Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
  • C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
  • C21C7/0075—Treating in a ladle furnace, e.g. up-/reheating of molten steel within the ladle
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
  • C21B13/00—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
  • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
  • C21C5/28—Manufacture of steel in the converter
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
  • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
  • C21C5/52—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
  • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
  • C21C5/52—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces
  • C21C5/5211—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces in an alternating current [AC] electric arc furnace
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
  • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
  • C21C5/52—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces
  • C21C5/5264—Manufacture of alloyed steels including ferro-alloys
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
  • C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
  • C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
  • C21C7/0025—Adding carbon material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
  • C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
  • C21C7/0025—Adding carbon material
  • C21C2007/0031—Adding carbon material being plastics, organic compounds, polymers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
  • C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
  • C21C7/0056—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00 using cored wires
  • C21C2007/0062—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00 using cored wires with introduction of alloying or treating agents under a compacted form different from a wire, e.g. briquette, pellet
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
  • Y02P10/20—Recycling

Definitions

• a method for recarburising ferro-alloys (such as steel) is disclosed.
• the method finds particular application in recarburising ferro-alloys in tapping ladles and ladle furnaces that are employed subsequent to both integrated mill steelmaking (that typically comprises a blast furnace and a basic oxygen furnace) and mini-mill steelmaking (that typically comprises an electric arc furnace (EAF)).
• integrated mill steelmaking that typically comprises a blast furnace and a basic oxygen furnace
• mini-mill steelmaking that typically comprises an electric arc furnace (EAF)
• EAF electric arc furnace
• Waste plastics addition to electric arc furnaces is known. Examples are shown in US 5,554,207 and JP 2004-052002.
• WO 2006/024069 to the present applicant also discloses the addition of waste plastics to electric arc furnaces and further discloses the possible use of waste plastics as a recarburiser, but only in the context of an induction furnace and without disclosing how this method may be practiced.
• a method for recarburising a molten ferro-alloy in a ladle or ladle furnace comprises the step of adding a carbon- containing polymer to the ladle or ladle furnace, wherein the polymer is adapted to function as a recarburiser of the ferro-alloy.
• a carbon-containing polymer could best function as a recarburiser in the production of a ferro-alloy (i.e. where the polymer is used to substitute traditional recarburisers such as coal, coke and graphite that are in turn used to increase the amount of carbon present in the final ferro-alloy produced).
• a carbon-containing polymer can be selected and adapted such that it can replace or reduce the use of expensive recarburisers such as anthracite coal and graphite.
• WO 2006/024069 discloses the potential use of waste plastics as a recarburiser, it does not teach how this may be practised, nor does it disclose how a waste plastic can be used in recarburising ferro-alloys in tapping ladles and ladle furnaces.
• iron-alloy when used herein it is intended to include a broad range of iron-carbon alloys (including steels) and other iron-carbon and/or iron-based alloys, including ferrochromium, ferrochromium silicon, ferromanganese, ferrosilicomanganese, ferrosilicon, magnesium ferrosilicon, ferromolybdenum, ferronickel, ferrotitanium, ferrophosphorous, ferrotungsten, ferrovanadium, ferrozirconium etc.
• the carbon-containing polymer can be specifically adapted to suit the ladle or ladle furnace prior to being added so that carbon in the polymer preferentially dissolves into the ferro-alloy and does not combust to any substantial or detrimental extent.
• one way in which the polymer can best be adapted to function as a recarburiser can comprise the step of optimising the size (e.g. its shape and/or dimension) of polymer to the given ladle or ladle furnace prior to addition thereto.
• This size optimisation has been observed to promote carbon dissolution and minimise polymer combustion when contacted by the molten ferro-alloy.
• the size optimisation can comprise the binding together of polymer layers to form a block.
• polymer layers for example, in the case of a polymer comprising waste rubber, layers of tyre tread/wall or conveyor belt can be tied together into a bundle by a suitable ferro-alloy wire.
• the carbon-containing polymer can be added into the ladle prior to the tapping of molten ferro-alloy thereinto.
• the carbon-containing polymer can be added into the furnace with or onto the molten ferro-alloy from the ladle.
