EP2517264A2

EP2517264A2 - Construction component

Info

Publication number: EP2517264A2
Application number: EP10798808A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Gerd Hauser; Peter Schiffke
Original assignee: Schwenk Dammtechnik & Co KG GmbH; Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Current assignee: BACHL DAEMMTECHNIK GMBH & CO. KG; Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Priority date: 2009-12-22
Filing date: 2010-12-21
Publication date: 2012-10-31
Also published as: DE102009060401A1; WO2011080169A2; WO2011080169A3

Abstract

The invention relates to a construction component having at least one insulation layer comprising a first face and a second face, at least one heat exchanger comprising a first face and a second face, and at least one photovoltaic cell comprising a first face and a second face, wherein the first face of the heat exchanger is disposed on the second face of the insulation layer, and the first face of the photovoltaic cell is disposed on the second face of the heat exchanger, and the surface area of the photovoltaic cell facing the solar radiation is greater than or equal to the surface area of the heat exchanger facing the solar radiation, and/or the photovoltaic cell completely covers the heat exchanger.

Description

module

The invention relates to a component which can be used for roofing or as a facade element and which has at least one DämmstoffSchicht having a first side and a second side, at least one heat exchanger, which has a first side and a second side, and at least one photovoltaic cell , which has a first side and a second side, wherein the first side of the heat exchanger is arranged on the second side of the insulating material layer and the first side of the photovoltaic cell is arranged on the second side of the heat exchanger.

From WO 01/69688 Al is known to install photovoltaic elements by means of a holding device on the outside of the roof of a building. In this way, the incident on the roof surface solar energy can be converted into electricity. However, this approach has the disadvantage that the photovoltaic elements are strongly heated due to the incoming solar radiation. This leads to a reduction in the efficiency and therefore to a lower yield of electrical energy.

The object of the present invention is therefore to provide a photovoltaic element, which has a

compared to the prior art increased efficiency up has. Furthermore, the object of the invention is to reduce the assembly costs for a photovoltaic element, a solar thermal energy production and thermal insulation.

The object is achieved by a device according to claim 1 or a device according to claim 2. According to the invention, it is proposed to combine a photovoltaic cell with a heat exchanger, so that the photovoltaic cell is less strongly heated during operation and the waste of the efficiency caused by the heating is at least attenuated. The heat exchanger may include a phase change material that receives the heat emitted by the photovoltaic cell at approximately constant temperature. In other embodiments of the

In the invention, the heat exchanger may be a plate heat exchanger or a capillary tube mat in which a fluid circulates. If a fluid circulates in the heat exchanger, the amount of heat provided by this fluid can be used as useful heat, for example, for space heating, for domestic water heating or for industrial drying processes. The photovoltaic cell may completely cover the heat exchanger or the surface of the photovoltaic cell facing the solar radiation may be greater than or equal to the area of the heat exchanger facing the solar radiation. In this way, optimal cooling of the photovoltaic cell is achieved. In some embodiments of the invention, the photovoltaic cell in the infrared spectral region may be at least partially transparent, such that infrared

Radiation penetrates the photovoltaic cell and additionally heats the circulating fluid in the heat exchanger. The heat exchanger may include or consist of a capillary tube mat. This will be a compact design with

low height allows.

As a further component, the proposed device includes an insulating layer, which on the one hand prevents the escape of heat energy over the roof surface of the building and on the other hand, the unwanted heating of the building interior reduced by sunlight. In addition, the insulating layer can contribute to the mechanical stabilization of the component. The DämmstoffSchicht can be a mineral wool

and / or contain or consist of a foam glass and / or a hard foam and / or another dimensionally stable insulating material. In addition, a load-absorbing structure may be contained in the insulating layer, for example of a metal and / or an alloy and / or of glass fibers, aramid fibers or carbon fibers. As a result, the stability of the component according to the invention can be increased. For the purposes of the present invention, a dimensionally stable insulating material is understood to mean an insulating material which can absorb tensile and / or compressive stresses, the deformations remaining below a predefinable limit value. The limit value can be less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5% or less than 2% of the extent in the corresponding spatial direction.

