Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
  • A61P13/12—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the kidneys
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
  • A61P15/08—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives for gonadal disorders or for enhancing fertility, e.g. inducers of ovulation or of spermatogenesis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
  • A61P15/10—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives for impotence
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
  • A61P19/10—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease for osteoporosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/18—Antipsychotics, i.e. neuroleptics; Drugs for mania or schizophrenia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
  • A61P27/12—Ophthalmic agents for cataracts
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
  • A61P7/02—Antithrombotic agents; Anticoagulants; Platelet aggregation inhibitors
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/04—Inotropic agents, i.e. stimulants of cardiac contraction; Drugs for heart failure
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D491/08—Bridged systems

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a new class of fused pyrrolidines, pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds, and their use to modulate the activity of the G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR1 19.
• Diabetes mellitus are disorders in which high levels of blood glucose occur as a consequence of abnormal glucose homeostasis.
• Type I also referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
• Type Il diabetes also referred to as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
• Type Il diabetes accounting for roughly 90% of all diabetic cases, is a serious progressive disease that results in microvascular complications (including retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy) as well as macrovascular complications (including accelerated atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease and stroke).
• Sitagliptin a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor
• Sitagliptin is a new drug that increases blood levels of incretin hormones, which can increase insulin secretion, reduce glucagon secretion and have other less well characterized effects.
• sitagliptin and other dipeptidyl peptidases IV inhibitors may also influence the tissue levels of other hormones and peptides, and the long-term consequences of this broader effect have not been fully investigated.
• Type Il diabetes muscle, fat and liver cells fail to respond normally to insulin. This condition (insulin resistance) may be due to reduced numbers of cellular insulin receptors, disruption of cellular signaling pathways, or both.
• the beta cells compensate for insulin resistance by increasing insulin output. Eventually, however, the beta cells become unable to produce sufficient insulin to maintain normal glucose levels (euglycemia), indicating progression to Type Il diabetes.
• fasting hyperglycemia occurs due to insulin resistance combined with beta cell dysfunction.
• beta cell defect dysfunction There are two aspects of beta cell defect dysfunction: 1 ) increased basal insulin release (occurring at low, non-stimulatory glucose concentrations).
• agonist modulators of novel, similarly functioning, beta-cell GPCRs would also stimulate the release of endogenous insulin and promote normalization of glucose levels in Type Il diabetes patients. It has also been shown that increased cAMP, for example as a result of GLP- 1 stimulation, promotes beta-cell proliferation, inhibits beta- cell death and thus improves islet mass. This positive effect on beta-cell mass should be beneficial in Type Il diabetes where insufficient insulin is produced.
• R is hydrogen, cyano, or methyl
• R 3 is hydrogen, OH, halogen, cyano, CF3, OCF3, C1-C5 alkoxy, or CrC 5 alkyl;
• R 4 is absent, or is -CO-NR 8 R 9 , triazole, tetrazole, C r C 5 alkyl, NH 2 , -NH-CrC 5 alkyl, -N(CH 3 )-CO-O-CrC 5 alkyl, -NH-CO-CrC 5 alkyl, or -N(CH 3 )-CO-C r C 5 alkyl;
• R 5 is CrC 5 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl in which one carbon atom of said cycloalkyl moiety is optionally substituted with methyl or ethyl;
• R 6 is CF 3 , CrC 5 alkyl, halogen, cyano, or C3-C6 cyclo
• R 9 is hydrogen, C r C 5 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, -CH 2 -CH 2 -OH, -CH 2 -CH 2 -O-CH 3 , -
• R 10 is hydrogen, cyano, nitro, CF 3 , OCF 3 , C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, C1-C5 alkoxy, or C1-C5 alkyl;
• R 11 is hydrogen, CrC 5 alkyl, or halogen
• a 1 , A 2 , A 3 , and A 4 are each independently CH, N-oxide, or N; with the proviso that: a) no more than 2 of A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , and A 4 are N; and b) no more than 1 of A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , and A 4 are N-oxide; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the compounds of Formula I modulate the activity of the G-protein-coupled receptor. More specifically the compounds modulate GPR119. As such, said compounds are useful for the treatment of diseases, such as diabetes, in which the activity of GPR1 19 contributes to the pathology or symptoms of the disease.
• Type I diabetes type I diabetes
• Type Ib idiopathic type I diabetes
• LADA latent autoimmune diabetes in adults
• EOD early- onset type 2 diabetes
• YOAD youth-onset atypical diabetes
• MODY maturity onset diabetes of the young
• malnutrition-related diabetes gestational diabetes, coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, restenosis after angioplasty, peripheral vascular disease, intermittent claudication, myocardial infarction (e.g.
• necrosis and apoptosis dyslipidemia, post-prandial lipemia, conditions of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), conditions of impaired fasting plasma glucose, metabolic acidosis, ketosis, arthritis, obesity, osteoporosis, hypertension, congestive heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, peripheral arterial disease, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, cataract, diabetic nephropathy, glomerulosclerosis, chronic renal failure, diabetic neuropathy, metabolic syndrome, syndrome X, premenstrual syndrome, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, thrombosis, atherosclerosis, transient ischemic attacks, stroke, vascular restenosis, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertrygliceridemia, insulin resistance, impaired glucose metabolism, conditions of impaired glucose tolerance, conditions of impaired fasting plasma glucose, obesity, erectile dysfunction, skin and connective tissue disorders, foot ulcerations and ulcerative colitis, endothelial dysfunction and impaired vascular compliance.
• ITT impaired glucose tolerance
• the compounds may be used to treat neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's, schizophrenia, and impaired cognition.
• the compounds will also be beneficial in gastrointestinal illnesses such as inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, etc.
• the compounds may also be used to stimulate weight loss in obese patients, especially those afflicted with diabetes.
• a further embodiment of the invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions containing a compound of Formula I.
• Such formulations will typically contain a compound of Formula I in admixture with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
• halogen refers to a chlorine, fluorine, iodine, or bromine atom.
• - C5 alkyl refers to a branched or straight chained alkyl group containing from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, etc.
• C 1 - C 5 alkoxy refers to a straight or branched chain alkoxy group containing from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, such as methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n- butoxy, isobutoxy, pentoxy, etc. d.
• C3-C6 cycloalkyl refers to a nonaromatic ring that is fully hydrogenated and exists as a single ring. Examples of such carbocyclic rings include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl, e.
• “therapeutically effective amount” means an amount of a compound of the present invention that (i) treats or prevents the particular disease, condition, or disorder, (ii) attenuates, ameliorates, or eliminates one or more symptoms of the particular disease, condition, or disorder, or (iii) prevents or delays the onset of one or more symptoms of the particular disease, condition, or disorder described herein.
• “patient” refers to warm blooded animals such as, for example, guinea pigs, mice, rats, gerbils, cats, rabbits, dogs, monkeys, chimpanzees, and humans.
• “treat” refers to the ability of the compounds to either relieve, alleviate, or slow the progression of the patient's disease (or condition) or any tissue damage associated with the disease.
• the terms “modulated”, “modulating”, or “modulate(s)”, as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, refers to the activation of the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR1 19 with compounds of the present invention.
• pharmaceutically acceptable indicates that the substance or composition must be compatible chemically and/or toxicologically, with the other ingredients comprising a formulation, and/or the mammal being treated therewith.
• salts is intended to refer to pharmaceutically acceptable salts and to salts suitable for use in industrial processes, such as the preparation of the compound.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts is intended to refer to either pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts" or “pharmaceutically acceptable basic addition salts” depending upon actual structure of the compound.
• pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts is intended to apply to any nontoxic organic or inorganic acid addition salt of the base compounds represented by Formula I or any of its intermediates.
• Illustrative inorganic acids which form suitable salts include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulphuric, and phosphoric acid and acid metal salts such as sodium monohydrogen orthophosphate, and potassium hydrogen sulfate.
• Illustrative organic acids, which form suitable salts include the mono-, di-, and tricarboxylic acids.
• Such acids are for example, acetic, glycolic, lactic, pyruvic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, benzoic, hydroxy-benzoic, phenylacetic, cinnamic, salicylic, 2-phenoxybenzoic, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and sulfonic acids such as methane sulfonic acid and 2-hydroxyethane sulfonic acid.
• Such salts can exist in either a hydrated or substantially anhydrous form. In general, the acid addition salts of these compounds are soluble in water and various hydrophilic organic solvents. m.
• “pharmaceutically acceptable basic addition salts” is intended to apply to any non-toxic organic or inorganic basic addition salts of the compounds represented by Formula I, or any of its intermediates.
• Illustrative bases which form suitable salts include alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal hydroxides such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or barium hydroxides; ammonia, and aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic organic amines such as methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, and picoline. n.
• Certain of the compounds of the formula (I) may exist as geometric isomers.
• the compounds of the formula (I) may possess one or more asymmetric centers, thus existing as two, or more, stereoisomeric forms.
• the present invention includes all the individual stereoisomers and geometric isomers of the compounds of formula (I) and mixtures thereof. Individual enantiomers can be obtained by chiral separation or using the relevant enantiomer in the synthesis.
• the compounds of the present invention can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. In general, the solvated forms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms for the purposes of the present invention.
• the compounds may also exist in one or more crystalline states, i.e. polymorphs, or they may exist as amorphous solids. All such forms are encompassed by the claims.
• Many of the compounds of Formula I contain an 3-oxa-7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane ring bonded to a pyrimidine ring via an ether linkage as depicted below. This azabicyclo-nonane will exist as a geometric isomer and may be present as either the syn or anti isomer as depicted below.
• a 1 -A 4 may represent up to two nitrogen atoms and the remainder will be CH.
• the aromatic portion of this fused ring may represent, for example, phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, or pyrazinyl.
• R 3 may be hydrogen, or one of the substituents specified above. When R 3 is not hydrogen, it may represent up to two substituents that may be bonded to any carbon atom of the fused ring (with the exception of the two carbons at the ring fusion (i.e. forming the fused pyrrolidinyl moiety).
• R 4 may be present, or absent, and if present may be bonded to any carbon atom on the ring (with the exception of the two carbons forming the fused pyrrolidinyl moiety).
• a 1 -A 4 may represent an N-oxide moiety.
• the relevant carbon atom will represent CR 3 or CR 4 , not CH; as is readily apparent to one skilled in the art.
• fused nitrogen containing rings include:
• X is represented by a 3-oxa-7- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane as depicted below and the remaining variables are as defined above:
• X is a piperidine as represented by: In more specific embodiments: a) R 1 is -C(O)-O-R 5 , X is a piperidine or 3-oxa-7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, R 2 is hydrogen or cyano, and A 1 -A 4 forms a phenyl ring; b) R 1 is -C(O)-O-R 5 , X is a piperidine or 3-oxa-7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, R 2 is hydrogen or cyano, and A 1 -A 4 form a pyridyl ring; c) R 1 is -C(O)-O-R 5 , X is a piperidine or 3-oxa-7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, R 2 is hydrogen or cyano, A 1 -A 4 forms a pyridyl ring and R 3 is hydrogen, methyl or cyano
• a 1 -A 4 forms a phenyl ring.
• a 1 -A 4 forms a ring in which one or two of A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , and
• a 4 are N.
• a 1-A ⁇ 4 forms a pyridyl ring.
• R 4 is absent or -CO-NR 8 R 9 .
• R 1 is -C(O)-O-R 5 .
• R 3 is fluoro or hydrogen.
• R 2 is hydrogen or cyano.
• Compounds of the invention may be synthesized by synthetic routes that include processes analogous to those well-known in the chemical arts, particularly in light of the description contained herein.