• the carbon-containing polymer may be injected into the ladle furnace (e.g. into an uppermost layer such as a slag layer).
• the carbon-containing polymer is a waste plastic or rubber.
• the waste plastic can comprise polyethylene (e.g. HDPE), and other plastics such as polypropylene, polystyrene, poly butadiene styrene, ABS, etc, as well as difficult to re-process plasties such as Bakelite, etc.
• the rubber can be derived from a used tyre or belt. The belt can be a used/discarded rubber conveyor belt.
• the carbon-containing polymer will comprise the atoms C, H and optionally O only, other elements may be present in the polymer (e.g. N, S, P, Si, halogens etc). Where these elements interfere with ferro-alloy production and/or produce contaminants, pollutants, noxious or harmful gases (e.g. hydrogen gas) etc, the carbon-containing polymer can be judiciously selected and judiciously added, and/or certain flux additives can be introduced to the ladle/ladle furnace, to avoid or mitigate the formation of noxious/harmful gases and other detrimental or harmful by-products.
• the ferro-alloy produced is a steel or steel alloy.
• another source of carbon in addition to the carbon-containing polymer, another source of carbon can be added to the ladle or ladle furnace, with the other source of carbon being one or more of coal, coke, carbon char, charcoal and/or graphite.
• the ladle or ladle furnace forms part of an electric arc steelmaking process, with the ladle receiving molten ferro-alloy from the electric arc furnace, and with the ladle furnace receiving molten ferro-alloy from the ladle.
• a carbon-containing polymer as a recarburiser of a ferro-alloy in a ladle or ladle furnace.
• the carbon-containing polymer can be as defined in the first aspect.
• a method for recarburising a molten ferroalloy comprising the step of contacting the alloy with a carbon-containing polymer that can function as a recarburiser, whereby the polymer has a format such that, when it contacts the molten ferro-alloy, it promotes dissolution of carbon from the polymer into the molten ferro-alloy.
• polymer format e.g. its shape and/or dimension
• polymer format can be optimised so that, when it contacts the molten ferro-alloy, a bulk of carbon in the polymer dissolves rather than combusts or gasifies. This, in turn, can enhance the recarburisation function of the polymer.
• the polymer format can comprise a unit that is dimensioned so as to minimise its exposed surface area relative to its mass. Further, the dimension of the polymer can be optimised to the given ladle or ladle furnace. This - A - allows for maximum carbon dissolution to occur, and can minimise combustion or gasification of carbon in the polymer.
• One or more such units e.g. one or more 10 kg blocks of waste polymer
• the polymer can be added into the molten alloy, or the molten alloy can be added onto the polymer, or the polymer can be added together with the molten alloy into e.g. a ladle or ladle furnace.
• the method of the third aspect can otherwise be as defined in the first aspect.
• Figure 1 shows an X-ray Diffraction plot for each of a) raw metallurgical coke (as a current recarburiser); and b) raw high density polyethylene (as a waste plastic recarburiser); as described in Example 1;
• Figure 2 shows X-ray Diffraction plots for raw high density polyethylene and metallurgical coke; and high density polyethylene and metallurgical coke after combustion; as described in Example 1;
• Figure 3 shows a first schematic diagram of a horizontal tube resistance furnace set up for a sessile drop approach, as described in Example 1 ;
• Figure 4 shows plots of carbon pick-up (% carbon content) over time, for two experimental runs as described in Example 2, for a 100% metallurgical coke as well as a mixture of 30% high density polyethylene and 70% metallurgical coke;
• Figure 5 shows a schematic diagram of a drop tube furnace, as described in Example 3.
• Figure 6 shows a second schematic diagram of a horizontal tube resistance furnace set up for a sessile drop approach, as described in Example 3.
