EP2368271A1 - Cellule solaire en couche mince équipée une électrode à tracés conducteurs - Google Patents

Cellule solaire en couche mince équipée une électrode à tracés conducteurs

Info

Publication number
EP2368271A1
EP2368271A1 EP09768007A EP09768007A EP2368271A1 EP 2368271 A1 EP2368271 A1 EP 2368271A1 EP 09768007 A EP09768007 A EP 09768007A EP 09768007 A EP09768007 A EP 09768007A EP 2368271 A1 EP2368271 A1 EP 2368271A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
particles
network
layer
photoactive layer
electrically conductive
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP09768007A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Martin Melcher
Wolfgang Andreas Nositschka
Didier Jousse
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Compagnie de Saint Gobain SA
Original Assignee
Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Compagnie de Saint Gobain SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Saint Gobain Glass France SAS, Compagnie de Saint Gobain SA filed Critical Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Publication of EP2368271A1 publication Critical patent/EP2368271A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/02—Details
    • H01L31/0224—Electrodes
    • H01L31/022466—Electrodes made of transparent conductive layers, e.g. TCO, ITO layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/02—Details
    • H01L31/0224—Electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
    • H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
    • H02S40/30—Electrical components
    • H02S40/34—Electrical components comprising specially adapted electrical connection means to be structurally associated with the PV module, e.g. junction boxes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing a thin-film solar cell and a thin-film solar cell.
  • Solar cells are devices that convert light energy into electrical energy using the photovoltaic effect.
  • Solar cells contain a semiconductive material which is used to absorb photons and to generate electrons using the photovoltaic effect.
  • solar cells are used in many technical fields.
  • solar cells are used to operate stationary systems, such as those used in traffic monitoring and traffic flow control on motorways.
  • Another example is machines that are installed outdoors at least partially powered by solar energy.
  • US 2007/0251570 discloses a thin film solar cell which is transparent on both sides.
  • the invention has the object of providing an improved method for producing a thin-film solar cell and an improved thin-film solar cell, which is able to collect both light from the front and from the back and convert it into electrical energy.
  • the invention discloses a method for producing a thin-film solar cell with a photoactive layer which has an optically transparent electrode in the visible light region on the front side, wherein an electrically conductive network of printed conductors is applied to the rear side and / or the front side of the photoactive layer, that is macroscopically optically transparent in the range of visible light.
  • the range of visible light also includes the wavelength range from 300 nm to 1300 nm. These limits result from the band gap of the absorber material, such as e.g. Silicon and the self-absorption of the glass material.
  • the network of printed conductors (1 10) is preferably applied to the back of the photoactive layer (100).
  • the interconnects of the network preferably contain particles of different sizes and geometries.
  • the term particles also includes aggregates, in particular colloidal aggregates. Examples of aggregates are micelles and liquid-crystalline structures.
  • an optically transparent plastic protective layer is applied to the network of printed conductors in the process.
  • the material used for the plastic protective layer may include, for example, polyurethane (PU), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) or polyvinyl butyral (PVB).
  • PU polyurethane
  • EVA ethylene vinyl acetate
  • PVB polyvinyl butyral
  • a protective plastic layer for example in the form of an EVA or PVB film, offers the possibility of applying a glass surface to the back of the photoactive layer.
  • the EVA or PVB film has an adhesion-promoting effect and thus combines the glass layer with the photoactive layer.
  • the method according to the invention has the advantage that networks of printed conductors on the back side of the photoactive layer can thus be produced in a simple and flexible manner.
  • a printing process such as a screen printing process, ink jet printing process, Aerosoljet printing process, impulse jet printing process, offset printing process and / or flexography.
  • the method comprises the application of the electrically conductive network of printed conductors on the back side of the photoactive layer.
  • the use of particles to form the printed conductors has the advantage that the sintering temperature required for printing processes is reduced.
  • the photoactive layer is not sensitive to temperature, since this layer is designed to withstand significantly higher temperatures, for example, in direct sunlight.
  • the electrically conductive network of printed conductors can be on a plastic protective layer and / or an optically transparent surface layer applied.
  • the thus prepared layer is then applied to the back of the photoactive layer.
  • this can also by applying a network of particles on the plastic protective layer followed by heating to form the electrically conductive network of Tracks are made.
  • this requires that the plastic protective layer can withstand such heating of the network of particles without structural change.
  • the method further comprises the step of applying an optically transparent surface layer to the plastic protective layer, the plastic protective layer comprising an adhesion-promoting material for imparting adhesion between the surface layer and the plastic protective layer and between the back of the photoactive layer and the plastic protective layer.
  • the optically transparent surface layer may be a glass surface which is "bonded" to the photoactive layer by means of the plastic protective layer