• the starting materials are generally available from commercial sources such as Aldrich Chemicals (Milwaukee, Wl) or are readily prepared using methods known to those skilled in the art (e.g., prepared by methods generally described in Louis F. Fieser and Mary Fieser, Reagents for Organic Synthesis, v. 1-19, Wiley, New York (1967-1999 ed.), or Beilsteins Handbuch der organischen Chemie, 4, Aufl. ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, including supplements (also available via the Beilstein online database).
• reaction schemes depicted below provide potential routes for synthesizing the compounds of the present invention as well as key intermediates.
• Examples section below For a more detailed description of the individual reaction steps, see the Examples section below.
• Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other synthetic routes may be used to synthesize the inventive compounds.
• specific starting materials and reagents are depicted in the schemes and discussed below, other starting materials and reagents can be easily substituted to provide a variety of derivatives and/or reaction conditions.
• many of the compounds prepared by the methods described below can be further modified in light of this disclosure using conventional chemistry well known to those skilled in the art.
• the compounds of Formula I can be prepared using methods analogously known in the art for the production of ethers.
• the reader's attention is directed to texts such as: 1 ) Hughes, D. L.; Organic Reactions 1992, 42 Hoboken, NJ, United States; 2) Tikad, A.; Routier, S.; Akssira, M.; Leger, J.-M.l; Jarry, C; Nicolast, G. Synlett 2006, 12, 1938-42; and 3) Loksha, Y. M.; Globisch, D.; Pedersen, E. B.; La CoIIa, P.; CoIIu, G.; Loddo, R. J. Het. Chem. 2008, 45, 1161-6 which describe such reactions in greater detail.
• Reaction Scheme I illustrates alternative methodologies for assembling the compounds of Formula I.
• the central portion of the molecule is an optionally substituted pyrimidine ring.
• the compounds of Formula I are produced by forming both an ether linkage and an amino linkage with the pyrimidine as depicted below. It is not critical in what order this reaction sequence is carried out.
• the starting material in Reaction Scheme I is the dihydoxy-pyrimidine of structure 1 in which R 2 and R 10 are typically represented by the same substituent as is desired in the final product.
• Methods for producing such pyrimidines are known in the art.
• the chlorination reaction of step A is carried out as is known in the art.
• a compound of structure 1 is allowed to react with a chlorinating reagent such POCb (phosphorous oxychloride) (Matulenko, M. A. et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2007, 15, 1586-1605) to produce a dichloropyrimidine of structure 2.
• POCb phosphorous oxychloride
• the chlorinating agent is used in excess or in solvents such as a toluene, benzene or xylene with or without additives such as triethylamine, ⁇ /, ⁇ /-dimethylaniline, or diisopropylethylamine.
• solvents such as a toluene, benzene or xylene with or without additives such as triethylamine, ⁇ /, ⁇ /-dimethylaniline, or diisopropylethylamine.
• This reaction may be run at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 14O 0 C, depending on the choice of conditions.
• Alternative chlorinating reagents include PCU, (phosphorous trichloride), POCI3/PCI5 (phosphorous pentachloride), thionyl chloride, oxalyl chloride or phosgene.
• the dichloropyrimidine of structure 2 may be obtained from commercial sources.
• the dichloropyrimidine of structure 2 may
• Step B an amino linkage is formed between the fused pyrrolidine of structure 3 and the dichloropyrimidine of structure 2.
• a 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4 , R 3 , and R 4 will typically be represented by the same substituent as is desired in the final product.
• Such pyrrolidine derivatives are known in the art and are described in: (a) Zhao, H.; Thurkauf, A.; He, X.; Hodgetts, K.; Zhang, Xi.; Rachwal, S.; Kover, R.
• the amino linkage is formed by contacting equivalent amounts of the compounds of structure 2 and 3 in a polar protic solvent such as ethanol, propanol, isopropanol or butanol at temperatures ranging from O 0 C to 12O 0 C, depending on which solvent is used, for 0.5 to 24 hours. Typical conditions utilized for this reaction are the use of isopropanol as the solvent heated at 108 0 C for one hour.
• a amine base such as triethylamine or diethylisopropylamine or inorganic bases such as sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate or sodium carbonate may be added to this reaction.
• the solvent may be changed to a polar aprotic solvent such as acetonitrile, N,N-dimethyl formamide (“DMF”), tetrahydrofuran (“THF”) or 1 ,4-dioxane at O 0 C - 100 0 C for 0.5 to 24 hours.
• a polar aprotic solvent such as acetonitrile, N,N-dimethyl formamide (“DMF"), tetrahydrofuran (“THF”) or 1 ,4-dioxane at O 0 C - 100 0 C for 0.5 to 24 hours.
• Typical conditions utilized for this reaction include the use of diethylisopropylamine in acetonitrile at room temperature for three hours.
• hydrochloric acid in polar protic solvents such as water, methanol, ethanol or propanol alone or in combination may be used for this transformation at temperatures of O 0 C to 1 1O 0 C.
• Typical conditions are the
• Step C an ether linkage is formed between the intermediate of structure 5 and the alcohol of structure 4 to form the compound of Formula I.
• the alcohol of structure 4 will either be a 3-oxa-7-azabicyclo[3.3.1] nonanol or a hydroxy substituted piperidine, depending upon the desired final product.
• R 1 and R 11 will typically be represented by the same substituent as is desired in the final product.
• Reaction Scheme II hereinafter, teaches a method for the production of the 3-oxa-7- azabicyclo[3.3.1] nonanols.
• hydroxyl substituted piperidines are well known in the art and are described in publications such as: (a) Gharbaoui, T.; Sengupta, D.; LaIIy, E. A.; Kato, N. S.; Carlos, M.; Rodriguez, N. US2006154940. (b) Wessig, P.; Moellnitz, K.; Eiserbeck, C. Chem. Eur. J. 2007, 13, 4859. (c) Kreidler, B.; Baro, A.; Christoffers, J. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 24, 5339. (d) Jingyuan, M.A.; Rabbat, CJ.
• Step C equivalent amounts of the reactants are contacted in the presence of a base such as sodium hydride; sodium and potassium te/t-butoxide; sodium, potassium, and lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide and sodium, potassium and lithium tert- amyloxide in solvents such as DMF, THF, 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane, 1 ,4-dioxane, N, N- dimethylacetamide, or dimethylsulfoxide ("DMSO").
• a base such as sodium hydride; sodium and potassium te/t-butoxide; sodium, potassium, and lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide and sodium, potassium and lithium tert- amyloxide in solvents such as DMF, THF, 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane, 1 ,4-dioxane, N, N- dimethylacetamide, or dimethylsulfoxide ("DMSO").
• a base such as sodium hydride; sodium and potassium t
• the desired compound of Formula I may be recovered and isolated as known in the art. It may be recovered by evaporation, extraction, etc. as is known in the art. It may optionally be purified by chromatography, recrystallization, distillation, or other techniques known in the art prior.
• R 1 and R 4 may be manipulated after the core of Formula I is produced.
• a sulfonyl moiety may be generated by oxidizing a thioether.
• the dichloro- pyrimidine of structure 2 is initially contacted with the alcohol of structure 4 to form the intermediate depicted by structure 6.
• the alcohol of structure 4 will either be a 3-oxa-7-azabicyclo[3.3.1] nonanol or a hydroxyl-substituted piperidine, depending upon the desired final product.
• R 1 will typically be represented by the same substituent as is desired in the final product.
• Suitable systems include bases such as sodium hydride; sodium and potassium te/t-butoxide; sodium, potassium, and lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide and sodium, potassium and lithium te/t-amyloxide in solvents such as DMF, THF, 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane, 1 ,4-dioxane, ⁇ /, ⁇ /-dimethylacetamide, or DMSO at temperatures of O 0 C to 140 0 C.
• bases such as sodium hydride; sodium and potassium te/t-butoxide; sodium, potassium, and lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide and sodium, potassium and lithium te/t-amyloxide in solvents such as DMF, THF, 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane, 1 ,4-dioxane, ⁇ /, ⁇ /-dimethylacetamide, or DMSO at temperatures of O 0 C to 140 0 C.
• Typical conditions for this transformation include the use of potassium te/t-butoxide in THF at 0 0 C to room temperature for 14 hours.
• the intermediate of structure 6 may be isolated and recovered from the reaction and further purified as is known in the art. Alternatively the crude may be used in Step E, described below.
• the compounds of Formula I may then be formed by contacting the intermediate of structure 6 with the fused pyrrolidine of structure 3, previously described above. Typically, equivalent amounts of the fused pyrrolidine of structure 3 are allowed to react with the chloro intermediate of formula 6 in the presence of a base.
• Suitable bases can be sodium hydride; sodium or potassium te/t-butoxide; sodium or potassium or lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide and sodium or potassium or lithium te/t-amyloxide in solvents such as DMF, THF, 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane, 1 ,4-dioxane, ⁇ /, ⁇ /-dimethylacetamide, or DMSO or mixtures thereof.
• reaction may be carried out in temperature ranges of -10°C - 15O 0 C depending on the solvent of use. Typically, the reaction will be allowed to proceed for a period of time ranging from 15 minutes to 24 hours under an inert atmosphere. Suitable conditions include sodium bis(dimethylsilyl)amide in dioxane at 105 0 C for one hour.
• this reaction may be carried out by heating the intermediate of structure 6 and fused pyrrolidine of structure 3 in a polar aprotic solvent such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol or butanol for 0.5 - 24 hours. Typical conditions for this transformation are heating in isopropanol at 108 0 C for two hours.
• This reaction may also by carried out using transition metal catalysts to form the key substituted amine linkage found in the compounds of formula I. Transition metal catalysts may consist of but are not limited to Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , PdCb, Pd(OAc) 2 , Pd 2 (dba)3, CuI, Cu(OAc) 2 and Cu(OTf) 2 .
• a base is typically utilized in these reactions.
• a suitable base for use with palladium catalysts may be sodium te/t-butoxide, potassium tert- butoxide, potassium te/t-amyloxide or KaPO 4 in an appropriate solvents such as dioxane, THF, 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane or toluene.
• a suitable base may consist of alkali bases such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate in an appropriate solvents such as DMF, DMSO or dimethylacetamide.
• Ligands for palladium catalyzed reactions may include but are not limited to 9,9-Dimethyl-4,5- bis(diphenylphosphino)xanthene (Xantphos), 2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1 ,V- binaphthyl (BINAP), 1 ,1 '-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (DPPF), 2,8,9-Triisobutyl- 2,5,8,9-tetraaza-1 -phosphabicyclo[3.3.3]undecane (P[N(/-Bu)CH 2 CH 3 ] 3 N), Tri-te/t- butylphosphine (tBuaP), (Biphenyl-2-yl)bis(te/t-butyl)phosphine (JohnPhos), Pd- PEPPSITM-SIPr: (1 ,3-bis(2,6-
• Suitable ligands for copper catalyzed reactions may include but are not limited to /.-proline, N-methylglycine, diethylsalicylamide.
• Suitable conditions for formation of compounds of formula I are the use of Pd 2 (dba)3 with sodium t ⁇ /t-butoxide in toluene at 12O 0 C for 12 hours.
• the desired compound of Formula I may be recovered and isolated as known in the art. It may be recovered by evaporation, extraction, etc. as is known in the art. It may optionally be purified by chromatography, recrystallization, distillation, or other techniques known in the art prior.
• R 1 and R 4 may be manipulated after the core of Formula I is produced. Such variations are well known to those skilled in the art and should be considered part of the invention.
• compounds of formula I are substituted with R 3 or R 4 being equal to a thioalkyl (S-alkyl) moiety. This group may be oxidized to R 3 or R 4 being equal to an alkylsulfone (SO 2 -alkyl) group.
• the initial step in the reaction is to remove the benzyl protecting group from structure 7. This can be accomplished via hydrogenolysis to give compound 8.
