EP2438991A1 - Verfahren zum Bearbeiten von Holzrohstoff, und Zerkleinerer für Holzrohstoff - Google Patents

Verfahren zum Bearbeiten von Holzrohstoff, und Zerkleinerer für Holzrohstoff Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2438991A1
EP2438991A1 EP11397523A EP11397523A EP2438991A1 EP 2438991 A1 EP2438991 A1 EP 2438991A1 EP 11397523 A EP11397523 A EP 11397523A EP 11397523 A EP11397523 A EP 11397523A EP 2438991 A1 EP2438991 A1 EP 2438991A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
raw material
wood raw
crushed pieces
wood
pieces
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP11397523A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Matti Markkila
Ilkka Valonen
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UPM Kymmene Oy
Original Assignee
UPM Kymmene Oy
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by UPM Kymmene Oy filed Critical UPM Kymmene Oy
Publication of EP2438991A1 publication Critical patent/EP2438991A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
    • B02C18/00—Disintegrating by knives or other cutting or tearing members which chop material into fragments
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
    • B02C18/00—Disintegrating by knives or other cutting or tearing members which chop material into fragments
    • B02C18/06—Disintegrating by knives or other cutting or tearing members which chop material into fragments with rotating knives
    • B02C18/14—Disintegrating by knives or other cutting or tearing members which chop material into fragments with rotating knives within horizontal containers
    • B02C18/142—Disintegrating by knives or other cutting or tearing members which chop material into fragments with rotating knives within horizontal containers with two or more inter-engaging rotatable cutter assemblies
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G23/00—Forestry
    • A01G23/02—Transplanting, uprooting, felling or delimbing trees
    • A01G23/06—Uprooting or pulling up trees; Extracting or eliminating stumps
    • A01G23/067—Uprooting or pulling up trees; Extracting or eliminating stumps by comminuting the tree stumps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
    • B02C13/00—Disintegrating by mills having rotary beater elements ; Hammer mills
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
    • B02C18/00—Disintegrating by knives or other cutting or tearing members which chop material into fragments
    • B02C18/06—Disintegrating by knives or other cutting or tearing members which chop material into fragments with rotating knives
    • B02C18/14—Disintegrating by knives or other cutting or tearing members which chop material into fragments with rotating knives within horizontal containers
    • B02C18/141—Disintegrating by knives or other cutting or tearing members which chop material into fragments with rotating knives within horizontal containers with axial flow
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
    • B02C18/00—Disintegrating by knives or other cutting or tearing members which chop material into fragments
    • B02C18/06—Disintegrating by knives or other cutting or tearing members which chop material into fragments with rotating knives
    • B02C18/16—Details
    • B02C18/22—Feed or discharge means
    • B02C18/2225—Feed means
    • B02C18/2258—Feed means of screw type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
    • B02C23/00—Auxiliary methods or auxiliary devices or accessories specially adapted for crushing or disintegrating not provided for in preceding groups or not specially adapted to apparatus covered by a single preceding group
    • B02C23/08—Separating or sorting of material, associated with crushing or disintegrating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
    • B27L—REMOVING BARK OR VESTIGES OF BRANCHES; SPLITTING WOOD; MANUFACTURE OF VENEER, WOODEN STICKS, WOOD SHAVINGS, WOOD FIBRES OR WOOD POWDER
    • B27L11/00—Manufacture of wood shavings, chips, powder, or the like; Tools therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
    • B02C23/00—Auxiliary methods or auxiliary devices or accessories specially adapted for crushing or disintegrating not provided for in preceding groups or not specially adapted to apparatus covered by a single preceding group
    • B02C23/08—Separating or sorting of material, associated with crushing or disintegrating
    • B02C23/16—Separating or sorting of material, associated with crushing or disintegrating with separator defining termination of crushing or disintegrating zone, e.g. screen denying egress of oversize material
    • B02C2023/165—Screen denying egress of oversize material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
    • B02C2201/00—Codes relating to disintegrating devices adapted for specific materials
    • B02C2201/06—Codes relating to disintegrating devices adapted for specific materials for garbage, waste or sewage
    • B02C2201/066—Codes relating to disintegrating devices adapted for specific materials for garbage, waste or sewage for garden waste

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the pre-treatment of stumps and small timber at the initial end of raw material production, particularly in a forest (at the forest end), for use by power plants, biorefineries and the pulping industry, among other things.
  • the pre-treatment it is possible to improve the qualitative properties of the raw material as well as to increase the cost efficiency of long-haul transportation.
  • the method can be used to expand the raw material potential available for the forest industry.
