EP2318605A1

EP2318605A1 - Vacuum coating, building and insulating materials made of evacuated pores

Info

Publication number: EP2318605A1
Application number: EP09775609A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Rainer Kurbos
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2008-08-28
Filing date: 2009-08-24
Publication date: 2011-05-11
Also published as: AT507278A1; WO2010022423A1; AT523464A5

Abstract

The invention relates to methods for obtaining building and insulating materials which are suitable for use on building sites, are inwardly reflective, have a closed-pore structure and can be cut to size in situ. To this purpose, degassing processes are broken off during melting before degassing under vacuum is completed and the material is formed to vacuum foams, single pores (hollow spheres), fibres, agglomerates, coatings or plates. A two-stage production process is preferably used, where the known production or deformation process (e.g. glass melt) is first carried out in such a manner that micropores are produced which are subsequently expanded in the vacuum and are successively heated with wave fields (HF/microwave, arc, etc) until the theoretical minimum wall thickness is reached. Preferably, plasmas are produced in the interior of the pores by clocked waves (heating of pores from the inside). Due to the rapid alternation of temperature increase and pressure increase, induced by the wave pulses, the wall material is capable of expansion, whereby the bursting of pores is prevented. The formation of plasma allows or facilitates chemical and physical reactions which lead to the sublimation or condensation of the pore content and thereby improve the formation of vacuum, provide a reflecting layer on the pore wall and convert the material into a pre-tensioned state of increased strength. According to the principle of gap grading and by using nanoparticles or microparticles as support bodies and spacers, the volume of the web elements can be minimized and at the same time the transmission and radiation of IR waves into the interior of the pores and along the frame structure are minimized by infrared blocking. The resulting individual pores can be shaped to foam agglomerates, fibres, plates, coatings, granulates and bulk material. Only as a result of this shaping process, the required suitability for use on construction sites and in situ producibility under building site conditions can be achieved. In the event that the vacuum foam is connected in a non-positive manner to panel sheet metals and wall materials, the strength of the composite material (e.g. trapezoid sheet metal) can be significantly increased. In this way, a widely applicable, high-temperature insulating, but resilient building material is achieved.

Description

DESCRIPTION Vacuum cleaning, construction and insulation materials from evacuated pores:

Evacuated enclosures of porous insulating materials, so-called vacuum panels (EP 1 333 222 A2, WO 1995/00580 A1, DE 44 39 328 A1), as well as hollow microspheres under atmospheric pressure (EP 1 832 560 A2) and a

Process for producing hollow glass spheres made of glass

(WO 2008/087047 A1 including the early experiments cited therein, e.g.

WO 80/00438, and in the early 90s in the US undertook activities for the production of partially evacuated or evacuated hollow glass spheres

US 5,500,287, US 5,501,871, US 5,713,974, US 5,501,871, US 4,303,433, US

4,303,732 and US 3,607,169).

From this state of the art so far no practically usable product has emerged. The invention therefore has as its object, under

Site conditions usable (especially cut and ready to assemble on site) Hochvakuumbau- and insulation materials. Not the entire body (e.g., panel) but each pore is evacuated separately. The individual pores (hollow spheres), pore agglomerates or foams are in

Starting material is suitable, suitable is any starting material that can be produced or transformed in melting or reacting processes (RZ 7 and 8 in A 1343/08), wherein the known degassing be conducted so that they lead instead to a complete degassing to a vacuum pore formation , The respective manufacturing or forming process is performed completely or partially under vacuum. Preferred starting materials are clays, rocks, ceramics, plastics, particularly preferably glasses and glass-metal mixtures, it also being possible to produce evacuated hollow fibers. For pore comminution ultrasonic or shock waves can be used. Also, that can

Wall material are selectively placed in a bias state, which preferably makes it possible to exploit the limits of the theoretical material, in particular glass strength ranges to minimize the remaining wall thicknesses, as well as the remaining web volume and density.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the pore pressure is reduced to less than 1 Pa and the wall thickness to less than 10 microns minimizes the web volume by the application of the principle of Ausfallkörnung and the material infrared absorbing equipped (for example by doping with carbon or copper), as well Getter material (for example Cu, Ba, Ti) is inserted, with the combination of these measures leading to the insulating values of the "multilayer insulation technique" being available on site.The process of successive vacuum and wave-assisted heating is used for this purpose (without restrictions) for the scope of the patent) using the example of glass pores, but in principle for any material that is fusible or reactive, can be used, provided that it succeeds only to install initial cavities, as they are often undesirable in production as pores and voids otherwise.

