EP2331731A2 - Wässrige elektrophoretische abscheidung - Google Patents

Wässrige elektrophoretische abscheidung

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Publication number
EP2331731A2
EP2331731A2 EP09736877A EP09736877A EP2331731A2 EP 2331731 A2 EP2331731 A2 EP 2331731A2 EP 09736877 A EP09736877 A EP 09736877A EP 09736877 A EP09736877 A EP 09736877A EP 2331731 A2 EP2331731 A2 EP 2331731A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
peak
use according
charged
unbalanced
signal
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP09736877A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Jan Fransaer
Bram Neirinck
Omer Van Der Biest
Jozef Vleugels
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Original Assignee
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Katholieke Universiteit Leuven filed Critical Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Publication of EP2331731A2 publication Critical patent/EP2331731A2/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
    • C09D5/44—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes for electrophoretic applications
    • C09D5/448—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes for electrophoretic applications characterised by the additives used
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23P—SHAPING OR WORKING OF FOODSTUFFS, NOT FULLY COVERED BY A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS
    • A23P20/00—Coating of foodstuffs; Coatings therefor; Making laminated, multi-layered, stuffed or hollow foodstuffs
    • A23P20/10—Coating with edible coatings, e.g. with oils or fats
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
    • C09D5/02—Emulsion paints including aerosols
    • C09D5/024—Emulsion paints including aerosols characterised by the additives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
    • C09D7/40—Additives
    • C09D7/65—Additives macromolecular
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D13/00—Electrophoretic coating characterised by the process
    • C25D13/04—Electrophoretic coating characterised by the process with organic material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D13/00—Electrophoretic coating characterised by the process
    • C25D13/18—Electrophoretic coating characterised by the process using modulated, pulsed, or reversing current
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L89/00—Compositions of proteins; Compositions of derivatives thereof

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to the process of the deposition of 1) colloidal particles suspended in an aqueous medium or in an aqueous medium slurry or 2) organic or metallo-organic molecules dissolved in an aqueous medium, (preferably concentrated systems and most preferably highly concentrated systems) under the influence of an electric field onto an electrode or porous substrate placed in front of an electrode.
  • the present invention relates to a controllable system and method for electrophoretic deposition in unbalanced AC electric fields (UAC-EPD) to form smooth deposits with no visible defects or to form a coating or a deposit.
  • UAC-EPD unbalanced AC electric fields
  • Electrophoretic deposition is a colloidal processing technique in which a suspension or solution of charged particles or charged organic or metallo-organic molecules is placed in an electric field. The charged particles move towards one of the electrodes (electrophoresis) and subsequently form a deposit on this electrode (deposition) see VanderBiest, O. & Vandeperre, L. J. Electrophoretic deposition of materials. Annual reviews of material science 29, 327-352 (1999). From environmental, economical and technical point of view water is the ideal solvent. Since water covers 2/3 of the earth's surface and its is involved in all biological processes in living cells and life on earth dependents on it; it is an ideal solvent for many natural molecules.
  • water is the basic protonic solvent.
  • the higher degree of dissociation ensures a more efficient charging of all pH sensitive particle surface groups and hence adds to the higher mobility in water at a given acid concentration.
  • a final less obvious advantage of aqueous suspensions is the vast amount of knowledge on the behaviour of particles in aqueous media. Since water based systems are preferred in production environment most additives, such as binders and dispersants, have been optimized for water. Water would therefore be the solvent of choice for electrophoretic deposition, but for the electrolytic decomposition of water. Most EPD is therefore carried out in non-aqueous solvents, direct current electrophoretic deposition from water being limited to low electric fields.
  • WO 2004/052489A describes a method of attaching a nanostructure-containing material onto a sharp tip of an object, the method comprising: (i) forming a suspension of nanostructure-containing material in a liquid medium; (ii) immersing at least one electrode in the suspension; (iii) placing the sharp tip into the suspension; and (iv) applying a direct or alternating current to the immersed electrode and the sharp tip causing at least a portion of the nanostructure-containing material in the suspension to become attached to the object proximate at apex of the sharp tip.
  • WO 2004/052489A discloses a dielectrophoresis method.
  • JP 52-056143A describes alternating current electrodeposition coating using an aqueous paint containing a salt of a purified polycarboxylic acid resin as binder.
  • DD 215338 Al describes electrophoretic precipitation from a suspension using asymmetrical alternating voltage in which the negative portion is 1 to 25% of the maximum value of the positive voltage (by superimposing DC signal onto an AC signal) to improve coating e.g. of ceramic moulds. As a result unwanted electrochemical reactions were slowed down, yet not fully stopped. DD 215338A1 reported that the electrochemical dissolution of the electrodes was reduced
  • GB 253091A describes a method of depositing- organic material electrically on or in a fabric which comprises placing the fabric on the outer surface of a gas-permeable anode in contact with an aqueous electroconducting emulsion of the organic material to be deposited, passing a depositing current through the emulsion and the anode and withdrawing the gas formed at the outer surface of the anode through the anode by causing a lower pressure to be exerted on its inner surface than on its outer surface.
  • the current should preferably be an effectively unidirectional one, it may be a current of constant value, or a direct current of pulsating character and in some instances it is useful to employ an unbalanced alternating current, which is most conveniently obtained by superimposing an alternating current upon a direct current.
  • US 1,589,327 describes a process of depositing a cellulosic compound on an electroconducting surface of an object, which comprises the steps of bringing said surface into contact with an electroconducting emulsion containing droplets of the cellulosic compound and passing a depositing electric current through said surface and emulsion.
  • US 1589327 further describes that for some purposes it may be convenient to employ a considerably unbalanced alternating current.
  • the present invention concerns an electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process in reduced or limited water electrolysis in an aqueous environment characterized in that the process involves subjecting positively or negatively charged or partially charged molecules or colloidal particles to an unbalanced alternating current (UAC) electric fields for depositing molecules or particles in aqueous medium from the aqueous medium onto an electrode or porous substrate placed in front of an electrode.
  • UAC-EPD unbalanced alternating current
  • UAC unbalanced alternating current
  • UAC unbalanced alternating current
  • UAC unbalanced alternating current
  • bioactive agents in thin coatings or in thick coatings (micrometer scale average thickness) from an aqueous medium onto a conductive medium or electrode or porous substrate placed in front of an electrode by subjecting them to unbalanced alternating current (UAC) electric to reduce or prevent electrolysis of water in the aqueous medium.
  • UAC unbalanced alternating current
  • the present invention further concerns a system of high voltage EPD of colloidal particles suspended in an aqueous medium while the decomposition of water is suppressed below the point of gas bubble formation.
  • the current problem in the art of high voltages water decomposition is solved by applying an unbalanced alternating electric field. Contrary to what one might expect, the particles form an adhering deposit on the selected electrodes (deposition electrodes), the experimental results of present invention clearly demonstrated that by present invention deposits with high green density (> 60 % in the case of monomodal spherical submicron Alumina particles) and smooth surface can be formed from aqueous suspensions.
  • Defect-free high density green deposits can be obtained from aqueous suspensions if the electrolysis of water is avoided.
  • the quality of these deposits is equal or better than those produced in the past by conventional electrophoretic deposition from alcohol based suspensions.
  • the deposition mechanics still exhibit a linear increase of deposit yield and no self limiting behaviour was observed, suggesting the possibility of limitless thickness.
  • the invention is broadly drawn to an unbalanced AC electric fields (UAC-EPD) process for depositing amphoteric substance or self-charging compounds in aqueous solutions under the influence of an unbalanced AC electric field onto an electrode or porous substrate placed in front of an electrode or for depositing colloidal particles with an electric charge or that comprise charged metallo-organic molecules dissolved or suspended in an aqueous medium or an aqueous slurry.
  • UAC-EPD is preferably carried out using concentrated systems and most preferably using highly concentrated systems. In diluted solutes or suspended systems, the particles can move independently from one another.
  • the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process for depositing charged, partially charged or self-charging compounds or organic or metallo- organic molecules in aqueous medium from the aqueous onto an electrode or porous substrate placed in front of an electrode involves subjecting the molecules or colloidal particles to unbalanced alternating current (UAC) electric fields.
  • UAC unbalanced alternating current
  • Yet another embodiment of present invention is an electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process for depositing charged metallo-organic molecules dissolved or suspended in aqueous medium from the aqueous onto an electrode or porous substrate placed in front of an electrode involves subjecting the molecules or colloidal particles to an unbalanced AC- signal that has a voltage evolution of which the positive and negative amplitude differ in absolute value
  • Yet another embodiment of present invention is an electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process for depositing charged or self-charging compounds or molecules in aqueous medium from the aqueous onto an electrode or porous substrate placed in front of an electrode involves subjecting the molecules or colloidal particles to an AC-signal of which the shape of the negative and positive signal part differ, preferably in amplitude and most preferably in both amplitude and duration and whereof the net resulting DC-signal of said unbalanced signal, obtained by calculating the voltage average over one period, is lower in absolute value than 4V, preferably lower than 1.24V and most preferably equal to zero.