  • biomass in various further processing plants, for example for the production of biofuel or as fuel for a boiler, is an increasing trend.
  • wood material as a renewable energy source with neutral carbon dioxide emissions has increased and partly replaced the use of non-renewable energy sources which generate carbon dioxide emissions, such as oil and natural gas, and according to some assessments peat, too.
  • energy wood In order to collect wood material that might otherwise decompose in forests, such as stumps and logging residues, for utilization, so-called energy wood has also become favoured for further processing but has turned out to be more difficult to use than the materials used before.
  • a delivery of stumps and other energy wood may also often contain material that is problematic for the processing of the material, such as rocks of various sizes, sand and clay, which may cause various problems in the further processing plants.
  • the rocks, sand, clay, and other similar non-combustible material may be conveyed as loose material with the stumps and other combustible energy wood, and furthermore, rocks may also be found partly or totally inside a stump.
  • Said problematic materials also impair the production capacity; for example, they reduce the combustion capacity in boilers.
  • particularly detrimental problems are caused by non-combustible material clogging the grate or corresponding structures and the ash removal devices.
  • bark of wood material is detrimental.
  • biomass as a source of energy for a further processing plant
  • the dry solids content of the biomass supplied to the further processing plant may occasionally be so low that the utilization of said biofuel is no longer economically viable.
  • the use of particularly moist energy wood as fuel is usually not economically viable.
  • the efficiency of the combustion process and thereby the control of the process are significantly dependent on the dry solids content of the biomass. Not only the moisture content but also a high unforeseeable variation in the moisture content may be a significant problem in view of the control of the process in the energy industry as well as in the chemical and pulping industries.
  • the treatment of biomass may be difficult, if the size of raw material pieces varies to a great extent or if the raw material contains too large pieces.
  • the moisture is water bound to the raw material, and its transportation is normally not economically viable.
  • impurities such as rocks and loose soil, may unnecessarily increase the transportation costs.
  • part of the transportation capacity may be left unused, because the raw material cannot be loaded in the hauling equipment as tightly as when raw material pieces of equal size are loaded.
  • the wood raw material comprises small timber, it is known not only to store and dry the wood raw material but also to chip it to small chips at the forest end of the process before the transportation.
  • the use of biomass, particularly wood, after the chipping comprises combustion, use as filling material, and composting as soil conditioner.
  • the pieces are small in size.
  • the devices of prior art particularly the device according to EP 0 876 843 , are designed to produce pieces of a relatively small size, ranging from 15 to 120 mm.
  • the small size of pieces is secured by applying a suitable sieve or another arrangement in the crusher after the crushing. It should be noted that due to the end use of the devices, they produce material pieces of a small size.
  • the use of wood raw material pieces of such a size is limited to the above-mentioned purposes and does not comprise, for example, the use of the raw material pieces in the pulping industry or the chemical industry. Application in these industries requires pieces of a larger size and a purer raw material.
  • the capacity of debarking drums at pulp mills may become a limiting factor, if supplementary quantities of wood raw material can only be obtained by processing in a barking drum.
  • the opportunity to use wood raw material in a different way makes it possible for the wood industry to utilize pulp mills at a higher capacity and to optimize the exploitation of wood better.
  • wood raw material for example, as raw material for the chemical industry, require measures for the quality control different from before.
  • Current methods in which the quality is degraded by variations in the size of pieces and in the moisture content, are not adequate for this purpose.
  • a pre-treatment improves the quality of the raw material, as the raw material is dried and impurities are separated.
  • moisture is removed by means of a conveyor.
  • impurities are removed from the crushed pieces by sieving.
  • the raw material is pre-treated already at the initial end of the production chain, for example in the forest (at the forest end).
  • the pre-treatment can be implemented, for example, by crushing the stumps at the harvesting stage in the forest or in a roadside landing (in a terminal). After the crushing, the crushed pieces may have a size of, for example, 10 to 40 cm. It has been found that a crushed stump dries in a storage heap considerably faster and drier than a stump that has not been pre-treated. Furthermore, in connection with the crushing, possibly assisted by sieving, the impurities of the stumps remain to a great extent in the forest or in the terminal, which improves the quality at the use end and may save transportation costs.
  • the crushed pieces can be baled.
  • the baling enables better conservation of the quality of the raw material, as well as cost-effective long-haul transportation.
  • the quality conservation in turn, enables, among other things, the application of stump wood for also other uses than energy production, for example as raw material for the pulping and chemical industries. This improves the supply of raw material for the forest industry.
