EP2335891A1 - Klebevorrichtung und Verfahren zur Verklebung - Google Patents

Klebevorrichtung und Verfahren zur Verklebung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2335891A1
EP2335891A1 EP10195618A EP10195618A EP2335891A1 EP 2335891 A1 EP2335891 A1 EP 2335891A1 EP 10195618 A EP10195618 A EP 10195618A EP 10195618 A EP10195618 A EP 10195618A EP 2335891 A1 EP2335891 A1 EP 2335891A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
panel
edge element
layer
glue
advancement
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP10195618A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2335891B1 (de
Inventor
Stefano Greselin
Aldo Busa
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
SCM Group SpA
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SCM Group SpA
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by SCM Group SpA filed Critical SCM Group SpA
Publication of EP2335891A1 publication Critical patent/EP2335891A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2335891B1 publication Critical patent/EP2335891B1/de
Active legal-status Critical Current
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
    • B27G—ACCESSORY MACHINES OR APPARATUS FOR WORKING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS; TOOLS FOR WORKING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS; SAFETY DEVICES FOR WOOD WORKING MACHINES OR TOOLS
    • B27G11/00—Applying adhesives or glue to surfaces of wood to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
    • B27D—WORKING VENEER OR PLYWOOD
    • B27D5/00—Other working of veneer or plywood specially adapted to veneer or plywood
    • B27D5/003—Other working of veneer or plywood specially adapted to veneer or plywood securing a veneer strip to a panel edge

