EP2411745A1 - Systeme cryogenique pour le refroidissement d'un consommateur presentant une charge thermique variable dans le temps - Google Patents
Systeme cryogenique pour le refroidissement d'un consommateur presentant une charge thermique variable dans le tempsInfo
- Publication number
- EP2411745A1 EP2411745A1 EP10712464A EP10712464A EP2411745A1 EP 2411745 A1 EP2411745 A1 EP 2411745A1 EP 10712464 A EP10712464 A EP 10712464A EP 10712464 A EP10712464 A EP 10712464A EP 2411745 A1 EP2411745 A1 EP 2411745A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- gas
- valves
- consumer
- supply
- pressure
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000013178 mathematical model Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 30
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 18
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 5
- 101000609957 Homo sapiens PTB-containing, cubilin and LRP1-interacting protein Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 102100039157 PTB-containing, cubilin and LRP1-interacting protein Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 4
- 101150109471 PID2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 238000011217 control strategy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- RFHAOTPXVQNOHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluconazole Chemical compound C1=NC=NN1CC(C=1C(=CC(F)=CC=1)F)(O)CN1C=NC=N1 RFHAOTPXVQNOHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002045 lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012886 linear function Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B49/00—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
- F25B49/02—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for compression type machines, plants or systems
Definitions
- the invention relates to a cryogenic system for cooling a consumer having a variable thermal load over time; it applies in particular to the cooling of superconducting magnets.
- a cryogenic system for cooling a consumer generally comprises a fluid circuit in which pressurized heat transfer gas (N 2 or He) flows from a compression stage to a "cold box", where it is cooled and partially liquefied by relaxation.
- the cold box contains a bath of liquefied gas, in thermal contact with the consumer to cool.
- the heat transferred by the consumer to the bath (“heat load”) causes the evaporation of a portion of the gas, which is removed from the cold box to the compression stage, so as to close the circuit.
- a system of this type is particularly suitable for the cooling of a consumer having a constant or slowly variable heat load, but is not very effective when the thermal load varies significantly on a time scale of the order of minutes or seconds. Such conditions are encountered especially during the cooling of the superconducting magnets, and in particular magnets used in research tokamaks on controlled nuclear fusion.
- the document FR 2 919 713 describes a method and a cryogenic installation particularly suitable for cooling consumers with a variable thermal load over time.
- the solution proposed by this document is to provide, in the cold section of the installation, a liquefied gas accumulator.
- This accumulator makes it possible to store cold fluid when the value of the thermal load is low, and to supply it to the consumer when the heat load increases.
- the accumulator thus behaves like a filter that decouples the variability of the thermal load of the cryogenic circuit, which can continue to operate at constant speed and be sized on the basis of the average thermal load - and no peak - of the consumer.
- the invention aims to provide a cryogenic system for cooling a consumer having a variable thermal load over time, not having the aforementioned drawbacks of the prior art.
- An idea underlying the invention is to modify the system so as to allow operation of the cryogenic circuit in dynamic mode, instead of circumventing the problem by "filtering" the variability of the thermal load by a cold fluid accumulator.
- a cryogenic system of conventional type can work satisfactorily in dynamic mode, provided to be provided with a suitable control means.
- the inventors have understood that the adaptation of a conventional cryogenic system to a variable load can be achieved by means of automatic techniques, without the need for significantly modify its material structure, and in particular that of its cold part.
- the adaptation of an existing installation can therefore be carried out at a limited cost, and the design of installations specifically dedicated to consumers with variable thermal load is greatly simplified.
- An object of the invention is therefore a cryogenic system for cooling a consumer having a variable thermal load over time, comprising: a cold box in thermal contact with said consumer, supplied with compressed heat transfer gas by a supply duct and connected to a discharge pipe for discharging said gas at a lower pressure; and a pressure control assembly in said supply and discharge conduits having a plurality of controlled valves and a control device for controlling the opening of said valves; characterized in that said control device is a multivariable controller adapted to generate opening control signals of said valves as a function of measured values and pressure setpoints in said supply and discharge conduits on the basis of a mathematical model of the system taking into account a coupling between the pressure values in the supply and discharge pipes via said cold box.
- Said control device may comprise: a first controller for generating a first control signal of said valves based on a first partial model of the system; a second regulator for generating a second driving signal of said valves based on a second partial model of the system, different from said first partial model; and a control selector for selectively applying to said valves the first or second control signal.