  • the method for processing of wood raw material according to the invention is characterized in what will be presented in the characterizing part of the independent claim 1.
  • the system for crushing wood raw material according to the invention is characterized in what will be presented in the characterizing part of the independent claim 9.
  • the use of a waste crusher for crushing wood raw material according to the invention is characterized in what will be presented in the independent claim 13.
  • wood raw material is used in power plants and biorefineries.
  • a power plant refers to a station that produces energy, for example thermal and/or electric energy.
  • a biorefinery refers to a production facility that refines biomass.
  • Biomass refers to virgin materials or recycled materials (waste materials) originating from plants, such as trees or grass. Biomass comprises especially materials of wood origin.
  • a refining production plant may be, for example, a facility that produces chemical, mechanical or thermomechanical pulp, or biofuel. Such pulp can be used, among other things, for papermaking or for making thermal insulation materials.
  • Figure 1 illustrates the manufacture and use of wood raw material according to the prior art in a schematic view.
  • the manufacture and use are geographically divided into the forest end and the use end.
  • the forest grows or is grown, which is indicated by reference numeral 10 in Fig. 1 .
  • wood is harvested 11 and stored 12.
  • the storage 12 in the wood lot typically takes place in roadside landings or the like, whereas the harvesting 11 of wood raw material takes place in the forest.
  • the aim is to keep the distance between the wood harvesting site and the roadside landing small.
  • the wood raw material can be dried 13a.
  • the drying and storage are technically similar events, because during long-term storage, the wood also dries.
  • drying 13a refers to long-term storage
  • storage refers to short-term storage between the harvesting 11 and the transportation 14, or storage in which drying is prevented by tarpaulins, or the like.
  • the drying may take for example longer than a year, in the case of stumps.
  • the process steps at the forest end are shown by diagonal hatching in Fig. 1.
  • Figure 1 shows the production process particularly when the wood raw material comprises stumps.
  • the raw material is transported 14 to the use end.
  • the transportation 14 comprises at least the loading 14a of the raw material to a means of transportation at the forest end, the hauling of the raw material, and the reception of 14c of the raw material at the use end. Furthermore, during the transportation, the raw material can be moved from one means of transportation to another.
  • the raw material is processed 15 to a desired size of pieces and composition, and is transferred 16 to the subsequent process steps 17.
  • a suitable processing means for example a crusher or a chopper, is applied.
  • the process steps at the use end are shown by horizontal hatching in Fig. 1 .
  • the process steps 16 and 17 are not significant for the invention. In addition to the transfer 16, they may comprise the production of pulp or biofuel from the wood raw material, or the combustion of the wood raw material.
  • the forest end and the use end of the process are typically very different with respect to the size of the area.
  • the use end may be a single production plant, and the forest end may be a large forest area (of even several hundreds of square kilometers). Moreover, typically at least part of the forest end is geographically far (tens to hundreds of kilometers) away from the use end.
  • the raw material typically contains non-combustible material as impurities, and moisture bound to the raw material during the growth and/or storage. Furthermore, there is great variation in the size of the raw material pieces, which reduces the utilization degree of the transportation capacity, because voids are left in the load space of the transportation means.
  • Said non-combustible material is typically mineral soil (for example rocks, sand, gravel, and clay). Of these, particularly problematic materials are normally rocks, because they may e.g. break equipment, and clay, which binds water to the material. Metal may also cause problems both in a crusher and in further processing, if it is not detected and removed from the incoming material.
  • the raw material typically also contains detrimental non-combustible material in addition to energy wood.
  • loads of stumps that is, loads that comprise stumps
  • rocks of various sizes which may be present both as loose rocks and possibly also in rocks left inside the stumps.
  • Logging residue in turn, contains non-combustible material particularly for the reason that the logging residue is typically stored in roadside landings to wait for transportation.
  • the bottom layers of the energy wood storage are in contact with the soil material.
  • rocks are placed as weights onto a heap of logging residue. Thus, these rocks placed as weights may end up in a delivery of energy wood.
  • Figure 2a shows one embodiment of a process for producing and using wood raw material according to the invention. It has been found that after the growth 10 and harvesting 11 of wood, it is advantageous to pre-treat 20 the wood raw material before the storage 12. After the harvesting 11 and the pre-treatment 20, the wood raw material is stored 12 and can be dried 13b. It can be concluded from Figs. 1 and 2a that the invention relates particularly to that part of the process which takes place at the forest end, between the harvesting 11 and the transportation 14.
  • the pre-treatment process presented in this application may also be suitable for use in other locations than those mentioned above for carrying out the process.