  • EPD electrophoretic deposition
  • Yet another embodiment of present invention is an electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process for depositing charged metallo-organic molecules dissolved or suspended in aqueous medium from the aqueous onto an electrode or porous substrate placed in front of an electrode involves subjecting the molecules or colloidal particles to a signal in which the amplitude differs significantly for the positive and negative part, while maintaining a net integral over one period of lower in absolute value than 4V, preferably lower than 1.24V and most preferably equal to zero.
  • EPD electrophoretic deposition
  • Yet another embodiment of present invention is an electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process for depositing charged or self-charging compounds or molecules in aqueous medium from the aqueous onto an electrode or porous substrate placed in front of an electrode involves subjecting the molecules or colloidal particles to an UAC fields as depicted in figure 1.
  • EPD electrophoretic deposition
  • Yet another embodiment of present invention is an electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process for depositing charged or self-charging compounds or molecules in aqueous medium from the aqueous onto an electrode or porous substrate placed in front of an electrode involves subjecting the molecules or colloidal particles to an unbalanced AC electric fields of one symmetrical sinus waves on top of another symmetrical sinus wave with an integral of lower in absolute value than 4V, preferably lower than 1.24V and most preferably equal to zero, over one time period
  • Yet another embodiment of present invention is an electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process for depositing charged or self-charging compounds or molecules in aqueous medium from the aqueous onto an electrode or porous substrate placed in front of an electrode involves subjecting the molecules or colloidal particles to AC-fields that have an unbalanced form, yet yielding no net DC signal.
  • EPD electrophoretic deposition
  • Yet another embodiment of present invention is an electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process for depositing charged or self-charging compounds or molecules in aqueous medium from the aqueous onto an electrode or porous substrate placed in front of an electrode involves subjecting the molecules or colloidal particles to unbalanced AC electric fields that are composed of signals with different amplitudes for the negative and the positive part but with an integral of lower in absolute value than 4V, preferably lower than 1.24V and most preferably equal to zero, over one time period. It can be AC fields in which the amplitude and the duration of the negative and the positive part differ, but the overall integral over one period is lower in absolute value than 4V, preferably lower than 1.24V and most preferably equal to zero.
  • unbalanced alternating current electrophoretic deposition (UAC- EPD) of present invention as described above is used to coat or paint a device or instrument for instance to coat a medical prostheses, an orthopaedic implant, dental endodontic or dental implant.
  • UAC- EPD unbalanced alternating current electrophoretic deposition
  • Another aspect of the invention is the use of unbalanced alternating current electrophoretic deposition (UAC- EPD) of present invention to remove said charged or self-charging compounds or molecules form an aqueous medium.
  • the unbalanced alternating current electrophoretic deposition (UAC- EPD) of present invention to produce a strong lightweight metals and alloys.
  • the unbalanced alternating current electrophoretic deposition (UAC- EPD) of present invention to produce a food or a feed.
  • Another aspect of the invention is the use of asymmetric alternating current electrophoretic deposition (UAC- EPD) of present invention to form smooth deposits with no visible defects or the use of asymmetric alternating current electrophoretic deposition (UAC- EPD) of any of present to form deposits with a smooth surface of a Ra of 10 to 50 ⁇ m, preferably a Ra of 10 to 10000 nm, more preferably a Ra of 10 to 500 nm, and most preferably a Ra of 10 -200 nm.
  • a further aspect is the realisation of a deposit with high green density > 30 %, preferably a deposit with high green density > 50 % or most preferably a deposit with high green density > 60 % produced by such process.
  • unbalanced alternating current electrophoretic deposition (UAC- EPD) of present invention as described above is used to produce a device or instrument for instance to produce a medical prostheses, an orthopaedic implant, dental endodontic or dental implant.
  • a coating process comprising the steps of: immersing an electrode or porous substrate placed in front of an electrode in an aqueous medium comprising charged, partially charged or self-charging organic or metallo-organic molecules or colloidal particles and subjecting said charged, partially charged or self-charging organic or metallo-organic molecules or colloidal particles in an aqueous medium to (asymmetric) unbalanced alternating current (UAC) electric fields, having a frequency and a positive and negative part each having an amplitude and a duration, to deposit electrophoretically said charged, partially charged or self-charging organic or metallo-organic molecules or colloidal particles onto said electrode or porous substrate placed in front of an electrode, characterised in that said amplitude of said unbalanced alternating current (UAC) electric field differs significantly for the positive and negative part, while maintaining a net integral of the applied signal over one period, i.e.
  • UAC unbalanced alternating current
  • average potential is lower in absolute value than 4V, preferably lower than 1.24V and most preferably equal to zero.
  • An electrical field must be realised between the counter electrode and the electrode in the aqueous medium comprising charged, partially charged or self-charging organic or metallo-organic molecules or colloidal particles for electrophoretic deposition to occur. This can also be realised with the counter electrode outside the vessel containing the aqueous medium, if an electric field can still be realised between the counter electrode and the electrode in the medium.
  • aspects of the present invention are also realized by a system for electrocoating a conductive substrate with organic or metallo-organic molecules or particles in which said system coats said conductive substrate with at least one layer or coating at a controllable average thickness in the nm or in the ⁇ m scale from a suspension in an aqueous working medium of one or more types of said organic or metallo-organic molecules or particles, wherein said system comprises a power supply connected to a signal generator to generate between a counter electrode and said conductive substrate, an unbalanced alternating current (AC) signal, said signal having a frequency and a positive and negative part each having an amplitude and a duration, in which said amplitudes for said positive and negative parts differ significantly, while maintaining a net integral of the applied voltage over one period, i.e.
  • AC alternating current
  • said system comprises a control system connected to said signal generator for determining the frequency and amplitude of said unbalanced AC signal.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic view showing one period of the applied unbalanced AC signal V is the voltage and t, the time.
  • Fig. 2 demonstrates OC-AI 2 O 3 Deposits formed using (a) 100 V DC for 1200 s or (b) a 50
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic view of the deposition rate, D, of OC-AI 2 O 3 versus the asymmetry factor, A, of the applied signal.
  • V 1 , V 2 , t l5 1 2 are defined in Figure 1.
  • the suspension consisted of a 200 g/L SM8 in water containing 4.10-4 M HNO 3 .
  • Fig. 4 demonstrates the particle size distribution of SM8 powder measured by light scattering (Mastersizer micro+, Malvern) as volume, v, versus particle diameter, d.
  • Fig. 5 is a micrograph of SM8 ⁇ - Al 2 O 3 powder
  • Fig. 6 demonstrates the electrophoretic mobility, E, of SM8 alumina as a function of operational pH for different solvent combinations: water (dashes), ethanol with 5 vol.
  • Fig. 7 shows the deposition of polystyrene particles from an isopropanol suspension in a 50 Hz unbalanced AC-field with an asymmetry factor of 4.
  • Fig. 8 demonstrates the dependence of the deposition yield, Y, upon frequency, f, and time, t, for a 200 g/L Al 2 O 3 (SM8, Baikowski) suspension containing 4 10 "4 M HNO 3 in an unbalanced 500 V peak to peak field with an asymmetry factor of 4. Each experiment was repeated 3 times. The diamonds represent the time dependence at 50 Hz and the dots represent the frequency dependence after 40 minutes.
  • Fig. 9 displays the temperature, T, as a function of time, t, during electrophoretic deposition for AC-EPD in water (dashes), AC-EPD in ethanol (full line) and DC- EPD in ethanol (dots).
  • Fig. 10 provides a picture of the surface roughness of a deposit prepared by electrophoretic deposition of a 200 g/L SM8 ethanol suspension with 1 10 "3 M HNO 3 and deposited at 200 V DC for 20 minutes
  • Fig. 11 provides a picture of the surface roughness of a deposit prepared by electrophoretic deposition of a 200 g/L SM8 Water suspension with 4 10 "4 M HNO 3 and deposited at 50 Hz 500 Vp-p for 20 minutes.
  • Fig. 12 Example of an applied signal as measured during deposition (Fluke 97 scopemeter equipped with a voltage divider with a division factor of 100).
  • Fig. 13 Example of ⁇ -alumina (SM8 grade, Baikowski) deposit made using the signal as shown in Fig. 12.