At least the insulating layer, the heat exchanger and the photovoltaic cell are combined in a single component. Between the mentioned elements can further

Layers be arranged, for example, to improve the heat transfer or adhesive layers for non-positive connection of the insulating layer and / or the heat exchanger and / or the photovoltaic cell.

In some cases, said components of the component may be surrounded by a housing. The inventively proposed

Component can thus be used for roofing without conventional roof tiles or concrete roof tiles are needed. By covering a roof with the device according to the invention can in a single operation, a thermal insulation of the roof, a waterproof outer skin, a Photovoltaic power generation and solar thermal heat recovery can be obtained.

In some embodiments, the component may have on at least one edge a first connection element with which a first component and a second component can be connected to one another. The first connecting element may include a sealing element with which a watertight connection of the joint can be realized. The first connection element can mediate a mechanical connection between the components, so that a frictional connection between the components is made possible. The first connection element may include an electrical connection with which electrical power can be transmitted. The first connection element can mediate a connection of a fluid circuit, so that the fluid and thus thermal energy can be transmitted.

In addition, a component may have a second connecting element, with which the component can be mounted on a rafter or on a facade.

In some embodiments of the invention, the connecting element may comprise a Überblattung and / or a tongue and groove connection and / or an oblique shock. The said fasteners ensure easy

Workability of the components on the construction site. Furthermore, the said connecting elements can be designed so that the described structure of insulation layer, heat exchanger and photovoltaic cell is largely maintained at the connecting element or at the junction of two components. For this purpose, it can be provided in some embodiments of the invention that the connecting element, the insulating layer and / or the heat exchanger and / or the photovoltaic cell does not contain or that in the region of the connecting element, the DämmstoffSchicht and / or the

Heat exchanger and / or the photovoltaic cell offset from one another. In order to allow easy handling and rapid processing of the components according to the invention, in some embodiments, these may have a width of about 0.6 m to about 1.5 m and / or a length of about 3 m to about 8 m.

In some embodiments of the invention, the device may further include a support structure having a first side and a second side, wherein the second side of the support structure is connected to the first side of the insulating material layer. In this way, the mechanical stability of the device can be further increased without sacrificing the ease of processing on the site. In some embodiments of the invention, the first side of the support structure facing the interior of the building may have a decorative design, for example with a wooden surface or a paint coat, so as to provide a finished ceiling surface of the interior. As a result, the assembly effort is further reduced.

Without limiting the general inventive concept, the invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to figures and embodiments. 1 shows the top view of a device according to the invention according to a first embodiment.

Figure 2 shows the cross section through a device according to the invention according to the first embodiment. Figure 3 shows the top view of a device according to the invention according to a second embodiment.

Figure 4 shows the cross section through a device according to the invention according to the second embodiment. Figure 5 shows a cross section through an inventive

Component according to a third embodiment.

Figure 6 shows the cross section through a device according to the invention according to a fourth embodiment.

FIG. 7 shows the cross section through a component according to the invention in accordance with a fifth embodiment.

FIG. 1 shows the plan view of a component according to a first embodiment of the invention. The component 1 contains at least one insulating material layer 10, at least one heat exchanger 20 and at least one photovoltaic cell 30.

Each of the said elements, which roughly take the form of a

Prismas exposing an end face 14, 24 and 34 in the direction of the outer surface of the roof skin. In this way, both the heat exchanger 20 and the photovoltaic cell 30 each have a light entry surface, through which solar energy can penetrate into the heat exchanger and the photovoltaic cell.

The solar energy acting on the heat exchanger 20 leads to heating of the circulating in the heat exchanger fluid. In this way, a heating energy can be provided, which can be used to heat the building and / or solar water heating.

The incident on the photovoltaic cell 30 light leads to the generation of a photovoltaic current, which in Building itself can be used directly and / or fed into a public grid. Due to the finite efficiency of the photovoltaic cell 30, heat energy is likewise generated in the latter, which heat energy can be released at least partially to the heat exchanger 20 through the contact of the photovoltaic cell 30 with the heat exchanger 20. In this way, the photovoltaic cell is cooled, so that the deterioration of the efficiency due to the heating of the photovoltaic cell 30 is at least reduced. The heat energy is also available via the heat exchanger 20 as useful heat available.