  • the pre-treatment 20 may affect the way in which the transportation 14 or processing 15 is implemented.
  • the processing 15 may comprise the application of debarking drums which is not necessary as a process step for crushed wood raw material.
  • FIG. 2b shows an advantageous pre-treatment process 20 in more detail.
  • the wood raw material is crushed 22 by a crusher.
  • the crusher used may be a crusher specially designed for this purpose, or a crusher modified from a commercial crusher (for example, Arjes Raptor XL) to be suitable for this purpose.
  • a crusher can be, for example, a waste crusher.
  • a waste crusher refers to a crusher that is arranged for crushing construction waste, such as wood, glass, rock material, or asphalt, or municipal or industrial waste.
  • the material to be crushed in crushers is introduced between a pair of rotating rollers, wherein the material is crushed by cutting protrusions provided in the roller. In connection with the crushing, the rollers also compress the material to be crushed.
  • the deformation work effective on the wood raw material during crushing by compressing is focused particularly on the wet points in the wood.
  • This deformation work heats and thereby also dries the wood raw material.
  • the moisture content of the wood material is decreased and also levelled out.
  • the size of the crushed pieces is more uniform than before the crushing.
  • impurities such as non-combustible loose matter and bark, are separated from the raw material by crushing. If the crushed wood raw material is to be used in the pulping industry and the chemical industry, the size of the crushed pieces may be preferably 10 to 40 cm.
  • the size of the pieces generally refers to the size of an opening, through which the piece can pass.
  • the size of the crushed pieces in the direction of at least one dimension, the middle one in the order of magnitude is advantageously 10 to 40 cm. It is also possible that the size of the crushed pieces in the direction of the two smallest dimensions is 10 to 40 cm, or that the size of the crushed piece in all three dimensions is between 10 and 40 cm. More advantageously, the size of the pieces may be 12 to 40 cm, and most advantageously 15 to 40 cm.
  • Commonly available crushers do not necessarily produce pieces of such a large size, but the crushers may need to be modified, for example by removing sieves or the like from them.
  • the moisture released from the wood in the crusher is at least partly pressed out of the wood raw material and remains in the crusher or is vaporized.
  • the released moisture can be separated from the crushed pieces, for example, by bringing (dropping) the crush onto a conveyor, wherein moisture possibly present on the surface of the crushed pieces is transferred to the conveyor or onto the ground, and vaporized moisture is entrained in the air.
  • Wood has been found to dry when it is pressed by a crusher. During the pressing, water is compressed out of the tissue of the wood. Furthermore, the wood raw material becomes warmer, wherein part of the moisture is vaporized. Moisture, such as water or steam, is separated from the compressed wood raw material, or crushed pieces. After the compressing, the crushed pieces can expand to at least some extent. Because some moisture has been removed from the crushed pieces, the crushed pieces do not absorb all the moisture back to their tissue.
  • the water pressed out of the wood raw material can be discharged from the crusher for example by means of gravity, wherein the water runs down from the crusher.
  • the water can be led, for example, to the ground.
  • the water can be led through a conveyor that is permeable to water or that guides water to the ground. Crushed pieces can also be led down by gravity.
  • the crushed pieces can be led, for example, onto a conveyor.
  • the conveyor is arranged to carry the crushed pieces away from under the crusher and to lead water to the ground.
  • the conveyor is thus arranged to remove moisture from the crushed pieces.
  • the conveyor may be, for example, a belt conveyor.
  • the belt of the belt conveyor may be arranged to be permeable to water.
  • the belt of the belt conveyor may be arranged to guide water away from the crushed pieces.
  • the crusher exerts a compressive force on the wood raw material, deforming the wood raw material. Causing such a deformation requires work. This work is stored in the compressed piece in the form of at least one of the following: elastic energy, permanent deformation energy, and heat. Because the crushing is performed with great forces, all the energy is not stored in the form of elastic energy or deformation energy, and the wood raw material being crushed is heated. The heating speeds up the drying, because part of the moisture is vaporized. Moisture in the form of steam is also separated from the crushed pieces by leading the crushed pieces onto the conveyor. Thus, the crushed pieces can be led, for example by gravity, onto the conveyor, wherein the crushed pieces are dropped onto the conveyor. Because steam is water in gaseous form, due to the uplift caused by the air the gravity has no significant effect on steam, wherein the moisture in the form of steam is separated from the crushed pieces when the crushed pieces are led onto the conveyor.
  • the crushed pieces are carried 23 to a sieve, in which the crushed pieces are sieved 24.
  • impurities such as soil and other fines, are removed from the crushed pieces.