Especially in the glass production is a typical typical degassing process, the so-called refining required to remove the unavoidable in the glass melt gas inclusions (so-called Gispen). This first process step is carried out under vacuum, so that the pores are under reduced pressure (for example, 0.1 to 80,000 Pa). This forms fine-pored foam or hollow spheres, if the material is in

Edited single particles.

In a second process step, these pores are then inflated by applying a higher vacuum using a higher temperature, this step being repeated until the desired wall thickness is reached.

The heating is preferably carried out by waves such as microwaves, high-frequency waves (HF), ultrasound, electric arc, shock waves, ie any type of wave-shaped energy input and / or plasma fields which can be produced by arc or HF / microwave (particularly easily in vacuum).

By switching the shafts on and off, you can specifically control the viscosity and surface tension of the pore walls so that the maximum

Volume is reached. When coating individual particles, a multilayer wall structure is possible.

Particularly preferably, the pressure in the reaction vessel is lowered so that plasma formation no longer occurs. The initial internal pressure of the pores, however, can be chosen arbitrarily, as long as it allows plasma ignition only in conjunction with the applied waves.

As a result, it is then possible, particularly preferably with shock waves and HF / microwaves, to abruptly heat the plasma in the interior of the pore.

This increases the pressure inside the pore and at the same time the pore wall melts from the inside. As a result, the pore inflates in the desired manner to the physically possible limits.

Preferably, the wave supply is clocked in short periods (minutes to milliseconds). Too large pores burst, so that a largely uniform pore size prevails. This successive heating mimics the process on the glassmaker's whistle, wherein the shrinkage of the spatial dimensions of the glass hollow body corresponds to a reduction of the heating periods and the pressure in the interior can be controlled by the wavelength and the intensity of the waves. As a further element of the craft tradition, the observation of the melting mixture / foam is adopted to control the shaft supply by (5) pore formation observed through (quartz glass) window in the reaction tube and the timing of the wave supply material-specifically adjusted so that foam or glass bubbles with the desired size and wall thickness arise.

With a suitable (longer) wavelength, the penetration depth exceeds the ID wall thickness, so that it is also possible to produce foams in metals or glasses with a high content of dissolved metals.

The (micro) wave pick-up can be controlled by adding susceptor materials such as graphite, silicon carbide, carbon black. Likewise, metal oxides can be used for 1S increase in strength. As getters come preferred

Barite or barium oxide into consideration.

Scattering of susceptor materials surprisingly results in skin formation on the foam surface, because it can control the wave entry and conversion of the waves into heat, as well as the surface tension. Especially microwaves cause the warming in the (hollow) inside of the body to increase faster than on the outside walls. By sprinkling susceptor, the outermost layer can be stabilized targeted (for example, after formation of a foam film) ^'1. 5

The waves also influence the viscosity and surface tension. It is known that in particular electromagnetic fields cause a drastic reduction of the surface tension, which is industrially used, for example, for paint spraying.

Also, this effect can be used according to the invention, for example, by HF / microwaves, the surface tension is lowered so far that it is possible to produce pores in the nanometer range.

35

The availability of pores over a wide range of diameters from a few nanometers to about 3,000 microns is of crucial importance for the application of the principle of default grain size. For this purpose, preference may be given to adding microparticles or nanoparticles, such as metal dusts, carbon black or fly ash, to the glass batch. These cause on the one hand by the adhering amount of gas, a pore-nucleation, on the other hand, the formation of micropores in the webs of the larger pores, whereby the material-filled web volume is significantly reduced. 5 This is also the progress compared to WO 2008/087047 Al: With the electric furnace shown there, consisting of three heating zones, only a heating of the glass particle from the outside to the inside is possible, which is also hindered by the flowing reaction atmosphere. In contrast, the wave heating (in particular with HF / microwaves, but also waves released by the arc) allows the entire glass body uniformly and even to heat the pore interior preferably.

In addition, the waves can be switched on and off electronically controlled, while in an oven, the flow rate and the length of the heating zone specify a dwell time (and ultimately prevent these ratios in a corresponding mass flow rate).

The principle of successive wave heating proves to be innovative compared to the principle of heating by infrared rays.

