EP2338006A2 - Chauffe-eau perfectionné - Google Patents

Chauffe-eau perfectionné

Info

Publication number
EP2338006A2
EP2338006A2 EP09785095A EP09785095A EP2338006A2 EP 2338006 A2 EP2338006 A2 EP 2338006A2 EP 09785095 A EP09785095 A EP 09785095A EP 09785095 A EP09785095 A EP 09785095A EP 2338006 A2 EP2338006 A2 EP 2338006A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
water
elements
heating
heater
tank
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP09785095A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Mark Storey
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Baxi Heating UK Ltd
Original Assignee
Baxi Heating UK Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GB0817042A external-priority patent/GB0817042D0/en
Priority claimed from GB0902496A external-priority patent/GB0902496D0/en
Application filed by Baxi Heating UK Ltd filed Critical Baxi Heating UK Ltd
Publication of EP2338006A2 publication Critical patent/EP2338006A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H1/00—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
    • F24H1/18—Water-storage heaters
    • F24H1/20—Water-storage heaters with immersed heating elements, e.g. electric elements or furnace tubes
    • F24H1/201—Water-storage heaters with immersed heating elements, e.g. electric elements or furnace tubes using electric energy supply
    • F24H1/202—Water-storage heaters with immersed heating elements, e.g. electric elements or furnace tubes using electric energy supply with resistances
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/10—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the purpose of the control
    • F24H15/128—Preventing overheating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/10—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the purpose of the control
    • F24H15/14—Cleaning; Sterilising; Preventing contamination by bacteria or microorganisms, e.g. by replacing fluid in tanks or conduits
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/10—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the purpose of the control
    • F24H15/144—Measuring or calculating energy consumption
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/10—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the purpose of the control
    • F24H15/156—Reducing the quantity of energy consumed; Increasing efficiency
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/20—Control of fluid heaters characterised by control inputs
    • F24H15/212—Temperature of the water
    • F24H15/223—Temperature of the water in the water storage tank
    • F24H15/225—Temperature of the water in the water storage tank at different heights of the tank
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/20—Control of fluid heaters characterised by control inputs
    • F24H15/238—Flow rate
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/20—Control of fluid heaters characterised by control inputs
    • F24H15/246—Water level
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/20—Control of fluid heaters characterised by control inputs
    • F24H15/281—Input from user
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/30—Control of fluid heaters characterised by control outputs; characterised by the components to be controlled
    • F24H15/355—Control of heat-generating means in heaters
    • F24H15/37—Control of heat-generating means in heaters of electric heaters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/30—Control of fluid heaters characterised by control outputs; characterised by the components to be controlled
    • F24H15/395—Information to users, e.g. alarms
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/40—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the type of controllers
    • F24H15/414—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the type of controllers using electronic processing, e.g. computer-based
    • F24H15/421—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the type of controllers using electronic processing, e.g. computer-based using pre-stored data
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/40—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the type of controllers
    • F24H15/414—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the type of controllers using electronic processing, e.g. computer-based
    • F24H15/45—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the type of controllers using electronic processing, e.g. computer-based remotely accessible
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H9/00—Details
    • F24H9/20—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
    • F24H9/2007—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for water heaters
    • F24H9/2014—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for water heaters using electrical energy supply
    • F24H9/2021—Storage heaters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D2200/00—Heat sources or energy sources
    • F24D2200/08—Electric heater
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D2220/00—Components of central heating installations excluding heat sources
    • F24D2220/04—Sensors
    • F24D2220/042—Temperature sensors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D2220/00—Components of central heating installations excluding heat sources
    • F24D2220/08—Storage tanks
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D2240/00—Characterizing positions, e.g. of sensors, inlets, outlets
    • F24D2240/10—Placed within or inside of
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D2240/00—Characterizing positions, e.g. of sensors, inlets, outlets
    • F24D2240/26—Vertically distributed at fixed positions, e.g. multiple sensors distributed over the height of a tank, or a vertical inlet distribution pipe having a plurality of orifices