  • Fig. 14 provides the droplet size distribution as volume fraction, vf, versus droplet diameter, d D , as measured using light scattering after 30 minutes stirring. All measured systems were prepared using 40 ml of aqueous suspension and 40 ml of cyclohexane, while the mass of stabilizing powder and the volume of charging agent (0.5M propionic acid) was varied: O.lg SM8/0.05 ml propionic acid (grey dashes with 2 peaks), 0.5g SM8/0.1 ml propionic acid (black dashes with 2 peaks), Ig
  • Fig. 15 Schematic representation of a) the EPD cell in which 1 is a deposition electrode, 2 is a pump and 3 is a suspension and emulsion reservoir and b) the applied unbalanced AC signal as a function of voltage, V, upon time, t, with an amplitude of 500 Vp-p and a frequency of 50 Hz.
  • Fig. 16 Micrographs of polished cross-sections of Alumina grades A (a), B (b), C(c) and E (d) after sintering (see Table 1 and 2)
  • Fig. 17 Solid particle stabilized emulsion droplet, where L A is liquid A, L B is liquid B, 4 is the inter-phase and P is a solid particle.
  • Fig. 18 Typical example of an unbalanced AC-signal generated by a function generator as voltage, V, versus time, t, in ms. The ratios V2/V1 and tl/t2 are equal to ensure the elimination of a net DC- signal.
  • Fig. 19 Unbalanced AC-signal as voltage, V, versus time, t, composed from two symmetrical sinus waves shifted 90° in phase and with a frequency ratio of 2.
  • first, second, third and the like in the description and in the claims are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking or in any other manner. It is to be understood that the terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances and that the embodiments of the invention described herein are capable of operation in other sequences than described or illustrated herein. Moreover, the terms top, bottom, over, under and the like in the description and the claims are used for descriptive purposes and not necessarily for describing relative positions. It is to be understood that the terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances and that the embodiments of the invention described herein are capable of operation in other orientations than described or illustrated herein.
  • Coupled and “connected”, along with their derivatives, may be used. It should be understood that these terms are not intended as synonyms for each other. Thus, the scope of the expression “a device A coupled to a device B” should not be limited to devices or systems wherein an output of device A is directly connected to an input of device B. It means that there exists a path between an output of A and an input of B which may be a path including other devices or means. “Coupled” may mean that two or more elements are either in direct physical or electrical contact, or that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other but yet still co-operate or interact with each other.
  • any of the claimed embodiments can be used in any combination.
  • some of the embodiments are described herein as a method or combination of elements of a method that can be implemented by a processor of a computer system or by other means of carrying out the function.
  • a processor with the necessary instructions for carrying out such a method or element of a method forms a means for carrying out the method or element of a method.
  • an element described herein of an apparatus embodiment is an example of a means for carrying out the function performed by the element for the purpose of carrying out the invention.
  • a molecule in the meaning of this invention is sufficiently stable group of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement held together by very strong chemical bonds, comprising the charged or self-charging molecules and the charged organic molecules and biomolecules.
  • bio-active agent as used herein broadly includes any compound, composition of matter, or mixture thereof, that has biological activity and can be delivered in the subject, preferably a mammal, to whom it is administered.
  • a biomolecule is any organic molecule that is produced by living organisms, including large polymeric molecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids as well as small molecules such as primary metabolites, secondary metabolites, and natural products.
  • biomolecules comprise primarily carbon and hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, and, to a smaller extent, phosphorus and sulphur. Other elements sometimes are incorporated but are much less common.
  • Typical biomolecules are of the group of the nucleosides and nucleotides, the saccharides, lignin, lipids, amino acids, protein structures (for vitamins.
  • biomolecules include: small molecules (lipid, phospholipids, glycolipid, sterol, vitamin, hormone, neurotransmitter, carbohydrate, sugar, disaccharide) monomers (amino acids, nucleotides, monosaccharides), polymers (peptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides, proteins, nucleic acids, i.e. DNA, RNA oligosaccharides, polysaccharides (including cellulose) and lignin.
  • small molecules lipid, phospholipids, glycolipid, sterol, vitamin, hormone, neurotransmitter, carbohydrate, sugar, disaccharide
  • monomers amino acids, nucleotides, monosaccharides
  • polymers peptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides, proteins
  • nucleic acids i.e. DNA, RNA oligosaccharides, polysaccharides (including cellulose) and lignin.
  • Nucleosides are molecules formed by attaching a nucleobase to a ribose ring. Examples of these include cytidine, uridine, adenosine, guanosine, thymidine and inosine. Nucleosides can be phosphorylated by specific kinases in the cell, producing nucleotides, which are the molecular building blocks of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). DNA or RNA has a negative charge.
  • Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates with only one simple sugar. They essentially contain an aldehyde or ketone group in their structure. Examples of monosaccharide are the hexoses glucose, fructose, and galactose and pentoses, ribose, and deoxyribose Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides, or two single simple sugars, form a bond with removal of water. Examples of disaccharides include sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
  • Polysaccharides are polymerized monosaccharides, complex, carbohydrates. They have multiple simple sugars. Examples are starch, cellulose, and glycogen. They are generally large and often have a complex branched connectivity. Shorter polysaccharides, with 2 - 10 monomers, are called oligosaccharides.
  • Lignin is a random polymer composed mainly of aromatic rings with short (up to three) aliphatic carbons chains connecting the rings. Lignin is the second most common biopolymer (after cellulose) and is one of the primary structural components of most plants. It contains subunits derived from p- coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol and is unusual among biomolecules in that it is racemic i.e.
  • Lipids are chiefly fatty acid esters, and are the basic building blocks of biological membranes. Another biological role is energy storage (e.g., triglycerides). Most lipids consist of a polar or hydrophilic head (typically glycerol) and one to three nonpolar or hydrophobic fatty acid tails, and therefore they are amphiphilic.
  • the hydrophilic head is from one of three classes: Glycolipids, whose heads contain an oligosaccharide with 1-15 saccharide residues; Phospholipids, whose heads contain a positively charged group that is linked to the tail by a negatively charged phosphate group; and Sterols, whose heads contain a planar steroid ring, for example, cholesterol.
  • Other lipids include prostaglandins and leukotrienes which are both 20-carbon fatty acyl units synthesized from arachidonic acid. They are also known as fatty acids
  • Fatty acids consist of unbranched chains of carbon atoms that are connected by single bonds alone (saturated fatty acids) or by both single and double bonds (unsaturated fatty acids).
  • the chains are usually 14-24 carbon groups long, but it is always an even number.
  • Amino acids contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. (In biochemistry, the term amino acid is used when referring to those amino acids in which the amino and carboxylate functionalities are attached to the same carbon, plus proline which is not actually an amino acid).
  • Amino acids are the building blocks of long polymer chains. With 2-10 amino acids such chains are called peptides, with 10-100 they are often called polypeptides, and longer chains are known as proteins. These protein structures have many structural and enzymatic roles in organisms.
  • amino acids There are twenty amino acids that are encoded by the standard genetic code, but there are more than 500 natural amino acids. When amino acids other than the set of twenty are observed in proteins, this is usually the result of modification after translation (protein synthesis). Only two amino acids other than the standard twenty are known to be incorporated into proteins during translation, in certain organisms: Selenocysteine is incorporated into some proteins at a UGA codon, which is normally a stop codon. Pyrrolysine is incorporated into some proteins at a UAG codon. For instance, in some methanogens in enzymes that are used to produce methane. Besides those used in protein synthesis, other biologically important amino acids include carnitine (used in lipid transport within a cell), ornithine, GABA and taurine.
  • Proteins have several well- classified elements of local structure formed by intermolecular attraction, which forms the secondary structure of protein. They are broadly divided in two, alpha helix and beta sheet, also called beta pleated sheets.
  • Alpha helices are formed of coiling of protein due to attraction between the amine group of one amino acid with the carboxylic acid group of another amino acid. The coil contains about 3.6 amino acids per turn and the alkyl group of amino acid lie outside the plane of coil.
  • Beta pleated sheets are formed by strong continuous hydrogen bond over the length of protein chain. Bonding may be parallel or antiparallel in nature. Structurally, natural silk is formed of beta pleated sheets.
  • a protein is formed by action of both these structures in variable ratios. Coiling may also be random.
  • the overall 3D structure of a protein is termed its tertiary structure. It is formed as result of various forces like hydrogen bonding, disulphide bridges, hydrophobic interactions, hydrophilic interactions, van der Waals force etc.
  • quaternary structure of protein is formed.
  • Quarternary structure is a unique attribute of polymeric and heteromeric proteins like haemoglobin, which consists of two alpha and two beta peptide chains.
  • a vitamin is a compound that is generally not synthesized by a given organism but is nonetheless vital to its survival or health. These compounds must be absorbed, or eaten, but typically only in trace quantities.
  • the frequency of said unbalanced signal or UAC lies between 0.1 Hz and 1 MHz, preferably between 1 Hz and 1 kHz and most preferably between 10 Hz and 200 Hz.
