels eine entsprechende Abstützung auf dem abgesetzten Formabschnitt des gestuften Schmiededorns ergibt. Der Übergang vom erweiterten Innendurchmesser zum Innendurchmesser dieses zuletzt geschmiedeten Achsstummels stellt sich aufgrund einer fehlenden Abstützung im Innenbereich ein weitgehend freier Werkstofffluss ein. Die freie Formung des Übergangsbereichs spielt aber weder für die Belastbarkeit noch für die Prüfung der Radachse mit Hilfe von Ultraschall eine Rolle If initially only the section of the axle body with the larger inside diameter is forged, then the two axle stubs must be forged at the opposite ends of the axle body, which requires a separate mandrel with a shaped section adapted to the smaller inside diameter. Cheaper conditions arise, however, when the hollow forging blank is progressively forged from one end to the other end using a forging mandrel with two mold sections corresponding to the different inner diameters of the axle body progressively. Namely, such a forging mandrel makes it possible to first forge a stub axle with the adjoining, thickened bearing seat over the stepped forging mandrel, specifically under a relative advancing movement of the forging mandrel and the forging blanket relative to the forging tools. The subsequent forging of the Achskörperabschnitts with the expanded inner diameter between the two bearing seats requires axial relative movement between the forging blank and the forging mandrel when the molding portion of the wrought mandrel for the extended inner diameter has a shorter axial length than the Achskörperabschnitt with the expanded inner diameter. For the final forging of the second stub axle of the forging mandrel is far enough to pull out of the forging blank that only the mold portion engages with the matched to the inner diameter of the stub axle outer diameter in the largely processed forging blank, so that for the forging of this stub axle a corresponding support on the stepped mold section of graded forge. The transition from the extended inner diameter to the inner diameter of this last-forged stub axle is due to a lack of support in the interior of a largely free flow of material. However, the free shaping of the transition area plays neither for the load capacity nor for the examination of the wheel axle with the help of ultrasound a role
Der Schmiederohling kann beispielsweise aus einem Vollmaterial durch ein Lochen in bekannter Weise hergestellt werden, wobei beim Lochen die verdickten Lagersitze mit einem größeren Außendurchmesser geschmiedet werden, bevor der auf diese Weise hergestellte Schmiederohling dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren zum Schmieden des Achskörpers unterworfen wird. Es ist aber auch möglich, einen gepressten Hohlkörper oder ein nahtloses Rohr als Schmiederohling einzusetzen. Während im Allgemeinen gepresste Hohlkörper ohne weiteres mit einer für die Ausbildung der verdickten Lagersitze ausreichenden Wanddicke vorgesehen werden können, können größere Wanddicken für nahtlose Rohre Schwierigkeiten bereiten. Aus diesem Grunde kann es vorteilhaft sein, dass der Schmiederohling vor dem Schmieden im Bereich der verdickten Lagersitze angestaucht wird. Ein solches Anstauchen im Bereich der verdickten Lagersitze hat den Vorteil, dass im Bereich außerhalb dieser Lagersitze eine geringere Schmiedeverformung erforderlich wird. The forging blank may for example be made of a solid material by a punching in a known manner, wherein the thickened bearing seats are forged with a larger outside diameter before punching the forging blank produced in this way is subjected to the inventive method for forging the axle body. But it is also possible to use a pressed hollow body or a seamless tube as forging blank. While generally pressed hollow bodies can readily be provided with a wall thickness sufficient to form the thickened bearing seats, larger wall thicknesses can create difficulties for seamless tubes. For this reason, it may be advantageous that the forging blank is upset before forging in the thickened bearing seats. Such upsetting in the area of the thickened bearing seats has the advantage that less forging deformation is required in the area outside of these bearing seats.