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a water heater for supplying domestic and industrial premises with hot water, for washing or for a central heating system etc.
  • a heater with a control system to monitor and evaluate water usage and to make heating predictions based thereon is disclosed.
  • a water heater for supplying hot water, to a domestic or office environment, the heater comprising a storage vessel to retain water,
  • a plurality of temperature sensors within the tank measuring the water temperature a heating element being associated with at least one sensor;
  • control unit operably linked to each element and each sensor, the control unit comprising data receiving means to receive data from the sensors, a storage area to store system data, processing means to compare the sensor data with the system data,
  • a decision making means to determine activation or de-activation of the elements.
  • the system described is a able therefore, by being able to determine when the water is required and also being able to heat only a fraction of the water within the tank to the hottest designated temperature, to save energy.
  • the heater includes further heating elements which are in the same or substantially the same place as said plurality of heating elements.
  • the heater has three heating elements to provide efficient heating without increasing too far the complexity.
  • the heating elements are vertically arranged above and below each other to simplify construction.
  • Figure 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of a tank:
  • Figure 2 is an image of heat distribution within a tank: and
  • Figure 3 is a diagram of a system for monitoring and controlling temperature
  • the system described herein acts to optimise the energy usage in dealing with the hot water requirements of a household or premises.
  • a means of accumulating, storing and processing data is incorporated into the heating circuit of a hot water heater: and the embodiments described, an electric hot water heater.
  • an electric hot water heater In order to implement the control system advantage has been taken of the surprising discovery that heated water within an electric boiler can accumulate into distinct and measurable layers, each layer being at a different temperature to its neighbour and that, moreover, these layers are stable over an extended time period, at least long enough to assist in lowering energy consumption.
  • the systems include a water tank having at least one resistive heating element and where, when a plurality of heating elements is used, these elements are at different levels within the tank.
  • the heating elements are held under the control of a switching system.
  • the switching capability operates under 230-240 single phase AC supply, with each resistive heating element being suitable to take a loading of up to 6kW.
  • each resistive heating element being suitable to take a loading of up to 6kW.
  • the system and the component part should be capable of withstanding more than 100,000 switching cycles (not applicable to the over temperature cut out function).
  • other safety measures are included as described below.
  • the tank 10 is of typical construction, usually of copper or stainless steel, and is housed within a casing 11 to provide the tank 10 with an improved appearance.
  • the casing 11 also facilitates the provision of stable insulating material around the tank 10 to reduce heat loss from the water stored in the tank 10.
  • a cold water inlet pipe 12 through which water from a mains supply enters the tank 10 to replace water drawn off, engages the tank 10 towards the tank's lower portion.
  • a baffle (not illustrated) minimises mixing between the incoming cold water and water already in the tank
  • a hot water outlet pipe 13 connects the water in the tank 10 with, for example, the hot water taps on the heating system supplied by the tank 10.
  • the tank 10 is in addition equipped with a plurality of heating elements 14-16, each separately operable to achieve maximum heating efficiency.
  • the heating elements 14-16 are vertically separated from one another so that they each measure the water temperature at a different level of the tank 10. It should be clear that the elements 14-16 need not be directly above and below each other but can be spaced at different points around the tank. Nevertheless for ease of manufacture, the elements 14-16 are typically in line vertically. It should be appreciated that the illustration, using three elements is not to be interpreted in a restrictive manner but as illustrative of the principles. Larger tanks, for example, can be provided with a greater number of elements to suit the usage.
  • Additional sensors at a particular level can be included to ensure that the reading is accurate and that an incorrect value is not obtained due to a sensor being too close to an element.
  • three heating elements have been found to be suitable.
  • two elements may be suitable.
  • sensors 17-19 measure the temperature of the water at that particular level within the tank 10.
  • control unit 20 which in turn issues instructions to the elements 14-16 to heat the water.
  • the positioning of the control unit 20 at the base of the tank 10 is for convenience of illustration and the control unit 20 can be located where suitable for the installer and user.
  • Selective operation of the elements 14-16 can lead to a number of situations developing within the tank 10. Firstly, operation of all of the elements 14-16 can lead to the water in the tank 10 being at a uniform temperature. For example this situation arises if the control unit 20 anticipates a large usage of hot water in the near future or if the user operates an override/continuous usage mode. In this case, depending on the user-defined temperature, the water can be at a temperature of from 10-70C, preferably 35-70C. Typically for domestic situations the standard setting is 6OC, which temperature sterilises the water from micro-organisms, but does not cause too much damage due to precipitation, largely of calcium salts.