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a gluing apparatus and method, in particular for gluing an edge element onto a side of a panel.
  • the invention can be used in an operating machine for machining wood, such as, for example, an edgebanding machine.
  • These operating machines which typically perform edgebanding operations on panels, boards, flat elements made of wood or similar material, comprise an apparatus or gluing unit that distributes a layer of adhesive substance onto edge elements such as bands, strips and lists to be applied to perimeter sides of panels or directly to the perimeter sides of said panels.
  • Gluing apparatuses of known type comprise, for example, an apparatus like the one illustrated in the European patent EP 1 798 013 in the name of the applicant.
  • Such known gluing apparatuses spread a layer of glue on the edge to be applied to the panel, or directly on the perimeter sides of said panel.
  • the glue used is generally a thermofusible glue that has to be suitably heated before it is applied 'hot' to the surfaces to be joined.
  • the glue is applied by a rotating gluing roller comprised in the gluing apparatus.
  • the gluing roller has a knurled or rough external surface, that is suitable for retaining and conveying the glue, which is supplied by a tank or reservoir.
  • the tank is provided with a glue-delivery opening through which the glue reaches the gluing roller.
  • the glue-delivery opening of the tank has a height that is equal to that of the portion of the gluing roller that is intended to receive the glue.
  • shutter devices are interposed that enable said opening to be opened/closed to enable/prevent the passage of the glue to the gluing roller.
  • known gluing apparatuses may comprise doctor blades that are able to regulate the quantity of glue to be spread on the knurled surface of the gluing roller.
  • a drawback of known apparatuses consists of the fact that it is not possible to adjust the height of the portion of roller that is intended to receive the glue.
  • this portion is, as said, not adjustable, two opposite needs must be considered: on the one hand it must have a height that is sufficient to ensure firm gluing of the edge to the perimeter side of the panel but on the other hand if this height is approximately equal to the thickness of the panel, an edgebanded object of poor aesthetic quality is obtained as part of the distributed glue may be visible to the user and dirty the external layers of the panel.
  • the doctor blades are not able to abut on the surface in a hydraulically sealed manner and thus to close the glue tank hermetically.
  • the rotation of the roller in fact achieves a seal of dynamic type between the external surface of the roller and the doctor blades. Nevertheless, during the rest period, due to the lack of dynamic seal, there is a glue leakage that is more or less considerable according to the fluidity of the glue, the pressure inside the tank, the shape and dimensions of the opening, etc.
  • thermofusible glue is very costly, and because of the problems that it may create, by spreading and solidifying in the work zone.
  • gluing apparatuses consists of the fact that due to the knurled surface of the gluing roller it is not possible to distribute the glue as a uniform film inasmuch as the glue layer will have uneven thickness. This may also lead to a unpleasant visual effect inasmuch as the edge may be glued to the panel unevenly, such that some portions of the glue layer that have a greater thickness may be visible.
  • An object of the present invention is to improve known gluing apparatuses, in particular apparatuses for gluing an edge element to a side of a panel in an operating machine for machining wood, such as, for example, an edgebanding machine.
  • Another object is to provide a gluing method for gluing an edge element to a side of a panel by means of a layer of adhesive substance distributed on a surface of edge elements, in particular bands, strips, lists to be applied to perimeter sides of panels, boards, flat elements made of wood or similar material.
  • Still another object is to obtain an apparatus that enables the glue to be distributed uniformly and homogenously on an edge element.
  • a further object is to obtain an apparatus devoid of losses and leaks of glue both in an operating condition and in a stationary or rest condition.
  • Still another object is to obtain an apparatus that enables the distribution of glue on the surfaces to be glued to be adjusted and controlled simply, rapidly and effectively.
  • a still further object is to obtain an apparatus that enables the quantity of glue used to apply the edge element to the panel to be reduced and a more economical apparatus to be thus obtained.
  • Another object is to obtain an apparatus that enables an edgebanded panel to be obtained that is of good quality and is provided with a pleasant aesthetic appearance.
  • Still another object is to obtain an apparatus that is less bulky than known apparatuses.
  • the invention comprises an apparatus and/or a method according to any one of the following claims.
  • a panel 100 which is in particular usable for making furniture, shelving, shelves, doors and the like.
  • the panel 100 which is generally made of wood or similar materials, comprises a plurality of perimeter sides 200; the number of sides depending on the shape of the panel 100.
  • the panel 100 has a rectangular shape and thus comprises four perimeter sides 200.
  • FIG 1 there is further shown an apparatus 1 arranged for distributing a layer of adhesive substance 400 ( figures 4 and 5 ), for example glue, on an edge element 300 to be applied to a respective perimeter side 200 of the panel 100.
  • the edge element 300 which is visible in Figures 1 , 3 , 4 and 5 , can be shaped as a band, a strip or a list.
  • the apparatus 1 can be associable with an operating machine for machining wood, such as, for example, an edgebanding machine.
