Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M141/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential
  • C10M141/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential at least one of them being an organic sulfur-, selenium- or tellurium-containing compound
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
  • C10M2205/028—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms
  • C10M2205/0285—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms used as base material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/10—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof
  • C10M2207/12—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
  • C10M2207/125—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having hydrocarbon chains of eight up to twenty-nine carbon atoms, i.e. fatty acids
  • C10M2207/126—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having hydrocarbon chains of eight up to twenty-nine carbon atoms, i.e. fatty acids monocarboxylic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
  • C10M2215/06—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
  • C10M2215/064—Di- and triaryl amines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2215/22—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
  • C10M2215/221—Six-membered rings containing nitrogen and carbon only
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2219/02—Sulfur-containing compounds obtained by sulfurisation with sulfur or sulfur-containing compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2219/06—Thio-acids; Thiocyanates; Derivatives thereof
  • C10M2219/062—Thio-acids; Thiocyanates; Derivatives thereof having carbon-to-sulfur double bonds
  • C10M2219/066—Thiocarbamic type compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2219/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium compounds in the ring
  • C10M2219/104—Heterocyclic compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium compounds in the ring containing sulfur and carbon with nitrogen or oxygen in the ring
  • C10M2219/106—Thiadiazoles
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/10—Inhibition of oxidation, e.g. anti-oxidants
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/40—Low content or no content compositions

Definitions

• the present invention relates to lubricant compositions that are stabilized from oxidation by the presence of a (a) metal-free sulfur-containing compound, (b) a hindered amine, and (c) an aromatic amine.
• This invention relates to lubricating oil compositions, their method of preparation and use. Specifically, this invention relates to lubricating compositions that contain an antioxidant additive comprising a metal-free sulfur-containing compound, a hindered amine and an aromatic amine.
• Oxidation is a major cause of the breakdown of lubricants. This results in a shortened lifespan of the lubricant, requiring more frequent changes, especially in demanding environments such as internal combustion engines.
• Antioxidants have therefore played an important role as additives in lubricants in order to extend their useful life.
• Aryl amines also called aromatic amines
• secondary diarylamines e.g., alkylated diphenylamines, phenothiazines, and alkylated N-naphthyl- N-phenylamines have been important additives to lubricating compositions. Also important have been phenolic compounds in retarding oxidation.
• U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,073,278 and 5,273,669 to Schumacher et al. disclose the synergistic combination of aromatic amines and hindered amines in a lubricating oil.
• U.S. Pat. No. 5,268,113 to Evans et al. discloses the combination of a hindered amine with phenolic compounds. Sulfurized organic compounds have also been shown to have antioxidant activity.
• U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,880,551 to Doe and 6,743,759 to Stunkel disclose the synergies between an ashless dithiocarbamate with triazole compounds.
• U.S. Pat. No. 6,806,241 discloses the synergy between an ashless dithiocarbamate, a molybdenum compound, and an alkylated diphenylamine.
• a lubricant composition containing an additive comprising a metal free sulfur-containing compound, an aromatic amine, and a hindered amine can synergistically give antioxidant protection. More specifically, the invention provides for a lubricant composition which comprises a mineral or a synthetic base oil, a mixture of such oils, or a grease, and an antioxidant additive composition comprising (as weight percent of the total lubricant composition): at least one, metal-free sulfur-containing compound at between about 0.001 and 10%, preferably between about 0.1 and 1.0%, and most preferably at between about 0.25 and 0.5%; at least one hindered amine at between 0.001 and 10%, preferably between about 0.05 and 1.0%, and most preferably between about 0.1 and 0.5%; and at least one aromatic amine at between 0.001 and 10%, preferably between about 0.1 to 1.0%, and most preferably between about 0.25 and 0.5%.
• Particularly effective metal-free sulfur-containing compounds include ashless dithiocarbamates, such as methylenebis(dibutyldithiocarbamate), and sulfurized fatty acids.
• ashless dithiocarbamates such as methylenebis(dibutyldithiocarbamate)
• sulfurized fatty acids sulfurized fatty acids.