• Typical conditions for this reaction include utilizing hydrogen and a palladium catalyst including 5 - 20% palladium on carbon or 10 - 20% palladium hydroxide.
• a typical solvent for this reaction is ethanol, methanol, tetrahydrofuran or ethyl acetate.
• structure 10 may be formed via the addition of compound 8 to an appropriately substituted 2- chloropyrimidine as depicted by structure 9 in the presence of a base such as cesium carbonate or diisopropylethylamine in a protic solvent such as ethanol or methanol, or a polar aprotic solvent such as 1 ,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide or dimethylsulfoxide.
• a base such as cesium carbonate or diisopropylethylamine in a protic solvent such as ethanol or methanol, or a polar aprotic solvent such as 1 ,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide or dimethylsulfoxide.
• a base such as cesium carbonate or diisopropylethylamine
• a protic solvent such as ethanol or methanol
• a polar aprotic solvent such as 1 ,4-diox
• alkyl haloformate formate of structure 1 1 is contacted with the compound of structure 8 in the presence of a base such as diisopropylethylamine, triethylamine or pyridine in dichloromethane or chloroform.
• a base such as diisopropylethylamine, triethylamine or pyridine in dichloromethane or chloroform.
• compounds of structure 12 can formed from compounds of structure 8 via the use of dialkyldicarbonates such as di-tert- butyl dicarbonate (BOC anhydride) or di-isopropyl dicarbonate in the presence of amine bases such as diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, 2,6-lutidine or triethylamine in solvents such as dichloromethane, chloroform or tetrahydrofuran.
• dialkyldicarbonates such as di-tert- butyl dicarbonate (BOC anhydride) or di-isopropyl dicarbonate in the presence of amine bases such as diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, 2,6-lutidine or triethylamine in solvents such as dichloromethane, chloroform or tetrahydrofuran.
• Final structure 10 or 12 i.e. structure #1 from Reaction Scheme 1
• structure #1 from Reaction Scheme 1 may be isolated and purified as is known in the art. If desired, it may be subjected to a separation step to yield the desired syn or anti isomer prior to its utilization in Reaction Scheme I.
• Suitable amino-protecting groups include acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, /-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), benzyloxycarbonyl (CBZ) and 9- fluorenylmethyleneoxycarbonyl (Fmoc).
• a "hydroxy-protecting group” refers to a substituent of a hydroxy group that blocks or protects the hydroxy functionality.
• Suitable hydroxyl-protecting groups include for example, allyl, acetyl, silyl, benzyl, para-methoxybenzyl, trityl, and the like. The need for such protection is readily determined by one skilled in the art. For a general description of protecting groups and their use, see T. W. Greene, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991.
• the compounds of this invention are acidic and they form salts with pharmaceutically acceptable cations.
• Some of the compounds of this invention are basic and form salts with pharmaceutically acceptable anions. All such salts are within the scope of this invention and they can be prepared by conventional methods such as combining the acidic and basic entities, usually in a stoichiometric ratio, in either an aqueous, non-aqueous or partially aqueous medium, as appropriate.
• the salts are recovered either by filtration, by precipitation with a non-solvent followed by filtration, by evaporation of the solvent, or, in the case of aqueous solutions, by lyophilization, as appropriate.
• the compounds are obtained in crystalline form according to procedures known in the art, such as by dissolution in an appropriate solvent(s) such as ethanol, hexanes or water/ethanol mixtures
• Enantiomers can be separated by converting the enantiomeric mixture into a diastereomeric mixture by reaction with an appropriate optically active compound (e.g., chiral auxiliary such as a chiral alcohol or Mosher's acid chloride), separating the diastereoisomers and converting (e.g., hydrolyzing) the individual diastereoisomers to the corresponding pure enantiomers.
• an appropriate optically active compound e.g., chiral auxiliary such as a chiral alcohol or Mosher's acid chloride
• Enantiomers can also be separated by use of a chiral HPLC column.
• the specific stereoisomers may be synthesized by using an optically active starting material, by asymmetric synthesis using optically active reagents, substrates, catalysts or solvents, or by converting one stereoisomer into the other by asymmetric transformation.
• the present invention also embraces isotopically-labeled compounds of the present invention which are identical to those recited herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
• isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, fluorine, iodine, and chlorine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 13 N, 15 N, 15 O, 17 O, 18 O, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 18 F, 123 1, 125 I and 36 CI, respectively.
• Certain isotopically-labeled compounds of the present invention are useful in compound and/or substrate tissue distribution assays.
• Certain isotopically labeled ligands including tritium, 14 C, 35 S and 125 I could be useful in radioligand binding assays.
• Tritiated (i.e., 3 H) and carbon-14 (i.e., 14 C) isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability.
• substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium (i.e., 2 H) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability (e.g., increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements) and hence may be preferred in some circumstances.
• Positron emitting isotopes such as 15 0, 13 N, 11 C, and 18 F are useful for positron emission tomography (PET) studies to examine receptor occupancy.
• Isotopically labeled compounds of the present invention can generally be prepared by following procedures analogous to those disclosed in the Schemes and/or in the Examples herein below, by substituting an isotopically labeled reagent for a non- isotopically labeled reagent.
• Polymorphs may be prepared by crystallization under various conditions, for example, using different solvents or different solvent mixtures for recrystallization; crystallization at different temperatures; and/or various modes of cooling, ranging from very fast to very slow cooling during crystallization. Polymorphs may also be obtained by heating or melting the compound of the present invention followed by gradual or fast cooling. The presence of polymorphs may be determined by solid probe NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction or such other techniques.
• Compounds of the present invention modulate the activity of G-protein-coupled receptor GPR1 19.
• said compounds are useful for the prophylaxis and treatment of diseases, such as diabetes, in which the activity of GPR119 contributes to the pathology or symptoms of the disease.
• another aspect of the present invention includes a method for the treatment of a metabolic disease and/or a metabolic-related disorder in an individual which comprises administering to the individual in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, a salt of said compound or a pharmaceutical composition containing such compound.
• the metabolic diseases and metabolism-related disorders are selected from, but not limited to, hyperlipidemia, type I diabetes, type Il diabetes mellitus, idiopathic type I diabetes (Type Ib), latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), early-onset type 2 diabetes (EOD), youth-onset atypical diabetes (YOAD), maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY), malnutrition-related diabetes, gestational diabetes, coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, restenosis after angioplasty, peripheral vascular disease, intermittent claudication, myocardial infarction (e.g., hyperlipidemia, type I diabetes, type Il diabetes mellitus, idiopathic type I diabetes (Type Ib), latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), early-onset type 2 diabetes (EOD), youth-onset atypical diabetes (YOAD), maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY), malnutrition-related diabetes, gestational diabetes, coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, restenosis after angioplasty, peripheral vascular disease,
• ITT impaired glucose tolerance
• diabetes conditions of impaired fasting plasma glucose
• metabolic acidosis ketosis
• ketosis arthritis
• obesity osteoporosis
• hypertension congestive heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, peripheral arterial disease, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, cataract, diabetic nephropathy, glomerulosclerosis, chronic renal failure, diabetic neuropathy, metabolic syndrome, syndrome X, premenstrual syndrome, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, thrombosis, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attacks, stroke, vascular restenosis, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertrygliceridemia, insulin resistance, impaired glucose metabolism, conditions of impaired glucose tolerance, conditions of impaired fasting plasma glucose, obesity, erectile dysfunction, skin and connective tissue disorders, foot ulcerations, , endothelial dysfunction, hyper apo B lipoproteinemia
• the compounds may be used to treat neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's, schizophrenia, and impaired cognition.
• the compounds will also be beneficial in gastrointestinal illnesses such as inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, etc.
• the compounds may also be used to stimulate weight loss in obese patients, especially those afflicted with diabetes.
• the present invention further provides a method for preventing or ameliorating the symptoms of any of the diseases or disorders described above in a subject in need thereof, which method comprises administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention.
• Further aspects of the invention include the preparation of medicaments for the treating diabetes and its related co-morbidities.
• the compounds need to be administered in a quantity sufficient to modulate activation of the G-protein- coupled receptor GPR1 19. This amount can vary depending upon the particular disease/condition being treated, the severity of the patient's disease/condition, the patient, the particular compound being administered, the route of administration, and the presence of other underlying disease states within the patient, etc.
• the compounds When administered systemically, the compounds typically exhibit their effect at a dosage range of from about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day for any of the diseases or conditions listed above. Repetitive daily administration may be desirable and will vary according to the conditions outlined above.
• the compounds of the present invention may be administered by a variety of routes. They may be administered orally. The compounds may also be administered parenterally (i.e., subcutaneously, intravenously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, or intrathecally), rectally, or topically.
• the compounds of this invention may also be used in conjunction with other pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of the diseases, conditions and/or disorders described herein. Therefore, methods of treatment that include administering compounds of the present invention in combination with other pharmaceutical agents are also provided.
• Suitable pharmaceutical agents that may be used in combination with the compounds of the present invention include anti-obesity agents (including appetite suppressants), anti-diabetic agents, anti-hyperglycemic agents, lipid lowering agents, and anti-hypertensive agents.
• Suitable anti-diabetic agents include an acetyl-CoA carboxylase-2 (ACC-2) inhibitor, a diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT-1 ) inhibitor, a phosphodiesterase (PDE)-I O inhibitor, a sulfonylurea (e.g., acetohexamide, chlorpropamide, diabinese, glibenclamide, glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride, gliclazide, glipentide, gliquidone, glisolamide, tolazamide, and tolbutamide), a meglitinide, an ⁇ -amylase inhibitor (e.g., tendamistat, trestatin and AL-3688), an ⁇ -glucoside hydrolase inhibitor (e.g., acarbose), an ⁇ -glucosidase inhibitor (e.g., adiposine, camiglibos
• Suitable anti-obesity agents include 11 ⁇ -hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase-1 (11 ⁇ - HSD type 1 ) inhibitors, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1 ) inhibitor, MCR-4 agonists, cholecystokinin-A (CCK-A) agonists, monoamine reuptake inhibitors (such as sibutramine), sympathomimetic agents, ⁇ 3 adrenergic agonists, dopamine agonists (such as bromocriptine), melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogs, 5HT2c agonists, melanin concentrating hormone antagonists, leptin (the OB protein), leptin analogs, leptin agonists, galanin antagonists, lipase inhibitors (such as tetrahydrolipstatin, i.e.
• anorectic agents such as a bombesin agonist
• neuropeptide-Y antagonists e.g., NPY Y5 antagonists
• PYY3-36 including analogs thereof
• thyromimetic agents dehydroepiandrosterone or an analog thereof
• glucocorticoid agonists or antagonists orexin antagonists
• glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists ciliary neurotrophic factors (such as AxokineTM available from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY and Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH)
• human agouti-related protein (AGRP) inhibitors ghrelin antagonists, histamine 3 antagonists or inverse agonists
• neuromedin U agonists e.g., MTP/ApoB inhibitors (e.g., gut-selective MTP inhibitors, such as dirlotapide), opioid antagonist, orexin antagonist, and the like.
• Preferred anti-obesity agents for use in the combination aspects of the present invention include gut-selective MTP inhibitors (e.g., dirlotapide, mitratapide and implitapide, R56918 (CAS No. 403987) and CAS No. 913541-47-6), CCKa agonists (e.g., N-benzyl-2-[4-(1 H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-2,3,6,10b- tetraaza-benzo[e]azulen-6-yl]-N-isopropyl-acetamide described in PCT Publication No. WO 2005/116034 or US Publication No.