FIG. 1 also shows an oblique joint 140 with which two adjacent components 1 abut one another. In this way, a larger roof area with a plurality of components 1 can be fully occupied.

FIG. 2 shows a cross section through the components according to FIG. 1. FIG. 2 shows that the plurality of insulation layers 10, heat exchangers 20 and photovoltaic cells 30 are arranged inclined to the surface normal of the component 1. The inclination angle corresponds approximately to the inclination angle of the end face 141, which forms the oblique joint 140. In this way, the arrangement of Dämmstoffschichten, heat exchangers and photovoltaic cells over the joint 140 away can be maintained almost undisturbed. It can also be seen in FIG. 2 that the arrangement of insulation layers 10, heat exchangers 20 and photovoltaic cells 30 is surrounded by a housing 40. The housing 40 has a light entry surface 42, which simultaneously forms the outer roof skin. Through the light entry surface, which for example made of glass or transparent plastic can be formed, solar energy can impinge on the photovoltaic cells 30 and the heat exchanger 20.

The housing 40 defines an interior space 43 in which the insulation layers, the heat exchangers and the photovoltaic cells are arranged. Furthermore, the interior space 43 may be insulated to produce an isolation vacuum. In other embodiments of the invention, the interior space 43 can receive holding elements with which the heat exchangers, the photovoltaic cells and the insulation layers can be fixed. For mechanical fixation, in some embodiments, a hard foam or mineral fibers may be used, which at least partially fill the cavity 43.

The light entry surface 42 opposite surface 41 may be formed as a support surface with which the component rests on the facade or on a roof structure. For this purpose, the support surface 41 may occasionally have fastening elements which allow a mechanical fixation of the component 1 on the building. In the region of the joint between a first component la and a second component lb, an oblique joint 140 is formed. This means that the end faces 141 of the components 1a and 1b are inclined at approximately the same angle to the surface normal of the light entry surface 42. In this way, the sequence of Dämmstoffschichten, heat exchangers and photovoltaic cells can run almost undisturbed through the joint. Due to the oblique impact 140, rainwater can run along the light entry surface 42, without entering the

Inside the building. For this purpose, the oblique joint 140 may have a sealing strip or a sealing surface, which the resulting gap on the end faces 141 additionally seals.

FIG. 3 shows the plan view of a component according to a second embodiment of the invention. The component according to FIG. 3 comprises a plurality of insulating elements which form an insulating layer 10. The insulating layer 10 is created by juxtaposing the individual insulating elements. The longitudinal extent of the rectangular insulating elements extends in a first direction. The length of the insulating elements may in some embodiments of the

Be different in the invention, so that in a direction orthogonal to the first direction, the joints of the insulating elements in the insulating layer 10 come to lie at different locations, similar to a parquet or glued wood. The DämmstoffSchicht 10 is arranged so that the second side 12 facing upward, ie in the direction of the outside of the roof skin.

On the second side 12 of the DämmstoffSchicht 10, a plurality of heat exchangers 20 is arranged with the first side 21. In some embodiments of the invention, the plurality of heat exchangers, which are also rectangular in plan, may be arranged so that their longitudinal extent is in a second direction different from the first direction. In some embodiments, the second direction may be orthogonal to the first direction. The heat exchangers can be adhesively bonded to the entire surface of the insulating material layer. The entire surface of the heat exchanger can correspond to the surface of the insulation layer, which in turn corresponds to the surface of the component, so that no thermal bridges form. On the second side 22 of the heat exchanger 20, the photovoltaic cells 30 are arranged with the first side 31. The photovoltaic cells 30 may also have a rectangular plan, the longitudinal extent of which, in some embodiments of the invention, may be in a third direction, which is different from the first and / or the second direction. In some embodiments, the third direction may be the same as the first direction. The entire surface of the photovoltaic cells may correspond to the surface of the heat exchanger, which in turn corresponds to the surface of the component, so that a full-surface coverage of the component with photovoltaic

Cells results. The heat exchanger is then fed heat from the environment and waste heat of the photovoltaic cells. Direct solar radiation incident on the photovoltaic cells can be at least partially converted into electrical energy by the photovoltaic cells. The portion transmitted by the photovoltaic cells can be at least partially absorbed by the underlying heat exchangers.