• the highest degree of synergy was noted with a relatively small amount of hindered amine in the additive, such as a preferred composition comprising about 0.1% hindered amine, about 0.4% aromatic amine, and about 0.5% metal-free sulfur-containing compound.
• Typical lubricant basestocks that can be used in this invention may include both mineral and synthetic oils. Included are polyalphaolefins, (also known as PAOS), esters, diesters and polyol esters or mixtures thereof.
• the basestock comprises at least 90%, and preferably at least 95% of the total lubricant composition.
• Base grease compositions consist of a lubricating oil and a thickener system.
• the base oil and thickener system will comprise 65 to 95, and 3 to 10 mass percent of the final grease respectively.
• the base oils most commonly used are petroleum oils, bio- based oils or synthetic base oils.
• the most common thickener systems known in the art are lithium soaps, and lithium-complex soaps, which are produced by the neutralization of fatty carboxylic acids or the saponification of fatty carboxylic acid esters with lithium hydroxide typically directly in the base fluids.
• Lithium-complex greases differ from simple lithium greases by incorporation of a complexing agent, which usually consists of di-carboxylic acids.
• thickener systems that can be used in this invention include aluminum, aluminum complex, sodium, calcium, calcium complex, organo-clay, sulfonate and polyurea, etc.
• Sulfur-containing compounds used in this invention are of many types.
• the sulfur-containing compound is oil- soluble and contains a readily oxidizable sulfur atom or atoms.
• Examples of such compounds are sulfurized olefins, alkyl sulfides and disulfides, dialkyl dithiocarbamates, dithiocarbamate esters, ashless dithiocarbamates, thiuram disulfides, sulfurized fatty acids, sulfurized fatty acid derivatives, and thiadiazole compounds.
• Sulfurized fatty acids can be prepared by the reaction with unsaturated fatty acids with the sulfur sources mentioned above.
• unsaturated fatty acids include but are not limited to; linoleic acid, oleic acid, arachidonic acid, linolenic acid, and myristoleic acid.
• Derivatives of sulfurized fatty acids include but are not limited to sulfurized fatty acid esters and sulfurized fatty acid amides.
• Ashless dithiocarbamates, tetraalkylthiuram disulfides, and thiadiazole compounds that are suitable for use in this invention include, but are not limited to; methylenebis(dialkyldithiocarbamate), ethylenebis(dialkyldithiocarbamate), and tetraalkylthiuram disulfide where the alkyl groups have preferentially have between 1 and 20 carbon atoms.
• Examples of preferred ashless dithiocarbamates are methylenebis(dibutyldithiocarbamate) and ehtylenebis(dibutyldithiocarbamate).
• Examples of preferred thiuram disulfides include tetrabutylthiuram disulfide and tetraoctylthiuram disulfide.
• thiadiazole compounds include dialkyl thiadiazoles.
• sulfurized olefins do not provide a noticeable synergy when used in the proposed three-component system of the invention.
• Sulfurized olefins are usually derived from alpha olefins, isomerized alpha olefins, cyclic olefins, branched olefins, and polymeric olefins that are reacted with a sulfur source.
• olefins include but are not limited to; 1-butene, isobutylene, diisobutylene, 1, pentene, 1-hexene, l-heptene,l-octene, and more with longer carbon chains up to Ceo and beyond to polymeric olefins.
• sulfur sources include sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, sodium hydrogen sulfide, sodium sulfide, sulfur chloride, and sulfur dichloride.
• the hindered amines used in this invention are of many types, with three types predominating: pyrimidines, piperidines and stable nitroxide compounds. Many more are described in the book "Nitrones, Nitronates, and Nitroxides", E. Breuer, et al., 1989, John Wiley & Sons.
• the hindered amines are also known as HALS (hindered amine light stabilizers) and are a special type of amine that are capable of antioxidant behavior. They are used extensively in the plastics industry to retard photochemical degradation.
• Pyrimidine compounds are of the substituted tetrahydro type and include the general structure of a 2,3,4,5 tetrahydropyrimidine as given below (I), and described by Volodarsky, et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,847,035, and by Alink in U.S. Pat. No. 4,085,104.
• Rl is H, O, or a hydrocarbon from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy radical with the oxygen bound to the nitrogen with the alkyl portion containing 1 to 25 carbon atoms.