A particular advantage of microwave heating consists in the fact that the plasma inside temperatures of 1,600 ° C to 20,000 ⁰ C, and thus reaches areas that can be reached with an oven heating never clocked. Thus, all known materials are meltable, and thus available in principle as a starting material, as far as they are deformable at all by temperature.

Only then succeeds both the required for mass production short circulation time of the individual glass particle, as well as the controllability and controllability of the entire process within fractions of a second. If desired / required, an external heating component can also be set by setting a plasma temperature by the ratio of the pressure in the reaction vessel to the input shaft energy. In general, such a plasma heating from the outside but will be economical to use, because the advantage of low load on the reactor walls is lost in part.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, a plurality of exposure zones of, for example, RF / microwaves are switched on by a respective cut-off path or magnetic fields (stationary and / or pulsed), the vacuum tube passing through the outside. In this way it is possible to adjust both different RF / microwave irradiation, as well as different vacuum conditions during the passage or passage of the particles / material streams. Stationary and pulsed magnetic fields serve to shield the walls and / or e.g. by exceeding the cyclotron resonance field strength (87.6 mT at 2450 MHz) of the targeted spatial and / or temporal plasma field formation and control.

The inventive method has a wide range of adjustment, and it has surprisingly been found that very large adjustment tolerances exist, that is, that the production of a

Vacuum glass foam in a variety of conditions and materials succeed, so a broad scope for the optimization obvious Process parameters, as are obvious to those skilled in the art, eg wavelength, pulse duration, magnetic fields, vacuum pressure, reaction gases, consists.

It is important to take into account the interaction with glass chemistry. It can both conventional Gemengesätze, as well

Additives and propellants are used to selectively fill the interior of the pores with a gas that is dissolved or sublimated chemically or physically on cooling. In contrast to WO 2008/087047 A1, this invention has been applied here

Vacuum the purpose of keeping the proportion of soluble or sublimable gas types from the outset low and not, the starting glass powder and suck off. Also, due to the drastically reduced proportion of web material, of course, only a small amount of gas is absorbed by the latter and only a small amount of refining gas is needed because this gas expands considerably (10-100 times) as a result of the vacuum. Condensation or resublimation in the interior of the hollow sphere can certainly promote vacuum formation, but it is of great advantage if this process does not start at atmospheric pressure but under vacuum conditions.

It should be noted that WO 2008/087047 Al only on heating by means of ovens, but not also on heating by means of waves, in particular not by means of micro and high frequency waves, ultrasound and arc, as well as shock waves (e.g.

Supersonic impact in the Laval nozzle) and flow processes, so that no overlap area arises here.

Also, the simple production of a vacuum glass foam by Unterdruckläutung is possible and within the meaning of the invention, in particular for the first process step, usable.

Preferably, however, in the first process step, the glass or batch of electric arc is highly heated, thereby rapidly forming micropores.

A particularly preferred embodiment of the invention provides that the pore interior is heated in a pulse-shaped manner by the plasma so that the glass material of a thin wall zone itself evaporates. The advantage is not only in the saving of additives, but in the fact that the vaporized wall material condenses quickly when switching off the wave field, while the remaining "residual wall zone" just just heated so much that the pore swells, thereby increasing the surface so strong that the energy supplied is quickly radiated again and the pore retains its shape, and here is a reversal of the conditions in the glassmaking tradition:

The crafted hollow body must be heated from the outside so far that even the innermost piece of the wall can be widened by the internal pressure. This causes it to drain thin liquid outer wall area, which is why the hollow body in the hollow glass production must be continuously rotated to prevent concentration of material at the lowest point. In contrast, it is possible if the inner wall part is hotter than the outer, to prevent the achievement of a flowable state and the wall to soften only so far that they can just just be stretched because the shaft is turned off before a significant drain of wall material enters.

When the mixture is mixed with germs of foreign material, e.g. Ceramics, other glasses, metal or metal oxide particles, which in a reducing

Atmosphere of the plasma (for example, by admixing carbon soot - graphite, etc.) are heated, it is possible to produce metal precipitates on the pore wall. More preferably, this effect occurs when as seed nuclei for the pores, e.g. SiC, soot particles and / or metal (oxide) particles are also used only by the

Wave radiation can be locally heated and vaporized to form a microplasma zone, forming a pore (new), which continues to expand as long as the plasma burns locally (formation of so-called hot spots in the nm / μm range).