  • the frequency of said unbalanced signal or UAC has an applied signal strength lies between 1 V peak to peak and 10000V, preferably between IV and 5000 V peak to peak, more preferably between 10V and 5000V peak to peak, most preferably between 10 V peak to peak and 2000V peak to peak and especially preferably between 50 V peak to peak and 1000 V peak to peak.
  • the resulting electric field strength calculated as the voltage over the interelectrode distance, lies between 100 V/m and 10 6 V/m, preferable between 1000 V/m and 10 5 V/m and most preferably between 2500 V/m and 25000 V/m.
  • the present invention solves the problems of high voltage EDP from water in the related art by method for electrophoretic deposition in unbalanced AC electric fields (UAC-EPD).
  • Unbalanced (asymmetric) AC electric fields (UAC) can be achieved by creating a signal in which the amplitude differs significantly for the positive and negative part, while maintaining a net integral over one period lower in absolute value than 4V, preferably lower than 1.24V and most preferably equal to zero,.
  • Such UAC fields as depicted in figure 1.
  • the Unbalanced AC electric fields do not necessary need to have triangle form wave form.
  • one sinus waves on top of another sinus wave with an integral lower in absolute value than 4V, preferably lower than 1.24V and most preferably equal to zero, over one time period can be used and easily enforced without sudden changes
  • Such AC fields have an unbalanced form, yet yield no net DC signal.
  • unbalanced AC electric fields can be described as an AC electric field that is composed of signals with different amplitudes for the negative and the positive part but with an integral lower in absolute value than 4V, preferably lower than 1.24V and most preferably equal to zero, over one time period. It can be AC fields in which the amplitude and the duration of the negative and the positive part differ, but the overall integral over one period is lower in absolute value than 4V, preferably lower than 1.24V and most preferably equal to zero,.
  • the unbalanced AC-signal of present invention for depositing colloidal particles suspended in an aqueous medium or molecules in solution of an aqueous medium has a voltage evolution of which the positive and negative amplitude differ in absolute value. Yet over one period of the signal the net DC-voltage, calculated by integrating the voltage in function of time, is lower in absolute value than 4V, preferably lower than 1.24V and most preferably equal to zero.
  • An unbalanced AC-signal is a signal of which the shape of the negative and positive signal part differ, preferably in amplitude and most preferably in both amplitude and duration. However the net resulting DC-signal of said unbalanced signal, obtained by calculating the voltage average over one period, is lower in absolute value than 4V, preferably lower than 1.24V and most preferably equal to zero.
  • the unbalances can take different shapes such as triangle, sine; square or others.
  • a first and foremost option to generate unbalanced AC-signals is the use of a function generator. Any general shape of wave can be obtained in this manner. Care has to be taken to ensure that the voltage or current integral over one period is below the threshold for gas bubble evolution. In other words the absolute area below the positive end negative part of one signal period have to be of such size that the difference between them yields a absolute net voltage over one period smaller than 4V and preferably equal to zero.
  • Fig 18 shows a typical example of a wave composed of two triangles. Similar results can be obtained with block waves, trapezoidal waves or waves with rounded features. When utilizing amplifiers one must however take care that the wave offered to the amplifiers input is not distorted during amplification in such a manner that a net DC- signal is generated.
  • a second option is to compose an unbalanced AC-signal by superimposing two symmetrical signals, which are shifted in phase and have different frequencies, on one another. Since both original signals are symmetrical and have a net DC-value of zero the resulting composed signal also has a net DC-signal equal to zero (Fig. 19)
  • E 1+2 (t) Ei x sin ( ⁇ t) + m E 2 x sin (n ⁇ t + ⁇ )
  • Ei and E 2 the amplitudes of the original signals, ⁇ the angular velocity, ⁇ the phase shift and m and n two arbitrary multiplication factors of which n differs from 1.
  • the amplitude of the negative peak is almost twice the size of the amplitude of the positive signal.
  • Table 3 yields of alumina (SM8 grade, Baikowski) deposit made using the signal as shown in Fig. 12
  • UAC-EPD is an electrophoretic deposition or the process that colloidal particles suspended in a liquid medium or solved molecules in a liquid medium migrate and are deposited under the influence of the UAC fields onto an electrode or porous substrate placed in front of an electrode.
  • Such UAC-EPD can include or can be used for electrocoating, cathodic electrodeposition, electrophoretic coating, or electrophoretic painting.
  • FIG. 1 Examples of AC-fields that have an unbalanced form, yet yielding no net DC signal, are shown in Fig. 1.
  • the amplitude and duration of the negative and positive part differ, but the overall integral over one period is lower in absolute value than 4V, preferably lower than 1.24V and most preferably equal to zero.
  • Electrophoretic deposition of OC- Al 2 O 3 powder in water using the unbalanced AC signal represented in Fig. 1 resulted in smooth deposits with no visible defects.
  • the surface quality of the deposits is comparable to that of deposits made from non-aqueous (ethanol, acetone) systems using a DC field.
  • the deposits obtained from an aqueous suspension using a DC and unbalanced AC fields are compared in Fig. 2, clearly revealing the effect of water electrolysis in case of the DC- electrical field, the AC-electrical field the superimposition of AC on DC field.
  • the unbalanced alternating current electrophoretic deposition (UAC- EPD) of present invention for depositing charged or self-charging compounds or molecules in aqueous medium from the aqueous onto an electrode or porous substrate placed in front of an electrode is particularly suitable for the deposition of inorganic substances such as hydroxides, oxides (including glasses), carbides, nitrites, borides, carbonates, carbonitrides, metals, phosphors, phosphates, hydrates, hydrides, fluorides, sulphides, sulphates, salts and apatites some of which can be bioactive or can be biocompatible.
  • inorganic substances such as hydroxides, oxides (including glasses), carbides, nitrites, borides, carbonates, carbonitrides, metals, phosphors, phosphates, hydrates, hydrides, fluorides, sulphides, sulphates, salts and apatites some of which can be bioactive or can be biocompatible.
  • the unbalanced alternating current electrophoretic deposition (UAC- EPD) of present invention for depositing charged or self-charging compounds or molecules in aqueous medium from the aqueous medium onto an electrode or porous substrate placed in front of an electrode is particularly suitable for the deposition of organics such as monomers, precursors, hydrocarbons, functional hydrocarbons, macromolecules, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, polymers (e.g. thermoplastic polymers, thermo curing polymers, biopolymers, alginates, carrageen or other algae derived polymers, kollicoat IR, or resins, oligomers some of which can be bioactive and others biocompatible.
  • organics such as monomers, precursors, hydrocarbons, functional hydrocarbons, macromolecules, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, polymers (e.g. thermoplastic polymers, thermo curing polymers, biopolymers, alginates, carrageen or other algae derived polymers, kollicoat IR
  • the unbalanced alternating current electrophoretic deposition (UAC- EPD) of present invention for depositing charged or self-charging compounds or molecules in aqueous medium from the aqueous medium onto an electrode or porous substrate placed in front of an electrode is particularly suitable for the deposition of proteins (e.g. collagen), polynucleotides (e.g. DNA or RNA), sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides.
  • proteins e.g. collagen
  • polynucleotides e.g. DNA or RNA
  • sugars e.g. DNA or RNA
  • the unbalanced alternating current electrophoretic deposition (UAC- EPD) of present invention for depositing charged or self-charging compounds or molecules in aqueous medium from the aqueous medium onto an electrode or porous substrate placed in front of an electrode is particularly suitable for the deposition of eukaryote or prokaryote cells. It can for instance be used for the deposition of amoeba, bacteria, yeast, plant cells, mammalian cells (e.g. human cells for instance osteoblasts) fungae, and of the organelles, cell components and macromolecules thereof. It is particularly interesting that these cells organelles, cell components and macromolecules thereof are bioactive.
  • Negatively charged molecules are present in biological systems.
  • the "negatively charged molecules” are meant to include molecules such as nucleic acid molecules (e.g., RNA, DNA, oligonucleotides, mixed polymers, peptide nucleic acid, and the like), peptides (e.g., polyaminoacids, polypeptides, proteins and the like).
  • Nucleotides, pharmaceutical and biological compositions have negatively charged groups that can ion- pair with the positively charged head group of the cationic lipids of the invention.
  • the charge or isoelectric point (pi) can be changed. For example, the chemical conversion of surface carboxyl groups of antibodies to extended primary amino groups results in the cationization of the antibody.
  • Nonglycolated Fab pL>9.3
  • Food is made up of many different chemical components or parts, including vitamins, minerals, sugars, fibres, water, lipids, proteins and starches. In addition to these main nutrient components, many foods contain smaller amounts of biologically active chemicals. In plants, these are referred to as phytochemicals. scientistss can separate out all of these different components of foods.