• R2 , R3, R4, R5, R6 , and R7 are hydrocarbons with 1 to 25 carbon atoms each. Most preferably, R2, R3, R6, and R7 are methyls.
• R8 and RI l are H, O, or a hydrocarbon from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy radical with the oxygen bound to the nitrogen with the alkyl portion containing 1 to 25 carbon atoms.
• R9, RlO, RI l, R12, R13 R14, and R15 are hydrocarbons with 1 to 25 carbon atoms each. Most preferably, R9, RlO, R14, and R15 are methyls.
• R16 is H, O or a hydrocarbon from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy radical with the oxygen bound to the nitrogen with the alkyl portion containing 1 to 25 carbon atoms.
• R17, R18, R22, and R23 are preferentially methyl groups.
• R20 is either OH, H, O, NH 2 , an ester group O 2 CR where R is a hydrocarbon with 1 to 25 carbon atoms or a succinimide group.
• hindered amines based upon piperidine include 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidine, 1 -allyl-4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, 1 -benzyl- 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, l-(4-tert-butylbut-2-enyl)-4-hydroxy- 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, 4-stearoyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, 1- ethyl-4-salicyloyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, 4-methacryloyloxy- 1 ,2,2,6,6- pentamethylpiperidine, 1, 2,2,6, 6-pentamethyrpiperidin-4-yl.-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyphenyl)propionate, di(l-benzyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4
• Polymeric 2,2,6, 6-tetraalkylpiperidines and 1,2,2,6,6-pentaalkylpiperidines are also prevalent and may be used in this formulation.
• the polymeric compounds used in this invention are described by Schumacher, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,073,278, by Evans et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,268,113, and by Kazmierzak et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4857,595.
• polymeric piperidine compounds available. Commercially available examples include Tinuvin® 622 from Ciba and Songlight® 9440 from Songwon.
• PSP represents a substituent derived from a cyclic amine represented by a structure selected from the group in general formulae (V)
• PSP represents a substituent derived from a cyclic amine represented by a structure selected from the group consisting of wherein R24 represents C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 5 -C 2 o cycloalkyl C 7 -C 2 o aralkyl or alkaryl, C 1 -C 24 aminoalkyl, or Ce -C 2 o aminocycloalkyl; R25, R26, R27, and R28 independently represent C 1 -C 24 alkyl; and R25 with R26, or R27 with R28 are cyclizable to C 5 -C 12 cycloalkyl including the C 3 and C 5 atoms respectively, of the piperazin-2-one ring; R29 and R30 independently represent C 1 -C 24 alkyl, and polymethylene having from 4 to 7 carbonatoms which are cyclizable; R31 represents H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and phenyl; R32 represents C 1 -C 25 alkyl, H
• diarylamines used in this invention are of the type Ar 2 NR. Since these are well known antioxidants in the art, there is no restriction on the type of diarylamines used in this invention, although there is the requirement of solubility in the lubricating composition.
• the alkylated diphenylamines are well known antioxidants and there is no particular restriction on the type of secondary diarylamine used in the invention.
• the secondary diarylamine antioxidant has the general formula (X) where R33 and R34 each independently represents a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having from 6 to 30 carbon atoms.
• R35 represents either a H atom or an alkyl group containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms.
• substituents for the aryl there can be mentioned aliphatic hydrocarbon groups such as alkyl having from about 1 to 20 carbon atoms, hydroxy, carboxyl or nitro, e.g., an alkaryl group having from 7 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl group.
• the aryl is preferably substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or naphthyl, particularly wherein one or both of the aryl groups are substituted with an alkyl such as one having from 4 to 18 carbon atoms.
• R35 can be either H or alkyl from 1 to 30 carbon atoms.
• the alkylated diphenylamines used in this invention can be of a structure other than that shown in the above formula which shows but one nitrogen atom in the molecule.
• the alkylated diphenylamine can be of a different structure provided that at least one nitrogen has 2 aryl groups attached thereto, e.g., as in the case of various diamines having a secondary nitrogen atom as well as two aryls on one of the nitrogens.
• the alkylated diphenylamines used in this invention preferably have antioxidant properties in lubricating oils, even in the absence of the molybdenum compound.