• Figure 7 shows a plot of carbon pick-up (% carbon content) over time, for an experimental run as described in Example 3, for a 100% metallurgical coke as well as a mixture of 30% Bakelite and 70% metallurgical coke;
• Figure 8 shows a schematic diagram of an electric arc process for the production of a ferroalloy such as steel
• Figure 9 shows a schematic detail of an electric arc furnace being tapped into a ladle
• Figure 10 shows a schematic detail of the ladle of Figure 9
• Figures 1 IA and 1 IB respectively show side and top perspective views of a bundle of tyre tread suitable for addition to a tapping ladle;
• Figures 12A to 12C respectively plot the pick-up (in % per 10kg sample) of plastic (waste rubber) and standard carbon recarburiser:
• a carbon-containing polymer e.g. a waste plastic or a waste rubber
• ferro-alloy e.g. steel
• a recarburiser i.e. to "trim” carbon content in the alloy
• the carbon-containing polymer can function as a recarburiser in either or both of the transfer ladle and the ladle metallurgy furnace.
• the "Integrated Mill” route which produces iron from ore and coke and then converts the iron into steel
• the "Mini-Mill” route which produces steel from scrap steel.
• the major differences between the two routes are the type of furnaces used to produce steel.
• common to both processes are the transferring of the molten steel into ladles, the trimming of the steel temperature and composition in the ladles using a Ladle Metallurgy Furnace (LMF), and the casting of the steel (e.g. using a Continuous Casting Machine (CCM)).
• LMF Ladle Metallurgy Furnace
• CCM Continuous Casting Machine
• An integrated mill produces high-carbon molten iron in a blast furnace charged with iron ore, coke, fluxes and fed with a hot air blast.
• the iron from the blast furnace is transferred in its molten state to one or more Basic Oxygen Furnaces (BOFs).
• BOFs Basic Oxygen Furnaces
• Oxygen is used to remove most of the carbon to convert the iron into low-carbon steel. Up to 25% of the BOF charge can be solid scrap heavy steel. Steel trimming for carbon content is then subsequently performed.
• a mini-mill uses one or more Electric Arc Furnaces (EAFs) to melt solid scrap steel, which can consist of heavy scrap, light scrap, and pig iron (from blast furnaces).
• EAFs Electric Arc Furnaces
• Oxygen is used to remove carbon and other impurities from the molten steel, such as silicon, aluminium and manganese, which react with the oxygen to form silicon oxide (SiO 2 ) aluminium oxide ( ⁇ Z 2 O 3 ) and manganese oxide (MnO).
• SiO 2 silicon oxide
• AlO 3 aluminium oxide
• MnO manganese oxide
• a large amount of iron also reacts with the injected oxygen to form iron oxide (FeO or Fe 2 O 2 ).
• Calcium oxide (CaO) and magnesium oxide (MgO) are added to the furnace in order to build a slag layer on top of the steel.
• This slag layer traps the various oxides of impurities that have been burnt out of the steel, along with a percentage of iron oxide, and protects the refractory material that lines the furnace from chemical attack by the impurity oxides, and also lowers the heat loss from the arcs to the furnace roof and sidewalls.
• the electric furnace is tapped. This involves transferring the steel from the furnace to a ladle, where the steel can be moved in its molten state to the LMF.
• a schematic of the EAF production process is shown in Figure 5.
• Figure 6 shows a detail of the steel being tapped into a ladle
• Figure 7 shows a detail of the ladle in which a first stage of steel trimming can take place.
• carbon in a relatively pure form (typically metallurgical grade carbon) is added to the steel (known as 'recarburisation') to bring it into a desired specification.
• the metallurgical grade carbon is granulated and forms a comparatively expensive part of the process.
• ferro-alloys are also added to the steel to enhance the physical properties of the metal.
• Examples 1, 2 and 3 provide laboratory derived experimental data that supports that the carbon in a carbon-containing polymer (waste plastic) is able to dissolve into molten metal and thus function as a recarburiser.
• Example 4 provides actual on-site trial data for a carbon-containing polymer (waste rubber) as a recarburiser in a transfer ladle and in a ladle furnace.
• Examples 1 to 3 involves the removal of volatile matter (VM) prior to testing for carbon dissolution, whereas the method of Example 4 (being an on-site trial) involves no such prior removal. Thus, the data of Examples 1 to 3 is not directly comparable with the data of Example 4.
• VM volatile matter
• Carbonaceous residues of waste plastics and metallurgical coke mixtures to be used for a carbon dissolution study were prepared by combustion in a drop tube furnace (DTF).