Die zum Schmiedeverformen aufgewärmten Schmiederohlinge neigen zur Zunderbildung. Während die Entzunderung beim Schmieden der Außenfläche selbständig erfolgt, können Zunderbildungen im Innenbereich des späteren hohlen Achskörpers zu Beeinträchtigungen der Oberflächengüte im Hohlraum der Radachsen führen. Um diesen Nachteil zu vermeiden, kann die Innenfläche des hohlen Schmiederohlings vor dem Schmieden entzundert werden, beispielsweise mit Hilfe eines in den hohlen Schmiederohling einführbaren Dorns, der als Bürste ausgebildet oder mit Schabern für den mechanischen Abtrag von Zunderschichten versehen sein kann. Zur Unterstützung der Entzunderung kann aber auch Wasser unter Hochdruck in den hohlen Schmiederohling eingesprüht werden, und zwar vorteilhaft über den Entzunderungsdorn. Mit der Entzunderung der Innenfläche des hohlen Schmiederohlings wird jedoch noch nicht die Gefahr einer neuerlichen Zunderbildung während des Schmiedevorgangs gebannt. Aus diesem Grund kann über den Schmiededorn ein Schutz- mittel gegen eine Verzunderung in den Hohlraum des Schmiederohlings eingebracht werden. Als Schutzmittel kann ein Schutzgas oder eine Schutzflüssigkeit dienen. Es ist aber auch möglich, Legierungs- bzw. Beschichtungsmittel auf die Innenfläche des Schmiederohlings aufzubringen, die eine weitere Zunderbildung unterbinden. The forgings heated up for forging are prone to scale. While the descaling takes place automatically when forging the outer surface, scaling in the interior of the later hollow axle body can lead to impairments of the surface quality in the cavity of the wheel axles. To avoid this disadvantage, the inner surface of the hollow forging blank may be descaled before forging, for example by means of a mandrel insertable into the hollow forging blank, which may be formed as a brush or provided with scrapers for the mechanical removal of scale layers. However, to assist the descaling, water can also be sprayed under high pressure into the hollow forging blank, advantageously via the descaling mandrel. With the descaling of the inner surface of the hollow forging blank, however, the danger of a renewed scaling during the forging process is not yet banned. For this reason, a protective be introduced medium against a scaling in the cavity of the forging blank. As protection can serve a protective gas or a protective liquid. But it is also possible to apply alloy or coating agent on the inner surface of the forging blank, which prevent further scale formation.
Wird der Hohlraum des Schmiederohlings während des Schmiedevorgangs endseitig zumindest im Wesentlichen verschlossen, so kann in einfacher Weise der Austritt des über den Schmiededorn eingebrachten Schutzmittels aus dem Hohlraum des Schmiederohlings vermieden werden, womit hinsichtlich der Unterdrückung einer Zunderbildung vorteilhafte Verfahrensbedingungen erreicht werden können. If the cavity of the forging blank is at least substantially closed at the end during the forging process, then the escape of the protective agent introduced via the forge mandrel from the cavity of the forging blank can be avoided in a simple manner, whereby advantageous process conditions can be achieved with regard to the suppression of scale formation.
Kurze Beschreibung der Zeichnung Short description of the drawing
Anhand der Zeichnung wird das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren näher erläutert. Es zeigen Reference to the drawing, the inventive method is explained in detail. Show it
Fig. 1 eine herzustellende Radachse in einem vereinfachten Längsschnitt, Fig. 2 eine Schmiedevorrichtung zur Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Ver-fahrens zum Herstellen von Radachsen gemäß Fig. 1 , insbesondere für Eisenbahnwagen, in einer schematischen, zum Teil aufgerissenen Seitenansicht und die 1 shows a wheel axle to be produced in a simplified longitudinal section, FIG. 2 shows a forging apparatus for carrying out the method according to the invention for producing wheel axles according to FIG. 1, in particular for railway carriages, in a schematic side view, partly torn open and FIG
Fig. 3 bis 6 diese Schmiedevorrichtung ausschnittsweise im Bereich zwischen den beiden Spannköpfen beidseits der Schmiedewerkzeuge in einem schematischen Längsschnitt in verschiedenen Arbeitsstellungen. Fig. 3 to 6, this forging device fragmentary in the area between the two clamping heads on both sides of the forging tools in a schematic longitudinal section in different working positions.