  • a food portion contains negatively charged molecules and positively charged molecules which by the present method of the invention can be deposited on a conductive substrate in a smooth coating and a desired thickness. Many food items contain anionic polymers.
  • Suitable cationic polymers are for instance selected from the group of cationic polyamines in particular, poly lysine (a polyamine that is almost completely protonated at physiological pH of 7.5), polyacrylamide, homopolymer of dimethyldiallyl ammonium chloride, 2-methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium methosulfate, methacrylamido propyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, ethyleneimine, copolymers of acrylamide, cationic polyacrylic, dimethyldiallyl ammonium chloride, methacrylamido propyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, 2-methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium methosulfate, Cl 8 trimethyl ammonium chloride, C18(polyoxyethylene) methyl ammonium chloride, pDMAEMA [(poly(dimethylamino)ethyl methylacrylate], chitosan, Linear pEI, PVP, DEAE-dextra
  • Chitosan is one of a few natural cationic polysaccharides that are harmless, and it has several potential functions such as antimicrobial activity.
  • the present invention can be used to make a coat or smooth objects of chitosan. Since the majority of the waterborne bacteria and virusses have a negative charge, positive charged cationic films produced by the unbalanced alternating current (UAC) electric signals method of present invention can be used to attract such and remove them.
  • UAC unbalanced alternating current
  • Typical anionic polymers are the polymers of the group consisting of poly- L- glutamate, anionic acrylic polymers, hydrogels based on anionic urethane polyether-amine polyelectrolytes, polymers of anionic urethane, carbomer and polyvinyl acetate phthalate [PVAP], Eudragit S, Eudragit L 100-55, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, dextran sulfate and Nafion®-117.
  • Hyaluronic acid HA is the simplest glycosaminoglycan (a class of negatively charged polysaccharides).
  • anionic polymers There are many natural anionic polymers that are obtainable by the purification method of Sainz-Serp, D ; Wandrey, C: Minerva Biotechnol., 2005, p. 215-229.
  • Anionic polymers inhibit fibrosis, scar formation and surgical adhesions and the present method is suitable for the formation of smooth coating of such anionic polymers on medical implants, hydrogels containing carboxylate anions such as copolymer of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and sodium methacrylate, anionic polymers derived from L-tyrosine.
  • Several negatively charged microorganisms responsible for plaque generation and the negatively charged films have a mutual repulsion effect.
  • Polio virus has an isoelectric point at a pH of about 7 such that only at alkaline pH will the polio virus have a negative charge.
  • the electrokinetic property of an intact cell generally dependents upon the surface property of cells.
  • the objects or coating produced by the process of present invention can comprise any bio-active compound that is suitable that is ionised, partially ionised or self charging of the various therapeutic classes of bio-active agents that can be administered while using the present dosage forms include, but are not limited to: analgesic agents; anesthetic agents; antiarthritic agents; respiratory drugs; anticancer agents; anticholinergics; anticonvulsants; antidepressants; antidiabetic agents; antidiarrheals; antihelminthics; antihistamines; antihyperlipidemic agents; antihypertensive agents; anti-infective agents such as antibiotics and antiviral agents; antiinflammatory agents; antimigraine preparations; antinauseants; antineoplastic agents; anti-Parkinson drugs; antipruritics; antipsychotics; antipyretics; antispasmodics; antitubercular agents; antiulcer agents and other gastrointestinally active agents; antiviral agents; anxiolytics; appetite suppressants;
  • Gastrointestinally active agents that can be used to be comprised in the objects or coatings according to the method of present invention include agents for inhibiting gastric acid secretion such as, but not limited to, the H2 receptor antagonists cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, and nizatidine, the H+ or K+-ATPase inhibitors (also referred to as "proton pump inhibitors”) omeprazole and lansoprazole, and antacids such as, but not limited to, calcium carbonate, aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide. Also included within this general group are agents for treating infection with Helicobacter pylori (H.
  • pylori such as, but are not limited to, metronidazole, tinidazole, amoxicillin, clarithromycin, tetracycline, thiamphenicol and bismuth compounds (e.g. bismuth subcitrate and bismuth subsalicylate).
  • Other gastrointestinally active agents that can be administered while using the present dosage forms include, but are not limited to, pentagastrin, carbenoxolone, sulfated polysaccharides such as sucralfate, prostaglandins such as misoprostol, and muscarinic antagonists such as pirenzepine and telenzepine.
  • antidiarrheal agents antiemetic agents and prokinetic agents such as, but are not limited to, ondansetron, granisetron, metoclopramide, chlorpromazine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, promethazine, thiethyl-perazine, triflupromazine, domperidone, trimethobenzamide, cisapride, motilin, loperamide, diphenoxylate and octreotide.
  • Anti-microbial agents that can be used to be comprised in the objects or coatings according to the method of present invention include tetracycline antibiotics and related compounds (e.g.
  • penicillins e.g., penicillin G, penicillin VK
  • antistaphylococcal penicillins e.g. cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin and oxacillin
  • aminopenicillins such as ampicillin and amoxicillin, and antipseudomonal penicillins such as carbenicillin
  • cephalosporins e.g. cefadroxil, cefepime, cephalexin, cefazolin, cefoxitin, cefotetan, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and ceftriaxone
  • carbapenems such as, but not limited to, imipenem, meropenem and aztreonam
  • aminoglycoside antibiotics such as, but not limited to, streptomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin and neomycin
  • glycopeptide antibiotics such as teicoplanin
  • sulfonamide antibiotics such as, but not limited to, sulfacetamide, sulfabenzamide, sulfadiazine, sulfadoxine, sulfamerazine, sul
  • Anti-diabetic agents that can be used to be comprised in the objects or coatings according to the method of present invention include, by way of example, acetohexamide, chlorpropamide, ciglitazone, gliclazide, glipizide, glucagon, glyburide, miglitol, pioglitazone, tolazamide, tolbutamide, triampterine, and troglitazone.
  • Non-opioid analgesic agents that can be used to be comprised in the objects or coatings according to the method of present invention include, but are not limited to, apazone, etodolac, difenpiramide, indomethacin, meclofenamate, mefenamic acid, oxaprozin, phenylbutazone, piroxicam and tolmetin.
  • Opioid analgesics that may be used in this invention include, but are not limited to, alfentanil, buprenorphine, butorphanol, codeine, drocode, fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, levorphanol, meperidine, methadone, morphine, nalbuphine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, pentazocine, propoxyphene, sufentanil and tramadol.
  • Anti-inflammatory agents that can be used to be comprised in the objects or coatings according to the method of present invention include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, e.g.
  • propionic acid derivatives such as, but not limited to, ketoprofen, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, naproxen, fenoprofen, benoxaprofen, indoprofen, pirprofen, carprofen, oxaprozin, pranoprofen, suprofen, alminoprofen, butibufen, fenbufen, apazone, diclofenac, difenpiramide, diflunisal, etodolac, indomethacin, ketorolac, meclofenamate, nabumetone, phenylbutazone, piroxicam, sulindac and tolmetin.
  • ketoprofen such as, but not limited to, ketoprofen, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, naproxen, fenoprofen, benoxaprofen, indoprofen, pirprofen,
  • Suitable steroidal anti-inflammatory agents include, but are not limited to, hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone-21-monoesters (e.g. hydrocortisone-21-acetate, hydrocortisone-21-butyrate, hydrocortisone-21 -propionate, hydrocortisone-21 -valerate), hydrocortisone- 17, 21-diesters (e.g. hydrocortisone- 17,21 - diacetate, hydrocortisone-17-acetate-21-butyrate, hydrocortisone-17,21-dibutyrate), alclometasone, dexamethasone, flumethasone, prednisolone and methylprednisolone.
  • hydrocortisone hydrocortisone-21-monoesters
  • hydrocortisone-21-butyrate e.g. hydrocortisone-21-propionate, hydrocortisone-21 -valerate
  • hydrocortisone- 17, 21-diesters e.g.
  • Anticonvulsant agents that can be used to be comprised in the objects or coatings according to the method of present invention, by way of example, azetazolamide, carbamazepine, clonazepam, clorazepate, ethosuximide, ethotoin, felbamate, lamotrigine, mephenyloin, mephobarbital, phenyloin, phenobarbital, primidone, trimethadione, vigabatrin, topiramate, and benzodiazepines.
  • CNS and respiratory stimulants that can be used to be comprised in the objects or coatings according to the method of present invention, but are not limited to, xanthines such as caffeine and theophylline; amphetamines such as amphetamine, benzphetamine hydrochloride, dextroamphetamine, dextroamphetamine sulfate, levamphetamine, levamphetamine hydrochloride, methamphetamine, and methamphetamine hydrochloride; and miscellaneous stimulants such as methylphenidate, methylphenidate hydro-chloride, modafinil, pemoline, sibutramine and sibutramine hydrochloride.