  • the latter generally comprises a plurality of apparatuses, positioned in series in a work zone through which the panel 100 advances. This panel, which advances along an advancement path that is substantially parallel to an advancement direction F, is machined in succession by the aforesaid plurality of apparatuses.
  • the plurality of apparatuses may comprise, in addition to the apparatus 1 according to the invention, a cutting apparatus for cutting a portion of the edge element 300 protruding laterally from the panel 100 being machined, a trimming apparatus for trimming the edge element 300 with respect to the panel 100 by removing the material protruding above and below the panel, and, optionally, scraping apparatuses for eliminating glue residue and finishing the connection between the edge element 300 and the machined panel 100 and an apparatus comprising brushes for cleaning and polishing the edge element 300.
  • the apparatus 1 may comprise a dispensing head 2, which is of known type and is visible in greater detail in figures 2 and 3 .
  • the dispensing head 2 receives the adhesive substance, which is typically glue, from a tank (which is not shown) and distributes a layer of glue 400 on the edge element 300.
  • the dispensing head 2 is positioned laterally with respect to the edge element 300 (which is advanced in a substantially vertical position) in such a manner as to distribute the layer of glue 400 on a face 301 of the edge element 300 that is intended for coming into contact with a respective perimeter side 200.
  • the dispensing head 2 is positioned in a gluing zone of the apparatus 1 along a first advancement path of the edge element 300.
  • the adhesive substance used is in general a thermofusible glue that is suitably heated before being applied 'hot' to the surface 301.
  • the adhesive substance can be a polyurethane glue, or a glue of the "EVA" (Ethyl Vinyl Acetate) type.
  • the thermofusible glue is generally heated by electric resistances that are of known type and are not shown.
  • thermofusible glue can be heated by any other type of suitable heating means.
  • the dispensing head 2 comprises an opening 3, shaped as an elongated slit, substantially vertical, through which the glue is dispensed.
  • the opening 3 may comprise a plurality of holes, for example aligned along a substantially vertical direction.
  • the dispensing head 2 further comprises controlling means 4 arranged for adjusting a width h (visible in Figures 4 and 5 ) of the layer of glue 400.
  • the controlling means 4 may comprise a stem 5, which is movable substantially longitudinally, to which an indicator 6 is fixed.
  • the stem 5 can be moved by an operator using a knob 7.
  • the stem 5 can be driven automatically and not manually by an operator, for example by a numeric control device having the axis of the stem 5 as the controlled axis.
  • a shutter element is connected, for example a laminar shutter element, positioned substantially at a portion 8 of the opening 3, inside the dispensing head 2, and which is therefore not visible in the figures.
  • the shutter element enables the opening 3 to be closed in an adjustable manner by a desired amount that is decided beforehand by the operator.
  • the latter defines this quantity by suitably positioning (by the knob 7) the indicator 6 on a reading element 9, in particular a graduated scale.
  • the operator can adjust the desired width h of the layer of glue 400 in function of a respective thickness P (i.e. the height of the perimeter side 200) of the panel 100 to be machined.
  • the position of the dispensing head 2 can be further adjusted, in a substantially vertical direction, by an operator who, in a step of setting up the apparatus 1 prior to using the apparatus, fixes the position of a body 10 of the dispensing head 2 with respect to a supporting element 11 by a lever 12; the body 10 being slidably supported by the supporting element 11.
  • the apparatus 1 further comprises first rollers 13, a guiding element 14, a contrasting roller 15, and a pressing roller 16, which are visible in figure 1 .
  • the contrasting roller 15 is positioned at the dispensing head 2 on a side opposite the latter with respect to the edge element 300.
  • the contrasting roller 15 acts on a further surface 302 of the edge element 300, opposite the surface 301, to contrast a thrust action that the dispensing head 2 exerts on the edge element 300. If the apparatus 1 were devoid of the contrasting roller 15, the edge element 300 would flex.
  • the contrasting roller 15 is movable between an operating position in which it maintains the edge element 300 in contact with the opening 3 of the dispensing head 2, and a non-operating position in which it is spaced away from the edge element 300 and the glue is not dispensed.
  • the guiding element 14 is interposed between the first rollers 13 and the dispensing head 2 and is arranged for guiding the edge element 300 along the first advancement path so as to convey the edge element 300 to the dispensing head 2.
  • the pressing roller 16 by rotating in the direction shown by the arrow R in figure 1 , presses the edge element 300 against the perimeter side 200 of the panel 100 at an edge application zone B (that is visible in figure 1 ) of the apparatus 1, such as to fix the edge element 300 to the panel 100 once the layer of glue 400 has dried and cooled.
  • an edge application zone B that is visible in figure 1
  • FIG. 4 and 5 there is shown a schematic cross section of a panel 100 having a thickness P, of an edge element 300 having a height h1 and to the surface 301 of which a layer of glue 400 has been applied that has a width h and thickness S.
  • the width h of the layer 400 is less than the height h1 of the edge element 300.
  • the thickness S of the layer 400 can be less than 1 mm.
  • the thickness S can be comprised between 0.05 mm and 0.2 mm.
  • the width h of the layer of glue 400 is less than the thickness P of the panel 100.
  • the width h can be less than the thickness P by a quantity that is approximately equal to 0.2 mm.
  • the width h can be less than the thickness P by a quantity that is even less than 0.2 mm.
  • the width h of the layer of glue 400 is greater than the thickness P of the panel 100.