- said regulating system may comprise: a heat transfer gas storage tank at an intermediate pressure between that of said supply duct and that of said discharge duct; a first controlled valve disposed between said storage tank and said discharge pipe for allowing gas injection therefrom from said tank; a second controlled valve, disposed between said storage tank and said supply pipe, to allow evacuation of gas from the latter to said tank; and a third controlled valve, disposed between said supply conduit and said delivery conduit, to allow bypass of the cold box.
- Said first regulator may be adapted to generate a first opening control signal of the first and third valves, excluding said second valve, based on said first partial model of the system; and said second regulator may be adapted to generate a second opening control signal of the second and third valves, excluding said first valve, based on said second partial model of the system.
- Said first partial model can model the behavior of the system when a volume of gas is injected into the discharge pipe
- said second partial model can model the behavior of the system when a volume of gas is extracted from the supply duct.
- Said mathematical model of the system can model heat transfer flow disturbances induced by temporal variations of the thermal load of a consumer in thermal communication with said cold box by virtual variations of the openings of the valves of the control system, the latter being supplied to said control device as input variables next to measured values and pressure setpoints
- Said control device can be adapted to minimize a cost function depending on the differences between the pressures measured in the supply and discharge pipes and the values of respective setpoints, as well as the amplitude of the generated control signals.
- it can be a quadratic linear regulator.
- the cold box may contain a liquefied heat transfer gas reserve which evaporates in part under the effect of the heat load of a consumer, the evaporated gas being discharged through the discharge pipe and replaced by the liquefaction of at least one part of the gas from said supply duct, the variability over time of evaporation rates and liquefaction of the gas thereby inducing disturbances in the pressure inside said supply and discharge ducts.
- the consumer may be a superconducting magnet having a pulsed thermal load.
- FIG. 1A a diagram of a cryogenic system according to the prior art
- FIG. 2 a principle diagram of the regulation means of a cryogenic system according to one embodiment of the invention.
- FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C and 4A, 4B, 4C graphs illustrating the behavior of a cryogenic system according to the invention under pulsed thermal load, and its comparison with the prior art.
- FIG. 1A illustrates, in a simplified way, the structure and the operation of a conventional type CRY helium-liquefier refrigerator.
- Such an installation comprises a cryogenic circuit comprising a high pressure line CHP 1 a low pressure line CBP, a compression stage CMP and a cold box BF.
- the compression stage CMP may comprise one or more compressors, for example of the screw type, as well as an unrepresented deoiler.
- the gas - Helium in particular - compressed by the compression stage flows in the high-pressure pipe, or supply pipe CHP, at a pressure PHP of the order of 15 -20 bar, towards the box cold BF; the mass flow rate of the compressor, assumed to be constant, is indicated by QCMP.
- the flow of heat transfer gas (Helium) is subdivided in two: a flow rate Q JT passes through a Joule-Thomson V JT expansion valve (after a possible pre-cooling with liquid nitrogen , not shown), while the remaining flow passes through an expansion turbine TD.
- a flow rate Q JT passes through a Joule-Thomson V JT expansion valve (after a possible pre-cooling with liquid nitrogen , not shown), while the remaining flow passes through an expansion turbine TD.
- the gas cooled by its passage through the turbine TD is injected into countercurrent exchangers and used to pre-cool the flow through the Joule-Thomson valve, upstream of the latter, according to the principle of Claude's cycle.
- the Q V JT / Q L JT ratio depends in particular on the upstream temperature of the expansion valve.
- a consumer CONS represented by an electrical resistance, is in thermal communication with the bath BT.
- This consumer dissipates in the form of heat a power ⁇ ("thermal load") which causes the evaporation of a flow Qw of liquid gas.
- This flow Qw and the Q v j ⁇ flow and the flow through the expansion turbine are discharged from the cold box by CBP low-pressure delivery duct (P B p of the order of 1, 05 bar) to the CMP compressor.
- a gas storage tank RS at a pressure PRS, intermediate between P B P and PHP (for example, of the order of 9 bar) is connected to the low pressure pipe CBP via a first valve controlled VC 1 , and the high-pressure pipe CHP through a second valve controlled VC 2 .
- valves VCi, VC 2 When the first valve VCi is open, a flow Qvci gas is injected into the installation from the reserve RS; conversely, when the second valve VC 2 is open, a flow rate Q V c 2 of gas is removed from the installation to be stored in the reserve RS. Both valves VCi, VC 2 must never be opened at the same time.