  • the sieving can also be used to separate bark parts of the wood which are impurities in view of pulping but raw material in view of energy recovery from wood. In this way, the use of the wood raw material can be taken into account and the raw material can be treated accordingly already at the forest end. Furthermore, a part of the same raw material batch can be separated for use, for example, in the refining industry and part for the use of the energy industry.
  • the bark material can be stored 12c temporarily at the forest end, and this bark material can be included in the crushed pieces to be supplied to the energy industry.
  • this bark material can be included in the crushed pieces to be supplied to the energy industry.
  • By crushing faster drying of the raw material is achieved, and the quality of the raw material is improved by reducing and levelling out the moisture content as well as by removing impurities, such as bark and loose material.
  • sieving can be used for removing impurities from the crushed pieces already at the forest end.
  • Such pre-treatment enables baling 29 and/or other packing of the crushed pieces for transportation and further treatment.
  • the crushed pieces can be baled after the storage 12 or drying 13b, before the transportation 14, or the baling can be left out, as illustrated in Figs. 2a and 2c . It is also possible that time is consumed between the baling 29 and the transportation 14, wherein bales of crushed pieces are stored at the forest end, as shown by the reference numeral 12b.
  • the bales of crushed pieces can be, for example, wrapped in a moisture-tight material, wherein the moisture content of the baled crushed pieces is preserved and levelled out for further treatment.
  • the further treatment may be pulping or chemical industrial use.
  • the aim is normally to keep the crushed pieces as dry as possible.
  • the bales can thus be wrapped in, for example, a mesh or another material permeable to moisture.
  • the baling 29 can be implemented in a known way by a suitable baler, for example a Flexus Balasystem device. Furthermore, the baling 29 can further intensify the transportation efficiency, because baled crushed pieces take less space than non-baled crushed pieces.
  • Figure 2c shows another embodiment of a process for producing and using wood raw material according to the invention.
  • the difference to the above-presented process shown in Fig. 2a is the fact that after the harvesting 11 of the wood raw material, the raw material is stored 12, followed by pre-treatment 20. After the pre-treatment, the crushed pieces can be dried 13b.
  • the apparatus performing the pre-treatment 20 can be brought to the storage location, and the costs for transportation of the apparatus are thus lower than in the embodiment of Fig. 2a .
  • FIG 3a shows an embodiment of crushing 22 wood raw material.
  • Figure 3a shows a crusher for raw material according to an advantageous embodiment of the invention in a side view.
  • the crusher comprises a feed vessel for wood raw material, delimited by edges 302.
  • the crusher also comprises crushing rollers 350 and 360 which are arranged to crush the wood raw material 301.
  • the crushing parts of the roller 360 are shown by broken lines, because they are not present in the sectional plane illustrated by Fig. 3a .
  • Wood raw material 301 is introduced between the rollers, wherein the rollers crush the wood raw material into crushed pieces 303.
  • the crusher can be provided with scrapers 307 for scraping the crushed pieces off the rollers.
  • the crushed pieces enter the conveyor partly from between these scrapers.
  • the feed vessel is provided with openings 308, from which the wood material can also enter the conveyor.
  • a conventional crusher for wood raw material does not comprise such openings.
  • Uncrushed or chopped wood raw material can also enter the conveyor through such openings.
  • Chopped wood raw material refers to wood raw material which has been removed from the rest of the wood raw material by means of crushing rollers, or wood raw material from which some wood raw material has been removed by crushing rollers, but which has not been guided between the crushing rollers. Also this wood material is called crushed pieces in the present description.
  • the crushed pieces 303 are led to a conveyor 304, for example a belt conveyor.
  • the conveyor can be driven, for example, by a belt pulley 305.
  • the structure of the crushing rollers may influence the size of the crushed pieces obtained.
  • FIG. 3b shows, in a principle view from above, the feed vessel and the openings 308 provided in it, of a crusher according to an advantageous embodiment of the invention.
  • the size of the openings corresponds to the size of the crushed pieces obtained from the process, and it may be advantageously 10 to 40 cm, more advantageously 12 to 40 cm, and most advantageously 15 to 40 cm.
  • the edges of the crusher particularly hooks 353, 363 ( Figs.
  • the crushed pieces include such removed, chopped pieces. It has thus been found that the openings 308 may be advantageously semi-circular in shape, wherein the crushed pieces may comprise such chopped wood raw material.
  • FIGs. 4a and 4b An advantageous structure for the crushing rollers is shown in Figs. 4a and 4b.
  • Figure 4a shows a pair of rollers of a crusher according to Fig. 3a in a view from above.