• CCKa agonists e.g., N-benzyl-2-[4-(1 H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-2,3,6,10b- te
• PYY3-36 includes analogs, such as peglated PYY3-36 e.g., those described in US Publication 2006/0178501 ), opioid antagonists (e.g., naltrexone), oleoyl-estrone (CAS No.
• compounds of the present invention and combination therapies are administered in conjunction with exercise and a sensible diet.
• compositions which comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in admixture with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
• compositions include those in a form adapted for oral, topical or parenteral use and can be used for the treatment of diabetes and related conditions as described above.
• compositions can be formulated for administration by any route known in the art, such as subdermal, inhalation, oral, topical, parenteral, etc.
• the compositions may be in any form known in the art, including but not limited to tablets, capsules, powders, granules, lozenges, or liquid preparations, such as oral or sterile parenteral solutions or suspensions.
• Tablets and capsules for oral administration may be in unit dose presentation form, and may contain conventional excipients such as binding agents, for example syrup, acacia, gelatin, sorbitol, tragacanth, or polyvinylpyrollidone; fillers, for example lactose, sugar, maize-starch, calcium phosphate, sorbitol or glycine; tabletting lubricants, for example magnesium stearate, talc, polyethylene glycol or silica; disintegrants, for example potato starch; or acceptable wetting agents such as sodium lauryl sulphate.
• the tablets may be coated according to methods well known in normal pharmaceutical practice.
• Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of, for example, aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups or elixirs, or may be presented as a dry product for reconstitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use.
• Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives, such as suspending agents, for example sorbitol, methyl cellulose, glucose syrup, gelatin, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, aluminium stearate gel or hydrogenated edible fats, emulsifying agents, for example lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, or acacia; non-aqueous vehicles (which may include edible oils), for example almond oil, oily esters such as glycerin, propylene glycol, or ethyl alcohol; preservatives, for example methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate or sorbic acid, and, if desired, conventional flavoring or coloring agents.
• suspending agents for example sorbitol, methyl cellulose, glucose syrup, gelatin, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, aluminium stearate gel or hydrogenated edible fats, emulsifying agents, for example lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, or
• fluid unit dosage forms are prepared utilizing the compound and a sterile vehicle, water being preferred.
• the compound depending on the vehicle and concentration used, can be either suspended or dissolved in the vehicle or other suitable solvent.
• the compound can be dissolved in water for injection and filter sterilized before filling into a suitable vial or ampoule and sealing.
• agents such as local anesthetics, preservatives and buffering agents etc. can be dissolved in the vehicle.
• the composition can be frozen after filling into the vial and the water removed under vacuum. The dry lyophilized powder is then sealed in the vial and an accompanying vial of water for injection may be supplied to reconstitute the liquid prior to use.
• Parenteral suspensions are prepared in substantially the same manner except that the compound is suspended in the vehicle instead of being dissolved and sterilization cannot be accomplished by filtration.
• the compound can be sterilized by exposure to ethylene oxide before suspending in the sterile vehicle.
• a surfactant or wetting agent is included in the composition to facilitate uniform distribution of the compound.
• compositions may contain, for example, from about 0.1 % to about 99 by weight, of the active material, depending on the method of administration. Where the compositions comprise dosage units, each unit will contain, for example, from about 0.1 to 900 mg of the active ingredient, more typically from 1 mg to 250mg.
• NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian UnityTM 400 (DG400-5 probe) or 500 (DG500-5 probe - both available from Varian Inc., Palo Alto, CA) at room temperature at 400 MHz or 500 MHz respectively for proton analysis. Chemical shifts are expressed in parts per million (delta) relative to residual solvent as an internal reference.
• the peak shapes are denoted as follows: s, singlet; d, doublet; dd, doublet of doublet; t, triplet; q, quartet; m, multiplet; bs, broad singlet; 2s, two singlets.
• Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectra were obtained on a WatersTM Spectrometer (Micromass ZMD, carrier gas: nitrogen) (available from Waters Corp., Milford, MA, USA) with a flow rate of 0.3 mL/minute and utilizing a 50:50 water/acetonitrile eluent system.
• Electrospray ionization mass spectra were obtained on a liquid chromatography mass spectrometer from WatersTM (Micromass ZQ or ZMD instrument (carrier gas: nitrogen) (Waters Corp., Milford, MA, USA) utilizing a gradient of 95:5 - 0:100 water in acetonitrile with 0.01 % formic acid added to each solvent.
• These instruments utilized a Varian Polaris 5 C18-A20x2.0mm column (Varian Inc., Palo Alto, CA) at flow rates of 1 mL/minute for 3.75 minutes or 2 mL/minute for 1.95 minutes.
• Concentration in vacuo refers to evaporation of solvent under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator.
• the assay for GPR1 19 agonists utilizes a cell-based (hGPR119 HEK293-CRE beta-lactamase) reporter construct where agonist activation of human GPR119 is coupled to beta-lactamase production via a cyclic AMP response element (CRE). GPR119 activity is then measured utilizing a FRET-enabled beta-lactamase substrate, CCF4-AM (Live Blazer FRET-B/G Loading kit, Invitrogen cat # K1027).
• CRE cyclic AMP response element
• hGPR119-HEK-CRE- beta-lactamase cells (Invitrogen 2.5 x 10 7 VmL) were removed from liquid nitrogen storage, and diluted in plating medium (Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium high glucose (DMEM; Gibco Cat # 11995-065), 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum (HIFBS; Sigma Cat # F4135), 1X MEM Nonessential amino acids (Gibco Cat # 15630-080), 25 mM HEPES pH 7.0 (Gibco Cat # 15630-080), 200 nM potassium clavulanate (Sigma Cat # P3494).
• plating medium Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium high glucose (DMEM; Gibco Cat # 11995-065), 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum (HIFBS; Sigma Cat # F4135), 1X MEM Nonessential amino acids (Gibco Cat # 15630-080), 25 mM HEPES pH 7.0 (Gibco Cat # 15630-080),
• the cell concentration was adjusted using cell plating medium and 50 microL of this cell suspension (12.5 x 10 4 viable cells) was added into each well of a black, clear bottom, poly-d-lysine coated 384-well plate (Greiner Bio-One cat# 781946) and incubated at 37 degrees Celsius in a humidified environment containing 5% carbon dioxide. After 4 hours the plating medium was removed and replaced with 40 microL of assay medium (Assay medium is plating medium without potassium clavulanate and HIFBS). Varying concentrations of each compound to be tested was then added in a volume of 10 microL (final DMSO ⁇ 0.5%) and the cells were incubated for 16 hours at 37 degrees Celsius in a humidified environment containing 5% carbon dioxide.
• GPR1 19 agonist activity was also determined with a cell-based assay utilizing an HTRF (Homogeneous Time-Resoived Fluorescence) cAMP detection kit (cAMP dynamic 2 Assay Kit; Cis Bio cat # 62AM4PEC) that measures cAMP levels in the cell.
• the method is a competitive immunoassay between native cAMP produced by the cells and the cAMP labeled with the dye d2.
• the tracer binding is visualized by a Mab anti- cAMP labeled with Cryptate.
• the specific signal i.e. energy transfer
• hGPR1 19 HEK-CRE beta-lactamase cells are removed from cryopreservation and diluted in growth medium (Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium high glucose (DMEM; Gibco Cat # 11995-065), 1 % charcoal dextran treated fetal bovine serum (CD serum; HyClone Cat # SH30068.03), 1x MEM Nonessential amino acids (Gibco Cat # 15630-080) and 25 mM HEPES pH 7.0 (Gibco Cat # 15630- 080)).
• growth medium Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium high glucose (DMEM; Gibco Cat # 11995-065), 1 % charcoal dextran treated fetal bovine serum (CD serum; HyClone Cat # SH30068.03
• DMEM Nonessential amino acids Gabco Cat # 15630-080
• 25 mM HEPES pH 7.0 Gibco Cat # 15630- 080
• the cell concentration was adjusted to 1.5 x 10 5 cells/mL and 30 ml_s of this suspension was added to a T-175 flask and incubated at 37 degrees Celsius in a humidified environment in 5% carbon dioxide. After 16 hours (overnight), the cells were removed from the T-175 flask (by rapping the side of the flask), centrifuged at 800 x g and then re-suspended in assay medium (1x HBSS +CaCI 2 + MgCI 2 (Gibco Cat # 14025-092) and 25 mM HEPES pH 7.0 (Gibco Cat # 15630-080)).
• the cell concentration was adjusted to 6.25 x 10 5 cells/mL with assay medium and 8 ⁇ l of this cell suspension (5000 cells) was added to each well of a white Greiner 384-well, low- volume assay plate (VWR cat # 82051-458).
• Varying concentrations of each compound to be tested were diluted in assay buffer containing 3-isobutyl-1-methyixanthin (IBMX; Sigma cat # I5879) and added to the assay plate wells in a volume of 2 microL (final IBMX concentration was 400 microM and final DMSO concentration was 0.58%). Following 30 minutes incubation at room temperature, 5 microL of labeled d2 cAMP and 5 microL of anti-cAMP antibody (both diluted 1 :20 in cell lysis buffer; as described in the manufacturers assay protocol) were added to each well of the assay plate.
• IBMX 3-isobutyl-1-methyixanthin
• GPR1 19 agonist activity was also determined with a cell-based assay utilizing DiscoverX PathHunter ⁇ -arrestin cell assay technology and their U2OS hGPR1 19 ⁇ -arrestin cell line (DiscoverX Cat # 93-0356C3).
• agonist activation is determined by measuring agonist-induced interaction of ⁇ -arrestin with activated GPR119.
• a small, 42 amino acid enzyme fragment, called ProLink was appended to the C-terminus of GPR1 19.
• Arrestin was fused to the larger enzyme fragment, termed EA (Enzyme Acceptor).
• EA Enzyme Acceptor
• U2OS hGPR119 ⁇ -arrestin cells are removed from cryopreservation and diluted in growth medium (Minimum essential medium (MEM; Gibco Cat # 1 1095-080), 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum (HIFBS; Sigma Cat # F4135-100), 100 mM sodium pyruvate (Sigma Cat # S8636), 500 microg/mL G418 (Sigma Cat # G8168) and 250 microg/mL Hygromycin B (Invitrogen Cat # 10687-010).
• MEM Minimum essential medium
• HIFBS 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum
• 100 mM sodium pyruvate Sigma Cat # S8636
• 500 microg/mL G418 Sigma Cat # G8168
• 250 microg/mL Hygromycin B Invitrogen Cat # 10687-010.
• the cell concentration was adjusted to 1.66 x 10 5 cells/mL and 30 ml_s of this suspension was added to a T-175 flask and incubated at 37 degrees Celsius in a humidified environment in 5% carbon dioxide. After 24 hours, the cells were removed from the T-175 flask with enzyme-free cell dissociation buffer (Gibco cat # 13151-014), centrifuged at 800 x g and then re-suspended in plating medium (Opti- MEM I (Invitrogen/BRL Cat # 31985-070) and 2 % charcoal dextran treated fetal bovine serum (CD serum; HyClone Cat # SH30068.03).
• enzyme-free cell dissociation buffer Gibco cat # 13151-014
• Opti- MEM I Invitrogen/BRL Cat # 31985-070
• CD serum HyClone Cat # SH30068.03
• the cell concentration was adjusted to 2.5 x 10 5 cells/mL with plating medium and 20 microliters of this cell suspension (5000 cells) was added to each well of a white Greiner 384-well low volume assay plate (VWR cat # 82051-458) and the plates were incubated at 37 degrees Celsius in a humidified environment in 5% carbon dioxide.
• the assay plates were removed from the incubator and varying concentrations of each compound to be tested (diluted in assay buffer (1x HBSS +CaCI 2 + MgCI 2 (Gibco Cat # 14025-092), 20 mM HEPES pH 7.0 (Gibco Cat # 15630-080) and 0.1 % BSA (Sigma Cat # A9576)) were added to the assay plate wells in a volume of 5 microliters (final DMSO concentration was 0.5 %).