• the collected residues from the DTF were found to contain a level of volatile matter. Therefore, these residues were further devolatilised using a horizontal tube furnace (HF) - Figure 3.
• HF horizontal tube furnace
• Raw samples and their carbonaceous residues collected from the drop tube furnace and the horizontal tube furnace respectively were analysed for percentages of fixed carbon, ash, volatile matter (VM) and moisture, and their structures were characterized using X-Ray diffraction.
• the proximate analysis data of samples was obtained and is shown in Table 1.
• the reference material - metallurgical coke (Met Coke) the fixed carbon content of raw samples and samples after combustion in the drop tube furnace and the horizontal tube furnace was almost constant at 64.5%. It was therefore understood that the combustion of Met Coke in the drop tube furnace and the horizontal tube furnace did not change its carbon content under the experimental conditions.
• Met Coke was mixed with plastics, the fixed carbon content increased after combustion in the drop tube furnace and the horizontal tube furnace, whereas volatile matter decreased significantly.
• X-ray diffraction patterns of carbonaceous residues from HDPE and coke mixtures were obtained using a Siemens D5000 X-ray diffractometer.
• Raw Met Coke and raw plastics were firstly analysed, followed by their mixtures. Then, their residues after combustion in the drop tube furnace and further devolatilisation in the horizontal tube furnace were characterised.
• Metallurgical coke was considered as the reference coke, and all X-ray patterns of the mixtures were compared with it.
• X-ray patterns for all the carbonaceous samples are shown in Figures 1 and 2. From these Figures, it was clear that the raw mixtures show high intensity peaks of hydrocarbons (plastics). After combustion in the drop tube furnace and the horizontal tube furnace, the X-ray pattern of the residue samples still shows a hydrocarbon peak of plastics having a low intensity. This indicated that the plastics would be suitable for use as a recarburiser.
• Example 2 Experimental Details for Waste Plastics Dissolution Carbon dissolution from 100% metallurgical coke and the mixture of 30% HDPE and 70% metallurgical coke was investigated using the sessile drop technique. Firstly, material to be investigated was ground and sieved to obtain particles of size less than 1 mm and then combusted in the drop tube furnace at 1200 C in 80% nitrogen and 20% oxygen atmosphere. The residue collected from the drop tube furnace was found to contain high volatile matter content. Thus, it was devolatilised again in the horizontal tube furnace at 1200 C in an argon atmosphere for 15 minutes. The collected residue was again ground into powder using a grinding machine and then used for the carbon dissolution experiment.
• the substrate approximately 1.6 g of residue sample was used.
• the residue was compacted in a steel die under 7 KN load applied using a hydraulic press.
• the substrate obtained from the die had a top surface area of 3.14 cm 2 .
• the substrate was placed on a graphite sample holder, and then approximately 0.5 g of electrolytic pure iron (99.98% Fe) was placed on the centre of the substrate.
• the carbon dissolution experiment was run under an inert argon atmosphere at 1550 C.
• the sessile drop assembly was firstly put in the cold zone of the horizontal tube furnace where the temperature was approximately 1200°C to protect the sample holder from thermal shock and to allow volatile matter from the substrate to escape. After approximately 15 minutes it was pushed into the hot zone where the temperature was 1550°C.
• the time generator started counting once the metal melted and formed a liquid drop.
• the sample was quenched after 1, 2, 4, 8, 15, 20, 30 and 60 minutes.
• the reaction inside the furnace was observed using a CCD camera.
• the carbon content contained in the droplet was measured using a carbon- sulphur LECO analyser (model CS 230).
• the horizontal tube furnace schematic is presented in Figure 3.
• thermolytic pure iron 99.98 wt% Fe
• the carbonaceous materials investigated include pure metallurgical coke, and blends of coke with Bakelite.
• Bakelite Phenol Formaldehyde
• Bakelite consists of C, H and O atoms. The chemical composition depends on the relative phenol to formaldehyde ratio used (1:1 or 1:2).
• CaCO 3 is commonly added into commercially grade bakelite as a filler.
• Carbonaceous residues were analysed for proximate analysis and ash analysis.
• the proximate analysis values of all residual chars are shown in Table 2, and include the fixed carbon, ash, volatile matter and sulphur contents.