  • the rollers 350 and 360 are provided with crushing edges 351 and 361.
  • the edges may be, for example, rectangular in shape. In Fig. 4a , only some of these edges are shown and indicated with reference numerals, for clarity.
  • the crushing edges 351 and 361 are connected to edge supporting structures 352 and 362. Some crushing edges are provided with hooks 353 and 363.
  • the hooks 353 and 363 pull the material to be crushed to the actual crushing edges 351 and 361 and may also chop the material to be crushed.
  • the crushing rollers 350 and 360 are arranged to rotate around their shafts 354 and 364.
  • Fig. 4a the distance left between the supporting structures 352 is indicated with the symbol d 1 .
  • the distance d 1 may be left between the supporting structures 362. It is obvious that these distances affect the size of the crushed pieces obtained.
  • the scrapers of Fig. 3a could be provided between the supporting structures 352 or between the supporting structures 362, respectively.
  • Figure 4b shows a pair of crushing rollers in an end view.
  • the distance between the crushing edge 351 and the roller 360 is indicated with the symbol d 2 , and it is obvious that this distance also affects the size of the crushed pieces to be obtained.
  • the size of the crushed pieces can also be affected by the number of edges 351 on the circumference of the roller in the sectional plane transverse to the roller (in Fig. 4b , eight edges are provided on the circumference of the roller in the sectional plane shown), as well as by the diameter of the rollers.
  • the heating of the piece depends, among other things, on the deformation work to which it has been subjected.
  • the specific deformation energy depends on the magnitude of the deformations and the stress (or pressure) prevailing in the piece.
  • the deformation energy in turn, also depends on the volume in which the deformations take place. Consequently, the quantity of the deformation energy is affected by the magnitude of the deformation, the magnitude of the stress, and the volume in which the deformations take place. If the piece is subjected to heating by compressing, that is, crushing it, it is thus advantageous to apply a high pressure (stress) and a large surface area at the edge of the crusher.
  • the whole edge presses the material to be crushed.
  • the stress applied is affected by the forces of crushing. It is possible that when wood raw material is crushed into pieces of a large size, a greater stress is required than when wood raw material is crushed into pieces of a smaller size. It is thus possible that when pieces are crushed into crushed pieces of a large size, the pieces are heated more than when the raw material is crushed into pieces of a smaller size. Thus, the drying caused by heating may be more efficient in pieces of a large size than in pieces of a small size.
  • the rollers 350 and 360 constitute said pair of rollers.
  • the surface area of the edges 351, 361 pressing the wood raw material is arranged relatively large.
  • the edge 351 has a rectangular shape.
  • the shape refers to the shape of the surface that directs a force on the wood raw material by pressing.
  • the cross-sectional shape of the edge 351 of the roller 350 is thus rectangular when the sectional plane of said cross-section is transverse to such a line segment that is directed from the central axis of the roller to the center of the edge 351 transversely to the central axis of the roller.
  • the shape of said cross-section is affected by the hook 353, if the edge 351 comprises a hook 353.
  • the edge 351 may be substantially flat, convex or concave. A concave edge may be provided to match the shape of a corresponding other roller.
  • the edge 351 presses the wood raw material towards the roller 360, wherein the wood raw material is compressed.
  • the edge 361 presses the wood raw material towards the roller 350.
  • the edges 351 and 361 as well as the supporting structures 352 and 362 are arranged on the rollers in such a way that a space is left between four edges 351 of the first roller closest to each other, into which space the edge 361 of the second roller presses the wood raw material. Such a space is left, for example, at the left edge of the roller 350 in Fig. 4a .
  • a space is left between the four edges 361 of the second roller closest to each other, into which space the edge 351 of the first roller presses the wood raw material.
  • Such compressing and space is also illustrated in Fig. 3a .
  • Such a pair of crushing rollers may be arranged, for example, in a waste crusher, wherein the waste crusher can be used for crushing wood raw material.
  • the crushing rollers 350, 360 and their edges 351, 361 are selected in such a way that the size of the crushed pieces is within the above-described limits.
  • the large size of pieces makes it possible to use the crushed pieces in at least one of the following: the pulping industry and the chemical industry.
  • the wood raw material that has been heated during the crushing also transfers heat to other pieces in the vicinity and to the edges 351, 361.
  • the large crushing surface (contact surface) of the edge 351 of the crusher on the piece to be crushed has another advantage. Because the pieces to be crushed are heated, heat is transferred from the pieces to be crushed to the crushing edges. The edges are thus heated. In a corresponding manner, the heated edges transfer heat to the next pieces to be crushed.
