Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
  • H04N25/70—SSIS architectures; Circuits associated therewith
  • H04N25/702—SSIS architectures characterised by non-identical, non-equidistant or non-planar pixel layout
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
  • H04N23/80—Camera processing pipelines; Components thereof
  • H04N23/84—Camera processing pipelines; Components thereof for processing colour signals
  • H04N23/843—Demosaicing, e.g. interpolating colour pixel values
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
  • H04N25/10—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof for transforming different wavelengths into image signals
  • H04N25/11—Arrangement of colour filter arrays [CFA]; Filter mosaics
  • H04N25/13—Arrangement of colour filter arrays [CFA]; Filter mosaics characterised by the spectral characteristics of the filter elements
  • H04N25/133—Arrangement of colour filter arrays [CFA]; Filter mosaics characterised by the spectral characteristics of the filter elements including elements passing panchromatic light, e.g. filters passing white light
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
  • H04N25/10—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof for transforming different wavelengths into image signals
  • H04N25/11—Arrangement of colour filter arrays [CFA]; Filter mosaics
  • H04N25/13—Arrangement of colour filter arrays [CFA]; Filter mosaics characterised by the spectral characteristics of the filter elements
  • H04N25/135—Arrangement of colour filter arrays [CFA]; Filter mosaics characterised by the spectral characteristics of the filter elements based on four or more different wavelength filter elements

Definitions

• This invention relates to a two-dimensional image sensor with improved light sensitivity and interspersed pixel substitutes.
• An electronic imaging system depends on an electronic image sensor to create an electronic representation of a visual image.
• electronic image sensors include charge coupled device (CCD) image sensors and active pixel sensor (APS) devices (APS devices are often referred to as CMOS sensors because of the ability to fabricate them in a Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor process).
• CCD charge coupled device
• APS active pixel sensor
• CMOS sensors because of the ability to fabricate them in
• Image sensors are either linear or two-dimensional. Generally, these sensors have two different types of applications. The two-dimensional sensors are typically suitable for image capture devices such as digital cameras, cell phones and other applications. Linear sensors are often used for scanning documents. In either case, when color filters are employed the image sensors have reduced sensitivity.
• a linear image sensor the KLI-4104 manufactured by Eastman Kodak Company, includes four linear, single pixel wide arrays of pixels, with color filters applied to three of the arrays to make each array sensitive to either red, green, or blue in its entirety, and with no color filter array applied to the fourth array; furthermore, the three color arrays have larger pixels to compensate for the reduction in light sensitivity due to the color filters, and the fourth array has smaller pixels to capture a high resolution luminance image.
• each point in the electronic image includes a luminance value, a red value, a green value, and a blue value.
• this is a linear image sensor, it requires relative mechanical motion between the image sensor and the image in order to scan the image across the four linear arrays of pixels. This limits the speed with which the image is scanned and precludes the use of this sensor in a handheld camera or in capturing a scene that includes moving objects.
• the overall complexity, size, and cost of the system is greater due to the need for two sensors and a beam splitter. Furthermore, the beam splitter directs only half the light from the image to each sensor, limiting the improvement in photographic speed.
• 2008/0130073 there is disclosed a particular two-dimensional arrangement of pixels including some pixels with color filters and some pixels without color filters.
• This particular arrangement of pixels overcomes the shortcomings of the previously cited arrangements by providing a favorable proportion between pixels with color pixels and pixels without color filters, and by distributing the pixels with color filters in a favorable way with respect to each other and with respect to the pixels without color filters.
• a two-dimensional array of pixels includes circuitry that replaces some pixels with alternative functions.
• Erhardt, et al in commonly assigned US Patent US7,304,673, disclose substitutional pixel sites interspersed amongst the active imaging pixels of an image sensor, with the substitutional pixel sites providing data, information, or function that is different from the active imaging pixels.
• substitutional pixels are used, for example, for amplifiers, ground or power contacts, or alternative imaging functions that are different from the imaging characteristics of the active imaging pixels of the image sensor.
• Well known techniques for interpolating lost image signals due to faulty pixels are employed to interpolate the image signals that are missing due to such substitutional pixels.
• the present invention is directed to providing an image sensor having a two-dimensional array of color and panchromatic pixels that provides high sensitivity and is effective in producing full color images.