Weg zur Ausführung der Erfindung Way to carry out the invention
Wie der Fig. 1 entnommen werden kann, weist die zu schmiedende Radachse einen durchgehend hohlen Achskörper 1 mit zwei verdickten Lagersitzen 2 und mit gegenüber diesen Lagersitzen 2 abgesetzten Achsstummeln 3 zur Radauf- nähme auf. Der Achskörperabschnitt 4 zwischen den beiden Lagersitzen 2, der mit einem gegenüber den Lagersitzen 2 verringerten Außendurchmesser versehen ist, bildet einen zylindrischen Hohlraum 5 mit einem gegenüber dem Innendurchmesser der zylindrischen Hohlräume 6 der Achsstummel 3 erweiterten Innendurchmesser. As can be seen from FIG. 1, the wheel axle to be forged has a hollow axle body 1 with two thickened bearing seats 2 and with stub axles 3 offset from these bearing seats 2 for wheel suspension. take up. The Achskörperabschnitt 4 between the two bearing seats 2, which is provided with a relation to the bearing seats 2 reduced outer diameter, forms a cylindrical cavity 5 with an opposite the inner diameter of the cylindrical cavities 6 of the stub axle 3 expanded inner diameter.
Die dargestellte Vorrichtung zum Herstellen einer Radachse für Eisenbahnwagen mit einem Achskörper 1 entsprechend der Fig. 1 umfasst gemäß der Fig. 2 in herkömmlicher Weise einander paarweise gegenüberliegende Schmiedewerkzeuge 7, beispielsweise in Form von Schmiedehämmern, zwischen denen der rohrförmige Schmiederohling 8 unter einem gleichzeitigen Drehen um seine Achse zu seiner Bearbeitung axial durchgefördert wird. Zu diesem Zweck sind beidseits der Schmiedewerkzeuge 7 Spannköpfe 9, 10 vorgesehen, die in je einem Gehäuse 11 drehbar gelagert sind und mit Hilfe der Gehäuse 11 entlang eines Führungsbettes 12 verfahren werden können. Der intermittierende Drehantrieb für die Spannköpfe 9, 10 ist aus Übersichtlichkeitsgründen nicht dargestellt. The illustrated apparatus for producing a wheel axle for railway cars with an axle 1 according to the Fig. 1 comprises according to FIG. 2 in a conventional manner pairwise opposed forging tools 7, for example in the form of forging hammers, between which the tubular forging blank 8 with a simultaneous rotation to its axis is conveyed through axially to its processing. For this purpose, 7 clamping heads 9, 10 are provided on both sides of the forging tools, which are rotatably mounted in a respective housing 11 and with the aid of the housing 11 along a guide bed 12 can be moved. The intermittent rotary drive for the clamping heads 9, 10 is not shown for reasons of clarity.
Im Gehäuse 11 für den Spannkopf 9 ist ein gestufter Schmiededorn 13 axial verstellbar gelagert, der einen endseitigen Formabschnitt 14 mit einem dem Innendurchmesser der Achsstummel 3 entsprechenden Außendurchmesser und einen daran anschließenden Formabschnitt 15 für den erweiterten zylindrischen Hohlraum 5 des Achskörperabschnitts 4 ausbildet. Dem gegenüberliegenden Spannkopf 10 ist ein ebenfalls axial verstellbarer Dorn 16 zugeordnet, der zum Entzundern der Innenfläche des hohlen Schmiederohlings 8 dient und beispielsweise einen Bürstenkopf 17 trägt, der zusätzlich mit nicht dargestellten Düsen zur Beaufschlagung der Innenfläche des hohlen Schmiederohlings 8 mit Wasser unter hohem Druck zur Unterstützung der Entzunderung der Innenfläche des Schmiederohlings 8 ausgerüstet werden kann. In the housing 11 for the clamping head 9, a stepped forging mandrel 13 is mounted axially adjustable, which forms an end-side mold portion 14 with an inner diameter of the stub axle 3 corresponding outer diameter and an adjoining mold portion 15 for the enlarged cylindrical cavity 5 of the Achskörperabschnitts 4. The opposite chuck 10 is associated with a likewise axially adjustable mandrel 16, which serves for descaling the inner surface of the hollow forging blank 8 and for example, a brush head 17 carries, in addition to nozzles not shown for acting on the inner surface of the hollow forging blanket 8 with water under high pressure Support the descaling of the inner surface of the forging blank 8 can be equipped.