  • water that is pressed out of the wood raw material may be compressed onto the roller. Thus, the heated roller also heats the water, and the evaporation of water is intensified. Furthermore, the heat being transferred to other pieces to be crushed levels out the drying of the raw material during crushing, wherein the quality of the crushed pieces obtained from the process is more homogeneous.
  • the moisture content of the crushed pieces is typically about 15% lower than the moisture content of uncrushed wood raw material.
  • the moisture content refers to the mass of the moisture contained in the wood raw material or in the crushed pieces in relation to the total mass. Said figure indicating the reduction in the moisture content does not refer to percentage units.
  • the moisture content of wood raw material may be about 30%, wherein when the moisture content is reduced by about 15%, the remaining moisture content of the crushed pieces is about 25%. In many cases, moisture can also be removed and the moisture content reduced more, or significantly more.
  • the ratio of the moisture content of the crushed pieces to the moisture content of the wood raw material is not greater than 85%.
  • the ratio of the moisture content of crushed pieces dried by the method to the moisture content of wood raw material may also be lower or significantly lower.
  • the size of the crushed pieces is arranged to be relatively small (smaller than 120 mm according to EP 876 843 ).
  • This can be implemented for example by means of a sieve or an opening which, in the arrangement of Fig. 3a , would return too large crushed pieces to be crushed further and prevent their entry onto the conveyor.
  • such sieving is not done but large crushed pieces are led from the crusher directly onto the conveyor without sieving.
  • the crusher is provided with openings 308, by means of which a greater part of the crushed pieces of a desired size can move from the crusher onto the conveyor.
  • the pressing effected in connection with the crushing dries the raw material, and the compressed moisture is brought either in the form of water onto the ground or in the form of steam with air off the conveyor. It is obvious that also other kinds of crushing rollers or other kinds of crushers can be used as long as sufficient compressing for drying and a sufficient size of pieces for further use is achieved by crushing.
  • Figures 5a and 5b show an advantageous embodiment for sieving the crushed pieces.
  • the crushed pieces 303 are conveyed by the conveyor 304 to a sieve 501.
  • crushed pieces which are too small for further use and loose material are carried through the sieve, for example, into a hood 505, and the crushed pieces are passed across the sieve 501 to a second conveyor 504.
  • the hood 505 may be provided with a vacuum, for example by means of a suction pipe 506, wherein this vacuum further intensifies the sieving.
  • the hood 505 is not necessarily needed, but the small pieces and the loose material can also be collected by another collector or be directed onto the ground.
  • Figure 5a shows sieving in a side view and Fig. 5b in a top view.
  • the sieving is advantageously performed by using bars 510 as the sieve 501, spaced so that pieces which are too small for further use can pass through the bars.
  • the spacing of the bars can be about 10 to 20 mm. It has been found that the above-described crushing process produces crushed pieces including small pieces on one hand and large pieces on the other hand. Consequently, the spacing of the bars can be advantageously much smaller than the desired size of the crushed pieces, which is advantageously 10 to 40 cm. This two-fold size distribution may be due to the fact that the compression wood tissue contained in the roots of a tree is not always ground to a significant extent in the crusher.
  • the bars 510 of the sieve 501 can be shorter than the sieve in the longitudinal direction, wherein such bars can be aligned in rows and subsequent rows of bars as a sieve 501.
  • Figures 5a and 5b show a sieve 501 comprising three rows of bars.
  • the sieve may be arranged in an angle ⁇ to the horizontal plane 502, wherein the raw material is passed on the sieve, along the bars, by the effect of gravity, as shown in the figure. With too large an angle, in turn, the sieving is not necessarily sufficient.
  • the angle ⁇ is about 20 to 60 degrees and preferably about 45 degrees.
  • the bars of the sieve may be arranged to vibrate so that the movement of the material may be facilitated and the likelihood of blinding of the sieve may be reduced.
  • the vibration can be effected, for example, by dropping crushed pieces 303 and loose material 306 onto the sieve 501. It has been found that even about 90% of the soil contained in the crushed pieces can be removed by the described sieving.
  • the width of the sieve can be selected according to the width of the conveyor. The length of the sieve is limited, among other things, by achieving a sufficient sieving degree and by the manufacturing costs. It has been found that sufficient sieving can be provided with a sieve length of at least about 1.5 meters.
  • the crushed pieces thus have a smallish size, are clean and slightly drier than untreated raw material. It is known that wood raw material pieces of a small size are dried faster than wood raw material pieces of a large size. Consequently, the drying 13b of pre-treated material takes less time than the drying 13a of untreated material.