• the invention provides an image sensor for capturing a color image, comprising a two-dimensional array of pixels having a plurality of minimal repeating units wherein each repeating unit is composed of eight pixels having four panchromatic pixels, three pixels having different color responses, and one substitute pixel.
• Image sensors in accordance with the present invention are particularly suitable for low level lighting conditions, where such low level lighting conditions are the result of low scene lighting, short exposure time, small aperture, or other restriction on light reaching the sensor. They have a broad application and numerous types of image capture devices can effectively use these sensors. Additionally, image sensors in accordance with the present invention facilitate processing of the captured image to produce a final, fully color-rendered image.
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a conventional digital still camera system that can employ a conventional sensor and processing methods or the sensor and processing methods of the current invention
• FIG. 2 (prior art) is a conventional Bayer color filter array pattern showing a minimal repeating unit and a non-minimal repeating unit;
• FIG. 3 provides representative spectral quantum efficiency curves for red, green, and blue pixels, as well as a wider spectrum panchromatic quantum efficiency, all multiplied by the transmission characteristics of an infrared cut filter;
• FIGS. 4A-B shows two color filter array patterns with both panchromatic and color pixels
• FIGS. 5A-C show several minimal repeating units for color filter array patterns of the present invention
• FIGS. 6A-D show several ways to tile the minimal repeating unit of FIG. 5A;
• FIG. 7 shows a minimal repeating unit for a color filter array pattern of an alternative embodiment of the present invention employing panchromatic pixels of different photographic sensitivities;
• FIGS. 8A-B provide alternative minimal repeating units for the color filter arrays of FIGS. 5A-B that result in tiling similar to FIG. 6D;
• FIG. 9 shows the tiling arrangement for the minimal repeating unit of FIG. 8A
• FIGS. 10A-B show a minimal repeating unit for a color filter array of the present invention in which the pixels are arranged in an octagonal pattern, and includes a tiling arrangement;
• FIG. 11 A shows the spatial distribution of color samples from the tiling arrangement of FIG. 6D;
• FIG. 1 IB shows the spatial distribution of substitute pixels from the tiling arrangement of FIG. 6D;
• FIGS. 12A-E show the production of lower resolution Bayer images from an image sensor of the present invention
• FIG. 13 is a process diagram of the present invention showing the method of processing the color and panchromatic pixel data from a sensor of the present invention.
• FIG. 14 shows an arrangement of color and panchromatic pixels of the present invention with indices to support the explanation of an interpolation approach.
• FIG. 1 a block diagram of an image capture device shown as a digital camera embodying the present invention is shown. Although a digital camera will now be explained, the present invention is clearly applicable to other types of image capture devices.
• image sensor 20 converts the incident light to an electrical signal for each picture element (pixel).
• the image sensor 20 of the preferred embodiment is a charge coupled device (CCD) type or an active pixel sensor (APS) type (APS devices are often referred to as CMOS sensors because of the ability to fabricate them in a Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Process).
• CCD charge coupled device
• APS active pixel sensor
• Other types of image sensors having two-dimensional array of pixels are used provided that they employ the patterns of the present invention.
• the present invention also makes use of an image sensor 20 having a two-dimensional array of color and panchromatic pixels as will become clear later in this specification after FIG. 1 is described.
• FIGS. 5A-C Examples of the patterns of color and panchromatic pixels of the present invention that are used with the image sensor 20 are seen in FIGS. 5A-C, FIG. 7, FIG. 8A-B, and FIG. 10A-B, although other patterns are used within the spirit of the present invention.
• the amount of light reaching the sensor 20 is regulated by an iris block 14 that varies the aperture and the neutral density (ND) filter block 13 that includes one or more ND filters interposed in the optical path. Also regulating the overall light level is the time that the shutter block 18 is open.
• the exposure controller block 40 responds to the amount of light available in the scene as metered by the brightness sensor block 16 and controls all three of these regulating functions.
• the digital camera is a relatively simple point and shoot digital camera, where the shutter 18 is a relatively simple movable blade shutter, or the like, instead of the more complicated focal plane arrangement.
• the present invention can also be practiced on imaging components included in non-camera devices such as mobile phones and automotive vehicles.
• the analog signal from image sensor 20 is processed by analog signal processor 22 and applied to analog to digital (A/D) converter 24.
