EP2300665B1 - Road surface and method for the production thereof - Google Patents
Road surface and method for the production thereof Download PDFInfo
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- EP2300665B1 EP2300665B1 EP09734874.2A EP09734874A EP2300665B1 EP 2300665 B1 EP2300665 B1 EP 2300665B1 EP 09734874 A EP09734874 A EP 09734874A EP 2300665 B1 EP2300665 B1 EP 2300665B1
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- road surface
- ribs
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- road
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Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C11/00—Details of pavings
- E01C11/24—Methods or arrangements for preventing slipperiness or protecting against influences of the weather
Definitions
- the present invention relates to roadway pavements for roads, hereinafter referred to as “pavement pavements”, and to methods of manufacturing the same.
- the present invention is concerned with the geometric shape of surfaces of road surfaces, hereinafter referred to as “texture”.
- the road surface layer or road surface is the uppermost layer of a road surface.
- Conventional road surfaces generally consist of a graded mineral mixture, a binder, fillers and stabilizing additives such as polymers or rubber.
- a mineral mixture contains rock grains of different sizes, wherein the different grain fractions are contained by fixing a grading curve with different frequency and thus with different proportions by weight in the mineral mixture.
- the largest grains which typically occur in the mix have diameters of, for example, 8, 11, 16 or 22 mm.
- Bituminous asphalt is used as a binding agent for road surfaces made of asphalt, and cement for road surfaces made of concrete.
- Asphalt road pavements are usually made in a thickness of 4 cm.
- the texture of the road surface can be characterized by the wavelength of periodicities in its horizontal extent, the vertical amplitude of such periodicities, ie the roughness depth, and the shape factor, see for example DE 3 575 C.
- the texture of the road surface depends heavily on the type, nature and composition of the materials used and the manufacturing process.
- the roughness of the pavement defining elements have different shapes, sizes and distances to each other, which are determined essentially by the size of the aggregate grains, which are processed in the mix, and the way in which the pavement is installed.
- the texture is characterized by the distances and depths of the alternating peaks and valleys in the road surface.
- Fig. 1 shows an example of the surface textures of various road surfaces.
- Fig. 1A shows the surface texture of split mastic asphalt, Fig. 1B of asphalt concrete, Fig. 1C of washed concrete, and Fig. 1D of open-pored asphalt.
- the upper row shows a three-dimensional representation of the texture and the lower row photographs the surfaces of known pavement surfaces.
- Lane textures have a variety of different roughness wavelengths and roughness depths. Furthermore, the shape of the texture may be different. Depending on the manufacturing process, ie depending on whether the surface is scattered to produce the grip or whether it is rolled, resulting plateau-like surfaces with close-meshed depressions or elevations, which alternate with intervening depressions. A measure of the figure A road surface texture is the so-called shape factor g, which can be determined from measured roughness profiles. These characteristics of the road texture have a significant influence on the formation of the tire-road noise.
- the acoustic properties of a road surface thus react very sensitively to differences in the surface texture. If materials, material composition and manufacturing processes are not adequately controlled and the not inconsiderable material flow and the installation process on the construction site during the production of the road surface can not be smoothly and uninterrupted, inhomogeneities and irregularities in the surface structure occur. The expected due to the selected design rolling noise reduction can thus, depending on the existing conditions, often can not be achieved.
- Asphalt and concrete pavement surfaces differ significantly in the handling of the acoustic quality. Cementitious pavement surfaces must be treated with an unavoidable mortar film on the surface immediately after compaction to break up the smooth mortar film and ensure grip. However, this surface treatment also has significant consequences for the acoustic properties. The surface treatment is done either by machining the surface typically by peeling off with coarse, wet sacks, e.g. from jute cloth, artificial grass material or broom, or by brushing off the superficial mortar film and exposing the superficial aggregates after setting of the road concrete, creating a washed concrete surface. In order to ensure a high acoustic quality, so in conventional road construction, a high expenditure on machinery and installation technology must be driven.
- a road surface is provided, which also has otherwise advantageous performance properties, ie grip in the dry and wet state, rolling resistance, wear resistance and resistance.
- the upper side has approximately parallel grooves of a first group and approximately mutually parallel, the grooves of the first group intersecting grooves of a second group, wherein each two adjacent grooves of the first group and two adjacent grooves define the second group an approximately parallelogram-shaped plateau, and the side lengths of adjacent approximately parallelogrammiform plateaus are dimensioned at least partially different.
- the idea underlying the invention is to provide a groove pattern in the road surface in which the groove spacing between a minimum distance and a maximum distance is varied.
- the groove distances are thus not periodic in the wavelength range relevant to the noise, so that a vibration excitation in the corresponding wavelength range is largely suppressed. Thus, a noise reduction is achieved.