• assay buffer (1x HBSS +CaCI 2 + MgCI 2 (Gibco Cat # 14025-092)
• 20 mM HEPES pH 7.0 Gibco Cat # 15630-080
• 0.1 % BSA Sigma Cat # A9576
• Galacton Star ⁇ -galactosidase substrate (PathHunter Detection Kit (DiscoveRx Cat # 93-0001 ); prepared as described in the manufacturers assay protocol) was added to each well of the assay plate.
• the plates were incubated at room temperature and after 60 minutes, changes in the luminescence were read with an Envision 2104 multilabel plate reader at 0.1 seconds per well.
• EC50 determinations were made from an agonist-response curves analyzed with a curve fitting program using a 4-parameter logistic dose response equation.
• the amplified product was purified (Qiaquick Kit, Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and digested with BamHI and EcoRI (New England BioLabs, Ipswich, MA) according to the manufacturer's protocols.
• the vector pFB-VSVG-CMV-poly Figure 2 was digested with BamHI and EcoRI (New England BioLabs, Ipswich, MA).
• the digested DNA was separated by electrophoresis on a 1% agarose gel; the fragments were excised from the gel and purified (Qiaquick Kit, Qiagen, Valencia, CA).
• the vector and gene fragments were ligated (Rapid Ligase Kit, Roche, Pleasanton, CA) and transformed into OneShot DH ⁇ alpha T1 R cells (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Eight ampicillin-resistant colonies (“clones 1-8”) were grown for miniprep (Qiagen Miniprep Kit, Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and sequenced to confirm identity and correct insert orientation.
• the pFB-VSVG-CMV-poly-hGPR1 19 construct (clone #1 ) was transformed into OneShot DHI OBac cells (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) according to manufacturers' protocols. Eight positive (i.e. white) colonies were re-streaked to confirm as "positives” and subsequently grown for bacmid isolation.
• the recombinant hGPR119 bacmid was isolated via a modified Alkaline Lysis procedure using the buffers from a Qiagen Miniprep Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). Briefly, pelleted cells were lysed in buffer P1 , neutralized in buffer P2, and precipitated with buffer N3. Precipitate was pelleted via centrifugation (17,900xg for 10 minutes) and the supernatant was combined with isopropanol to precipitate the DNA.
• the DNA was pelleted via centrifugation (17,900xg for 30 minutes), washed once with 70% ethanol, and resuspended in 50 microliters buffer EB (Tris-HCL, pH 8.5). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with commercially available primers (M13F, M13R, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) was used to confirm the presence of the hGPR1 19 insert in the Bacmid.
• PCR Polymerase chain reaction
• Suspension adapted Sf9 cells grown in Sf900ll medium were transfected with 10 microL hGPR119 bacmid DNA according to the manufacturer's protocol (Cellfectin, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). After five days of incubation, the conditioned medium (i.e. "PO" virus stock) was centrifuged and filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter (Steriflip, Millipore, Billerica, MA).
• frozen BIIC Bactet Cells
• Sf900ll medium Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA
• Freezing Medium 10% DMSO, 1% Albumin in Sf900ll medium
• Suspension adapted Sf9 cells grown in Sf900ll medium were infected with a 1 :100 dilution of a thawed hGPR119 BIIC stock and incubated for several days (27 degrees Celsius with shaking). When the viability of the cells reached 70%, the conditioned medium was harvested by centrifugation and the virus titer determined by ELISA (BaculoElisa Kit, Clontech, Mountain View, CA) Over-expression of hGPR119 in Suspension-Adapted HEK 293FT Cells
• HEK 293FT cells (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) were grown in a shake flask in 293Freestyle medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 50 microg/mL neomycin and 1OmM HEPES (37C, 8% carbon dioxide, shaking). The cells were centrifuged gently (approximately 500xg, 10 minutes) and the pellet resuspended in a mixture of Dulbecco's PBS(minus Mg++/-Ca++) supplemented with 18% fetal bovine serum (Sigma Aldrich) and P1 virus such that the multiplicity of infection (MOI) was 10 and the final cell density was 1.3 x 10 6 /ml_ (total volume 2.5 liters).
• MOI multiplicity of infection
• Cells were harvested via centrifugation (3,000xg, 10 minutes), washed once on DPBS (minus Ca++/Mg++), resuspended in 0.25M sucrose, 25mM HEPES, 0.5mM EDTA, pH 7.4 and frozen at -80 degrees Celsius.
• the frozen cells were thawed on ice and centrifuged at 700 x g (1400 rpm) for 10 minutes at 4 degrees Celsius.
• the cell pellet was resuspended in 20 ml. phosphate- buffered saline, and centrifuged at 1400 rpm for 10 minutes.
• the cell pellet was then resuspended in homogenization buffer (10 mM HEPES (Gibco #15630), pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA (BioSolutions, #BIO260-15), 1 mM EGTA (Sigma, #E-4378), 0.01 mg/mL benzamidine (Sigma #B 6506), 0.01 mg/mL bacitracin (Sigma #B 0125), 0.005 mg/mL leupeptin (Sigma #L 8511 ), 0.005 mg/mL aprotinin (Sigma #A 1 153)) and incubated on ice for 10 minutes. Cells were then lysed with 15 gentle strokes of a tight-fitting glass Dounce homogenizer.
• homogenization buffer 10 mM HEPES (Gibco #15630), pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA (BioSolutions, #BIO260-15), 1 mM EGTA (Sigma, #E-4378), 0.
• the homogenate was centrifuged at 1000 x g (2200 rpm) for 10 minutes at 4 degrees Celsius. The supernatant was transferred into fresh centrifuge tubes on ice. The cell pellet was resuspended in homogenization buffer, and centrifuged again at 1000 x g (2200 rpm) for 10 minutes at 4 degrees Celsius after which the supernatant was removed and the pellet resuspended in homogenization buffer. This process was repeated a third time, after which the supernatants were combined, Benzonase (Novagen # 71206) and MgCI 2 (Fluka #63020) were added to final concentrations of 1 U/mL and 6 mM, respectively, and incubated on ice for one hour.
• Benzonase Novagen # 71206
• MgCI 2 Fruka #63020
• the solution was then centrifuged at 25,000 x g (15000 rpm) for 20 minutes at 4 degrees Celsius, the supernatant was discarded, and the pellet was resuspended in fresh homogenization buffer (minus Benzonase and MgCI 2 ). After repeating the 25,000 x g centrifugation step, the final membrane pellet was resuspended in homogenization buffer and frozen at -80 degrees Celsius.
• the protein concentration was determined using the Pierce BCA protein assay kit (Pierce reagents A #23223 and B #23224).
• the specific activity of purified [ 3 H]-Compound A was determined by mass spectroscopy to be 70 Ci/mmol.
• the binding assay can be performed with [ 3 H]-Compound B.
• Test compounds were serially diluted in 100% DMSO (JT. Baker #922401 ). 2 microL of each dilution was added to appropriate wells of a 96-well plate (each concentration in triplicate). Unlabeled Compound A (or Compound B), at a final concentration of 10 microM, was used to determine non-specific binding.
• [ 3 H]-Compound A (or [ 3 H]-Compound B) was diluted in binding buffer (50 mM Tris-HCI, pH 7.5, (Sigma #T7443), 10 mM MgCI 2 (Fluka 63020), 1 mM EDTA (BioSolutions #BIO260-15), 0.15% bovine serum albumin (Sigma #A7511 ), 0.01 mg/mL benzamidine (Sigma #B 6506), 0.01 mg/mL bacitracin (Sigma #B 0125), 0.005 mg/mL leupeptin (Sigma #L 851 1 ), 0.005 mg/mL aprotinin (Sigma #A 1153)) to a concentration of 60 nM, and 100 microL added to all wells of 96-well plate (Nalge Nunc # 267245).
• binding buffer 50 mM Tris-HCI, pH 7.5, (Sigma #T7443), 10 mM MgCI 2 (F
• Membranes expressing GPR119 were thawed and diluted to a final concentration of 20 ⁇ g/100 microL per well in Binding Buffer, and 100 microL of diluted membranes were added to each well of 96-well plate.
• the plate was incubated for 60 minutes w/shaking at room temperature (approximately 25 degrees Celsius).
• the assay was terminated by vacuum filtration onto GF/C filter plates (Packard # 6005174) presoaked in 0.3% polyethylenamine, using a Packard harvester. Filters were then washed six times using washing buffer (50 mM Tris-HCI, pH 7.5 kept at 4 degrees Celsius). The filter plates were then air-dyed at room temperature overnight.
• the Kd for [ 3 H]-Compound A was determined by carrying out saturation binding, with data analysis by non-linear regression, fit to a one-site hyperbola (Graph Pad Prism).
• IC50 determinations were made from competition curves, analyzed with a proprietary curve fitting program (SIGHTS) and a 4-parameter logistic dose response equation. Ki values were calculated from IC50 values, using the Cheng- Prusoff equation.
• the intrinsic activity is the percent of maximal activity of the test compound, relative to the activity of a standard GPR119 agonist, 4-[[6-[(2-fluoro-4 methylsulfonylphenyl) amino]pyrimidin-4-yl]oxy]piperidine-1-carboxylic acid isopropyl ester (WO2005121 121 ), at a final concentration of 10 micromolar.
• Naive male Wistar rats (225-25Og body weight on receipt) were obtained from Harlan Laboratories (Indianapolis, IN), were pair housed in hanging plastic caging on Sani- chips sawdust bedding, and fed ad libitum on Purina 5001 chow. The rats were housed under a controlled light cycle (light from 6 am to 6 pm) at controlled temperature and humidity conditions. Rats were acclimated to the facility for at least 1 week prior to study.
• Example 17 was formulated in 0.5% methylcellulose.
• the highest dose (30 mg/kg) was formulated at 6 mg/ml_ for administration at 5 mL/kg, the required bulk was added to a mortar and ground with a small amount of 0.5% methylcellulose to a smooth paste with a pestle, additional 0.5% methylcellulose was added until the mixture flowed, when it was transferred to a stirred container, the mortar was rinsed several times with remaining quantity of 0.5% methylcellulose and capped to prevent evaporation. The suspension was stirred continuously overnight with a magnetic stir bar prior to study, and the lower doses were diluted from the 6 mg/ml_ suspension using the appropriate volume of 0.5 % methylcellulose. All dosing suspensions were stirred throughout the dosing procedure.
• the rats were fasted overnight in clean cages overnight (- 15 hours) prior to the oral glucose tolerance test.
• Body weights were recorded on the morning of the study (post fasting) for dose volume calculation.
• Blood samples were collected from all rats prior to dosing with vehicle or test compound via oral gavage (5 mL/kg). Thirty minutes later rats were bled and immediately dose with an oral dose of glucose (2 g/kg). The rats were re-bled at 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes post-glucose load.
• Plasma samples were collected into EDTA tubes with aprotinin/DPPIVi (0.6 TIU/20 ⁇ l_ per ml. whole blood). Blood tubes were inverted several times immediately following collection and placed on ice, then spun at 14,000 rpm in a refrigerated centrifuge for 5 minutes. Plasma samples were analyzed for glucose levels using a Roche 912 clinical chemistry analyzer, plasma insulin concentrations were determined using the Alpco Ultra-Sensitive Insulin Rat ELISA, and total amide GLP-1 concentrations were determined using MSD ELISA kit.