• the chemical composition of ash in the residue samples was also analyzed and is reported in Table 3.
• Carbon dissolution experiments were carried out using the sessile drop method.
• the sessile drop method was employed to study carbon transfer into liquid iron, as well as interfacial phenomena during wetting of graphite/Fe and coke/Fe.
• To make a substrate approximately 1.6 g of the powder residue collected from the DTF was put in a die and compacted by applying 75 KN of force using a hydraulic press. The substrate, with a top surface area of 3.14 cm 2 , was placed on a graphite sample holder. Approximately 0.5 g of electrolytic pure iron (99.98% Fe) was placed on the centre of the substrate.
• This assembly was first placed at the cold zone of a horizontal tube furnace where the temperature was 1200°C and sealed while Ar gas flowed through the furnace at the rate of 1.0 L/min. After approximately 15 minutes, the assembly was inserted into the hot zone where the temperature was 155O 0 C. The reaction time was noted to start when the metal completely melted and formed the droplet. Samples were quenched after 1, 2, 4, 8, 15, 20, 30, 60 and 180 minutes by sliding the assembly into the cold zone thus terminating the reactions occurring on the metal/carbon interface.
• the schematic of the horizontal tube furnace is presented in Figure 6.
• the first polymer trialled was a high density polyethylene (HDPE) which was observed to contain about 85% bonded carbon and 15% bonded hydrogen compared to the existing recarburiser containing about 95% carbon.
• the first trial was conducted using virgin plastic rather than recycled material to optimise the conditions and provide feasibility of converting to recycled material.
• Trials at the ladle furnace were performed upon arrival where polymer material was added on top of the steel over the porous plug and allowed to dissolve.
• the data taken for the EAF ladle was initial carbon content, plastic added, recarburiser added, ladle arrival carbon.
• the data taken for the ladle furnace was arrival carbon, polymer added, recarburiser added, and ladle furnace departure carbon. This data was compared to normal heats and the Experimental Results are discussed below.
• Tyre and belt-derived polymer additives were found to be optimally added as bundles of mats, typically having a weight or around 10kg and an approximate 300x300x300 mm 3 volume, as shown in Figures 11 A&B.
• the bundles were added to the ladle by hand.
• Ferro-alloys were also added in the form of lumps of metal approximately 50mm across, and were batched into hoppers before being gravity-fed into the ladle. These alloys were added midway through the tapping process. A proportion of carbon was optionally added just before the EAF was tapped, or just after the tapping process began.
• the bundles of mats were shaped and dimensioned so as to minimise the surface area of the bundle relative to its mass (e.g. an optimum shape may approximate a generally spherically-shaped bundle). This was observed to provide for maximum dissolution into molten metal of the carbon in the polymer, and to minimise the amount of carbon in the polymer bundle that combusted or gasified. It also allowed the molten metal to quickly cover the bundle, thus restricting oxygen flow to the bundle, thereby further reducing combustion and gasification of carbon in the bundle.
• the ladle was taken off the pre-heater and placed in the ladle car.
• the ladle furnace operator inspected the ladle brickwork for possible damage and sanded the slidegate nozzle.
• Aluminium bars (30-80kg) were added to the ladle base to reduce alloy oxidation during tapping. The polymer recarburiser was then placed on top of these bars.
• Figure 12A shows that plastic as a recarburiser is less efficient by weight than pure recarburiser, however this difference was in part attributed to the difference in percentage of bonded carbon in the two materials (i.e. less carbon in the plastic). Similar trends were observed in Ladle Furnace trial as shown in Figure 12B.
• the format (e.g. shape and dimension) of the polymer was optimised to ameliorate and minimise such combustion.
• waste plastics and waste rubber can provide an effective alternative to coke and graphite for the recarburisation of ferro-alloys.
• the carbon-containing polymer may come from a wide variety of sources including (but not limited to) waste polymer from white goods, waste carpet (especially underlay), automotive scrap residue, textiles, building waste material and other forms of industrial and domestic waste. Sources that currently represent a disposal or environmental issue are preferred.

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• Metallurgy (AREA)
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• Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
• Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
• Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)

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