  • the elements are operated selectively.
  • the element 14 is activated which acts to heat the water in its vicinity, eventually stabilising the zone 21 of heated water, at for example 65C.
  • element 15 can be used additionally to element 14.
  • three zones of water 21-23 are established at for example; 65C, 55C and 45C respectively.
  • a thermal image of this situation is shown in Figure 2.
  • Control of the heating pattern is governed by the control unit 20.
  • the control unit 20 comprises a number of features which enable the central unit 20 to acquire and process information and to issue instructions based thereon. For example, information is received from a flow meter (not illustrated) as to how much hot water is drawn off and the time that this takes place, which information is stored in a storage area in the unit 20.
  • the processor from the information required over a 7 day period, calculates likely water consumption and issues instructions to the elements 14-16 which are required to heat sufficient water to satisfy the expected consumption.
  • Said interface and information display can be provided as part of the control unit and integrated as part of the tank and casing units. This can be achieved as part of the manufacturing procedure to minimise time and knowledge therefore required by an installer.
  • the interface on display can be remote from a control unit for ease of access.
  • facility can be included to allow control from a distance by means of a wireless control facility, mobile telephone or computer. Where an in-house interface is used then programming can be mediated through a touch-screen facility or through buttons such as soft touch rubber, hard plastic, membrane or touch sensitive buttons. Information can be displayed through an LCD display or other means well known in the art.
  • energy usage information on the energy usage over a specified period can be provided to assist the user in monitoring consumption and expected bills. If tariff information is entered into the unit then the amount expected to be due can be calculated by the unit and display.
  • the unit can also be provided with a processing means to enable, where the information is supplied, optimal heating patterns to ensure that this is achieved at minimum cost.
  • water usage the number of baths or showers available from the water presently in the tank can be displayed. The user is also enabled, should it be necessary, to input any additional baths/showers required and also when. Additionally, if a user is expecting guests this information can also be intput and used by the unit to calculate expected usage.
  • a further facility enables a user to set a holiday period for the heating system when the water temperature remains low at around 1OC. For example, periods of from 2-21 days may be input.
  • the control unit initiates a function which raises the temperature of all the water in the tank to around 6OC and holds the water at this temperature for a pre-set time.
  • control unit also governs other safety functions such as monitoring the water level to ensure the tank is not dry during element heating. Also, the unit monitors the water temperature to ensure it does not rise over a pre-set safety value and if it does so, initiates a safety procedure such as water drain.
  • a directed arrow indicates input from one element to another element.
  • FIG 3 illustrates diagrammatically a system incorporating some of the features described above, the tank in this embodiment having five heating elements.
  • a tank 30 has five vertically arrayed heating elements 31a-e under control of a unit 32.
  • the control unit 32 receives information on the status of the water in the tank 30 from an array of sensors 33.
  • Cold water from the mains supply enters the system through a pipe 34 via a stopcock 35.
  • the mains water supply typically also supplies other areas of the house such as the kitchen 36.
  • the cold water is brought below a standard pressure and checked for extraneous material in a series of valves or a combination valve 37.
  • the water then passes through pipes 38 to enter the tank 30 via the inlet pipe 39.
  • Hot water is drawn off the top region of the supply held in the tank 30 through the outlet pipe 40. From here, along with cold water led off the pipes 38, hot water is supplied to the household.
  • the temperature, pressure relief valve 40 is included through which hot water is vented to drain to a tun dish.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Heat-Pump Type And Storage Water Heaters (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention porte sur un chauffe-eau pour fournir de l'eau chaude, à un environnement domestique ou de bureau, le chauffe-eau comprenant une cuve de stockage (10) pour retenir l'eau, une pluralité d'éléments de chauffage (14-16) à l'intérieur de la cuve de stockage, lesdits éléments (14-16) étant séparés spatialement les uns des autres dans une direction verticale ; une pluralité de capteurs de température (17-19) à l'intérieur de la cuve de stockage (10), mesurant la température de l'eau, un élément de chauffage (14-16) étant associé à au moins un capteur (17-19) ; une unité de commande liée de façon fonctionnelle à chaque élément et à chaque capteur, l'unité de commande comprenant des moyens de réception de données pour recevoir des données provenant des capteurs, une zone de stockage pour stocker des données de système, des moyens de traitement pour comparer les données de capteur avec les données de système, et des moyens de prise de décision pour déterminer l'activation ou la désactivation des éléments (17-19).
EP09785095A 2008-09-17 2009-09-14 Chauffe-eau perfectionné Withdrawn EP2338006A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0817042A GB0817042D0 (en) 2008-09-17 2008-09-17 An improved water heater
GB0902496A GB0902496D0 (en) 2009-02-14 2009-02-14 An improved water heater
PCT/GB2009/002178 WO2010031994A2 (fr) 2008-09-17 2009-09-14 Chauffe-eau perfectionné