After shutting off the wave, the plasma goes out and the evaporated germ material settles on the wall. Metal particles and materials which are decomposed / split due to the high plasma temperatures (metal oxides) form mirror and getter surfaces, whereby the suitable condensation of the material also leads to successive condensation

Reaction products and thus a structure in several thin layers is possible.

Thus, the invention solves the problem of providing methods for the production of "thermos flasks as nanoparticles" by the physical

Limits of thermal insulation by simultaneous exhaustion of all, the heat transfer inhibiting mechanisms are achieved, yet a simple industrially applicable production process is specified.

This method also allows stronger wall thicknesses to higher

It should be noted that the area of the thinnest glass layers, which are responsible for, for example, that fibers have a much higher tensile strength than rod materials (a few microns) are not exceeded, since the unexpected effect may occur that thicker wall thicknesses to much lower (equal to several orders of magnitude)

Material strengths lead.

The insulation effect according to the invention and also the increase in strength can also be achieved by enveloping larger particles again. Advantageously, here one generates supporting body, for example of silica gel, airgel,

(Swelling) clay, zeolite, fly ash, perlite, slag, cement or ceramic, metal oxides such as aluminum or zirconium oxide, which may also be porous or foamy and only a very low density and embedded in the glass. These have three functions as a support body:

On the one hand, they take over the static pressure, which rests on the building material, on the other hand, they prevent the penetration of the skin through their small pore radii

(lower melting) glass mixture of the wrapping material, and ultimately they evaporate (at least in part), whereby the pores can be widened and in turn coated and mirrored by the subsequent cooling and condensation process.

Again, according to the state of the art, there has been no lack of attempts to reduce this obvious variant, for example a vacuum panel, by enveloping airgel particles. Only so far the production has not succeeded.

However, with the method of successive vacuum and wave-assisted heating, according to the invention it is also possible to surround such supporting bodies with a gas-tight (for example glass) envelope. Again, the effect that the plasma inside warms the finest pore cavities (and thus simultaneously expels the adhered gas molecules and thus improves the vacuum) is helpful because the (more suitably more heat-resistant, for example consisting of a (swelling) Tonkugel) supporting body particularly of the HF / Microwaves is heated more rapidly than the outside (initially still powdery or already liquid)

Glass granules. In this way, the surface layer can melt and achieve its sealing function while the plasma inside ensures high vacuum quality. Particularly preferred is the timely shutdown of the shaft before the enveloping material softens so that it can penetrate into the support body and the pore can coincide.

In terms of process technology, the principle of successive vacuum and wave-assisted heating can be applied in a (preferably tubular) reaction vessel. Injecting and discharging of the materials can take place in all known from the prior art method.

The reactor wall is expediently at least partially made of metal in order to avoid the escape of the waves. It can be thermally insulated and consists in this case of a refraction metal. To reduce the heat load, an inner tube made of e.g. Alumina can be arranged.

Preferably, the tube diameter is tuned to the RF / microwave wavelength, which at 2,450 MHZ means a minimum diameter of 72 mm and at 915 MHz such as 192 mm, to an undamped

Wave propagation. Through a targeted bottleneck (cut-off) or magnetic fields, it is possible to separate the individual process zones. Advantageously proves an arc at the beginning, bringing the Glass material can be initially melted, if there is no supply from a glassworks available. Advantageously, the liquid glass can be used as a seal against the vacuum, wherein the heating of the nozzle stone in the feeder also allows control of the material flow and the sealing effect (on the viscosity). In principle, one would also be

Material conveyance through conveyor belt possible, but this is not preferred in view of the circumstances, high temperatures, microwave and vacuum.

Rather, a channel of, for example, microwave-transparent aluminum oxide runs through the reaction vessel, which is suitably

(Viscosity-dependent) is tilted. That's the way it goes

If the glass mixture underlies the reactor through the reactor, forms pores, the pore volume is optionally expanded several times and finally a cooling section is obtained before the particles or the material comminuted in granules (or else cast into fibers of the plates)

Vacuum can be discharged.

The function of the vacuum-retaining housing (outer reactor) can advantageously also be separated from the function of limiting the wave propagation and of the plasma in terms of plant engineering.

In this way, in an evacuated production line, a plurality of reaction tubes to produce, for example, different pore diameters are arranged.