- first grooves and the distances of second grooves may each be distributed between a minimum groove pitch and a maximum groove pitch.
- distributed between a minimum groove spacing and a maximum groove spacing here means that the distances between the grooves along the road surface are several, e.g. assume at least 5 or at least 7, different values - including the minimum and the maximum groove spacing - each of which occurs at a certain frequency.
- the distances between the first grooves and the distances between the second grooves may be subject to a random distribution, so be randomized. Thus, the non-periodicity of the groove pitches can be ensured. Further, the distances between the first grooves and the distances between the second grooves may be equally distributed between the minimum groove pitch and the maximum groove pitch, respectively.
- the minimum groove pitch may be at least 1 mm, and the maximum groove pitch may be at most 5 mm. At an angle of intersection of 60 ° between the first and second grooves, this corresponds to a diagonal length of the diagonal of the parallelogram-shaped plateaus of at least 2 mm and at most 10 mm. This area is particularly relevant to the noise, so that a distribution of the groove distances over this area leads to a reduction in noise.
- the maximum width of the grooves on the top can be 1 mm to 5 mm. Further, the maximum depth of the grooves may be 2 mm to 10 mm. Thus, a particularly advantageous noise behavior can be achieved.
- the parallelogram-shaped plateaus are preferably arranged in the same height in a plane, however, the surface of the plateaus may have a microstructure with a randomly distributed wavelength distribution in the range between 10 .mu.m and 1000 .mu.m and a maximum texture depth or roughness depth of up to 300 microns.
- edges of the grooves bordering the plateaus may be rounded.
- the grooves could have a substantially V-shaped cross-sectional shape.
- the road surface can, for example, be made of mineral-enriched plastic.
- a plastic for example, polyamide is suitable and, for example, magnetite is suitable as a mineral.
- the road surface may be formed as a plate-shaped road surface covering element or web goods. This allows industrial prefabrication of the road surface, which takes place in a defined environment with defined processes based on a defined design of the road surface. The prefabrication realizes the reproducibility and thus a uniform quality of the road surface. The prefabrication also allows the use of automated quality assurance systems and delivery of the road surface with the defined characteristics.
- the road surface covering element may be diamond-shaped, wherein in each case two side edges of the road surface covering element run parallel to the first grooves or the second grooves.
- joints between the road surface covering elements continue the groove pattern and affect the acoustic Do not behave
- At the side edges of the road surface covering element can be provided in each case half a groove.
- a method for producing such a road surface covering element comprises the injection molding of the road surface covering element with an injection mold, which has a molding surface with mutually parallel first ribs and parallel to each other, the first ribs crossing second ribs, wherein each two adjacent first ribs and two adjacent second ribs a Set parallelogram-shaped recess, and the side lengths of the adjacent parallelogram-shaped depressions are at least partially different dimensions.
- This method allows the industrial prefabrication of road surface covering elements, which brings the advantages described above.
- a road surface can be made in a simple manner from the road surface covering elements described above. It is advantageous if a group of diagonals of the plateaus is aligned substantially in the direction of travel of the road.
- an inventive pavement can be made without industrial prefabrication on site.
- the molding compound may be, for example, concrete or plastic enriched with a mineral.
- an injection mold for producing a road surface covering element in particular a Fahrbahnbelagelements as described above is provided, wherein the injection mold having a molding surface with mutually parallel first ribs and parallel to each other, the first ribs crossing second ribs, and wherein two adjacent first ribs and two adjacent second ribs define a parallelogram-shaped depression, and the side lengths of the adjacent parallelogram-shaped depressions are at least partially dimensioned differently.
- a stamp for producing a road surface, in particular a road surface as described above, wherein the stamp has a molding surface with mutually parallel first ribs and mutually parallel, the first ribs crossing second ribs, and wherein in each case two adjacent first ribs and two adjacent second ribs define a parallelogram-shaped depression, and the side lengths of the adjacent parallelogram-shaped depressions are at least partially dimensioned differently.
- the texture of a road surface has an immediate effect on its acoustic properties.
- the features of the roadway texture in the millimeter and micrometer range are particularly relevant for the road noise.
- Ripples of the road surface which vary, for example, between 3 mm to 10 mm lead at the same roughness depth to a change in the rolling noise level of cars of 5 dB. With a change in the roughness depth of the road surface of only 0.5 mm, depending on the wavelength at which this occurs, also level differences of up to 5 dB.
- a road surface in the form of a plate-shaped road surface covering element which has a defined surface structure or texture.
- the plate-shaped road surface covering element is diamond-shaped, with an edge length of for example 35 cm and a height of for example 8 mm.