• alkylated diphenylamines examples include: diphenyl amine, 3-hydroxydiphenylamine; N-phenyl-l,2-phenylened- amine; N-phenyl- 1 ,4-phenylenediamine; dibutyldiphenylamine; dioctyldiphenylamine; dinonyldiphenylamine; phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine; phenyl-beta-naphthylamine; diheptyldiphenylamine; and p-oriented styrenated diphenylamine.
• Phenothiazines are another class of diarylamines with the general structure (VII),
• R36 is H, or an alkyl from 1 to 30 carbon atoms
• R37 and R38 are alkyl from 1 to 30 carbon atoms
• the lubricating oil compositions of this invention can be prepared by adding the sulfur- containing compound, the hindered amine, and the aromatic amine to a basestock. Combinations can contain from 0.001 to 10 weight percent of each of the three additives in the lubricating oil.
• a grease composition of this invention can be prepared by adding sulfur-containing compound, the hindered amine, and the aromatic amine to a base grease.
• Combinations can contain from 0.001 to 10 weight percent of each of the three additives in the lubricating oil.
• additives can be added to the lubricating compositions described above.
• antioxidants including phenols, hindered phenols, hindered bisphenols, sulfurized phenols, zinc dihydrocarbyl dithiosphosphates, zinc dithiocarbamates, organophosphites.
• Antiwear additives including zinc dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates, tricresol phosphate, dilauryl phosphate.
• Dispersants including polymethacrylates, styrenemaleic ester copolymers, substituted succinamides, polyamine succinamides, polyhydroxy succinic esters, substituted Mannich bases, and substituted triazoles.
• Detergents including neutral and overbased alkali and alkaline earth metal sulfonates, neutral and overbased alkali and alkine earth metal phenates, sulfuized phenates, overbased phosphonates, and thiophosphonates.
• Viscosity index improvers including polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, vinylpyrrolidone/methacrylate copolymers, polyvinylpyrrolidones, polybutesne, olefin copolymers, styrene/acrylate copolymers.
• Lubricant Compositions Containing a Hindered Amine, diaryl amine and
• PDSC Pressurized Differential Scanning Calorimetry
• ASTM Test Method D6186 Pressurized Differential Scanning Calorimetry (PDSC) was performed according to ASTM Test Method D6186. These tests were performed on a lubricant composition comprising a polyalphaolefin oil, Durasyn® 166 from BP, and Infineum® C9268, a crankcase dispersant containing 1.2% Nitrogen from Infineum. Also provided in the lubricant composition was Cyasorb® UV-3853, a hindered amine with the name A- piperidol-2,2,6,6-tetremethyl-RPW stearin (fatty acids mixture) from Cytec.
• the metal- free sulfur containing compound is VANLUBE® 7723 additive, a methylenebis(dibutyldithiocarbamate) from R.T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc.
• the diaryl amine used was Vanlube® 961 additive from R.T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc., a mixture of octylated and butylated diphenylamines.
• the test is performed by blending and adding the ingredients into a DSC cell, heating the cell to 180 degrees C, then pressurizing with 500 psi of oxygen. What is measured is the oxidation induction time (OIT), which is the time takes to observe an exothermic release of heat. The longer the OIT the greater the oxidative stability of the oil blend.
• OIT oxidation induction time
• VL 961 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.40 0.25
• VL 7723 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
• Lubricant Compositions Containing a Hindered Amine, Diaryl Amine and a Sulfurized
• PDSC ASTM D 16866
• VL 961 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.25 0.4
• Arkema VPS 15 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 lnfineum C9268 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9
• Lubricant Compositions Containing a Hindered Amine, Diaryl Amine and a Sulfurized
• Lubricant compositions were prepared according to Example 1 above, containing the combination of Cyasorb UV3853 and Vanlube® 961, with sulfur-containing compound VANLUBE® SB, a sulfurized olefin containing approximately 45% sulfur from R.T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc.. PDSC (ASTM D1686) was performed as in Example 1, and data is reported in Table III.
• VL 961 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.25 0.4
• VL SB 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 lnfineum C9268 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9

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• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Lubricants (AREA)

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• 2010
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