  • plastic materials preferably polyethylene terephthalates (PET) may also be used visible optically transparent and have a high mechanical hardness, but without having the weight and the rigid properties of conventional glass. This also results in the possibility of producing highly flexible solar cells, which are used for example by incorporation into textiles as a transportable energy source can.
  • the protective layer is a flexible film, wherein the application of the plastic protective layer and / or the optically transparent surface layer is effected by resting and unrolling on the back of the photoactive layer.
  • the use of a flexible film on which the network of printed conductors is applied has the advantage that in continuous production processes it is possible to produce solar cells, for example large-area "endless" solar cells .
  • the application of the electrically conductive network of printed conductors to the plastic protective layer is carried out by one or more of the following methods, such as screen printing, ink jet printing, aerosoljet printing, impulse jet printing, heliogravure, offset printing and / or flexography.
  • the application of the network of particles is carried out by applying a dispersion, wherein the dispersion comprises the particles and a liquid.
  • the liquid may be water and / or an organic solvent and / or a liquid plastic.
  • the choice of the suitable liquid depends on various criteria, such as sintering temperature, aggregation behavior of the particles in the liquid and in particular in the choice of liquid plastics as liquid later use of the cured plastic as a protective conductive encapsulation of the particles.
  • surface-active substances such as, for example, surfactants or amphiphilic polymers may also be present.
  • the conductor tracks have a width between 1 .mu.m or 1 mm, wherein the conductor tracks have a mutual distance between 2 .mu.m and 20 mm, preferably 5 .mu.m to 1 mm.
  • the strip conductors are dimensioned with respect to their width and spacing in such a way that a sufficiently high electrical conductivity for carrier transport can be ensured with the least possible outlay on materials.
  • Another criterion for the arrangement of the conductor tracks is that the mutual distance of the conductor tracks is less than or equal to the migration length of the charge carriers in the photoactive layer.
  • the advantageous width of the tracks then results from this distance and the coverage, which in turn dictates the electrical resistance of the network.
  • the size of the silver particles must be very small, ie well below a 1 micron, so that even at temperature treatments below 15O 0 C, the desired conductivity is achieved.
  • the particles are preferably metal particles, more preferably silver particles. Further possible metals are, for example, copper or aluminum.
  • the particles may also contain carbon particles.
  • the carbon particles may be carbon nanotubes and / or carbon black.
  • the use of carbon nanotubes has the advantage that they have a low percussion limit in terms of electrical conductivity due to their high aspect ratio between diameter and length. Thus, an extremely small amount of carbon nanotubes is sufficient to nevertheless ensure a high electrical conductivity of the conductor tracks formed thereby.
  • Carbon black also referred to as "carbon black”
  • so-called conductive carbon black which has a particularly good electrical conductivity, can be used when using carbon black.
  • the particles form the conductor tracks preferably in the form of a composite material with a plastic.
  • a plastic may, for example, be polyethylene (PE), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) or polyaniline (PANI) or a combination thereof.
  • PE polyethylene
  • PMMA polymethylmethacrylate
  • PANI polyaniline
  • the additional use of plastics in the interconnects increases their mechanical stability on the one hand.
  • the use of conductive plastics such as polyaniline further increases the electrical conductivity of the conductor tracks formed by particles.
  • the use of plastic in the printed conductors serves to prevent direct spatial contact between the photoactive layer and the particles.
  • a photoactive layer it is also possible to use materials which would enter into a chemical or electrochemical reaction with them without encapsulation of the particles. This increases the flexibility in the choice of usable materials in the photoactive layer.
  • the particles may, for example, have a diameter between 10 nm and 10 ⁇ m.
  • the particles preferably have a diameter of between 100 nm and 1.50 ⁇ m, and more preferably have a diameter of between 250 nm and 1 ⁇ m.
  • the invention relates to a thin-film solar cell with a photoactive layer, wherein the front side has an optically transparent electrode in the visible light region and the back has an electrically conductive network of interconnects which, macroscopically, in the range of visible light (300 nm to 1300 nm) is optically transparent.
  • the conductor tracks preferably contain particles, particularly preferably with a diameter between 10 nm and 10 ⁇ m.
  • the rear side has, in addition to the conductor tracks, transparent conductive oxides.
  • these oxides may be indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum tin oxide, antimony tin oxide or fluorotungsten oxide.
  • ITO indium tin oxide
  • aluminum tin oxide aluminum tin oxide
  • antimony tin oxide or fluorotungsten oxide.
  • These oxide layers can cover the rear side of the photoactive layer in a planar manner, the network of interconnects being located either between the rear side of the photoactive layer and the oxide layer or between the oxide layer and a protective layer covering the oxide layer, for example in the form of a plastic protective layer such as EVA.
  • EVA plastic protective layer
  • the use of an additional optically transparent conductive oxide layer has the advantage that a planar electrode can be provided, which has a high electrical conductivity due to the additional network of conductor tracks.
  • the solar cell Due to the planar shape, the solar cell thus achieves a high level of efficiency, since charge carriers can not only be injected or skimmed off at the spatial positions of the printed conductors, but flat over the entire rear side of the photoactive layer.
  • the absorption of such a back electrode of the photoactive material is preferably between 5% to 20% with a sheet resistance between 1 and 4 ohms per square.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of a solar cell