• IPGTT Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test
• the rats were fasted overnight in clean cages overnight ( ⁇ 15 hours) prior to the intra-peritoneal glucose tolerance test. Body weights were recorded on the morning of the study (post fasting) for dose volume calculation. Blood samples were collected from all rats prior to dosing with vehicle (0.5% methylcellulose) or test compound via oral gavage (5 mL/kg). Sixty minutes later rats were bled and immediately dose with an IP dose of glucose (2 g/kg). The rats were re-bled at 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes post-glucose load.
• Blood samples (-250 ⁇ L/time point) were collected into EDTA tubes with aprotinin/DPPIVi (0.6 TIU/20 ⁇ l_ per ml. whole blood), for the determination of plasma glucose, insulin, and total amide GLP-1 concentrations. Blood tubes were inverted several times immediately following collection and placed on ice, then spun at 14,000 rpm in a refrigerated centrifuge for 5 minutes. Plasma samples were analyzed for glucose levels using a Roche 912 clinical chemistry analyzer and plasma insulin concentrations were determined using the Alpco Ultra-Sensitive Insulin Rat Elisa.
• Example 3 IPGTT studies were performed with Example 3, either prepared as described above (dosed as a suspension in 0.5% methylcellulose) or prepared as an amorphous dispersion (25% active) with hydroxyproylmethylcellulose-acetate succinate (dosed as a suspension in 0.5% methylcellulose/0.1% polysorbate 80).
• Table 2 shows group mean values, with results expressed as percent of the vehicle response. Statistical significance is based on a comparison to the vehicle group.
• Aqueous formaldehyde (7.99 moles; 600.42 mL; 648.46 g) was combined with methanol (2 L). The resulting solution was added over 1 hour to the reaction while keeping the reaction at reflux. The reaction was heated for 10 minutes at reflux after the completion of formaldehyde addition, and cooled to 10 - 20 degrees Celsius. Sodium bicarbonate (4.00 moles; 335.63 g) was added. The reaction was cooled to 10 degrees Celsius, and sodium borohydride (4.20 moles; 158.71 g) was added portion-wise (sodium borohydride tablets were used, ⁇ 1 g each tablet). After the sodium borohydride addition was complete, the reaction was stirred at 15 - 25 degrees Celsius for 40 min.
• Diatomaceous earth 400 g was added to the reaction mixture, followed by water (2 L) and 1 N sodium hydroxide solution (4.00 L). The reaction mixture was stirred at 15 - 25 degrees Celsius for 1 hour, and filtered. The filter cake was rinsed with methanol/water (1 :1 mixture, 800 ml_). The filtrate was concentrated at 40 - 45 degrees Celsius under vacuum to remove most of the methanol. The resulting aqueous mixture was extracted with 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran (1 x 6.00 L).
• the 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran layer was washed with brine (2.00 L; 2.38 kg), concentrated under partial vacuum with a pot temperature of 40 - 45 degrees Celsius to give an oil, which was collected in a 5 L container (Naljug).
• the reactor was rinsed with 1 L of acetonitrile, and the rinse was combined with the crude oil product. After 12 hours standing at 10 -15 degrees Celsius, crystallization occurred in the Naljug. Filtration of the mixture gave the syn- diastereomer (193 g, 98% de).
• the filtrate was purified by silica gel chromatography (mobil phase: toluene/ heptane/ diethylamine 70/30/5, isocratic), followed by another chromatography using ChiralPak AD (mobile phase: isopropanol/ heptane/ diethylamine 5/95/0.2) to give additional crop of syn-diastereomer (86.3 g) and anti-diastereomer (145 g).
• silica gel chromatography mobility: toluene/ heptane/ diethylamine 70/30/5, isocratic
• ChiralPak AD mobile phase: isopropanol/ heptane/ diethylamine 5/95/0.2
• a reaction vial was charged with 75 microliters of a solution of transcription factor adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADH) (53 mg/mL, in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7), 20 microliters of a solution of Codexis KRED-NADH 101 (Codexis, Inc., 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063) (50 mg/mL, in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7) and 5 microliters of a solution of 7-benzyl-3-oxa-7- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-one (200 mg/mL, in DMSO). The resulting mixture was stirred at 30 degrees Celsius for 20 hours.
• NADH nodecane
• Codexis KRED-NADH 101 Codexis, Inc., 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063
• 7-benzyl-3-oxa-7- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-one
• the reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate (900 microliters), mixed and centrifuged.
• the organic layer 600 microliters was collected, evaporated to dryness and re-suspended in methanol (600 microliters) for analysis by super critical fluid chromatography (SFC).
• SFC analysis showed only formation of anti- 7-benzyl-3-oxa-7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-ol isomer in 97 % yield conversion. No evidence of the syn isomer was found.
• a reaction vial was charged with 75 microliters of a solution of NADH (53 mg/mL, in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7), 20 microliters of a solution of DAICEL- E002 (Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd., CPI Company, JR Shinagawa East Bldg. 2-18- 1 ,Konan, Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8230, Japan) (50 mg/mL, in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7) and 5 microliters of a solution of 7-benzyl-3-oxa-7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan- 9-one (200 mg/mL, in DMSO). The resulting mixture was stirred at 30 degrees Celsius for 20 hours.
• NADH 53 mg/mL, in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7
• DAICEL- E002 Disicel Chemical Industries, Ltd., CPI Company, JR Shinagawa East Bldg. 2-18- 1 ,Konan, Mina
• the reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate (900 microliters), mixed and centrifuged. The organic layer (600 microliters) was collected, evaporated to dryness and re-suspended in methanol (600 microliters) for analysis for SFC. SFC analysis showed only formation of syn-7-benzyl-3-oxa-7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-ol isomer in 99 % yield conversion. No evidence of the anti isomer was found.
• steps A and B from reaction Scheme A, above, can be combined as described below for the synthesis of 7-benzyl-3-oxa-7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-ol (mixture of syn and anf/-isomers):
• Benzylamine (21.35 g, 199.27 mmol), tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one (1 ) (19.95 g, 199.27 mmol) and acetic acid (11.97 g, 199.27 mmol) were dissolved in methanol (400 mL). The mixture was heated at reflux. A solution of aqueous formaldehyde (37%, 32.34 g, 398.53 mmol) and methanol (100 mL) was added to the reaction mixture over a period of 60 minutes, keeping the reaction at reflux. The reaction was cooled to room temperature. Sodium bicarbonate (16.74 g, 199.27 mmol) was then added portion- wise.
• sodium borohydride (7.92 g 209.23 mmol) was added portion-wise, maintaining the reaction temperature at 25 degrees Celsius or lower.
• the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 30 minutes.
• Diatomaceous earth (20 g) was added, followed by water (100 ml.) and aqueous 1 N sodium hydroxide solution (100 ml_). After it was stirred for 1 hour, the mixture was filtered and the filter cake was rinsed sequentially with methanol and water (20 ml. each). The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to remove most of the methanol.
• the resulting aqueous mixture was extracted with 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (300 ml_).
• each isomer was determined using analytical high pressure chromatography using a Chiralpak AD-H (4.6 mm x 25 cm) column with a mobile phase of 85:15 carbon dioxide and methanol respectively at a flow rate of 2.5 mL/minute.
• the wavelength for monitoring the peaks was 210 nm.
• the filtrate was discarded, and the filter cake was partitioned between saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (200 ml_), and chloroform (500 ml_).
• the biphasic mixture was heated in a water bath at 40 degrees Celsius to dissolve all remaining solids.
• the organic solution was then separated and dried over magnesium sulfate.
• Step A te/t-Butyl 1 H-pyrrolo[3,2-b1pyridine-1-carboxylate
• Step B te/t-Butyl 2,3-dihvdro-1 H-pyrrolo[3,2-b1pyridine-1-carboxylate
• Palladium hydroxide (3.22 g, -13 mol% palladium, Aldrich, 330094) wetted with minimal ethanol was added to a 500 ml. Parr bottle under a nitrogen atmosphere. To this was added the crude te/t-butyl 1 H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-1-carboxylate (10.0 g) as a solid. Ethanol (160 ml.) was added and the mixture was shaken under a 20 psi hydrogen atmosphere. The mixture was heated at 60 degrees Celsius and the hydrogen pressure was increased to 50 psi.
• Hydrogen chloride (45.2 ml_; 4 N in dioxane) was added to a stirred solution of te/t-butyl 2,3-dihydro-1 H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-1-carboxylate (9.95 g) in 45 ml. of methanol at room temperature. The mixture was heated to 60 degrees Celsius for 1 hour. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with diethyl ether and the solid precipitate was collected by filtration. Drying of the collected solids under vacuum gave the hydrochloride salt as a tan solid. 1.0 g of this salt was dissolved in 10 ml_ methanol.
• This compound was prepared from 2,3-dihydro-1 H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine and 4,6-dichloro-5-methylpyrimidine using a procedure analogous to that in Preparation 17.
• 1-(6-chloro-5-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1 H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine (100 mg, 26 %) was isolated as a tan solid.
• the reside was purified by flash chromatography using 330 g of silica gel, eluting with a gradient mixture of heptane and ethyl acetate (50 to 100% over 30 min and then 100% ethyl acetate for 30 min) to give 1-(6-chloro-5-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)-2,3- dihydro-1 H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine as an off-white solid (25.5 g).
• Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) dihydrate (2.5 g) was dissolved in the filtrate followed by the addition of aqueous 6 M sodium hydroxide solution (50 ml_). The mixture was heated at reflux for 20 minutes, cooled to room temperature, and the 1- propanol phase was separated and concentrated under reduced pressure. The remaining basic, aqueous phase was extracted with 50 ml. methyl te/t-butyl ether and separated. The concentrated residue from the 1-propanol phase was taken up in 50 ml_ of methyl te/t-butyl ether and 10 ml. of water.
• EDTA Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
• 3-Chloroperbenzoic acid (70%, 851 mg, 3.5 mmol) was dissolved in 4 ml. of chloroform, and the water that separated was removed. The organic solution was added in one portion to a stirring solution of 1-(6-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)-5-(methylthio)-2,3- dihydro-1 H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (363 mg, 1.3 mmol) in 8 ml. of chloroform. After 1 hour, the excess 3-chloroperbenzoic acid in the reaction was quenched by the addition of dimethyl sulfide. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes, and then washed with of 0.5 M sodium hydroxide (20 ml_).
• Step B was also performed as follows, isolating the hydrate of the ketone.
• te/t-butyl-4-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-3,6-dihydropyridine-1 (2H)- carboxylate (41.3 g, 0.15 mol) in acetonitrile (500 ml.) at room temperature was added SelectfluorTM (56.9 g, 0.16 mol).
• SelectfluorTM 56.9 g, 0.16 mol
• the aqueous layer was extracted twice with ethyl acetate, and all the organic layers were combined and washed sequentially with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine and then dried over magnesium sulfate.
• the mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude te/t-butyl-3-fluoro-4- oxopiperidine-1-carboxylate as white solid.
• the crude t ⁇ /t-butyl-3-fluoro-4- oxopiperidine-1-carboxylate was suspended in tetrahydrofuran (120 ml.) and water (120 ml.) was added. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 5.5 hours and then concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step C was also performed starting with the hydrate te/t-butyl 3-fluoro-4,4- dihydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate as follows. To a stirred solution of te/t-butyl 3-fluoro-4,4-dihydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate (20.0 g, 85 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (500 ml.) at -35 degrees Celsius was added a solution of L-selectride in tetrahydrofuran (170 ml_, 1 M, 170 mmol) drop-wise over 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was warmed to 0 degree Celsius over 1.5 h.
• reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (150 ml.) and vigorously stirred for 15 minutes.
• pH 7 phosphate buffer 150 ml_
• a 35% aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution 150 ml_
• the resulting mixture was stirred for 30 minutes and diluted with ethyl acetate.
• the organic layer was separated and washed sequentially with water, saturated aqueous sodium thiosulfate and brine.