At the junction between a first component la and a second component lb a Überblattung 120 is executed.

FIG. 4 shows the component according to FIG. 3 in cross section. As already explained in connection with FIG. 2, the component 1 may have a housing 40. The housing 40 may include an inner side 41, with which the component 1 rests against a facade or on a roof construction. The access of solar energy to the second side 32 of the photovoltaic cell 30 is mediated by the top 42 of the housing. For this purpose, the top 42 may be made at least partially transparent.

It can also be seen from FIG. 4 that the first side 21 of the heat exchanger 20 is arranged on the second side 12 of the insulating material layer 10, and the first side 31 of the photovoltaic cell 30 on the second side 22 of FIG

Heat exchanger is arranged. Between the surfaces 21 and 12 or between the surfaces 31 and 22 adhesives and / or thermal compounds may be arranged to a mechanical

Fixing the photovoltaic cell and / or the

Heat exchanger and / or the Dämmstoffschicht to enable or to reduce the heat transfer resistance between the photovoltaic cell 30 and the heat exchanger 20.

In the region of the overlay 120, each of the components 1a and 1b has a projection 121 and 122. At the location of the respective projection, the corresponding component has a recess, so that the respective projections 121 and 122 can engage in the associated recesses. In this way, results between the projection 121 of the device la and the device lb an upper joint 124th Der

Projection 122 of the component lb forms a lower joint 123 on the underside 41 with the component la.

In projection 122, only one insulating layer 10 is arranged. A heat exchanger 20 and / or a photovoltaic cell is omitted in this longitudinal section of the component 1b.

In the upper projection 121, only one photovoltaic cell 30 is arranged. A heat exchanger 20 and / or an insulation layer 10 is omitted in this longitudinal section of the device la. By joining the first component la and the second component lb, a cross-section results in the region of the overlay 120 in which a photovoltaic element 30 comes to rest over an insulating layer 10. In this way, the formation of a thermal bridge can also be avoided in the region of the overlap 120.

FIG. 5 shows a cross section through a third embodiment of the component according to the invention. FIG. 5 also shows a housing 40, which surrounds a heat exchanger 20 and at least one photovoltaic cell 30 arranged thereon. The interior 43 of the housing 40 can, as already described above, filled with an insulating material or evacuated or filled with a protective gas. In the

Embodiment according to Figure 5, the insulating layer 10 is not an integral part of the device. For example, the component 1 shown in FIG. 5 can be combined with a thermal insulation provided by the customer. In this case, the complete structure of insulating layer, heat exchanger and photovoltaic cell only after the final assembly of the component 1 results in the building.

For connecting two components 1, an oblique impact 140 is provided in the embodiment according to FIG. In contrast to the embodiment according to FIG. 2, however, the oblique joint 140 does not extend over the entire cross-section of the housing 40 or of the component 1, but has two in the edge region

End faces 142, which are arranged approximately orthogonal to the light entrance surface 42 of the housing 40. In this way, the end face 142 can be used in a particularly simple manner for receiving a sealing material which provides a watertight and weatherproof connection of the two components 1. Furthermore, a shift of Components avoided when a force acting parallel to the surface 42 on the connection.

FIG. 6 shows a fourth embodiment of the invention. According to FIG. 6, the component 1 in turn has a housing 40. Within the housing 40 is at least one photovoltaic cell 30, an insulating layer 10, a heat exchanger 20 and a further photovoltaic cell 30.

For connecting two components 1, a tongue and groove connection 130 is provided in the embodiment according to FIG. This is formed by means of a groove 132, which is formed in the housing 40b of a first component lb. In the connection of the first component lb with the second component la engages in the groove 132 a complementarily shaped spring 131 of the second component. In the illustrated embodiment, the spring is designed approximately triangular. Of course, any other cross sections can be selected as far as the spring 131 has the complementary shape of the groove 132. As a result, both components can interlock positively. On the front side of the housing 40b and 40a is further formed an approximately vertical end face 133, which may be provided for receiving a sealing element.