- the upper side of the road surface element is structured by a macrotexture and a microtexture.
- Fig. 2 schematically illustrates the macro texture of the road surface element.
- a plurality of first grooves 1 and the first grooves 1 crossing second grooves 2 are formed, of which the first grooves 1 each extend parallel to each other and the second grooves 2 also parallel to each other.
- two adjacent first grooves 1 and two adjacent second grooves include a quadrangular plateau 3. Over the top of the road surface covering element thus a plurality of such plateaus 3 are distributed.
- plateaus 3 are here quadrilateral, in particular parallelogram-shaped surfaces to be understood, which are separated from each other by grooves 1 and 2 and are provided within a plane next to each other or adjacent to each other in the road surface.
- the side lengths of the plateau 3 are dependent on the distances A and B between the grooves 1, 2.
- the mean side length of the arranged between the first grooves 1 sides of the plateau 3 is a and the mean side length of the arranged between the first grooves 2 sides of the plateau 3 is b .
- the side lengths are preferably randomly distributed over several grooves in the areas a ⁇ ⁇ a and b ⁇ ⁇ b , ie randomized.
- the maximum distance between the first grooves 1 is preferably a + ⁇ a and the minimum distance between the first grooves 1 is preferably a - ⁇ a.
- the maximum distance between the second grooves 2 is b + ⁇ b and the minimum distance between the second grooves 2 is b - ⁇ b.
- the dashed lines in Fig. 2 represent schematically the maximum possible offset of the grooves 1 and 2, so the maximum or minimum extension of a plateau 3, by this randomization of the grooves 1 and 2 periodic and thus tonal rolling noises are avoided.
- the groove spacing is understood to be the orthogonal distance between the respective deepest points of two adjacent grooves. By randomizing the side lengths of the adjacent plateau 3 periodic tonal noise components are avoided when driving on the road surface.
- the grooves 1 and 2 have a maximum width C between 1 mm and 5 mm. Further, the maximum depth Tmax of the grooves 1 and 2 is between 2 mm and 5 mm. Thus, the grip is ensured in the wet state of the road.
- the length D of the diagonal in the direction of travel F preferably varies in a range between 2 and 10 mm.
- diagonal D denotes the distance between two opposite corner points of the parallelogram enclosed by the grooves 1, 2 in the direction of travel.
- the length D of the diagonals of the plateaus 3 need not necessarily vary over the entire range of 2 to 10 mm.
- the effect according to the invention can also be achieved if it varies only over a partial region of this region, ie for example between 4 mm and 7 mm or between 5 and 8 mm.
- the distances A between the first grooves 1 and the distances B between the second grooves 2 can be distributed uniformly over a predetermined distance range in each case.
- the maximum groove pitches Amax and Bmax, the minimum groove pitches Amin and Bmin, respectively, and the mean groove pitches, eg ( Amax + amine) 12 are distributed over the pavement at approximately the same frequency.
- the grooves 1 and 2 are arranged such that the vertical distance of the grooves variation ⁇ a and ⁇ b is a maximum of 20% of the diagonal length D.
- the groove spacing in this case depends on the adjacent groove distances. According to this embodiment, the groove distances are not uniformly distributed but are approximately of a normal distribution.
- Fig. 3 1 schematically shows an enlarged view of a section of a road surface covering element, which illustrates the randomized arrangement of the grooves as well as the randomization of the size of adjacent plateaus 3.
- the distances between the grooves 1 and 2 are each randomly distributed in the relevant area for the noise.
- the plateaus 3 are parallelogram-shaped and lie in the same height in one plane.
- the lengths of the diagonals of the plateaus, which are aligned in the direction of travel F, approximately between 3 and 6 mm and the diagonal in the direction transverse to the direction of travel F vary approximately between 5 and 7 mm.
- Fig. 4 schematically shows the shape of the grooves 1 and 2 according to this embodiment. As in Fig. 4 it can be seen that the edges of the plateaus are not angular but have a rounded shape, resulting in a low vibration excitation and a low air-pumping proportion of a rolling over the grooves tire. Between adjacent plateaus 3, the edge profile is rounded and substantially V-shaped. Fig.
- T (x) indicates the texture depth in m
- Tmax denotes the maximum texture depth in m
- x denotes the position in the x direction in m, where x is parallel to the groove direction (cf. Fig. 2 ).
- the top surface of the pavement facing member is preferably of microtexture in order to provide grip in addition to the macrotexture described above Mistake.
- This microtexture has a randomly distributed wavelength distribution in the range between 10 ⁇ m and 1000 ⁇ m with a maximum texture depth of up to 300 ⁇ m.