• Step D Enantiomers of ferf-butyl-O ⁇ -c/sVS-fluoro ⁇ -hvdroxy-piperidine-i-carboxylate
• a 1 gram sample of racemic te/t-butyl-(3,4-c/s)-3-fluoro-4-hydroxy-piperidine-1- carboxylate was purified into its enantiomers via preparatory high pressure liquid chromatography utilizing a Chiralpak AD-H column (10 x 250 mm) with a mobile phase of 90:10 carbon dioxide and ethanol respectively at a flow rate of 10 mL/minute.
• the wavelength for monitoring the separation was 210 nM.
• the analytical purity of each enantiomer was determined using analytical high pressure chromatography using a Chiralpak AD-H (4.6 mm x 25 cm) column with an isocratic mobile phase of 90:10 carbon dioxide and ethanol respectively at a flow rate of 2.5 mL/minute.
• the wavelength for monitoring the peaks was 210 nm.
• the following two isomers were obtained:
• the crude sample (9.5 mg) was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (1 ml.) and purified by preparative reverse phase HPLC on a Waters XBridge Ci ⁇ 19 x 100 mm, 0.005 mm column, eluting with a linear gradient of 80% water/acetonitrile (0.03% ammonium hydroxide modifier) to 0% water/acetonitrile in 8.5 minutes, followed by a 1.5 minute period at 0% water/acetonitrile; flow rate: 25ml_/minute.
• the title compound (5 mg) was thus obtained.
• Analytical LCMS retention time 2.81 minutes (Waters XBridge Ci ⁇ 4.6 x 50 mm, 0.005 mm column; 90% water/acetonitrile linear gradient to 5% water/acetonitrile over 4.0 minutes, followed by a 1 minute period at 5% water/acetonitrile; 0.03% ammonium hydroxide modifier; flow rate: 2.0 mL/minute); LCMS (ES+) 433.2 (M+1 ). c.
• the reactor was purged with nitrogen gas (4x) and then with hydrogen gas (4x).
• the mixture was heated to 105 degrees Celsius, pressurized to 200 psi with hydrogen gas for 24 hours.
• the mixture was cooled to 30 degrees Celsius and purged with nitrogen gas (4x).
• the mixture was filtered and washed with tetrahydrofuran. GCMS analysis of the filtrate showed 89% of te/t-butyl 3- fluoro-4-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate.
• a 1 L flask was charged with titanium methoxide (100 g), cyclohexanol (232 g), and toluene (461 ml_). The flask was equipped with a Dean-Stark trap and condenser. The mixture was heated at 140 degrees Celsius until the methanol was removed. The toluene was removed at 180 degrees Celsius. More toluene was added and this process was repeated twice. After all the toluene was removed the flask was dried under high vacuum. Diethyl ether (580 ml.) was added to the flask to prepare a 1 M solution in diethyl ether.
• a 5 L, 3-neck flask was equipped with an overhead stirrer, inert gas inlet and a pressure-equalizing addition funnel.
• the flask was flushed with nitrogen gas and charged with methyl acetate (60.1 ml_, 756 mmol), titanium cyclohexyloxide (1 M solution in ether 75.6 ml_), and diethyl ether (1500 ml_).
• the solution was stirred while keeping the reaction flask in a room temperature water bath.
• the addition funnel was charged with the 3 M ethylmagnesium bromide solution (554 ml_, 1.66 moles).
• the Grignard reagent was added drop-wise over 3 hours at room temperature.
• 1-methylcyclopropanol can be prepared as follows: 1 -Methylcvclopropanol
• a 2000 ml. 4-neck flask was equipped with a mechanical stirrer, inert gas inlet, thermometer, and two pressure - equalizing addition funnels.
• the flask was flushed with nitrogen and charged with 490 ml. of diethyl ether followed by 18.2 ml. (30 mmol) of titanium tetra(2-ethylhexyloxide).
• One addition funnel was charged with a solution prepared from 28.6 ml. (360 mmol) of methyl acetate diluted to 120 ml. with ether.
• the second addition funnel was charged with 200 ml. of 3 M ethylmagnesium bromide in ether solution.
• the reaction flask was cooled in an ice water bath to keep the internal temperature at 10 degrees Celsius or below. Forty milliliters of the methyl acetate solution was added to the flask.
• the Grignard reagent was then added drop-wise from the addition funnel at a rate of about 2 drops every second, and no faster than 2 ml. per minute. After the first 40 mL of Grignard reagent had been added, another 20 mL portion of methyl acetate in ether solution was added. After the second 40 mL of Grignard reagent had been added, another 20 mL portion of methyl acetate in diethyl ether solution was added.
• Step B 1-ethylcyclopropyl 4-nitrophenyl carbonate
• the reaction was quenched with water, and the aqueous layer was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo.
• the crude material was purified via silica gel chromatography (40 g SiO 2 column, 0-50 % ethyl acetate in heptane gradient) to afford the title compound (842 mg, 86 %).
• Step A Benzyl 3-oxo-4,4a,6,7-tetrahvdro-2H-pyrrolo[3,2-c1pyridazine-5(3H)-carboxylate
• This crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography, eluting with a gradient mixture of ethyl acetate and heptane 40% to 90% ethyl acetate to give to give benzyl 3-oxo-4,4a,6,7- tetrahydro-2H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridazine-5(3H)-carboxylate (3.70 g, 64%) as a light tan foam.
• Step B Benzyl 3-oxo-6,7-dihvdro-2H-pyrrolor3,2-clpyridazine-5(3H)-carboxylate
• Step C Benzyl S-chloro-ej-dihvdro- ⁇ H-py ⁇ Olo ⁇ -clpyridazine- ⁇ -carboxylate
• This reaction mixture was combined with a reaction mixture of an experiment carried out using 4,6-dichloro-5-methylpyrimidine (84 mg, 0.52 mmol), 6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,2- c]pyridazine (74 mg, 0.47 mmol), and cesium carbonate (172 mg, 0.52 mmol) in N, N- dimethylformamide (1 ml.) that had been stirred for 15 hours at room temperature.
• the combined mixture was diluted with water (25 ml.) and extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (sodium sulfate), filtered and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo.
• Step A i-fte/t-Butoxycarbonv ⁇ S-dihvdro-I H-pyrrolo ⁇ -blpyridine- ⁇ -carboxylic acid
• Step B te/t-Butyl 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)-2,3-dihvdro-1 H-pyrrolor3,2-blpyridine-1- carboxylate
• Step C ⁇ /, ⁇ /-Dimethyl-2,3-dihvdro-1 H-pyrrolor3,2-blpyridine-5-carboxamide
• the reaction was quenched with 10% aqueous phosphoric acid (0.5 ml_).
• the organic solvents were concentrated under reduced pressure, and the resulting residue was partitioned between chloroform and water. The layers were separated, and the organic layer washed sequentially with water and brine and then dried over magnesium sulfate. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure to give a brown foam.
• This compound was prepared from isopropyl 9-syn-hydroxy-3-oxa-7- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-7-carboxylate and 1-(6-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)-5- (methylsulfonyl)indoline in a manner similar to that described for Example 1.
• This compound was prepared from isopropyl 4-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate and 1-(6-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)-5-(methylsulfonyl)indoline in a manner similar to that described for Example 1.
• This compound was purified by column chromatography (1 :1 dichloromethane in acetone) to give a dark tan solid which was further purified via heating in methyl ethyl ketone. Upon cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with methyl te/t-butyl ether followed by filtration.
• Step A Isopropyl 9-sv7>( ⁇ 5-cvano-6-r5-(methylthio)-1 H-indol-1 -yllpyrimidin-4-yl ⁇ oxy)-3- oxa-7-azabicvclo[3.3.11nonane-7-carboxylate
• Step B 9-sv7>( ⁇ 5-cvano-6-r5-(methylsulfonyl)-1 H-indol-1-yllpyrimidin-4-yl ⁇ oxy)-3-oxa-7- azabicvclor3.3.1 lnonane-7-carboxylate
• This compound was prepared in a two step procedure similar to that for the preparation of 9-syn-( ⁇ 5-cyano-6-[5-(methylsulfonyl)-1 H-indol-1 -yl]pyrimidin-4-yl ⁇ oxy )-3- oxa-7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-7-carboxylate.
• 9-an//-hydroxy-3-oxa-7- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-7-carboxylate was combined with 4-chloro-6-[5-(methylthio)- 2, 3-dihydro-1 H-indol-1 -yl]pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile to provide isopropyl 9-anf/-( ⁇ 5-cyano- 6-[5-(methylthio)-1 H-indol-1 -yOpyrimidin ⁇ -ylJoxy ⁇ S-oxa ⁇ -azabicyclo ⁇ .3.1 ]nonane-7- carboxylate.
• this intermediate was oxidized to afford isopropyl 9- an/7-( ⁇ 5-cyano-6-[5-(methylsulfonyl)-1 H-indol-1 -yl]pyrimidin-4-yl ⁇ oxy)-3-oxa-7- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-7-carboxylate which was purified by column chromatography (30% - 100% ethyl acetate in heptane) to the product as a white solid (45 mg, 84 %) .
• This compound was prepared in two step procedure similar to that used for the preparation of 9-syn-( ⁇ 5-cyano-6-[5-(methylsulfonyl)-1 H-indol-1 -yl]pyrimidin-4-yl ⁇ oxy)-3- oxa-7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-7-carboxylate.
• isopropyl 4- hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate was combined with 4-chloro-6-[5-(methylthio)-2,3- dihydro-1 H-indol-1-yl]pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile to yield isopropyl 4-( ⁇ 5-cyano-6-[5- (methylthio)-2,3-dihydro-1 H-indol-1-yl]pyrimidin-4-yl ⁇ oxy)piperidine-1-carboxylate.
• this intermediate was oxidized to afford 4-( ⁇ 5-cyano-6-[5-(methylsulfonyl)- 2,3-dihydro-1 H-indol-1-yl]pyrimidin-4-yl ⁇ oxy)piperidine-1-carboxylate, which was purified by column chromatography (20 - 90 % ethyl acetate in heptane) to give isopropyl 4-( ⁇ 5- cyano-6-[5-(methylsulfonyl)-2,3-dihydro-1 H-indol-1-yl]pyrimidin-4-yl ⁇ oxy)piperidine-1- carboxylate_as a solid.
• Step A lsopropyl 4-( ⁇ 5-methoxy-6-r5-(methylthio)-2,3-dihvdro-1 H-indol-1 -yllpyrimidin-4- yl ⁇ oxy)piperidine-1 -carboxylate
• Step B lsopropyl 4-( ⁇ 5-methoxy-6-r5-(methylsulfonyl)-2,3-dihvdro-1 H-indol-1 - yl1pyrimidin-4-yl ⁇ oxy)piperidine-1-carboxylate
• This compound was prepared in a similar manner to the preparation of 9-syn-( ⁇ 5- cyano-6-[5-(methylsulfonyl)-1 H-indol-1 -yl]pyrimidin-4-yl ⁇ oxy)-3-oxa-7- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-7-carboxylate (Example 4, step B) using isopropyl 4-( ⁇ 5- methoxy-6-[5-(methylthio)-2,3-dihydro-1 H-indol-1 -yl]pyrimidin-4-yl ⁇ oxy)piperidine-1 - carboxylate as starting material.
• this intermediate was oxidized to afford isopropyl 4-( ⁇ 5-methyl-6-[5-(methylsulfonyl)-2,3- dihydro-1 H-indol-1-yl]pyrimidin-4-yl ⁇ oxy)piperidine-1-carboxylate, which was purified by column chromatography (50 - 70% ethyl acetate in heptane) to provide an off-white solid (88 mg, 81 %).