Zum Schmieden eines Achskörpers 1 gemäß der Fig. 1 wird ein hohler, rohr- förmiger Schmiederohling 8 eingesetzt, der im gewählten Ausführungsbeispiel einen an die Abmessungen der Lagersitze 2 des Achskörpers 1 angepassten Außendurchmesser mit einer entsprechenden Wanddicke aufweist. Dieser Schmiederohling 8 wird nach einer entsprechenden Erwärmung auf eine vorgegebene Schmiedetemperatur im Spannkopf 9 eingespannt und axial gegen den gegenüberliegenden Spannkopf 10 vorgeschoben, um seine Innenfläche mit Hilfe des Bürstenkopfs 17 zu entzundern, der über den Dorn 16 in den hohlen Schmiederohling 8 eingestoßen wird, wie dies in der Fig. 2 durch einen Pfeil angedeutet ist. Nach dem vorzugsweise durch das Eindüsen von Hochdruckwasser unterstützten Entzunderungsvorgang wird der Bürstenkopf 17 aus dem Schmiederohling 8 zurückgezogen und der gestufte Schmiededorn 13 zum Schmieden des dem Spannkopf 9 gegenüberliegenden Achsstummels 3 in den Schmiederohling 8 eingeführt. In der Fig. 3 ist diese Schmiededornstellung zum Schmieden des Achsstummels 3 dargestellt. Unter einem intermittierenden Drehen des Schmiederohlings 8 und einem entsprechenden Schmiedevorschub über das den Spannkopf 9 aufnehmende Gehäuse 1 entlang des Führungsbetts 12 kann somit der dem Spannkopf 9 gegenüberliegenden Achsstummel 3 über den Formabschnitt 14 des Schmiededorns 13 geschmiedet werden, um den anschließenden Lagersitz 2 bei unveränderter Relativlage des Schmiededorns 13 gegenüber dem Schmiederohling 8 zu schmieden. For forging an axle body 1 according to FIG. 1, a hollow, tubular forging blank 8 is used, which in the selected embodiment Having an adapted to the dimensions of the bearing seats 2 of the axle body 1 outer diameter with a corresponding wall thickness. This forging blank 8 is clamped after a corresponding heating to a predetermined forging temperature in the chuck 9 and axially advanced against the opposite chuck 10 to descaling its inner surface by means of the brush head 17 which is pushed over the mandrel 16 in the hollow forging blank 8, such as this is indicated in Fig. 2 by an arrow. After preferably supported by the injection of high-pressure water descaling the brush head 17 is withdrawn from the forging blank 8 and the stepped forging mandrel 13 for forging the chuck head 9 opposite stub axle 3 introduced into the forging blank 8. In Fig. 3, this Schmiededornstellung is shown forging the stub axle 3. Under an intermittent rotation of the forging blank 8 and a corresponding forging advance on the chuck 9 receiving housing 1 along the guide bed 12 thus the chuck 3 opposite stub axle 3 can be forged over the mold section 14 of the forging mandrel 13 to the subsequent bearing seat 2 with unchanged relative position forging the forging mandrel 13 opposite the forging blank 8.