To limit the RF / microwave or plasmas usually a minimum wall thickness of the metal is sufficient (just just greater than the penetration depth), which can sometimes be achieved by wrapping aluminum oxide tubes with sufficient temperature-resistant metal foil. For spatial and temporal control of the plasma fields both coils in

In the longitudinal direction of the aluminum oxide tube (eg, for crowding the plasma in the center of the tube for the purpose of temperature protection) so that displacement of the plasma from undesirable zones as well as coils are arranged transversely or at an angle to Al ₂ O ₃ -ROhT, attract and turn the plasma in the For example, the field strength of the cyclotron resonance frequency is exceeded, which makes it possible to ignite the plasma already in individual sections, while it does not yet burn at another point (for example, at the feed point) HF / microwaves. The coils are thereby flowed through by direct or alternating current, also pulse-shaped, also controlled in relation to the wave timing. By doing so, it is possible to cause the plasma to burn only locally at the desired heating zones and only in the heating pulses which are desired in time.

It is also possible to combine HF / microwaves of different wavelengths with arc and ultrasound / shockwaves / in one and the same outer reactor. By different timing and the different penetration depth, a variety of process parameters can be adjusted material-specific, whereby the method has a considerable optimization potential and at the same time is applicable to almost any fusible or reactive, bubble-forming starting material.

For the treatment of individual particles (which are then supplied as glass dust from above), a standing reaction tube is possible. The material transport can be controlled by particle flows, thus it is also possible to act in the individual zones different vacuums.

It is also possible, by appropriate steering of the flow and the same reaction device repeatedly through the same particles, that is, the particles run for this starting material in a circle until the pores desired wall thickness can be skimmed / discharged, which incidentally the The advantage is that no material is lost for pores with excessive wall thickness. The particle flow can also be used selectively, for example, by joints in the supersonic flow to cause sudden pressure and temperature changes punctually, or to influence the plasma fields. Also, by particle flow, the particles (for fractions of a second) in

Wave fields are held in suspension so that they just expand at the site of action and then by the fact that the surface for attacking the flow is suddenly increased entrained. To protect the reaction walls and magnetic fields can constrict the plasmas.

The arrangement of observation windows (e.g., quartz glass), but also (to protect staff from the RF / microwave) camera systems allows one to observe the reaction zones. This manages the duty cycle, the

Adjust pulse durations and the pulse strength of the wave pulses so that the desired optimal foam or pore formation occurs. An improved version, where an electronic control of the pulse parameters is possible by image recognition systems, is possible, as well as a manual control in the best Glasmachertradition.

The optimal pulse data and magnetic field parameters are determined and adjusted by observation of the material, plant and production. Advantageously, the vacuum pump is arranged at the end of the system, whereby at the beginning a rather higher pressure prevails, which promotes the formation of plasma-heatable pores, while further dilutes the reaction atmosphere inside the tube by the pumping process and the particle flow accelerates. Such an expansion process can also be used specifically for cooling.

Multiple pressure levels make it possible for the speed of sound to be exceeded or fallen short of several times, for example by arranging lavalorn-like geometries.

A particularly preferred embodiment of the invention provides to arrange the pores or the starting material in the interior of sheets or metallic walls.

For example, microwaves can spread particularly well between the two metal surfaces of a sandwich panel. In this way, metal-laminated or one or both sides metal-covered foam glass constructions can be produced, with a shear bond between the metallic surface and the glass foam is given by the fact that relatively high temperatures also prevail at the channel geometry, which limits the microwave propagation. As a result, the carrying capacity of trapezoidal sheet metal profiles can be increased.

Likewise, glass tubes can be filled with powder and then melted again in the plasma under vacuum, or powder can be inflated between two glass plates.

This gives highly evacuated fibers which can nevertheless be cut (on account of the pore structure in the interior) on the construction site, and panels which have a glass protective layer and yet can be cut to size, as well as agglomerates and granules.

If it is possible to arrange the pore size far below the wavelength of visible light (10 nm to 1000 nm), then the construction becomes transparent, but retains its heat-insulating properties (provided that in this application the mirrored inner surfaces are omitted and the carbon additive for infrared absorption is kept smaller ).

Also electrically non-conductive hollow body, such as hollow wood beams can, are provided with appropriate metallizations, foamed. Reaction gases: Reaction gases can be supplied over the entire reaction zone. This can be done on the one hand in a zone outside the actual reaction vessel under normal atmospheric conditions, on the other hand, but also under vacuum, in which case, of course, the combustion or reaction gases are supplied under lower pressure.