- a third controlled valve VC 3 sets the operating point of the installation by opening and closing a bypass path of the cold box, crossed by a flow Qvc 3 gas.
- valves VC 1 , VC 2 and VC 3 are controlled by two independent regulators, generally of the PID type (proportional - integral - derivative) to maintain the pressure values P B p and PHP close to respective set values P ° B P and P ° HP-
- a first PID1 controller generates a control signal SC 3 VC valve 3 according to the difference P B P p ° BP in order to regulate the pressure in the delivery duct CBP.
- a second regulator PID2 generates a control signal SC 12 of the valves VCi and VC 2 as a function of the difference PHP-P 0 HP in order to regulate the pressure in the supply duct CHP.
- the signal SC 12 can control the two valves VC 1 and VC 2 by means of a "split-range" mechanism SR, the operation of which is illustrated in FIG. 1B. It is assumed that the value of the signal SCi 2 can vary between 0 and 1.
- PID1 reacts to neutralize it; but because of the coupling introduced by the cold box, the action of PID1 inevitably disturbs the value of PHP, which triggers the intervention of the second PID2 regulator. In turn, it again disrupts the value of PBP, and so on.
- quadrattic linear The multivariable control method known as "quadratic linear" is well known from the prior art; see for example the works:
- the optimal control (that is to say, which minimizes the cost function) can be obtained by solving an algebraic equation of Riccati.
- this problem can be solved by applying a technique known as "control switching".
- the system to be controlled is modeled by a plurality of independent subsystems, each with its own controller, of which the actual system "switches".
- the cryogenic plant SYS can be modeled using two partial models describing the operation of the plant in material supply and withdrawal respectively.
- two vector control signals are generated, one for each partial model; a control selector chooses which of these control signals must be effectively applied to the installation.
- the partial models are linearized around the point of operation of the installation, which can not be done for a "global" model that is supposed to account for the behavior of the system in both regimes at the same time.
- the pressure values PHP and PBP, measured in the CHP and CBP conduits respectively, are input to a mathematical model MOD of the CRY installation, constituted by two sub-models or partial models MPi, MP 2 , representing the operation of the installation in the system of intake and removal of material respectively.
- a mathematical model MOD of the CRY installation constituted by two sub-models or partial models MPi, MP 2 , representing the operation of the installation in the system of intake and removal of material respectively.
- These models make it possible to associate with the temporal variations of the pressures PHP and P B p "virtual" variations of opening of the valves CV 1 , CV 2 .
- the partial models make it possible to calculate "virtual openings" O V i, O V 2 of said valves which, if they were real, would produce the observed pressure fluctuations (which, in reality, are caused essentially by load variations thermal, not measured directly). It is said that the disturbances of the system are "brought back to the entrances".
- the two virtual openings depend on both PHP
- the first DC regulator 1 is intended to control the CRY cryogenic installation in material supply regime: to do this, it generates control signals (or a first vector signal of control) SC 1 and SC 3 for controlling the valves CV 1 and CV 3 respectively. On the other hand, this regulator does not act on the valve CV 2 which, in material supply regime, is supposed to remain in the closed state.
- the second DC 2 regulator is intended to control the CRY cryogenic installation in material removal regime: to do this, it generates control signals (or a second vector control signal) SC 2 and SC 3 intended to drive the valves CV 2 and CV 3 respectively.
- this regulator does not act on the valve CVi which, in material removal regime, is supposed to remain in the closed state.
- the first regulator provides a control signal SCi of the valve CVi even when the system is in a material withdrawal regime; in this case, however, this control signal will correspond to an opening level of said non-physically feasible valve - for example negative.
- SC 2 generated by the second regulator when the system is, in fact, in the material supply regime.
- Non-linear DC 1 , DC 2 controllers could also be used, providing only physically feasible opening signals; in this case, the control selection would be by identifying which of the signals SC 1 and SC 2 is closest to zero.
- the control selection would be by identifying which of the signals SC 1 and SC 2 is closest to zero.
- Qvc 3 linearly depends on P H p and non-linearly the opening level of the valve VC 3 , represented by open 3 ; the gas flow in the path of contouement being sonic, the flow does not depend on the downstream pressure P B p.
- Open 3 The can write: Open 3 ).
- - Qvci linearly depends on P RS and non-linearly the opening level of the valve VCi, represented by OUv 1 ; the gas flow in the path of contouement being sonic, the flow does not depend on the downstream pressure P B p.