• Timing generator 26 produces various clocking signals to select rows and pixels and synchronizes the operation of analog signal processor 22 and A/D converter 24.
• the image sensor stage 28 includes the image sensor 20, the analog signal processor 22, the A/D converter 24, and the timing generator 26.
• the components of image sensor stage 28 is separately fabricated integrated circuits, or they are fabricated as a single integrated circuit as is commonly done with CMOS image sensors.
• the resulting stream of digital pixel values from A/D converter 24 is stored in memory 32 associated with digital signal processor (DSP) 36.
• DSP digital signal processor
• Digital signal processor 36 is one of three processors or controllers in this embodiment, in addition to system controller 50 and exposure
• controller 40 Although this partitioning of camera functional control among multiple controllers and processors is typical, these controllers or processors are combined in various ways without affecting the functional operation of the camera and the application of the present invention.
• controllers or processors can comprise one or more digital signal processor devices, microcontrollers, programmable logic devices, or other digital logic circuits. Although a combination of such controllers or processors has been described, it should be apparent that one controller or processor is designated to perform all of the needed functions. All of these variations can perform the same function and fall within the scope of this invention, and the term "processing stage" will be used as needed to encompass all of this functionality within one phrase, for example, as in processing stage 38 in FIG. 1.
• DSP 36 manipulates the digital image data in its memory 32 according to a software program permanently stored in program memory 54 and copied to memory 32 for execution during image capture. DSP 36 executes the software necessary for practicing image processing shown in FIG. 13.
• Memory 32 includes of any type of random access memory, such as SDRAM.
• a bus 30 comprising a pathway for address and data signals connects DSP 36 to its related memory 32, A/D converter 24 and other related devices.
• System controller 50 controls the overall operation of the camera based on a software program stored in program memory 54, which can include Flash EEPROM or other nonvolatile memory. This memory can also be used to store image sensor calibration data, user setting selections and other data which must be preserved when the camera is turned off.
• System controller 50 controls the sequence of image capture by directing exposure controller 40 to operate the lens 12, ND filter 13, iris 14, and shutter 18 as previously described, directing the timing generator 26 to operate the image sensor 20 and associated elements, and directing DSP 36 to process the captured image data. After an image is captured and processed, the final image file stored in memory 32 is transferred to a host computer via interface 57, stored on a removable memory card 64 or other storage device, and displayed for the user on image display 88.
• a bus 52 includes a pathway for address, data and control signals, and connects system controller 50 to DSP 36, program memory 54, system memory 56, host interface 57, memory card interface 60 and other related devices.
• Host interface 57 provides a high speed connection to a personal computer (PC) or other host computer for transfer of image data for display, storage, manipulation or printing.
• PC personal computer
• This interface is an IEEE 1394 or USB2.0 serial interface or any other suitable digital interface.
• Memory card 64 is typically a Compact Flash (CF) card inserted into socket 62 and connected to the system controller 50 via memory card interface 60.
• Other types of storage that are used include without limitation PC- Cards, MultiMedia Cards (MMC), or Secure Digital (SD) cards.
• a user control and interface status 68 includes all or any combination of viewfinder display 70, exposure display 72, status display 76 and image display 88, and user inputs 74, is controlled by a combination of software programs executed on exposure controller 40 and system controller 50.
• User inputs 74 typically include some combination of buttons, rocker switches, joysticks, rotary dials or touchscreens.
• Exposure controller 40 operates light metering, exposure mode, autofocus and other exposure functions.
• the system controller 50 manages the graphical user interface (GUI) presented on one or more of the displays, e.g., on image display 88.
• GUI graphical user interface
• the GUI typically includes menus for making various option selections and review modes for examining captured images.
• Exposure controller 40 accepts user inputs selecting exposure mode, lens aperture, exposure time (shutter speed), and exposure index or ISO speed rating and directs the lens and shutter accordingly for subsequent captures.
• Brightness sensor 16 is employed to measure the brightness of the scene and provide an exposure meter function for the user to refer to when manually setting the ISO speed rating, aperture and shutter speed. In this case, as the user changes one or more settings, the light meter indicator presented on viewfinder display 70 tells the user to what degree the image will be over or underexposed.
• an automatic exposure mode the user changes one setting and the exposure controller 40 automatically alters another setting to maintain correct exposure, e.g., for a given ISO speed rating when the user reduces the lens aperture the exposure controller 40 automatically increases the exposure time to maintain the same overall exposure.