The use of such reaction flames or reaction gases can be made both supportive, as well as alone. Pore formation can also be effected by introducing such reaction gases, preferably in the HF / microwave heating zone, through a sieve plate or nozzle into the liquid glass stream. As a result, both noble gas-filled and, for example, N ₂ , CO ₂ , O ₂ -filled pores can be produced without the glass batch previously having been admixed with any additives.

This procedure is known per se as "bubbling" in the manufacture of glass, but is not used there for the purpose of producing pores, but for the purpose of eliminating the same.

Advantageously, oxygen can be added at the point of the reactor where a reducing effect (e.g., for the mirror or getter film) is required without the need for carbon additive.

Overall, it is advantageous if the reactor is constructed on the flow principle, with outer tube lengths of 5 to 15 m and a relatively small diameter of the inner reaction tubes from 100 to 300 mm, so that the entire device operates on the flow principle.

As a result, flow processes such as compaction shocks and the channel geometry can also be used specifically for heating and cooling purposes.

However, the concrete tube geometry is strongly dependent on the starting material (for example clay, ceramic, glass or metal) and is not restricted according to the invention.

The small particle size and the pulsatility of the waves in the millisecond range lead to a relatively high flow rate, which is in stark contrast to the previous glass melting process. For simpler applications, it may also be sufficient in the sense of a degassing process according to the invention to use only parts of the invention, for example to dispense with the energy input by waves at all and to expand only a suitable glass batch melted by flame or by electric melting under vacuum in that the desired foam pores are formed, whereby at the same time, for example due to sublimation and condensation processes, a substantial improvement in the vacuum occurs.

If, instead of a negative pressure, an overpressure is arranged in the outer reactor, it is also possible to produce gas-tight pores which are individually under overpressure and can thus carry off a higher load.

In addition to this particularly preferred process family, there are other processes that can be combined with the successive evacuation process, namely:

conventional production methods (chemical type, such as, for example, polymerization, polyaddition and polycondensation),

- Degassing under reduced pressure (<0.8 bar) or overpressure (> 1.2 bar), - Chemical processes that lead to breakages in the molecules or between the molecules and nanometer-sized voids in solid particles.

For the remainder, reference is made to the additions of priority to the application to ITA: E04B, wherein the present application is intended to represent a complete summary of the previous descriptions. "

Claims

1. claim 1: building or insulating material made of closed-cell foam, or agglomerations of pores or hollow spheres, characterized in that the pores are evacuated individually, possibly also mirrored and gegettert and fibers, profiles, plates, plasters, screeds, paints, seals, Shaping material or granules are formed.

2. Claim 2: A process for the production of porous building or insulating materials or hollow spheres characterized in that degassing be performed in the course of the manufacturing or forming process under vacuum / negative pressure or pressure and stopped before complete degassing, which also placeholder for pores, such as fly ash , Zeolites, cements,

Airgel, silica gel or (swelling) clay balls, added and / or the pores can be formed or crushed by chemical reactions or entry of shear forces, for example by sound waves.

3. Claim 3: Process for the preparation of porous building or insulating materials or hollow spheres according to claim 1 to 2, characterized in that the starting material metals, plastics, glasses, fly ash, zeolites, cemenets, airgel, silica gel, perlite, clay and rock mixtures, additives (such as metal oxides, carbon black, graphite, SiC or ceramics) are added to facilitate the manufacturing process and / or the wall thickness, strength,

To improve elasticity and the mechanical properties of the pore walls.

4. Claim 4: A process for the production of porous building or insulating materials or hollow spheres according to claim 1 to 3, characterized in that the pores are combined to form larger particles and / or again enveloped as granules.

5. Claim 5: A method for producing porous building or insulating materials or hollow spheres according to claim 1 to 4, characterized in that for degassing in the course of the manufacturing or forming process, a wave-shaped energy input by shock waves or high-frequency or microwave, ultrasound, electromagnetic fields, Arc or plasma fields takes place, this wave-shaped energy input (also repeatedly) is used for the successive reduction of the pore wall thickness.

6. Claim 6: A process for the production of porous building or insulating materials according to claim 1 to 5, characterized in that the manufacturing or forming process at least partially under reduced pressure (less than 0.8 bar) or overpressure (greater than 1.2 bar) is executed and / or that the wavy energy input is used repeatedly pulsed and / or

Nozzle flows are used, further characterized in that by the selected channel geometry pressure and / or temperature specifically increases or decreases even with an expansion cooling or heating set to supersonic flow.