  • Neuroleptic agents that can be used to be comprised in the objects or coatings according to the method of present invention include antidepressant drugs, antimanic drugs and antipsychotic agents. Suitable antidepressant drugs include:
  • tricyclic antidepressants such as, but not limited to, amoxapine, amitriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, maprotiline, nortriptyline, protriptyline and trimipramine,
  • serotonin re-uptake inhibitors such as, but not limited to, citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline and venlafaxine,
  • Suitable anti-manic and anti-psychotic agents include:
  • phenothiazines such as, but not limited to, acetophenazine, acetophenazine maleate, chlorpromazine, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, fluphenazine, fluphenazine hydrochloride, fluphenazine enanthate, fluphenazine decanoate, mesoridazine, mesoridazine besylate, perphenazine, thioridazine, thioridazine hydrochloride, trifluoperazine, and trifluoperazine hydrochloride,
  • phenothiazines such as, but not limited to, acetophenazine, acetophenazine maleate, chlorpromazine, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, fluphenazine, fluphenazine hydrochloride, fluphenazine enanthate, fluphenazine decanoate, mesoridazine, mesoridazine besylate, per
  • thioxanthenes such as, but not limited to, chlorprothixene, thiothixene, and thiothixene hydrochloride, and
  • heterocyclic drugs such as, but not limited to, carbamazepine, clozapine, droperidol, haloperidol, haloperidol, decanoate, loxapine succinate, molindone, molindone hydrochloride, olanzapine, pimozide, quetiapine, risperidone and sertindole.
  • Hypnotic agents and sedatives that can be used to be comprised in the objects or coatings according to the method of present invention include, but are not limited to, clomethiazole, ethinamate, etomidate, glutethimide, meprobamate, methyprylon, Zolpidem and barbiturates (e.g. amobarbital, apropbarbital, butabarbital, butalbital, mephobarbital, methohexital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, secobarbital and thiopental).
  • clomethiazole ethinamate, etomidate, glutethimide, meprobamate, methyprylon, Zolpidem and barbiturates (e.g. amobarbital, apropbarbital, butabarbital, butalbital, mephobarbital, methohexital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital
  • Anxiolytics and tranquilizers that can be used to be comprised in the objects or coatings according to the method of present invention include, but are not limited to, benzodiazepines (e.g. alprazolam, brotizolam, chlordiazepoxide, clobazam, clonazepam, clorazepate, demoxepam, diazepam, estazolam, flumazenil, flurazepam, halazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, nitrazepam, nordazepam, oxazepam, prazepam, quazepam, temazepam and triazolam), buspirone, chlordiazepoxide and droperidol.
  • benzodiazepines e.g. alprazolam, brotizolam, chlordiazepoxide, clobazam, clonazepam, clorazepate
  • Anticancer and antineoplastic agents that can be used to be comprised in the objects or coatings according to the method of present invention, but are not limited to, paclitaxel, docetaxel, camptothecin and its analogues and derivatives (e.g. 9-aminocamptothecin, 9- nitrocamptothecin, 10-hydroxycamptothecin, irinotecan, topotecan and 20-O- ⁇ - glucopyranosyl camptothecin), taxanes (e.g.
  • baccatins cephalomannine and their derivatives
  • carboplatin cisplatin
  • interferon- ⁇ 2A interferon- ⁇ 2B
  • interferon- ⁇ N3 interferon- ⁇ N3 and other agents of the interferon family
  • levamisole altretamine
  • cladribine tretinoin
  • procarbazine dacarbazine, gemcitabine
  • mitotane asparaginase
  • porfimer mesna, amifostine
  • mitotic inhibitors including podophyllotoxin derivatives such as, but not limited to, teniposide and etoposide, and vinca-alkaloids such as, but not limited to, vinorelbine, vincristine and vinblastine.
  • Antihyperlipidemic or lipid-lowering or hyperlipidemic agents that can be used to be comprised in the objects or coatings according to the method of present invention, but are not limited to, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors such as atorvastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin and cerivastatin, and other lipid- lowering agents such as, but not limited to, clofibrate, fenofibrate, gemfibrozil and tacrine.
  • Anti-hypertensive agents that can be used to be comprised in the objects or coatings according to the method of present invention include, but are not limited to, arnlodipine, benazepril, darodipine, dilitazem, diazoxide, doxazosin, enalapril, eposartan, losartan, valsartan, felodipine, fenoldopam, fosinopril, guanabenz, guanadrel, guanethidine, guanfacine, hydralazine, metyrosine, minoxidil, nicardipine, nifedipine, nisoldipine, phenoxybenzamine, prazosin, quinapril, reserpine and terazosin.
  • Cardiovascular preparations that can be used to be comprised in the objects or coatings according to the method of present invention include, by way of example, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors such as, but not limited to, enalapril, l-carboxymethyl-3-l-carboxy-3- phenyl-(lS)-propylamino-2,3,4, 5-tetrahydro-lH-(3S)-l-benzazepine-2-one, 3-(5-amino-l- carboxy-l-S-pentyl)amino-2,3,4, 5-tetrahydro-2-oxo-3-S-l-H-benza-zepine-l -acetic acid or 3-(l-ethoxycarbonyl-3-phenyl-(lS)-propylamino)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2-oxo-(3S)-ben zazepine-1 -acetic acid monohydrochloride; cardiac glycosides
  • Anti-viral agents that can be used to be comprised in the objects or coatings according to the method of present invention include, but are not limited to, anti-herpes agents such as acyclovir, famciclovir, foscamet, ganciclovir, idoxuridine, sorivudine, trifluridine, valacyclovir and vidarabine; anti-retroviral agents such as didanosine, stavudine, zalcitabine, tenovovir and zidovudine; and other antiviral agents such as, but not limited to, amantadine, interferon- alpha, ribavirin and rimantadine.
  • anti-herpes agents such as acyclovir, famciclovir, foscamet, ganciclovir, idoxuridine, sorivudine, trifluridine, valacyclovir and vidarabine
  • anti-retroviral agents such as didanosine, sta
  • estrogens e.g. ⁇ -estradiol (i.e. l,3,5-estratriene-3,17 ⁇ -diol, or 17 ⁇ -estradiol) and its esters, including estradiol benzoate, valerate, cypionate, heptanoate, decanoate, acetate and diacetate; 17 ⁇ -estradiol; ethinylestradiol (i.e.
  • 17 ⁇ -ethinylestradiol and esters and ethers thereof, including ethinylestradiol-3-acetate and ethinylestradiol-3-benzoate; estriol and estriol succinate; polyestrol phosphate; estrone and its esters and derivatives, including estrone acetate, estrone sulfate, and piperazine estrone sulfate; quinestrol; mestranol; and conjugated equine estrogens.
  • Androgenic agents also included within the class of sex steroids, are drugs such as the naturally-occurring androgens androsterone, androsterone acetate, androsterone propionate, androsterone benzoate, androstenediol, androstenediol- 3- acetate, androstenediol- 17-acetate, androstenediol-3,17-diacetate, androstenediol-17- benzoate, androstenediol-3-acetate-17-benzoate, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA or prasterone), sodium dehydro-epiandrosterone sulfate, 4-dihydrotestosterone (DHT or stanolone), 5 ⁇ -dihydrotestosterone, dromostanolone, dromostanolone propionate, ethylestrenol, nandrolone phenpropionate,
  • Muscarinic receptor agonists that can be used to be comprised in the objects or coatings according to the method of present invention include, by way of example, choline esters such as, but not limited to, acetylcholine, methacholine, carbachol, bethanechol (carbamylmethylcholine), bethanechol chloride, cholinomimetic natural alkaloids and synthetic analogues thereof, including pilocarpine, muscarine, McN- A-343 and oxotremorine.
  • choline esters such as, but not limited to, acetylcholine, methacholine, carbachol, bethanechol (carbamylmethylcholine), bethanechol chloride, cholinomimetic natural alkaloids and synthetic analogues thereof, including pilocarpine, muscarine, McN- A-343 and oxotremorine.
  • Muscarinic receptor antagonists that may be used in this invention include belladonna alkaloids or semi- synthetic or synthetic analogues thereof such as, but not limited to, atropine, scopolamine, homatropine, homatropine methyl bromide, ipratropium, methantheline, methscopolamine and tiotropium.
  • US 5,145,684 discloses particles consisting essentially of 99.9 to 10% by weight of a crystalline drug substance having a solubility in water of less than 10 mg/ml, said drug substance having a non-crosslinked surface modifier adsorbed an the surface thereof in an amount of 0.1 to 90% by weight and sufficient to maintain an effective average particle size of less than about 400 nm.