• the ISO speed rating is an important attribute of a digital still camera.
• the exposure time, the lens aperture, the lens transmittance, the level and spectral distribution of the scene illumination, and the scene reflectance determine the exposure level of a digital still camera.
• proper tone reproduction can generally be maintained by increasing the electronic or digital gain, but the image will contain an unacceptable amount of noise.
• the gain is decreased, and therefore the image noise can normally be reduced to an acceptable level.
• the resulting signal in bright areas of the image can exceed the maximum signal level capacity of the image sensor or camera signal processing. This can cause image highlights to be clipped to form a uniformly bright area, or to bloom into surrounding areas of the image.
• An ISO speed rating is intended to serve as such a guide.
• the ISO speed rating for a digital still camera should directly relate to the ISO speed rating for photographic film cameras. For example, if a digital still camera has an ISO speed rating of ISO 200, then the same exposure time and aperture should be appropriate for an ISO 200 rated film/process system.
• the ISO speed ratings are intended to harmonize with film ISO speed ratings.
• Digital still cameras can include variable gain and can provide digital processing after the image data has been captured, enabling tone reproduction to be achieved over a range of camera exposures. It is therefore possible for digital still cameras to have a range of speed ratings. This range is defined as the ISO speed latitude.
• a single value is designated as the inherent ISO speed rating, with the ISO speed latitude upper and lower limits indicating the speed range, that is, a range including effective speed ratings that differ from the inherent ISO speed rating.
• the inherent ISO speed is a numerical value calculated from the exposure provided at the focal plane of a digital still camera to produce specified camera output signal characteristics.
• the inherent speed is usually the exposure index value that produces peak image quality for a given camera system for normal scenes, where the exposure index is a numerical value that is inversely proportional to the exposure provided to the image sensor.
• the image sensor 20 shown in FIG. 1 typically includes a two- dimensional array of light sensitive pixels fabricated on a silicon substrate that provide a way of converting incoming light at each pixel into an electrical signal that is measured. As the sensor is exposed to light, free electrons are generated and captured within the electronic structure at each pixel. Capturing these free electrons for some period of time and then measuring the number of electrons captured or measuring the rate at which free electrons are generated measures the light level at each pixel. In the former case, accumulated charge is shifted out of the array of pixels to a charge to voltage measurement circuit as in a charge coupled device (CCD), or the area close to each pixel contains elements of a charge to voltage measurement circuit as in an active pixel sensor (APS or CMOS sensor).
• CCD charge coupled device
• image sensor 20 Whenever general reference is made to an image sensor in the following description, it is understood to be representative of the image sensor 20 from FIG. 1. It is further understood that all examples and their equivalents of image sensor architectures and pixel patterns of the present invention disclosed in this specification are used for image sensor 20.
• a pixel (a contraction of "picture element") refers to a discrete light sensing area and charge shifting or charge measurement circuitry associated with the light sensing area.
• the term pixel commonly refers to a particular location in the image having associated color values.
• FIG. 2 shows a pattern of red, green, and blue color filters that is commonly used.
• This particular pattern is commonly known as a Bayer color filter array (CFA) after its inventor Bryce Bayer as disclosed in US 3,971,065.
• CFA Bayer color filter array
• This pattern is effectively used in image sensors having a two-dimensional array of color pixels.
• each pixel has a particular color photoresponse that, in this case, is a predominant sensitivity to red, green or blue light.
• CFA Bayer color filter array
• photoresponses is a predominant sensitivity to magenta, yellow, or cyan light.
• the particular color photoresponse has high sensitivity to certain portions of the visible spectrum, while simultaneously having low sensitivity to other portions of the visible spectrum.
• the term color pixel will refer to a pixel having a color photoresponse.
• the set of color photoresponses selected for use in a sensor usually has three colors, as shown in the Bayer CFA, but it can also include four or more.
• a panchromatic photoresponse refers to a photoresponse having a wider spectral sensitivity than those spectral sensitivities represented in the selected set of color photoresponses.
• a panchromatic photosensitivity can have high sensitivity across the entire visible spectrum.
• panchromatic pixel will refer to a pixel having a panchromatic photoresponse.