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic view of a further solar cell
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic view of a method step for producing a solar cell
  • FIG. 4 shows a schematic view of a network of particles on a photoactive layer of a thin-film solar cell and a microscopic enlargement of the printed conductor network
  • FIG. 5 shows a flowchart of a method for producing a thin-film solar cell.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of a solar cell.
  • the solar cell consists of a photoactive layer 100, this photoactive layer preferably containing cadmium telluride (CdTe). In the case of the solar cell shown in FIG. 1, this is preferably a thin-film solar cell.
  • CdTe cadmium telluride
  • the solar cell of FIG. 1 has two electrodes, an electrode 104 on the front side of the photoactive layer 100 and an electrode 110 on the rear side of the photoactive layer 100.
  • the electrode 110 is a network 110 of printed conductors. which are formed by particles, wherein the network 1 10 in the visible light region is optically transparent to a light incident on the back of the photoactive layer 100.
  • FIG. 1 shows two surface layers 200 and 108, wherein the plastic protective layer 200 is arranged on the conductor tracks 110 and the surface layer 108 is arranged on the electrode 104.
  • FIG. 2 shows a further schematic view of a solar cell. Notwithstanding FIG. 1, a further surface layer 106 is shown in FIG. The surface layer 106 closes the solar cell to the outside.
  • the plastic protective layer 200 includes a plastic such as polyurethane (PU), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) or polyvinyl butyral (PVB).
  • PU polyurethane
  • EVA ethylene vinyl acetate
  • PVB polyvinyl butyral
  • the plastic protective layer 200 can fulfill several tasks. For example, such a plastic protective layer 200, if made of EVA or PVB film, has an adhesion-promoting effect.
  • Another purpose of the protective layer 200 may be to seal the layered structure of the photoactive layer 100.
  • FIG. 3 shows the photoactive layer 100, which has an optically transparent electrode 104 on its front side. On this a surface layer 108, for example, a glass layer is arranged.
  • a plastic protective layer for example an EVA film
  • the electrically conductive network of printed conductors 1 10 has already been applied, thus making it possible to produce solar cells in a continuous production process 100, 104 and 108 are continuously provided, so that then in an equally continuous rolling process, the electrode structure 1 10 together with the EVA film 200 is applied to the back of the photoactive layer 100.
  • FIG. 4 shows an electrically conductive network of printed conductors 110 on a photoactive layer 100.
  • the network formed thereby forms a regular arrangement of printed conductors, which ensure good transparency due to the large spacing between the individual printed conductors.
  • the network is essentially optically transparent in the visible light range.
  • FIG. 4 also shows a polymer 302 in which the particles 300 are embedded.
  • the polymer 302 is an electrically conductive polymer which is filled with the particles to a certain degree of filling, the percolation threshold. This is because the electrical conductivity of the conductor tracks thus formed is already very high at the percolation threshold. Below the percolation threshold, the electrical conductivity is too low and far above the percolation threshold, the electrical conductivity increases only insignificantly even with the further addition of particles.
  • an optimal composite material can be selected which on the one hand has a high electrical conductivity and high mechanical stability as well as, for example, high chemical inertness.
  • FIG. 5 shows a method for producing a solar cell.
  • the process begins in step A with preparing the glass substrate such as cutting and washing.
  • step B an electrode is deposited on the front surface of a glass substrate.
  • the photoactive layer is provided in step C.
  • step D is followed by step D, with the application of particles on the surface of the photoactive layer, the particles being applied in the form of a network.
  • step E in the form of thermal treatment of the network of particles serves to form the electrically conductive network of printed conductors. This is particularly necessary if they do not already have the required properties by a simple, preferably rapid, drying process.
  • the heating may also serve for a curing process of a plastic used in the conductor formation.
  • step F the application of a plastic protective layer, for example an EVA film, takes place on the network of printed conductors.
  • the printing paste should be designed to apply the particles on the back so that it preferably reaches the desired conductivity without heating above 150 °. This is especially true for printing techniques such as screen printing. This ensures temperature stability, in particular when using a CdTe layer structure of the photoactive layer.
  • the process is completed in step G with the application of a surface layer on the electrode of the front side or the EVA film on the back of the photoactive layer.
  • These surface layers may be, for example, plastic protective layers or glass layers, between which the solar cell module produced is packed.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé pour produire une cellule solaire en couche mince comprenant une couche photoactive (100) qui comporte une électrode optiquement transparente (104) dans le domaine de la lumière visible sur la face antérieure. Selon l'invention, un réseau électroconducteur (110) de tracés conducteurs est disposé sur la face arrière et/ou la face avant de la couche photoactive (100), ce réseau étant optiquement transparent dans le domaine de la lumière visible, d'un point de vue macroscopique.
EP09768007A 2008-12-20 2009-11-25 Cellule solaire en couche mince équipée une électrode à tracés conducteurs Withdrawn EP2368271A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102008064355A DE102008064355A1 (de) 2008-12-20 2008-12-20 Dünnschichtsolarzelle mit Leiterbahnenelektrode
PCT/EP2009/065829 WO2010069728A1 (fr) 2008-12-20 2009-11-25 Cellule solaire en couche mince équipée une électrode à tracés conducteurs