  • a modified steroid A aqueous dispersion comprising 5% steroid A, with a particle size distribution ranging from about 68 to 520 nm and a number average particle size of 204 nm.
  • US 5,503,723 discloses refining a nanoparticle dispersion by placing it between two electrodes and applying an electric field between said electrodes, wherein the dispersion consists essentially of particles of poorly soluble crystalline therapeutic or diagnostic agent, wherein 99% of the particles have a particle size below 400 nm and are associated with a surface modifier which is capable of stabilizing the nanoparticles.
  • the dispersion describes a danazol dispersion wherein 10% of the particles are reduced in size down to 180 nm.
  • US 5,858,410 discloses a drug carrier, prepared using the jet stream principle and using surfactants such as Tween 80 and mannitol, comprising particles of a therapeutic agent which is insoluble, only sparingly soluble or moderately soluble in water, aqueous media and/or organic solvents, wherein the therapeutic agent has an average diameter below 1,000 nm and the proportion of particles larger than 5 ⁇ m in the total population is less than 0.1%.
  • aqueous nanosuspensions comprising 2-15% of a substituted pteridine and at least 0.1% Tween 80 wherein the average particle diameter is in a range from 200 to 800 nm.
  • US 5,922,355 discloses preparing microparticles of a water-insoluble or poorly soluble compound by, prior to or during reducing particle size (e.g. by sonication, homogenization, milling, microfluidization and precipitation, or recrystallization and antisolvent precipitation), mixing said particles with (a) a phospholipid and (b) at least one surfactant such that the concentration of phospholipid and surface modifier in the suspension or solid form is in the range of 0.1 to 50%, and thereafter applying energy to the mixture.
  • reducing particle size e.g. by sonication, homogenization, milling, microfluidization and precipitation, or recrystallization and antisolvent precipitation
  • US 6,497,905 discloses converting crystalline itraconazole into its amorphous form as a solid solution of a normally hydrophobic vehicle such as glyceryl monostearate, a monoglyceride, a diglyceride, a triglyceride, or a wax.
  • This solid solution may be used as a component of a granular particle wherein itraconazole is present at about 5 to 60% by dry weight. Particle size of this granular particle is not specified.
  • International Patent application WO 2004/043580 discloses an emulsification method comprising flowing, conducting or circulating a pre-mix of two or more immiscible liquids, said pre-mix preferably comprising at least a hydrophilic liquid and at least a lipophilic liquid, through one or more magnetic fields under conditions to emulsify the said pre-mix.
  • emulsions prepared according to this method may be included into veterinary or pharmaceutical compositions, this document does not refer to the solubilization of poorly soluble drugs as such.
  • US 2007/0082054 Particle size reduction of bioactive compounds, describes a method for reducing the average size of biologically active compound solid particles or agglomerates suspended in a liquid by flowing one or more times said liquid having biologically active compound solid particles or agglomerates suspended therein through one or more magnetic fields to reduce the average size of a substantial portion of the biologically active compound solid particles or agglomerates by at least 25%, wherein the linear flow rate of said liquid through each said magnetic field is between 0.25 and 25 m/s.
  • These methods of particle size reduction can be used to reduce the average size of the particles in suspension and to improve the deposition of the reduced size colloidal particles suspended in an aqueous medium or in an aqueous medium slurry or the reduced size particles that stabilize an emulsion under the influence of an electric field onto an electrode or porous substrate placed in front of an electrode whereby the electric fields involve unbalanced AC electric fields (UAC-EPD).
  • UAC-EPD unbalanced AC electric fields
  • the material selected for coating are those upon which the molecules may be deposited via electrochemical deposition under an unbalanced alternating voltage.
  • Suitable materials are electrically conductive, and may include metals (e.g., aluminum, antimony, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gold, iron, lead, magnesium, mercury, nickel, palladium, platinum, silver, tin, tungsten, zinc), metal alloys (steel, brass, bronze, etc.), semiconductors (e.g., silicon, gallium or germanium semiconductor materials), and/or conductive polymers (e.g., polypyrrole).
  • the electrodes used in present invention can for instance comprise conductive polymers.
  • organic conductive polymers include poly(acetylene)s, poly(pyrrole)s, poly(thiophene)s, poly(aniline)s, poly(fluorene)s, poly(3-alkylthiophene)s, polytetrathiafulvalenes, polynaphthalenes, poly(p-phenylene sulfide), poly(para-phenylene vinylene)s, polyethelene terephthalate Dacron®, nylon, silk or other natural or synthetic polymeric material.
  • these linear backbone polymers are known as polyacetylene, polyaniline, etc. "blacks" or "melanins”.
  • the suspensions were prepared using fresh deionised water obtained from a commercial ion exchange setup (Sation Aqualab 50) and with an initial conductivity of 0.04 ⁇ S/cm.
  • powder SM8-grade ⁇ -alumina (Baikowski) was chosen and a constant concentration of 200g/L was used for all experiments.
  • the powder was charged by adjusting the pH below the IEP by means of nitric acid (Analytical reagent grade, 65%, Fluka) (Table T).
  • the IEP itself was determined by a potentiometric titration (Matec ESA 9800) (Fig. 6) while the particle size was measured using light scattering (Malvern Mastersizer+) (Fig. T).
  • each suspension was agitated 15 minutes on a magnetic stirring plate, followed by an additional 15 minutes in an ultrasonic bath (Branson 2510). Electrophoretic deposition was carried out in a teflon cell with two electrodes placed vertically at 3.5 cm distant from each other. The area available for deposition was 9 cm 2 .
  • the conductive polymer (carbon doped poly oxymethylene) deposition electrode was coated with graphite (NGS Dragon Seal Graphite) before deposition.
  • NGS Dragon Seal Graphite graphite
  • Prior and after each experiment the temperature and conductivity (WTW inolab cond level T) of the suspension is recorded (2).
  • the signal (1) was generated using a function generator (HP 3314A) and amplified with an operational amplifier (Trek PZD 700 m/s).
  • EXAMPLE 1 Controllability of the process OC-AI 2 O 3 was deposited using the technology of present invention. The deposition rate of OC-AI 2 O 3 versus the symmetry of the applied signal V 1 , V 2 , t l5 1 2 (as defined in Figure 1). The suspension consisted of a 200 g/L SM8 in water containing 4.10 "4 M HNO 3 .
  • symmetry of the signal was varied, by varying the height (amplitude) and width (pulse duration) of the triangular waves while maintaining a total period of 20 ms, a peak to peak height of 500 V and a net integral lower in absolute value than 4V, preferably lower than 1.24V and most preferably equal to zero, over one period.
  • the asymmetry factor is determined as the ratio between the pulse heights, which is equal to the ratio of the pulse widths.
  • Fig. 3 shows that the deposition rate is zero when the applied field is symmetric
  • conductive titanium diboride and negatively charged titanium dioxide powder were also deposited.
  • the obtained deposits are of similar quality as those obtained with the non conductive positively charged alumina powder. No drying cracks were formed, which is typical for deposits with a high green density.
  • the green density of the Al 2 O 3 deposits obtained by AC-EPD is 60.6 +
  • AC-EPD allows the electrophoretic deposition from aqueous suspensions at high voltages.
  • AC-EPD avoids the formation of gas bubbles on the electrode during electrophoresis from the electrolysis of water.
  • AC-EPD allows electrophoretic deposition from aqueous instead of organic solvent suspensions, which is strongly preferred from an environmental, safety and economic perspective, while maintaining the surface quality and processing rate of DC- EPD using organic solvents.
  • EXAMPLE 2 Material and Methods Fresh deionised water with an initial conductivity of 0.04 ⁇ S/cm and prepared with a commercial ion exchange setup (Sation Aqualab 50) was used for all suspensions.
  • HNO 3 (Fluka 65%) was used as a charging agent for the experiments with alumina.
  • a new suspension was prepared using 50 ml freshly prepared water and the indicated amount of powder and charging agent (Table 1). The suspensions were magnetically stirred for 15 minutes; followed by 15 minutes of treatment in an ultrasonic bath (Branson 2510), subsequently followed by 15 minutes of stirring on a magnetic plate.
  • a programmable function generator (HP 3314A) was used to generate the unbalanced AC signal.
  • a bipolar operational power supply and amplifier (Kepco BOP IOOOM or Trek PZD 700m/s) were used to amplify this by a factor of 100 or 200.
  • the resulting signal with a peak to peak amplitude of 500 V and a frequency of 1 to 50 Hz, was monitored with a digital oscilloscope (Fluke 97 50MHz Scopemeter). One period of the signal is depicted in Fig. 1.
  • Deposition was carried out for 1200 s in a vertical cell equipped with conductive polymer (carbon doped poly oxy methylene (POM)) or stainless steel deposition electrodes and stainless steel counter electrodes with an electrode surface of 9 cm 2 and a separation distance of 3.5 cm.