  • the width h can be greater than the thickness P by a quantity that is approximately equal to 0.2 mm.
  • the width h can be greater than the thickness P by a quantity that is even less than 0.2 mm.
  • the operator In use, once the thickness P of the panel 100 is known to which the edge element 300 has to be glued, the operator, before starting up the operating machine and performing the edgebanding, adjusts a width h of the layer of glue 400 in the manner disclosed above.
  • the edge element 300 is advanced by the first rollers 13 on the first advancement path along the advancement direction A, indicated by an arrow in figures 1 and 3 .
  • the panel 100 is advanced on a second advancement path, which is substantially parallel to the advancement direction F indicated by an arrow in figure 1 .
  • the second advancement path meets the first advancement path at an edge application zone B.
  • the dispensing head 2 Whilst the edge element 300 advances, the dispensing head 2 distributes on a surface 301 of the edge element 300 a layer of glue 400 having a thickness S that is substantially constant for the entire length of the edge element 300.
  • the glue is dispensed through an opening 3, for example an opening 3 shaped as an elongated slot.
  • the layer of glue 400 is substantially distributed at a longitudinal central portion of the surface 301 in such a manner as to leave free from the glue two longitudinal side portions arranged on the opposite sides of said longitudinal central portion. Afterwards, the edge element 300 on which the layer of glue 400 has been distributed is pressed against the perimeter side 200 of the panel 100 that is being edgebanded by the pressing roller 16 at the edge application zone B.
  • the panel can advance through the remaining apparatuses with which is provided the operating machine to which the apparatus 1 is associated.
  • An advantage of the invention is that the apparatus 1 for distributing a layer of glue 400 enables the consumption of glue to be limited by maintaining firm and effective gluing of the edge element 300 to the respective perimeter side 200 of the panel 100.
  • the consumption of glue is reduced inasmuch as if the glue were distributed on the side of the panel, part of the glue would be absorbed inwards the panel without thus contributing to gluing.
  • thermofusible glue is generally very expensive.
  • the apparatus 1 may comprise heating means of dimensions and power that are less than those of known apparatuses, because, as the apparatus 1 consumes a quantity of glue that is less than known apparatuses, the apparatus 1 does not need bulky and powerful heating means. This enables the operating costs of the apparatus 1 to be reduced, which apparatus consumes a smaller quantity of electric energy.
  • a further advantage is that the apparatus 1 enables a panel 100 of good quality to be obtained that is provided with a pleasant aesthetic appearance.
  • the width h of the layer of glue 400 can be adjusted in such a manner that it is lower than the height of the edge element 300, in particular even lower -although by a small amount- than the thickness P of the panel 100 being machined. Owing to this, once the edge element 300 has been glued to the panel 100, the layer of glue 400 interposed therebetween is hardly visible to a user or can even be completely hidden from the view of the latter.
  • the layer of glue 400 has a substantially constant thickness S for the entire length of the edge element 300, the aesthetic appearance of the edgebanded panel is further improved compared with the panels edgebanded with known apparatuses, in which, due to the knurled surface of the gluing roller, the layer of glue has an irregular and uneven thickness.
  • the apparatus 1 enables the width h of the layer of glue 400 to be adjusted very precisely owing to the reading element 9, in particular a graduated scale, comprised in the controlling means 4.
  • controlling means 4 enables the width h to be adjusted in a substantially micrometric manner by adjusting the position of the stem 5.
  • the latter can be moved manually by an operator who acts on the knob 7, or can be driven automatically, for example, by a numeric control device having the axis of the stem 5 as the controlled axis.
  • the apparatus 1 enables the distribution of the glue on the surface 301 of the edge element 300 to be glued to the panel 100 to be adjusted and controlled in a simple, rapid and effective manner.
  • Still another advantage of the apparatus 1 is that it is easy for the operator to clean and during operation it keeps itself cleaner than known apparatuses.
  • the layer of glue 400 is distributed in a central portion of the surface 301 of the edge element 300 and not in two longitudinal side portions near the external layers of the panel 100, and therefore in these longitudinal side portions that are devoid of the layer of glue 400 guide means can act that guide the edge element 300 without becoming dirty with glue.
  • the dispensing head 2 enables dispensing of the glue to be interrupted during rests or stops of the operating machine with which the apparatus 1 is associated, i.e. when the surface 301 of the edge element 300 does not face the opening 3; thus preventing the glue from depositing itself in other zones of the apparatus 1 and dirtying the apparatus 1.
  • Another advantage of the apparatus 1 is that of being less bulky than known apparatuses.
  • the dispensing head 2 can be replaced by other dispensing means.
  • the first rollers 13 can be replaced by other advancement means.
  • controlling means 4 can be replaced by other suitable controlling means which is suitable for adjusting the width h of the layer of glue 400.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Forests & Forestry (AREA)
  • Coating Apparatus (AREA)
  • Die Bonding (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
EP10195618.3A 2009-12-18 2010-12-17 Klebeverfahren Active EP2335891B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ITMO2009A000298A IT1396969B1 (it) 2009-12-18 2009-12-18 Metodo di incollaggio