In order to ensure the largest possible power-generating surface of the photovoltaic cell 30 and to minimize or avoid thermal bridges, it is provided that the insulating material layer 10, the heat exchanger 20 and the photovoltaic cell 30 have inclined end faces 14, 24 and 34, which approximately are arranged parallel to the groove 132 and the spring 131. In this way, the described layer structure of the component can also be maintained in the region of the tongue and groove connection 130. FIG. 7 shows a cross section through a fifth embodiment of the component according to the invention. The embodiments according to FIG. 7 contain an insulating layer 10, which may be made of a foam glass, a hard foam or any other insulating material known per se. Although in Figure 7, the insulating material layer 10 only as a single, im

Substantially homogeneous layer is shown, it may in some embodiments of the invention consists of several

Single layers composed. different

Single layers of the insulating layer 10 can be made of identical or different material. In addition, the insulating layer 10 may contain load-bearing structures in order to increase the mechanical stability of the component 1. On the second side 12 of the DämmstoffSchicht 10 is a

Heat exchanger 20 arranged with the first side 21. A frictional connection between the heat exchanger 20 and the insulating layer 10 can be achieved, for example, by bonding and / or by positive locking or ribbing. As already described in connection with the other embodiments of the invention, the heat exchanger 20 serves, on the one hand, for cooling the photovoltaic cells 30 arranged on its second side 22 and, optionally, for the thermal solar energy use in the component 1 provided with the component

Building.

On the second side 22 of the heat exchanger 20 is at least one photovoltaic cell with its first side 31st

arranged. The photovoltaic cell 30 has approximately the same base area as the heat exchanger 20, so that the heat exchanger 20 completely or at least almost

completely covered with photovoltaic cells 30. For this For example, the photovoltaic cells may have a rectangular cross-section, so that they have only a small size

Joint widths can be joined together.

The second side 32 of the photovoltaic cell 30 is provided in this embodiment of the invention as a light entry surface through which sunlight strikes the photovoltaic cells 30. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7, the heat exchanger 20 has no surface which

immediately facing the incoming solar radiation. Rather, the heat exchanger 20 supplied during operation of the photovoltaic cells 30 waste heat is supplied.

Furthermore, the heat exchanger 20 can make available the infrared portion of the solar spectrum as useful heat in the building when the photovoltaic cells 30 for the infrared

Radiation are at least partially transparent. When the photovoltaic cells 30 contain or consist of silicon, electromagnetic radiation meets with one

Photon energy of less than 1.1 eV substantially without or with only slight absorption on the heat exchanger 20. The second side 32 of the photovoltaic cell 30 may be provided with a coating and / or a transparent cover to provide a weatherproof outside of the device , which withstands the weather conditions during the lifetime of the roof. The lifetime may be more than 20 years, more than 40 years or more than 50 years in some embodiments of the invention.

Optionally, in some embodiments of the invention, a support structure 50 may be disposed on the first side 11 of the thermal barrier coating 10. The support structure 50 may be made of wood, a wood material or a plastic. The

Supporting structure 50 may in turn be a multilayered one Have structure. Multiple individual layers of the support structure 50 may be of identical or different material

be made. In addition, the support structure 50 a

load-bearing structure included. The load-bearing structure may consist of a metal and / or an alloy and / or of glass fibers and / or aramid fibers and / or carbon fibers and / or a wood material.

The support structure 50 may contribute to mechanical stabilization of the device 1 in some embodiments of the invention. In some embodiments of the invention, by disposing load-bearing structures in the insulation layer 10 and / or the support structure 50 and / or by the presence of the support structure 50, the component 1 can be stabilized such that the component can be used for the sole roofing. In this case, in some embodiments of the invention roof battens and / or a roof formwork and / or rafters can be completely eliminated. The inventively proposed device thus allows the simple and cost-effective production of a roof with a thermal insulation, a thermal solar use and a photovoltaic solar use in one operation.