• 1 H NMR (400 MHz, deuterochloroform) delta 1.22 (d, J 6.3 Hz, 6 H) 1.71 - 1.85 (m, 2 H) 2.01 (br.
• Step A 1-r6-(1-lsopropoxycarbonyl-piperidin-4-yloxy)-pyrimidin-4-yll-2,3-dihvdro-1 H- indole-5-carboxylic acid
• Step B 4-r6-(5-Dimethylcarbamoyl-2,3-dihvdroindol-1-yl)-pyrimidin-4-yloxyl-piperidine- 1-carboxylic acid isopropyl ester
• Example 1 1 lsopropyl 4-[(6- ⁇ 5-[(2-hvdroxyethyl)sulfonyl1-2,3-dihvdro-1 H-indol-1 -yl ⁇ pyrimidin-4- yl)oxv1piperidine-1-carboxylate
• Step A Isopropyl 4-r(6-f5-r(2-frfe/t-butyl(dimethvnsilylloxy>ethvnthiol-2.3-dihvdro-1 H- indol-1 -yl ⁇ pyrimidin-4-yl)oxy]piperidine-1 -carboxylate
• the solution was heated to 100 degrees Celsius for 5 minutes, and then a 1 M solution of sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide in tetrahydrofuran (0.55 ml_, 0.55 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 100 degrees Celsius. The reaction was then allowed to cool to room temperature, concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was diluted with ethyl acetate (40 ml_). The solution was then washed twice with saturated sodium bicarbonate (25 ml.) and dried over magnesium sulfate.
• Step B Isopropyl 4-r(6-f5-r(2-frfe/t-butyl(dimethvnsilylloxy>ethvnsulfonyll-2.3-dihvdro- 1 H-indol-1 -yl ⁇ pyrimidin-4-yl)oxylpiperidine-1 -carboxylate
• Step C lsopropyl 4-[(6- ⁇ 5-[(2-hvdroxyethyl)sulfonyl1-2,3-dihvdro-1 H-indol-1-yl ⁇ pyrimidin- 4-yl)oxy1piperidine-1-carboxylate
• This compound was prepared from 1-(6-chloro-5-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)-2,3- dihydro-1 H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine and isopropyl 4-hydroxypiperidine carboxylate in a manner similar to that described for the preparation of isopropyl 4- ⁇ [6-(2,3-dihydro-1 H- pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl]oxy ⁇ piperidine-1 -carboxylate (Example 12). The crude product was dissolved in diethyl ether.
• This compound was prepared from isopropyl 4-hydroxypiperidine-i-carboxylate and 1-(6-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)-5-(methylsulfonyl)-2,3-dihydro-1 H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine in a manner similar to that described for Example 1.
• the crude product was purified via column chromatography (ethyl acetate in heptane gradient) to give a white solid which was heated in acetonitrile and allowed to cool.
• the stirred mixture was heated at 105 degrees Celsius under a nitrogen atmosphere for 4 hours before it was cooled to room temperature and diluted with water and ethyl acetate.
• the organic phase was removed and washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate.
• the combined aqueous phases were extracted with ethyl acetate.
• the combined organic layers were dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo.
• Step A 1 -(6-((3R4S)-3-fluoropiperidin-4-yloxy)-5-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)-2,3-dihvdro-1 H- pyrrolor3,2-blpyridine
• Step B 1-methylcvclopropyl (3R4S)-4- ⁇ r6-(2,3-dihvdro-1 H-pyrrolor3,2-blpyridin-1-yl)-5- methylpyrimidin ⁇ -ylloxyl-S-fluoropiperidine-i-carboxylate
• the aqueous layer was extracted with 2- methyltetrahydrofuran (5 volumes).
• the combined organic extracts were washed twice with 1 N sodium hydroxide (2 volumes), saturated aqueous sodium carbonate (1 volume) and brine (1 volume), dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to an oil.
• the oil was granulated with stirring in t ⁇ /t-butyl methyl ether for 16 hours.
• the yellow solids were collected by filtration. These solids were stirred as a suspension in 0.2 N sodium hydroxide (2 volumes) for 2 hours.
• Example 18 was prepared in a manner analogous to Example 17 with appropriate starting materials.
• Example 19 (racemic mixture of Examples 17 and 18) was prepared in a manner analogous to Example 17 except using racemic (3f?,4S)-te/t-butyl 4-(6-(2,3-dihydro-1 H- pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)-5-methylpyrimidin-4-yloxy)-3-fluoropiperidine-1-carboxylate.
• Step A 1 -(6-(1 -(ferf-butoxycarbonyl)-3-fluoropiperidin-4-yloxy)-5-methylpyrimidin-4- yl)indoline-5-carboxylic acid
• the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and diluted with water and ethyl acetate.
• the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate and the combined organic extracts were dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo.
• the crude 1-(6-(1-(te/t-butoxycarbonyl)-3-fluoropiperidin-4- yloxy)-5-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)indoline-5-carboxylic acid was used in the next step without purification.
• Step B te/t-butyl 4-(6-(5-carbamoylindolin-1-yl)-5-methylpyrimidin-4-yloxy)-3- fluoropiperidine-1 -carboxylate
• Step C 1-methylcvclopropyl 4- ⁇ [6-(5-carbamoyl-2,3-dihydro-1 H-indol-1-yl)-5- methylpyrimidin ⁇ -ylloxyl-S-fluoropiperidine-i-carboxylate (racemic)
• the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours before it was diluted with water and ethyl acetate.
• the aqueous layer was extracted twice with ethyl acetate.
• the combined organic extracts were washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo.
• Example 23 was prepared in manner analogous to Example 1 with appropriate starting materials.
• the crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography, eluting with a gradient mixture of heptane and ethyl acetate from 30% to 100% ethyl acetate. This provided 200 mg of isopropyl (9-syn)-9-( ⁇ 5-methyl-6-[5-(methylsulfonyl)-2,3- dihydro-1 H-indol-1 -yl]pyrimidin-4-yl ⁇ oxy )-3-oxa-7-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonane-7- carboxylate.
• Example 24 was prepared in manner analogous to Example 1 with the appropriate starting materials.
• the crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography, eluting with a gradient mixture of heptane and ethyl acetate from 30% to 100% ethyl acetate. This provided 100 mg of isopropyl (9-an/y)-9-( ⁇ 5-methyl-6-[5- (methylsulfonyl)-2,3-dihydro-1 H-indol-1 -yl]pyrimidin-4-yl ⁇ oxy )-3-oxa-7- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-7-carboxylate.
• Step A (9-anf/V9-fr6-(2.3-dihvdro-1 H-pyrrolor3.2-blpyridin-1-ylV5-methylpyrimidin-4- yl1oxy ⁇ -3-oxa-7-azabicvclo[3.3.11nonane
• Step B 1 -Methylcvclopropyl (9-anf/V9- ⁇ r6-(2.3-dihvdro-1 H-pyrrolor3.2-blpyridin-1-vn-5- methylpyrimidin-4-ylloxy ⁇ -3-oxa-7-azabicvclor3.3.1lnonane-7-carboxylate
• Example 26 was prepared in manner analogous to Example 25 using 1- ethylcyclopropyl 4-nitrophenyl carbonate.
• the crude material was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (1 ml.) and purified by reversed-phase HPLC (Column: Waters Sunfire Ci ⁇ 19x100 mm, 5 micrometer; Mobile phase A: 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in water (v/v); Mobile phase B: 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile (v/v); Gradient: 85% water/ 15% acetonitrile linear to 0% water/ 100% acetonitrile in 8.5 minutes, hold at 0% water / 100% acetonitrile to 10.0 minutes. Flow: 25 mL/min.
• Example 27 was prepared in manner analogous to Example 25 using the 1- methylcyclobutyl 4-nitrophenyl carbonate.
• the crude residue was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (1 mL) and purified by reversed-phase HPLC (Column: Waters Sunfire Ci ⁇ 19x100 mm, 5 micrometer; Mobile phase A: 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in water (v/v); Mobile phase B: 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile (v/v); Gradient: 85% water/ 15% acetonitrile linear to 0% water/ 100% acetonitrile in 8.5 minutes, hold at 0% water / 100% acetonitrile to 10.0 minutes. Flow: 25 mL/min.
• Example 28 was prepared in manner analogous to Example 25 using te/t-butyl 9- syn-hydroxy-3-oxa-7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-7-carboxylate.
• Example 29 was prepared in manner analogous to Example 28 using isopropyl- 9-syn-hydroxy-3-oxa-7-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-7-carboxylate.
• the crude residue was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (1 ml.) and purified by reversed-phase HPLC (Column: Waters Sunfire Ci ⁇ 19x100 mm, 5 micrometer); Mobile phase A: 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in water (v/v); Mobile phase B: 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile (v/v); Gradient 80% water /20% acetonitrile linear to 40% water /60% acetonitrile over 10.0 minutes to 0% water /100% acetonitrile in 10.5 minutes, hold at 0% water / 100% acetonitrile to 12.0 minutes; Flow: 25 mL/minute.
• Example 31 was prepared in manner analogous to Example 17 starting with tert- butyl (3S,4f?)-4- ⁇ [6-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridazin-5-yl)-5-methylpyrimidin-4- yl]oxy ⁇ -3-fluoropiperidine-1-carboxylate.
• Step A Methyl i-fB-fOfi ⁇ SVS-fluoro-i-fd-methylcvclopropoxy ⁇ arbonvDpiperidin ⁇ - yloxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)-2,3-dihvdro-1 H-pyrrolo[3,2-b1pyridine-5-carboxylate (racemic)
• Step B 1-(6-((3R4S)-3-Fluoro-1-((1-methylcvclopropoxy)carbonyl)piperidin-4- yloxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)-2,3-dihvdro-1 H-pyrrolor3,2-blpyridine-5-carboxylic acid (racemic)
• Step C 1-Methylcvclopropyl (3R4SV4-fr6-(5-carbamoyl-2.3-dihvdro-1 H-Dyrrolor3.2- b1pyridin-1-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl1oxy ⁇ -3-fluoropiperidine-1-carboxylate (racemic)
• Example 33 was prepared from ⁇ /, ⁇ /-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1 H-pyrrolo[3,2- b]pyridine-5-carboxamide and 1-methylcyclopropyl 4-(6-chloropyrimidin-4- yloxy)piperidine-1-carboxylate in a manner analogous to Example 32, Step A.

Landscapes

• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
• Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
• Public Health (AREA)
• Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
• Diabetes (AREA)
• Hematology (AREA)
• Cardiology (AREA)
• Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
• Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
• Obesity (AREA)
• Endocrinology (AREA)
• Reproductive Health (AREA)
• Rheumatology (AREA)
• Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
• Ophthalmology & Optometry (AREA)
• Neurosurgery (AREA)
• Biomedical Technology (AREA)
• Neurology (AREA)
• Hospice & Palliative Care (AREA)
• Psychiatry (AREA)
• Gynecology & Obstetrics (AREA)
• Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
• Emergency Medicine (AREA)
• Pregnancy & Childbirth (AREA)
• Child & Adolescent Psychology (AREA)
• Vascular Medicine (AREA)
• Immunology (AREA)
• Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
• Plural Heterocyclic Compounds (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=42813461

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (5)

Families Citing this family (62)

Family Cites Families (4)

• 2010
  • 2010-04-27 JP JP2012509122A patent/JP2012526097A/ja not_active Withdrawn
  • 2010-04-27 CA CA2759843A patent/CA2759843A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2010-04-27 EP EP10719388A patent/EP2427450A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2010-04-27 WO PCT/IB2010/051834 patent/WO2010128425A1/en active Application Filing
  • 2010-05-07 AR ARP100101569A patent/AR079389A1/es unknown

Non-Patent Citations (1)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events