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2335891A1 true EP2335891A1 (de) 2011-06-22
EP2335891B1 EP2335891B1 (de) 2016-03-30

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EP10195618.3A Active EP2335891B1 (de) 2009-12-18 2010-12-17 Klebeverfahren

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EP (1) EP2335891B1 (de)
IT (1) IT1396969B1 (de)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR20160003094A (ko) * 2013-05-02 2016-01-08 가또오모꾸자이 고오교오 가부시끼가이샤 화장재의 접착 장치 및 피복 제품의 제조 장치, 및 화장재의 접착 방법 및 피복 제품의 제조 방법
DE102014214035A1 (de) * 2014-07-18 2016-01-21 Homag Holzbearbeitungssysteme Gmbh Verfahren, Vorrichtung und Syntheseelement zum Verbinden eines Kantenmaterials mit einem Werkstück
IT201700056951A1 (it) * 2017-05-25 2018-11-25 Biesse Spa Macchina per la bordatura di pannelli di legno o simili
CN110471369A (zh) * 2019-08-05 2019-11-19 南兴装备股份有限公司 一种具有控制系统的高速双胶缸自动封边机
DE202019106598U1 (de) * 2019-11-27 2021-03-02 Rehau Ag + Co Profilanordnung für Bauelemente, Möbelplatten und dergleichen

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102022110163A1 (de) 2022-04-27 2023-11-02 Homag Gmbh Vorrichtung zum Beschichten eines Werkstücks

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1728470A1 (de) * 1967-09-19 1973-02-08 Reich Maschf Gmbh Karl Leimauftragsvorrichtung
US4597821A (en) * 1983-08-26 1986-07-01 Munro Alick R Portable edge bander for hand held and table mounted operation
EP0453936A2 (de) * 1990-04-21 1991-10-30 REICH Spezialmaschinen GmbH Klebstoff-Auftragsvorrichtung bei Kantenanleimmaschinen
EP1163864A1 (de) * 2000-06-13 2001-12-19 bluthaup GmbH & Co. KG Küchensysteme Möbelplatte und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung
US20020152957A1 (en) * 2000-10-16 2002-10-24 Nordson Corporation Device for two-dimensional application of free-flowing adhesive to strip material, especially furniture edge banding, in motion relative to the device
EP1260277A2 (de) * 2001-05-18 2002-11-27 SCM GROUP S.p.A. Vorrichtung zum Aufbringen von Kleber insbesondere für eine Maschine zur Berbeitung von Holzplatten
US6565660B1 (en) * 1998-07-09 2003-05-20 Reinhard Düspohl Maschinenbau Gmbh Adhesive applicator device
US20060213434A1 (en) * 2005-03-22 2006-09-28 Nordson Corporation Adhesive dispenser
EP1798013A1 (de) 2005-11-29 2007-06-20 SCM GROUP S.p.A. Leimauftragsvorrichtung