Das Schmieden des an den Lagersitz 2 anschließenden Achskörperabschnitts 4 mit dem erweiterten zylindrischen Hohlraum 5 erfordert eine Reduzierung des Außendurchmessers des Formrohlings 8. Der den Innendurchmesser des erweiterten Hohlraums 5 bestimmende Formabschnitt 15 des Schmiededorns 16 ist dabei gegenüber dem Schmiedebereich festzuhalten, was bei einem axialen Schmiedevorschub des Schmiederohlings 8 durch den Spannkopf 9 ein dem Schmiedevorschub entsprechendes Zurückziehen des Schmiededorns 13 bedingt, um den Schmiederohling 8 während des Schmiedevorgangs am Formabschnitt 15 des Schmiededorns 13 abstützen zu können. Gemäß der Fig. 4 kann nach dem Schmieden des Achskörperabschnitts 4 zwischen den beiden Lagersitzen 2 des Achskörpers 1 der dem Spannkopf 9 nähere Lagersitz 2 geschmiedet werden, und zwar über den Formabschnitt 15 des Schmiededorns 13, wie dies der Fig. 5 entnommen werden kann. Zumindest für diesen Schmiedevorgang muss der Spannkopf 10 den Vorschubantrieb für den Schmiederohiing 8 übernehmen, um die Schmiedewerkzeuge 7 unbehindert durch den Spannkopf 9 einsetzen zu können. The forging of the adjoining the bearing seat 2 Achskörperabschnitts 4 with the extended cylindrical cavity 5 requires a reduction of the outer diameter of the mold blank 8. The inner diameter of the enlarged cavity 5 defining mold portion 15 of the forged mandrel 16 is to hold against the forging area, resulting in an axial forging advance of the forging blank 8 by the chuck 9 a forging corresponding retraction of the forging mandrel 13 conditions to support the forging blank 8 during the forging process on the mold section 15 of the forging mandrel 13 can. According to FIG. 4, after the forging of the axle body section 4 between the two bearing seats 2 of the axle body 1, the bearing head 2 closer to the clamping head 9 can be forged, specifically via the mold section 15 of the forging mandrel 13, as can be seen in FIG. 5. At least for this forging process, the chuck 10 must take over the feed drive for the Schmiederohiing 8 in order to use the forging tools 7 unhindered by the chuck 9 can.
Zum abschließenden Schmieden des Achsstummels 3 ist jedoch der Formabschnitt 15 des Schmiededorns 13 aus dem Schmiederohling 8 vollständig herauszuziehen, damit der verbleibende Achsstummel 3 über den abgesetzten Formabschnitt 14 des Schmiededorns 15 geschmiedet werden kann. In der Fig. 6 ist dieser Verformungsschritt dargestellt. Zum Unterschied zum Achsstummel 3 auf der dem Spannkopf 9 gegenüberliegenden Seite bildet sich der Übergang vom erweiterten Hohlraum 5 des Achskörperabschnitts 4 zum Hohlraum 6 des Achsstummels 3 auf der Seite des Spannkopfs 9 durch ein im Wesentlichen freies Fließen des Werkstoffs aus. Dies bringt aber keine Nachteile weder für die Belastbarkeit der Radachse noch für die Ultraschallüberprüfung mit sich. For the final forging of the stub axle 3, however, the mold section 15 of the forging mandrel 13 is completely pulled out of the forging blank 8, so that the remaining stub axle 3 can be forged over the stepped mold section 14 of the forging mandrel 15. In Fig. 6 this deformation step is shown. In contrast to the stub axle 3 on the opposite side of the clamping head 9, the transition from the enlarged cavity 5 of the Achskörperabschnitts 4 to the cavity 6 of the stub axle 3 on the side of the clamping head 9 formed by a substantially free flow of the material. But this brings no disadvantages neither for the load capacity of the wheel axle nor for the ultrasound examination with it.