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2368271A1 true EP2368271A1 (fr) 2011-09-28

Family

ID=42220919

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP09768007A Withdrawn EP2368271A1 (fr) 2008-12-20 2009-11-25 Cellule solaire en couche mince équipée une électrode à tracés conducteurs

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US20110290319A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2368271A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2012513104A (fr)
KR (1) KR20110105377A (fr)
CN (1) CN102257624A (fr)
DE (2) DE102008064355A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2010069728A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2539933B1 (fr) * 2010-02-22 2016-02-17 Interposers GmbH Procédé permettant de fabriquer un module semi-conducteur
DE102010039880A1 (de) * 2010-08-27 2012-03-29 Tesa Se Verfahren zur Kontaktierung von Solarmodulen
JP6065419B2 (ja) * 2012-06-13 2017-01-25 三菱マテリアル株式会社 薄膜太陽電池用積層体、及びこれを用いる薄膜太陽電池の製造方法
EP2959517B1 (fr) 2013-02-25 2018-10-31 SABIC Global Technologies B.V. Ensemble module photovoltaïque
CN106449796B (zh) * 2016-10-25 2019-01-29 陕西众森电能科技有限公司 一种用于太阳电池的电极

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JPH0658968B2 (ja) * 1987-11-09 1994-08-03 富士電機株式会社 薄膜太陽電池の製造方法
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN102257624A (zh) 2011-11-23
WO2010069728A1 (fr) 2010-06-24
WO2010069728A4 (fr) 2010-08-12
KR20110105377A (ko) 2011-09-26
DE202008017971U1 (de) 2011-04-14
JP2012513104A (ja) 2012-06-07
US20110290319A1 (en) 2011-12-01
DE102008064355A1 (de) 2010-07-01

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