• each panchromatic pixel can have an associated filter. Such filter is either a neutral density filter or a color filter.
• each such pattern has a repeating unit that is a contiguous subarray of pixels that acts as a basic building block. By juxtaposing multiple copies of the repeating unit, the entire sensor pattern is produced.
• juxtaposition of the multiple copies of repeating units is done in diagonal directions as well as in the horizontal and vertical directions.
• a minimal repeating unit is a repeating unit such that no other repeating unit has fewer pixels.
• the CFA in FIG. 2 includes a minimal repeating unit that is two pixels by two pixels as shown by pixel block 100 in FIG. 2. Multiple copies of this minimal repeating unit are tiled to cover the entire array of pixels in an image sensor.
• the minimal repeating unit is shown with a green pixel in the upper right corner, but three alternative minimal repeating units can easily be discerned by moving the heavy outlined area one pixel to the right, one pixel down, or one pixel diagonally to the right and down.
• pixel block 102 is a repeating unit, it is not a minimal repeating unit because pixel block 100 is a repeating unit and block 100 has fewer pixels than block 102.
• An image captured using an image sensor having a two- dimensional array with the CFA of FIG. 2 has only one color value at each pixel.
• FIG. 3 shows the relative spectral sensitivities of the pixels with red, green, and blue color filters in a typical camera application.
• the X-axis in FIG. 3 represents light wavelength in nanometers, and the Y-axis represents efficiency.
• curve 110 represents the spectral transmission characteristic of a typical filter used to block infrared and ultraviolet light from reaching the image sensor. Such a filter is needed because the color filters used for image sensors typically do not block infrared light, hence the pixels are unable to distinguish between infrared light and light that is within the passbands of their associated color filters.
• the infrared blocking characteristic shown by curve 110 prevents infrared light from corrupting the visible light signal.
• the spectral quantum efficiency i.e.
• panchromatic photoresponse curve 112 it is clear that the panchromatic photoresponse is three to four times more sensitive to wide spectrum light than any of the color photoresponses. Although another sensor of a different type may have different photoresponses than shown by FIG. 3, it is clear that the broader panchromatic response will always be more sensitive to wide spectrum light than any of the color photoresponses.
• the greater panchromatic sensitivity shown in FIG. 3 permits improving the overall sensitivity of an image sensor by intermixing pixels that include color filters with pixels that do not include color filters.
• the color filter pixels will be significantly less sensitive than the panchromatic pixels.
• the panchromatic pixels are properly exposed to light such that the range of light intensities from a scene cover the full measurement range of the panchromatic pixels, then the color pixels will be significantly underexposed.
• the sensitivity of the color pixels is increased, for example, by increasing the size of the color pixels relative to the panchromatic pixels, with an associated reduction in spatial pixels.
• panchromatic pixels In an image capture device that includes panchromatic pixels as well as color pixels, the arrangement of panchromatic and color pixels within the pixel array affects the spatial sampling characteristics of the image capture device. To the extent that panchromatic pixels take the place of color pixels, the frequency of color sampling is reduced. For example, if one of the green pixels in minimal repeating unit 100 in FIG. 2 is replaced with a panchromatic pixel, as in Gindele, et al. in US Patent 6,476,865, then the green sampling frequency is reduced because there are half as many green pixels as in the original pattern shown in FIG. 2. In this particular case, the sampling frequencies of the panchromatic pixels and each of the color pixels are the same.
• panchromatic pixels are generally more sensitive than the color pixels, it is desirable to have higher sampling frequency for the
• panchromatic pixels than any one of the color pixels, thereby to provide a robust, higher sensitivity panchromatic representation of the image to provide the basis for subsequent image processing and interpolation of missing colors at each pixel.
• Yamagami, et al. in US Patent 5,323,233 shows a pattern with 50% panchromatic pixels, 25% green pixels, and 12.5% each of red and blue pixels. A minimal repeating unit of this pattern is shown in FIG. 4A. Having twice as many green pixels as either of the color pixels is consistent with the widely used Bayer pattern, but it does not necessarily provide an advantage when combined with a robust panchromatic sampling arrangement as shown in Yamagami. Reducing the green sampling arrangement to be comparable to the other colors will not have a significant adverse affect on the fully processed image.
• FIG. 4B is produced which increases panchromatic sampling without a significant degradation in color sampling.