Um die Gefahr einer neuerlichen Zunderbildung während des Schmiedevorgangs zu unterbinden, kann durch den Schmiededorn 15 ein entsprechendes Schutzmittel in den hohlen Schmiederohling 8 eingebracht werden. Eine entsprechende Schutzmittelleitung 18 durch den Schmiededorn 13 ist strichpunktiert angedeutet. Als Schutzmittel kann Schutzgas, aber auch eine Schutzflüssigkeit eingesetzt werden. Es ist aber auch möglich, die Innenfläche des Schmiederohlings 8 durch eine Schutzschicht abzudecken, die eine Zunderbildung unterbindet. Damit ein in den hohlen Schmiederohling 8 eingebrachtes Schutzmittel nicht ohne weiteres aus dem Schmiederohling 8 austreten kann, kann der hohle Schmiederohling 8 stirnseitig verschlossen werden. Gemäß den Fig. 4 bis 6 wird zu diesem Zweck der Bürstenkopf 14 des Dorns 16 eingesetzt. Auf der gegenüberliegenden Stirnseite des Schmiederohlings könnte ein in den Fig. 3 und 4 strichpunktiert angedeuteter, vom Schmiededorn 13 durchsetzter Deckel 9 vorgesehen werden. Die Erfindung ist selbstverständlich nicht auf das dargestellte Ausführungsbeispiel beschränkt. So könnte ein rohrförmiger Schmiederohling 8 eingesetzt werden, dessen Außendurchmesser dem Außendurchmesser des Achskörperabschnitts 4 zwischen den Lagersitzen 2 entspricht. Die verdickten Lagersitze 2 müssten in diesem Fall dadurch berücksichtigt werden, dass der Schmiederohling 8 in ihrem Bereich entsprechend angestaucht wird. Der hohle Schmiederohling 8 könnte aber auch auf der Schmiedevorrichtung selbst hergestellt werden, indem ein volles Ausgangsmaterial zunächst in herkömmlicher Weise mit Hilfe eines Lochdorns gelocht wird. In order to prevent the risk of renewed scale formation during the forging process, a corresponding protective agent can be introduced into the hollow forging blank 8 by the forging mandrel 15. A corresponding protective conduit 18 through the forging mandrel 13 is indicated by dash-dotted lines. Protective gas, but also a protective liquid can be used as protective agent. But it is also possible to cover the inner surface of the forging blank 8 by a protective layer, which prevents a scale formation. So that a protective means introduced into the hollow forging blank 8 can not easily escape from the forging blank 8, the hollow forging blank 8 can be closed at the end. According to FIGS. 4 to 6, the brush head 14 of the mandrel 16 is used for this purpose. On the opposite end face of the forging blank could be provided in Figs. 3 and 4 dash-dotted lines indicated, enforced by the forging mandrel 13 lid. The invention is of course not limited to the illustrated embodiment. Thus, a tubular Schmiederohling 8 could be used, whose outer diameter corresponds to the outer diameter of the Achskörperabschnitts 4 between the bearing seats 2. The thickened bearing seats 2 would have to be taken into account in this case that the forging blank 8 is correspondingly upset in their area. However, the hollow forging blank 8 could also be produced on the forging device itself by initially punching a full starting material in a conventional manner with the aid of a perforated mandrel.

Claims

P a t e n t a n s p r ü c h e Patent claims
1. Verfahren zum Herstellen von Radachsen, insbesondere für Eisenbahnwagen, mit einem hohlen Achskörper (1), der gegenüber verdickten Lagersitzen (2) abgesetzte Achsstummel (3) zur Radaufnahme bildet und einen gegenüber einem erweiterten Innendurchmesser zwischen den Lagersitzen (2) kleineren Innendurchmesser für die Achsstummel (3) aufweist, wobei die Außenform des Achskörpers (1) geschmiedet wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass ein hohler Schmiederohling (8) mit einem zumindest dem erweiterten Innendurchmesser des Achskörpers (1) entsprechenden Innendurchmesser unter Einsatz eines Schmiededorns (13) mit einem Formabschnitt (15) für den erweiterten Innendurchmesser des Achskörpers (1) in Achsrichtung fortschreitend geschmiedet wird, bevor der Formabschnitt (15) für den erweiterten Innendurchmesser aus einem Ende des hohlen Schmiederohlings (8) herausgezogen und der noch ungeschmiedete Abschnitt des Schmiederohlings (8) mit dem kleineren Innendurchmesser mit Hilfe eines Schmiededorns (13) mit einem Formabschnitt (14) für den kleineren Innendurchmesser des Schmiederohlings (8) geschmiedet wird. 1. A method for producing wheel axles, in particular for railway cars, with a hollow axle body (1) opposite the thickened bearing seats (2) remote stub axle (3) forms the wheel and an opposite an enlarged inner diameter between the bearing seats (2) smaller inner diameter the axle stub (3), wherein the outer shape of the axle body (1) is forged, characterized in that a hollow forging blank (8) with an at least the extended inner diameter of the axle body (1) corresponding inner diameter using a forging mandrel (13) with a For the expanded inner diameter of the axle body (1) is forged progressively in the axial direction, before the extended inner diameter molding section (15) pulled out of one end of the hollow forging blank (8) and the still unfused portion of the forging blank (8) with the smaller inner diameter with the help of a Schmie dedorns (13) is forged with a molding portion (14) for the smaller inner diameter of the forging blank (8).