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2338006A2 true EP2338006A2 (fr) 2011-06-29

Family

ID=42039950

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP09785095A Withdrawn EP2338006A2 (fr) 2008-09-17 2009-09-14 Chauffe-eau perfectionné

Country Status (2)

Country Link
EP (1) EP2338006A2 (fr)
WO (1) WO2010031994A2 (fr)

Families Citing this family (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8525083B2 (en) * 2010-09-17 2013-09-03 General Electric Company Water heater with power consumption reporting
JP2013545908A (ja) * 2010-10-19 2013-12-26 プレザノ アクチェンゲゼルシャフト シャワートイレの水を加熱する装置
GB201111538D0 (en) * 2011-07-06 2011-08-17 Passivsystems Ltd Apparatus and methods for monitoring and analysing the performance of a heating or cooling system
US20130261812A1 (en) * 2010-11-22 2013-10-03 Passivsystems Limited Apparatus and methods for monitoring a hot water tank of a hot water heating system to improve its energy efficiency
GB2512024A (en) * 2013-01-08 2014-09-24 Baxi Heating Uk Ltd Improvements in water heaters
CN103175304B (zh) * 2013-03-28 2013-11-06 山东理工大学 一种自动温度控制的电热水器
CN103363656B (zh) * 2013-03-28 2014-04-16 山东理工大学 一种具有水位控制功能的电热水器
AT16647U1 (de) 2019-02-26 2020-04-15 Dipl Ing Fh Werner Pink Elektrischer Heizstab und Energiespeicher

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6242720B1 (en) * 1998-12-23 2001-06-05 Carrier Corporation Control for electric water heater
US6363216B1 (en) * 1999-07-27 2002-03-26 Kenneth A. Bradenbaugh Water heater having dual side-by-side heating elements
US20030091091A1 (en) * 2001-11-15 2003-05-15 Patterson Wade C. System and method for controlling temperature of a liquid residing within a tank
US6785466B1 (en) * 2003-09-22 2004-08-31 Rheem Manufacturing Company Electric water heater having balanced wattage density water heating
US7221862B1 (en) * 2005-12-08 2007-05-22 Therm-O-Disc, Incorporated Control and method for operating an electric water heater

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
See references of WO2010031994A3 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2010031994A3 (fr) 2013-01-17
WO2010031994A2 (fr) 2010-03-25

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