• FIG. 5 A shows a minimal repeating unit of the present invention with four panchromatic pixels uniformly disposed throughout the minimal repeating unit, one red pixel R, one green pixel G, one blue pixel B, and one substitute pixel X.
• the substitute pixel X is shown in FIGs. 5 A, 5B and 5C.
• the substitute pixel X provides data, information, or function that is different from the active imaging pixels.
• the substitute pixel is used, for example, for amplifiers, ground or power contacts, or alternative imaging functions that are different from the imaging characteristics of the active imaging pixels of the image sensor. If the pixel array is fabricated in a well structure, the substitute pixels are used, for example, to provide a uniformly distributed array of well contacts to prevent local variations in well potential. In a CMOS image sensor, the substitute pixels are used, for example, to provide shared circuitry that is employed for reading out nearby pixels. These examples demonstrate the usefulness of having substitute pixels in the pixel array, but in no way limit how the substitute pixels may be employed.
• FIG. 5B shows another minimal repeating unit of the present invention.
• FIG. 5B is similar to FIG. 5A except the green and blue pixels have been exchanged.
• the color sampling frequency for each color remains the same, but the phase relationship between the four color sampling arrangements is different between FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B.
• FIG. 5C shows yet another minimal repeating unit of the present invention.
• FIG. 5C is similar to FIG. 5A except red, green, and blue pixels have been replaced with cyan, yellow, and magenta pixels, respectively, demonstrating that this embodiment of the present invention can be used with any set of three distinct spectral sensitivities.
• FIG. 6A shows a tiling arrangement in which the minimal repeating unit of FIG. 5 A is tiled evenly in rows and columns.
• FIG. 6B shows a tiling arrangement for FIG. 5A in which every other column is shifted down (or, equivalently, up) by one pixel; in other words, the minimal repeating unit of FIG. 5 A is tiled evenly in columns, with each column shifted vertically by one-half of the minimal repeating unit height with respect to adjacent columns.
• FIG. 6C shows a tiling arrangement in which every row is shifted right by one pixel with respect to the row above; in other words, the minimal repeating unit of FIG.
• FIG. 5 A is tiled evenly in rows, with each row shifted right one-quarter of the minimal repeating unit width with respect to the adjacent row above.
• FIG. 6D shows a tiling arrangement in which every other row is shifted right (or, equivalently, left) by two pixels, or one-half of the width of the minimal repeating unit; in other words, the minimal repeating unit of FIG. 5 A is tiled evenly in rows, with each row shifted right one-half of the minimal repeating unit width with respect to the adjacent rows.
• FIG. 5 A shown in FIGS. 6A through 6C provide pixel arrays with sampling frequencies for the individual colors that are different between the horizontal and vertical directions.
• the tiling arrangements for FIG. 5 A shown in FIGS. 6A through 6C provide pixel arrays with sampling frequencies for the individual colors that are different between the horizontal and vertical directions.
• FIG. 6D provides a pixel array with sampling frequencies for the individual colors that are identical between the horizontal and vertical directions and are identical between the upper-left to lower-right diagonal (slash) and the upper-right to lower left diagonal (backslash) directions; furthermore, the sampling frequencies are identical between colors, and the highest sampling frequency for the colors is associated with the horizontal and vertical directions. Arranging the highest sampling frequency to be associated with the horizontal and vertical directions allows vertical and horizontal edges to be sampled with the lowest chance for aliasing.
• FIG. 6D provides a preferred tiling arrangement for the minimal repeating unit of FIG. 5 A.
• the panchromatic pixels in patterns of the present invention do not need to be identical in sensitivity.
• FIG. 7 shows a minimal repeating unit with an alternative arrangement of panchromatic pixels with two different photographic speeds, with one row of the minimal repeating unit having one speed and the other row having a different speed.
• FIG. 8 A shows a minimal repeating unit of the present invention that is equivalent to the minimal repeating unit of FIG. 5 A as tiled in FIG. 6D.
• FIG. 8B is equivalent to FIG. 5B if FIG. 5B is tiled similarly to FIG. 6D.
• FIG. 9 shows that the tiling of minimal repeating unit of FIG. 8A is equivalent to FIG. 6D.
• FIG. 9 also shows that there is only one way to tile the minimal repeating unit of FIG. 8A.