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der hohle Schmiederohling (8) ausgehend von einem Ende durchgehend bis zum anderen Ende unter Einsatz eines Schmiededorns (13) mit zwei Formabschnitten (14, 15) entsprechend den unterschiedlichen Innendurchmessern des Achskörpers (1) fortschreitend geschmiedet wird. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the hollow forging blank (8), starting from one end continuously to the other end using a forging mandrel (13) with two mold sections (14, 15) corresponding to the different inner diameters of the axle body (1). progressively forged.
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Schmiederohling (8) vor dem Schmieden im Bereich der verdickten Lagersitze (2) angestaucht wird. 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the forging blank (8) is upset before forging in the region of the thickened bearing seats (2).
4. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass vor dem Schmieden die Innenfläche des hohlen Schmiederohlings (8) entzundert wird. 4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that before forging the inner surface of the hollow forging blank (8) is descaled.
5. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass über den Schmiededorn (13) ein Schutzmittel gegen eine Verzunderung in den Hohlraum des Schmiederohlings (8) eingebracht wird. 5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that on the forging mandrel (13) a protective agent against a scaling in the cavity of the forging blank (8) is introduced.
6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Hohlraum des Schmiederohlings (8) während des Schmiedevorgangs endseitig verschlossen wird. 6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that the cavity of the forging blank (8) is closed at the end during the forging process.
EP11714912.0A 2010-03-29 2011-03-24 Process for manufacturing wheel axles, in particular for railway carriages Revoked EP2552614B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ATA497/2010A AT509642B1 (en) 2010-03-29 2010-03-29 METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF WHEEL AXES, ESPECIALLY FOR RAILWAY CARTS
PCT/AT2011/000145 WO2011120062A1 (en) 2010-03-29 2011-03-24 Method for producing wheel axles, in particular for railway carriages

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EP2552614A1 true EP2552614A1 (en) 2013-02-06
EP2552614B1 EP2552614B1 (en) 2017-07-12

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AT (1) AT509642B1 (en)
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DE102013226929A1 (en) * 2013-12-20 2015-06-25 Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft Method and device for producing a hollow shaft by radial forming and hollow shaft produced therewith
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DE102014218766A1 (en) * 2014-09-18 2016-03-24 Zf Friedrichshafen Ag Shaft, gearbox and method for producing a shaft
DE102014218768A1 (en) * 2014-09-18 2016-03-24 Zf Friedrichshafen Ag Shaft, gearbox and method for producing a shaft
CN107413884B (en) * 2017-05-11 2019-12-27 泰州驰骏智能设备有限公司 A device that contracts in for pipe part

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EP2552614B1 (en) 2017-07-12
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WO2011120062A1 (en) 2011-10-06
RU2012145872A (en) 2014-05-10
BR112012024426A2 (en) 2016-05-31
UA107959C2 (en) 2015-03-10
AT509642A1 (en) 2011-10-15
RU2538136C2 (en) 2015-01-10
AT509642B1 (en) 2013-03-15

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