  • the deposition electrode is coated with graphite prior to deposition in order to ensure easy removal of the deposit after drying.
  • the deposit is formed on the electrode that is negatively, respectively positively charged during the high amplitude section of the signal for the Al 2 O 3 , respectively TiB 2 and TiO 2 powder.
  • the suspension conductivity and temperature was measured before each experiment (WTW inoLab Cond Level 2 equipped with a WTW LR 325/01 probe). All deposits were visually inspected for defects, and weighed in order to determine the yield.
  • White light interferometry (Wyko NT3300, Veeco) was used to measure the deposit surface roughness.
  • the green density as a percentage of the theoretical density was determined using the Archimedes method with ethanol as solvent and encapsulation with a lacquer with known dry density (Enthone B. V., The Netherlands).
  • the green density of SM8 samples isostatically pressed into a cylindrical shape at 300 MPa was measured to be 57.90 + 0.03%.
  • Aluminium oxide is an amphoteric oxide of aluminium with the chemical formula Al 2 O 3 that can react as either an acid or base.
  • suitable amphoteric oxides that are suitable for the UAC-EPD present invention are the amphoterics comprising zinc, tin, lead, aluminium, and beryllium and amphoteric oxides of most metalloids (for instance Boron (B), zirconium (Zr), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), Tellurium (Te) and Polonium (Po)) and the amino acids, proteins, sugars, fatty acids or nulceotides which have amine and carboxylic acid groups or such amino acids and protein comprised in a suspended particles or a cell or a fragment or organelle thereof for instance a prokaryote cells such as cell of the bacteria or Archaea or an eukaryote cell such as the animals, plants, fungi, and protests cells
  • metalloids for instance
  • organelles, cell components or macromolecules of eukaryotic cells such as chloroplast (plastid), endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Mitochondrion, Vacuole, Nucleus, Organelle/Macromolecule, acrosome, autophagosome, centriole, cilium, glycosome, glyoxysome, hydrogenosome, lysosome, melanosome, mitosome, myofibril, nucleolus, parenthesome, peroxisome, ribosome or vesicle which have amine and carboxylic acid groups can be deposited by UAC-EPD.
  • chloroplast plastid
  • endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus
  • Mitochondrion Vacuole
  • Nucleus Organelle/Macromolecule
  • acrosome autophagosome
  • centriole centriole
  • cilium glycosome
  • glyoxysome hydrogenosome
  • lysosome melanosome
  • Prokaryotic organelles, cell components and macromolecules such as carboxysome, chlorosome, flagellum, magnetosome, nucleoid, plasmid, ribosome or thylakoid which have amine and carboxylic acid groups can be deposited by UAC-EPD.
  • Titanium dioxide also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania
  • titanium(IV) oxide or titania is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO 2 . It can be used as a pigment, it is then called titanium white, Pigment White 6, or CI 77891.
  • Other oxides suitable for the UAC- EPD of present invention are titanium oxides in titanium alloyed with iron, aluminium, vanadium, molybdenum.
  • the green density is a value that relates to the particle packing in the formed object, and therefore is often used as a measure of the quality of the formed object. This value is traditionally stated as a percentage of the theoretical density of the material.
  • the mass of the object is recorded.
  • the object is coated with a lacquer that seals off this porosity, and after drying the mass of the coated object is registered as well.
  • the volume of the coated object is measured by submerging it in a solvent of known density and measuring the buoyancy.
  • the Archimedes principle is used to calculate the total volume of the coated object. From the weight difference before and after coating, the volume of the lacquer can be calculated and subtracted from the total volume.
  • the density of the sealing lacquer is determined previously by coating a substrate of known weight and density followed by measuring the volume of coating using the Archimedes method. Powder particle information:
  • SM8 grade alumina depicts a mono modal particle size distribution.
  • the SM8 powder has an irregular morphology which is closer to spherical particles than to platelets or needles.
  • Influence of frequency and amplitude 50 Hz is the maximum attainable frequency with a HP 3314A function generator for a programmed signal while maintaining sufficient resolution. Deposits were also made with 20, 5 and 1 Hz signals (Fig 8). The yield increases as the frequency increases but starts to level off above about 20 Hz. The reproducibility of the yield data is highest at 50 Hz. Hence this frequency was chosen for most experiments. At 1 Hz, the deposits were so thin that they warped during drying and cracked under their own weight. Despite of this, the deposits remain free of gas bubbles even at frequencies as low as 1 Hz and the high green density is maintained.
  • the field strength is increased to improve the deposition rate.
  • too strong fields are known to yield unstable systems resulting in lower surface quality deposits.
  • the amplitude was increased to 750Vp-p during AC-EPD.
  • the deposit yield decreased to 0.569g over 40 minutes while employing this stronger field.
  • the only explanation that can be offered is that the inverse field strength increases with the amplitude, causing resuspension of a larger fraction of the deposited particles reducing the overall deposition rate.
  • a second but more obvious disadvantage of the higher applied voltage is that the current increases proportionally. The higher current leads to an increased temperature, which is detrimental for the deposition rate and deposit quality.
  • DC-EPD from ethanol suspensions typically shows a self-limiting behavior when working under constant voltage conditions (Anne, G., et al. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 89, 823-828 (2006)).
  • the possible reason for this behavior is the presence of thick double layers in the still porous deposit which hamper the free flow of ions. Since double layers are typically thinner in aqueous environment, the self-limiting behavior is unlikely to occur in water. Instead, the deposition rate remains constant and the yield increases linearly with time (Fig. 8), suggesting the possibility of an unlimited deposit thickness.
  • Joule heat losses occurring in the suspension system are one of the main practical concerns when performing electrophoretic deposition, causing unstable suspensions and/or deposits of inferior quality.
  • a 50 Hz 500 Vp-p signal was applied for 20 minutes and a deposit was formed.
  • 200 g/L SM8-ethanol suspensions were prepared. The conductivity of the ethanol suspensions was brought to 25 ⁇ S/cm using 0.1N HN03 in ethanol. One suspension was subjected to 200 V DC while the other was deposited using the same unbalanced field as the aqueous suspension.
  • the temperature of all systems decreases as a function of time.
  • the initial temperature of the suspensions is above room temperature due to the ultrasonification needed to disperse the particles. Because less heat is generated in the system than transported to the environment, the temperature gradually decreases.
  • the slower reduction in temperature of the aqueous system is either due to a higher Joule heat generation in the suspension or a slower transport of heat to the environment.
  • UAC-EPD can be used to form deposits from emulsions stabilized by charged solid particles.
  • a 0.5 M propionic acid solution (Analytical reagent grade, Prolabo), and a 0.1 M nitric acid solution (Analytical reagent grade, 65%, Fluka) were used as charging agent as indicated in Table 4.
  • the cyclohexane is added to the suspension containing the propionic acid and vigorously mixed for 30 minutes using a small size lab mixer (Lab egg, Ika). The size of the droplets is measured en shown in Fig. 14. After this the second suspension is added to the emulsion and gently stirred to homogenise the suspension / emulsion mixture. The powder in this second suspension is intended to co-deposit with the droplets in order to form a solid structure in between the deposited cyclohexane. These mixtures are then placed in the cell used for electrophoretic deposition.
  • the EPD experiments were carried out in a cell with vertically placed electrodes with a separation distance of 3.5 cm and an effective area of 9 cm 2 .
  • the deposition electrode consists of a conductive polymer plate (carbon doped polyoxymethylene (POM)), while stainless steel is used as counter electrode.
  • POM carbon doped polyoxymethylene
  • the polymer electrode Prior to EPD, the polymer electrode was dip- coated with graphite (Dragon Seal Graphite, NGS) in order to ensure easy removal of the deposit.
  • the emulsion / suspension system was recirculated using a peristaltic pump (Watson-Marlow 505 Du) Electrophoretic deposition was performed using an unbalanced alternating signal with a frequency of 50 Hz and an amplitude of 500 V p _ p (Fig. 15b).
  • This signal was applied using a function generator (HP 3314A) combined with an operational amplifier (Trek PZD 700 m/s). EPD was carried out during 20 minutes. The deposits were dried at room temperature for 24 hours. The yield was recorded by weighing the electrode prior to deposition and after drying. Finally, the deposits were consolidated by pressureless sintering in air at 1400 0 C for 30 minutes, with a heating and cooling rate of 10°C/min (Nabertherm HT16/17).
  • the present invention thus concerns the use of UAC-EPD to form deposits from emulsions stabilized by charged solid particles.
  • the solid particle emulsions are obtainable by mixing at least two immiscible liquids to which solid particles or grains are added.
  • Control experiment performed using an absolute ethanol (Prolabo) based suspension and DC source. For this experiment a voltage of 200V was applied.

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