  • the saving in time reduces the costs of capital tied up in the raw material and thereby improves the cost efficiency of the process.
  • the saving in time also reduces the use of forested soil for landing or drying purposes. This intensifies forestry compared with long storage periods and accelerates forest renewal after the harvesting. In addition to saving time, the need for drying area may also be reduced, because the crushed and sieved raw material may take less space than uncrushed raw material. This may further intensify forestry and accelerate forest renewal.
  • the raw material In view of refining use of the raw material, it is not necessarily essential that the raw material is as dry as possible but that the moisture level is uniform and known.
  • the moisture level can be controlled better, because the drying of the crushed pieces can be significantly reduced by baling and possibly also by wrapping the crushed pieces.
  • the moisture content can be brought at the same time to a significantly lower level by drying 13b the crushed pieces than by drying 13a the non-preteated raw material.
  • the impurities of stumps remain largely in the forest or in the terminal, which improves the quality at the power plant end and saves the transportation costs.
  • the transportation costs are also saved by the low moisture content of the material and the uniform size of pieces, enabling better utilization of the transportation capacity.
  • small timber can be pre-treated in the above-described way. Also for small timber, the pre-treatment accelerates the drying. The pre-treatment may also reduce the bark content of the raw material.
  • the presented process for producing and using wood raw material and by the advantageous pre-treatment process, also other advantages are achieved in addition to those mentioned above: speed, purity, light weight and space requirement.
  • the described pre-treatment process also makes it possible to use stumps in the chemical industry and in pulping. This enables better optimization in the use of wood for the forest industry. For example, the capacity of debarking drums at pulp mills may become a limiting factor, if additional quantities can only be obtained by processing in a barking drum.
  • the presented process makes it possible to obtain additional quantities in other ways.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Forests & Forestry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
  • Ecology (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Debarking, Splitting, And Disintegration Of Timber (AREA)
  • Chemical And Physical Treatments For Wood And The Like (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
EP11397523A 2010-09-28 2011-09-27 Verfahren zum Bearbeiten von Holzrohstoff, und Zerkleinerer für Holzrohstoff Withdrawn EP2438991A1 (de)

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Cited By (7)

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WO2015158326A1 (de) * 2014-04-19 2015-10-22 Sven Lorenscheit Häcksler
CN105170289A (zh) * 2015-10-20 2015-12-23 富阳鸿祥技术服务有限公司 一种工业木料垃圾的集成式破碎处理方法
CN105665077A (zh) * 2016-03-01 2016-06-15 李明科 一种涡流式粉碎机粉碎滚轮
CN110587743A (zh) * 2019-09-18 2019-12-20 张羽 一种刨花板板材制造调湿加工处理方法
CN112665897A (zh) * 2021-01-06 2021-04-16 哈尔滨工程大学 一种湿式木材含水量检测设备
CN113289753A (zh) * 2021-05-26 2021-08-24 安徽科林新材料科技有限公司 一种木材原料多级粉碎装置
CN114522760A (zh) * 2022-02-21 2022-05-24 孙吉峰 一种活性炭原料预处理设备

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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2015158326A1 (de) * 2014-04-19 2015-10-22 Sven Lorenscheit Häcksler
CN105170289A (zh) * 2015-10-20 2015-12-23 富阳鸿祥技术服务有限公司 一种工业木料垃圾的集成式破碎处理方法
CN105170289B (zh) * 2015-10-20 2017-06-09 涂瑞强 一种工业木料垃圾的集成式破碎处理方法
CN105665077A (zh) * 2016-03-01 2016-06-15 李明科 一种涡流式粉碎机粉碎滚轮
CN110587743A (zh) * 2019-09-18 2019-12-20 张羽 一种刨花板板材制造调湿加工处理方法
CN110587743B (zh) * 2019-09-18 2021-03-30 广州市亚丹柜业有限公司 一种刨花板板材原材料制造调湿加工处理方法
CN112665897A (zh) * 2021-01-06 2021-04-16 哈尔滨工程大学 一种湿式木材含水量检测设备
CN112665897B (zh) * 2021-01-06 2022-07-22 哈尔滨工程大学 一种湿式木材含水量检测设备
CN113289753A (zh) * 2021-05-26 2021-08-24 安徽科林新材料科技有限公司 一种木材原料多级粉碎装置
CN114522760A (zh) * 2022-02-21 2022-05-24 孙吉峰 一种活性炭原料预处理设备

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FI20105998A0 (fi) 2010-09-28

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