In some embodiments of the invention, the support structure 50 may further include or consist of a vapor barrier so that moisture penetration of the insulation layer 10 is reliably avoided. In some embodiments of the invention, the first side 51 of the support structure 50

decorative, for example, by a paint, a wood veneer or an interior plaster, so that an attractive design of the attic of the building is obtained without further processing of the inside. Of course, the invention is not limited to the embodiments shown in the figures. The above description is therefore not to be considered as limiting, but as illustrative. The following claims are to be understood as meaning that a named feature is present in at least one embodiment of the invention. This does not exclude the presence of further features. If the claims and the above description define "first" and "second" features, this designation serves to distinguish two similar features, without one

To set priority.

Claims

claims

Component (1) containing

At least one insulating layer (10) having a first side (11) and a second side (12),

At least one heat exchanger (20) having a first side (21) and a second side (22), and

At least one photovoltaic cell (30) having a first side (31) and a second side (32), wherein

• the first side (21) of the heat exchanger (20) is arranged on the second side (12) of the insulating layer (10) and the first side (31) of the photovoltaic cell (30) on the second side (22) of the heat exchanger (20 ), wherein the photovoltaic cell (30) completely covers the heat exchanger.

Component (1) containing

• the first side (21) of the heat exchanger (20) is arranged on the second side (12) of the insulating layer (10) and the first side (31) of the photovoltaic cell (30) on the second side (22) of the heat exchanger (20 ), and that of solar radiation

facing surface (32) of the photovoltaic cell (30) greater than or equal to the sunlight

facing surface (22) of the heat exchanger (20).

Component according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the heat exchanger (20) comprises at least one cavity (23), in which a fluid

is circulatable.

Component according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that at least one edge (100), a connecting element (110) is formed, with which a first component (la) and a second component (lb) is connectable to each other.

Component according to claim 4, characterized in that the connecting element (110) comprises a Überblattung (120) and / or a tongue and groove connection (130) and / or an oblique bump (140).

Component according to one of claims 4 or 5, characterized in that in the region of the connecting element, the insulating layer (10) and / or the heat exchanger (20) and / or the photovoltaic cell (30) offset

are arranged to each other.

Component according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the photovoltaic cell (30) in the infrared spectral range at least partially

transparent or translucent. Component according to Claim 7, characterized in that the photovoltaic cell (30) contains or consists of silicon.

9. The component according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the photovoltaic cell (30) at least in the spectral range of about 1.5 μπι to about

50 μπι, in particular about 10 μπι to about 30 μπι, at least partially transparent.

10. The component according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that it has a width of about 0.6 m to about 1.5 m and / or a length of about 3 m to about 8 m.

11. The component according to one of claims 1 to 10, the insulating material layer (10) contains a dimensionally stable insulating material or consists thereof.

12. The component according to claim 11, characterized in that the insulating material layer (10) contains a hard foam and / or a foam glass.

13. The component according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the DämmstoffSchicht contains a load-bearing structure.

14. The component according to claim 13, characterized in that the load-bearing structure consists of a metal and / or an alloy and / or of glass fibers and / or aramid fibers and / or carbon fibers.

15. The component according to claim 1, further comprising a support structure having a first side and a second side, wherein the second side of the support structure with the first side (11) of the insulating layer (10) is connected.

16. The component according to claim 13, characterized in that the support structure (50) made of wood or a

Wood material is made.

17. Component according to one of claims 13 or 16,

characterized in that the first side (51) of the support structure (50) has a decorative design.

18. The component according to one of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that

between the second side (52) of the supporting structure (50) and the first side (11) of the insulating layer (10) and / or between the second side (12) of the insulating layer (10) and the first side (21) of the heat exchanger (20 )

and / or between the second side (22) of the

Heat exchanger (20) and the first side (31) of the photovoltaic cell (30)

an adhesive is incorporated.

19. The component according to one of claims 1 to 18, characterized in that the heat exchanger is a

Includes or consists of capillary tube mat.

20. Use of a component according to one of claims 1 to 19 for roofing and / or as a facade element