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1621814C3 (de) * 1967-02-23 1975-09-18 Heinrich Brandt Maschinenbau, 4920 Lemgo Vorrichtung zum kontinuierlichen Anbringen von Streifenmaterial mittels Kleber auf Kantenflächen von Werkstücken

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1728470A1 (de) * 1967-09-19 1973-02-08 Reich Maschf Gmbh Karl Leimauftragsvorrichtung
US4597821A (en) * 1983-08-26 1986-07-01 Munro Alick R Portable edge bander for hand held and table mounted operation
EP0453936A2 (de) * 1990-04-21 1991-10-30 REICH Spezialmaschinen GmbH Klebstoff-Auftragsvorrichtung bei Kantenanleimmaschinen
US6565660B1 (en) * 1998-07-09 2003-05-20 Reinhard Düspohl Maschinenbau Gmbh Adhesive applicator device
EP1163864A1 (de) * 2000-06-13 2001-12-19 bluthaup GmbH & Co. KG Küchensysteme Möbelplatte und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung
US20020152957A1 (en) * 2000-10-16 2002-10-24 Nordson Corporation Device for two-dimensional application of free-flowing adhesive to strip material, especially furniture edge banding, in motion relative to the device
EP1260277A2 (de) * 2001-05-18 2002-11-27 SCM GROUP S.p.A. Vorrichtung zum Aufbringen von Kleber insbesondere für eine Maschine zur Berbeitung von Holzplatten
US20060213434A1 (en) * 2005-03-22 2006-09-28 Nordson Corporation Adhesive dispenser
EP1798013A1 (de) 2005-11-29 2007-06-20 SCM GROUP S.p.A. Leimauftragsvorrichtung

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR20160003094A (ko) * 2013-05-02 2016-01-08 가또오모꾸자이 고오교오 가부시끼가이샤 화장재의 접착 장치 및 피복 제품의 제조 장치, 및 화장재의 접착 방법 및 피복 제품의 제조 방법
EP2993005A4 (de) * 2013-05-02 2016-06-22 Katomokuzai Kogyo Co Ltd Verbindungsvorrichtung für ein dekormaterial, herstellungsvorrichtung für beschichteten artikel, verbindungsverfahren für ein dekormaterial und verfahren zur herstellung beschichteter artikel
DE102014214035A1 (de) * 2014-07-18 2016-01-21 Homag Holzbearbeitungssysteme Gmbh Verfahren, Vorrichtung und Syntheseelement zum Verbinden eines Kantenmaterials mit einem Werkstück
US10710268B2 (en) * 2014-07-18 2020-07-14 Homag Gmbh Method, device and synthesis element for connecting an edge material to a workpiece
IT201700056951A1 (it) * 2017-05-25 2018-11-25 Biesse Spa Macchina per la bordatura di pannelli di legno o simili
EP3406409A1 (de) * 2017-05-25 2018-11-28 BIESSE S.p.A. Maschine zum kanten von holzplatten oder dergleichen
CN110471369A (zh) * 2019-08-05 2019-11-19 南兴装备股份有限公司 一种具有控制系统的高速双胶缸自动封边机
CN110471369B (zh) * 2019-08-05 2020-10-30 南兴装备股份有限公司 一种具有控制系统的高速双胶缸自动封边机
DE202019106598U1 (de) * 2019-11-27 2021-03-02 Rehau Ag + Co Profilanordnung für Bauelemente, Möbelplatten und dergleichen
EP3827703A1 (de) * 2019-11-27 2021-06-02 REHAU AG + Co Profilanordnung für bauelemente, möbelplatten und dergleichen

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2335891B1 (de) 2016-03-30
ITMO20090298A1 (it) 2011-06-19
IT1396969B1 (it) 2012-12-20

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