• FIG. 10A shows a minimal repeating unit of an arrangement of octagonal pixels that is equivalent to rotating the minimal repeating unit of FIG. 5 A forty-five degrees counter-clockwise.
• FIG. 10B shows the minimal repeating unit of FIG. 10A tiled to form a pattern that is equivalent to a forty-five degree counter-clockwise rotation of FIG. 6D.
• FIG. 11 A is the same general arrangement of pixels as FIG. 6D with only the color pixels identified. By examining FIG. 11 A, it is clear that the sampling patterns for each individual color are identical, but shifted with respect to each other. Examination of FIG. 1 IB, which has only the substitute pixels identified, shows that the pattern of substitute pixels is identical to each individual color sampling pattern, but shifted with respect to the colors.
• DSP 36 provides a processed image from the raw image provided by the sensor and imaging subsystem.
• DSP 36 in many cases provides a hardwired image processing path (as opposed to a programmable image processing path). Such hardwired image processing paths often require sensor data to conform to the Bayer filter pattern:
• FIG. 12A there is shown an arrangement of color and panchromatic pixels of the present invention.
• FIG. 12A is similar to FIG. 6D, with the addition of indices to each pixel to help demonstrate the production of a reduced resolution Bayer image from an image sensor of the present invention.
• the minimal repeating unit 120 is shown to be the same as that shown in FIG. 5 A.
• Let all the green pixels in FIG. 12A e.g., G12, G16, G34, G38
• These green pixels shown circled in FIG. 12B, form the checkerboard of green pixels that are present in the Bayer pattern.
• For the red and blue pixels in the Bayer pattern combine red and blue pixels in pairs to produce red and blue pixel averages.
• R21 and R43 are combined to produce circled red pixel average R'32 in FIG. 12B between green pixels G12 and G52. Similar diagonal combinations of red pixels provide appropriately positioned red pixel averages in the reduced resolution Bayer image.
• B45 and B63 are combined to produce circled blue pixel average B'54 in FIG. 12B between green pixels G34 and G74. Similar diagonal combinations of blue pixels provide appropriately positioned blue pixel averages in the reduced resolution Bayer image.
• FIG. 12C shows the resulting image: a Bayer image with 1 ⁇ 2 the horizontal resolution and 1 ⁇ 2 the vertical resolution of the original image.
• FIGS. 12A-12C demonstrate the production of a Bayer image that has 1 ⁇ 4 the number of pixels of the original image.
• FIG. 12D and 12E demonstrate using similar techniques to produce a Bayer image that has 1/16 the number of pixels of the original image.
• Combining pixels as shown in FIG. 12B and FIG. 12E is done, for example, by combining charge in the pixels, by averaging sampled voltages, or by combining digital representations of the pixel signals.
• FIG. 13 the digital signal processor block 36 (FIG. 1) is shown receiving captured raw image data produced by an image sensor of the present invention and carried by the data bus 30 (FIG. 1).
• the raw image data is passed to both the Low-resolution Partial Color block 202 and the High-resolution Panchrome block 204.
• An example of a minimal repeating unit for an image sensor of the present invention has already been shown in FIG. 5A.
• a partial color image is produced from the captured raw image data, a partial color image being a color image wherein each pixel has at least one color value and each pixel is also missing at least one color value. Since there are proportionately fewer of color pixels with a given spectral response compared to the panchromatic pixels, the partial color image is consequently lower in spatial resolution compared to the image captured by the panchromatic pixels.
• the Low-resolution Partial Color block 202 processes each pixel of the partial color image in a similar manner resulting in an array of color values, one for each low resolution pixel. Although not shown here, it is often
• FIG. 14 a filter pattern is shown that is equivalent to the pattern shown in FIG. 12A.
• the minimal repeating unit 220 (FIG. 14) is seen to match the minimal repeating unit 120 (FIG. 12A).
• the interstitial panchromatic values at locations (a), (b), (c), and (d) are computed according to the following equations:
• the pixel containing green value G22 has eight neighboring pan values in the shape of a diamond, namely P21, a, PI 2, b, P23, d, P32, and c.