7. Claim 7: Process for the preparation of porous building or insulating materials according to claim 1 to 6, characterized in that in the course of the manufacturing or forming process continuously or pulsed plasmas are ignited in the pore interior and / or introduced material, in the form of particles in a plasma field , melted and inflated.

8. claim 8: A process for the preparation of porous building or insulating materials according to claim 1 to 7, characterized in that repeatedly plasmas, pressure and temperature changes and heating fields are arranged, and also obtained in a conventional manner hollow body or heaps of sintered bodies expands and / or whose walls are compacted / sealed.

9. Claim 9: Process for producing porous building or insulating materials or hollow spheres dad urch characterized in that reacting material mixtures or melts are passed through gutters or pipes, which are placed in evacuated (or under pressure) ducts, wherein for heating electromagnetic fields , wavy energy inputs, such as

Plasmas, shockwaves, high frequency microwave, ultrasound, arc and / or nozzle flows are used, whereby materials with existing cavities under vacuum / pressure can be heated and / or transformed in the course of the manufacturing or forming process can be introduced and / or gas or vacuum pores and / or placeholders for

Vacuum pores, for example airgel, silica gel, fly ash, zeolites, cements, metals, metal oxides, plastics or (swelling) clay, is attached to the process. Magnetic fields can also be used to protect the cladding tube walls from the plasmas and / or for targeted spatial and temporal steering and control of the plasma fields by excitation of the cyclotron resonance frequency

Use come.

10. Claim 10: A process for the production of porous building or insulating materials according to claim 1 to 9, characterized in that the walls of the cavities are mirrored and / or multi-layered and / or infrared-absorbing

Have materials and / or getter materials.

11. claim 11: A process for the production of porous building or insulating materials, characterized in that the materials are non-positively connected with each other and / or with wall materials, such as sheets and fibers to a panel element with supporting and supporting layer.

12. Claim 12: A process for the production of porous building or insulating materials or hollow spheres, characterized in that a flame is directed under vacuum on a particle cluster, so that this melts and under

Vacuum pore formation drops droplet, particle, agglomerate, fiber or plate cooled or the raw material is added in a vacuum of a flame or the exhaust gas stream, with wave fields and / or plasmas can be used to control the pore formation process and ignition of plasmas in the pore interior and also the starting material and / or gas substances can be added, which lead to the inertization and / or reaction gas formation, so that upon cooling of the S hollow body, the gas is absorbed in the wall material or inside the

Hollow body condenses or sublimates.

13. Claim 13: Process for the preparation of porous building or insulating materials or hollow spheres, characterized in that the external pressure in the reaction vessel is lowered so far that no more plasma ignites, while formed by the (also pulse-like) set wave field in the pore interior plasmas wherein the surface tension of the pore walls is also reduced and susceptor materials such as silicon carbide and carbon can be used and also magnetic fields used to protect the apparatus or parts thereof from the effects of plasma or to spatially and temporally control the plasma panels by exciting the cyclotron resonant frequency ,

14. Claim 14: Process for the production of porous building or insulating materials or hollow spheres, characterized in that wave fields (HF / microwave,

Arc) melt the materials and superficially interspersed Subzeptormaterialien, such as silicon carbide, graphite and carbon black for heating and solidification of skin and peripheral zones are used.

15. Claim 15: A process for the preparation of porous building or insulating materials or hollow spheres, characterized in that the starting mixture crystallization nuclei for pores, such as silicon carbide, graphite, carbon black, metal oxide, ceramic, silica gel, airgel, cement and zeolite are added by the action of waves (eg HF / microwave) melt, plasmas form, the pores expand and after switching off the wave-shaped

Consumption of energy on the pore walls (also as mirror surfaces) condense.

16. Claim 16: Use of the heap of the obtained by the above method hollow body (balls, fibers and irregularly shaped cavities and cavity agglomerates) for the production of building and insulation materials, cleaning,

Sheets, coatings, foils, waterproofing, liquid waterproofing systems and constructional elements (eg multi-layered form pipes and panels with insulating and support layers, also for wall and ceiling elements in the (prefab) house area as well as nanoparticles, which are processed to insulating paints.