- QCMP depends linearly on P B p, assuming that the volumetric flow rate of the compressor is constant and that the density of the gas is proportional to its pressure: QCMP ⁇ KCMP-PBP. with constant KCMP.
- V JT depends essentially on the gas temperature at the expansion valve V JT ; it is a parameter independent of the others, which can be considered constant.
- the linearization of these equations makes it possible to write the two subsystems corresponding to said operating points in the form of state representations in which the pressure values P B p, PHP define the states, the opening levels of the valves OUV 1 , open 2 and open 3 represent the controls and the thermal load ⁇ constitutes an external disturbance.
- the linearized equations also make it possible to calculate the "virtual openings" O V i, O V 2 as a function of the measured PBP, PHP pressures.
- FIGS. 3A-3C make it possible to compare the behavior of a system according to the invention with a system of the prior art, of the type represented in FIG. 1A.
- the heat transfer gas is helium, and the thermal bath B is at a temperature of 4.2 K.
- Tests were carried out by sending to a consumer (electrical resistance) power pulses of 300W of rectangular shape, lasting 50 s and with a period of 100 s.
- Curves ⁇ INV and ⁇ REF in FIG. 3A show the corresponding thermal loads, the variation of which is damped by the thermal inertia of the consumer.
- the exponent "INV” indicates the measurements relating to the system of the invention, while “REF” denotes the reference measurements, made on the conventional system.
- Figures 4A-4C show the curves ⁇ lNV , P INV BP and
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Pipeline Systems (AREA)
- Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
- Containers, Films, And Cooling For Superconductive Devices (AREA)
- Feedback Control In General (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0901374A FR2943768B1 (fr) | 2009-03-24 | 2009-03-24 | Systeme cryogenique pour le refroidissement d'un consommateur presentant une charge thermique variable dans le temps. |
| PCT/FR2010/000236 WO2010109091A1 (fr) | 2009-03-24 | 2010-03-22 | Systeme cryogenique pour le refroidissement d'un consommateur presentant une charge thermique variable dans le temps |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2411745A1 true EP2411745A1 (fr) | 2012-02-01 |
| EP2411745B1 EP2411745B1 (fr) | 2013-07-10 |
Family
ID=41171123
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP10712464.6A Not-in-force EP2411745B1 (fr) | 2009-03-24 | 2010-03-22 | Systeme cryogenique pour le refroidissement d'un consommateur presentant une charge thermique variable dans le temps |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20120055664A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2411745B1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2012521535A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2943768B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2010109091A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2958025A1 (fr) * | 2010-03-23 | 2011-09-30 | Air Liquide | Procede et installation de refrigeration en charge pulsee |
| FR2985805B1 (fr) | 2012-01-12 | 2016-12-23 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de commande d'un dispositif de compression d'un fluide caloporteur d'une machine frigorifique |
| FR3001533B1 (fr) | 2013-01-29 | 2015-02-27 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de determination d'un modele d'un systeme thermodynamique |
| ES2689656T3 (es) | 2013-05-31 | 2018-11-15 | Mayekawa Mfg. Co., Ltd. | Dispositivo de refrigeración de ciclo Brayton |
| US10054357B2 (en) * | 2016-10-12 | 2018-08-21 | Raytheon Company | Purity monitor |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5735134A (en) * | 1996-05-30 | 1998-04-07 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Set point optimization in vapor compression cycles |
| FR2919713B1 (fr) * | 2007-08-03 | 2013-12-06 | Air Liquide | Procede de refrigeration d'un fluide, par exemple d'helium, destine a alimenter un consommateur de fluide, ainsi qu'a une installation correspondante |
-
2009
- 2009-03-24 FR FR0901374A patent/FR2943768B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2010
- 2010-03-22 JP JP2012501338A patent/JP2012521535A/ja active Pending
- 2010-03-22 US US13/258,686 patent/US20120055664A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-03-22 EP EP10712464.6A patent/EP2411745B1/fr not_active Not-in-force
- 2010-03-22 WO PCT/FR2010/000236 patent/WO2010109091A1/fr not_active Ceased
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2010109091A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2010109091A1 (fr) | 2010-09-30 |
| EP2411745B1 (fr) | 2013-07-10 |
| FR2943768A1 (fr) | 2010-10-01 |
| US20120055664A1 (en) | 2012-03-08 |
| JP2012521535A (ja) | 2012-09-13 |
| FR2943768B1 (fr) | 2011-04-29 |
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