• Classifier values are now computed at pixel G22 using the absolute value of the four center- difference gradients in the horizontal, vertical, slash, and backslash directions: clashorz P23 - P21
• the pan predicted value corresponding to the selected direction produces the interpolated pan value
• pan values have been interpolated for the green pixels, it remains to do the same for the red, blue, and substitutional pixels. Again referring to the CFA pattern shown in FIG. 14, it can be seen that the same pan
• interpolation process used for green pixels applies equally well to red, blue, and substitutional pixels (identified in FIG. 14 respectively by the letters R, B, and X).
• the pan pixels P23, P32, P34, and P43 immediately surround blue pixel B33 just as pan pixels P12, P21, P23, and P32 immediately surround green pixel G22.
• Neighboring interstitial pan values for pixel B33 can be computed using equations similar to those given above for green pixel G22.
• pan values After pan values have been interpolated at all color pixel and substitutional pixel positions, there is a pan value, either measured or interpolated, for each pixel position on the sensor. These pan values make up the high resolution panchrome image 204 in FIG. 13.
• the low resolution panchrome image 206 is produced by selecting only those pixels having interpolated panchromatic values corresponding to the red, green, and blue pixel locations.
• the low resolution panchrome image 206 is now combined with the low resolution partial color image 202 to produce low resolution color differences 208.
• the next processing step is to produce the high resolution color differences 210 which begins by finding the green minus pan, G - P, value corresponding to each substitutional pixel X. Once a G-P color difference value is produced, it is then added to the interpolated pan value to produce a green value in the high resolution final image 212.
• such an interpolated pan value is P24 since it is at the location of substitutional pixel X24 and surrounded by pan pixels PI 4, P23, P25, and P34.
• the four nearest green values are G04, G22, G26, and G44.
• Each of these four green pixels also has an interpolated pan value, so the G-P color differences are computed at each location.
• Horizontal and vertical classifier and predictor values are computed according to the following equations:
• the smaller classifier indicates which predictor value to use.
• the indicated color difference is then added to the interpolated pan value P24 at the substitutional pixel X24 to produce the interpolated green value G24.
• the smaller classifier indicates which predictor value to use.
• the indicated color difference is then added to the pan value at pixel B33 to produce the interpolated green value G33.
• the same approach is taken to determine green values at red pixel locations. Once all these green values have been computed, there are green values for all pixel locations having subscripts that are either both odd or both even. To complete the green interpolation, consider a pixel having one odd and one even subscript such as pixel P32.
• the smaller classifier indicates which predictor value to use.
• the indicated color difference is then added to the pan value at the center pixel, P32, to produce the interpolated green value, G32. This approach is used to determine green values at all pixel locations having one odd and one even subscript.
• the set of equations for interpolating green can be modified and applied to red pixels as well as blue pixels.
• the method of computing a red value involves finding an R-G color difference value that is then added to an existing green value to produce a red value. Pan values are still used in determining the classifier values.
• Horizontal and vertical classifier and predictor values can be computed using R-G color differences according to the following equations:
• the smaller classifier indicates which predictor value to use.
• the indicated color difference is then added to the previously determined green value G33 at the location of the blue pixel B33 to produce the interpolated red value R33.
• a similar set of equations using B-G color differences is used to compute blue values at red pixel locations. This approach is used to compute red values at all blue pixel locations and blue values at all red pixel locations, after which there are red and blue values for every pixel location having two odd subscripts.
• the next step is to compute red and blue values at pixels having two even subscripts. For example, consider computing a red value at the green pixel location G44. Slash and backslash classifier and predictor values can be computed according to the following equations:
• the smaller classifier indicates which predictor value to use.
• the indicated color difference is then added to the green value at pixel G44 to produce the interpolated red value R44.
• the same approach is taken for blue pixels. Once all the red and blue values have been computed, there are red and blue values for all pixel locations having subscripts that are either both odd or both even.
• Horizontal and vertical classifier and predictor values can be computed according to the following equations:
• the smaller classifier indicates which predictor value to use.
• the indicated color difference is then added to the green value at the pan pixel location P32 to produce the interpolated red value R32.
• the same approach, using B-G color differences, is taken to compute the blue value B32.
• This approach is used to compute red and blue values at each pixel location having one odd and one even subscript. At this point the color interpolation is done because each pixel has all three color values: red, green, and blue.
• A/D converter timing generator A/D converter timing generator
• DSP digital signal processor
• DSP bus digital signal processor
• DSP memory digital signal processor

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• 2009
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