- Fig. 5 shows the texture spectrum in the direction of travel F of the road surface in the form of the effective roughness depth Rt as a function of the wavelength ⁇ .
- the wavelength components with a wavelength of more than 12.5 mm, which contribute strongly to the noise in the audible spectrum, are very small. Rather, the majority of the spectral components is distributed between 1 mm and 10 mm.
- Fig. 5 shows that the road surface according to the present embodiment is very quiet.
- Fig. 6 is a representation of the so-called wing curve or Abbot curve. How out Fig. 6 can be seen, the design factor g in the present embodiment is 82%.
- Fig. 7a is a schematic plan view of a section of a road surface covering element according to an alternative embodiment of the first embodiment.
- the distances of the grooves are subject to a predetermined distribution, but they are not randomized over the road surface.
- the distances of the first grooves 1 vary between a minimum distance Amin and a maximum distance Amax.
- the distances of the second grooves 2 vary between a minimum distance Bmin and a maximum distance Bmax.
- the distances amax and bmax are preferably again such that the diagonal length D in the direction of travel is not more than 10 mm, since with a diagonal length D greater than 10 mm, the effect of the noise reduction is achieved only insufficiently.
- the diagonal length D in the direction of travel is dimensioned so that it is at least 2 mm, as a diagonal length D less than 2 mm also leads to a loud rolling noise due to the so-called "air pumping" effect.
- Fig. 7a shown section can be tiled over the entire road surface covering element or the entire roadway repeated (see also Fig. 8 ).
- Amax or Bmax which is for example about 7.0 mm
- the groove spacing of the road surface is gradually increased by a certain amount (eg, about 0.7 mm) to a minimum distance of amine or Bmin from reduced by about 1.4 mm, and then grows again to Amax or Bmax .
- the groove spacing thus follows a sawtooth curve whose peaks are given by Amax, Bmax or amine, Bmin .
- the different groove distances over the distance range Amin to Amax or Bmin to Bmax can be substantially uniform, but such an even distribution is not mandatory.
- the only important thing is that not a type of groove pitch or diagonal length or a type of parallelogram-shaped plateaus so It often happens that there is a dominant excitation at this groove spacing or this diagonal length corresponding frequency.
- Fig. 7b shows that the grooves 1, 2 parallel or at least substantially parallel to each other, wherein the distances between the grooves 1, 2 and the in Fig. 7b not further designated further grooves are different in size and preferably adjacent surface portions, which in Fig. 7b 3a, 3b, 3c, have mutually different surface sizes.
- the surface portions 3 and plateaus have the shape of different sized parallelograms, as well as the shape of polygonal surface portions, all plateaus are defined by the grooves 1, 2 and preferably adjacent plateaus have different sizes.
- the grooves 1 of the first group intersect the grooves 2 of the second group, as described above with reference to FIG Fig. 7a wherein the number of groups is not limited to two groups, especially when the plateaus are defined by polygonal sheets.
- the road surface covering element can advantageously be produced by injection molding.
- an injection molding machine is initially provided, which has an injection unit and an injection mold with a cavity.
- a molding material made of mineral-enriched plastic is plasticized by heating the granular molding compound above the melting temperature of the plastic.
- a granulate of polyamide, which as a mineral, e.g. Magnetite is added, can be used.
- the molten molding compound is injected into the cavity of the injection mold.
- the surface of the cavity determines the shape and surface structure of the finished pavement covering element. Accordingly, a molding surface of the cavity is provided on one side with a structure of intersecting ribs, which corresponds to a negative of the above-described macro- and microstructure of the road surface covering element.
- the injection mold allows a high imaging accuracy in the entire wavelength range of the micro and macrotexture.
- FIG. 12 is a schematic, enlarged cross-sectional view through a forming surface 80 of the cavity of the injection mold.
- the molding surface 80 respectively parallel to each other extending first ribs 81 and these crossing second ribs 82.
- Two first ribs and two second ribs each include a recess 83 which is parallelogram-shaped in plan view.
- the distances between the first ribs 81 and the distances between the second ribs 82 are subject to one of the distributions described above, so that the above-described road surface covering element can be produced with the injection mold.
- a molding surface 84 is arranged, which in Fig.
- This molding surface 84 with which the underside of the road surface covering element is formed, is preferably provided with the same structure as the upper side, that is, with intersecting first and second ribs. Compared with the grooves 1,2 and 3 plateaus on the top so corresponding grooves and plateaus are arranged on the bottom. Thus, it can be prevented that during cooling of the road surface covering element after the injection molding tensions occur by which the finished part warps and bends or becomes wavy.
- the molding compound After injection of the plasticized molding compound into the cavity of the injection mold, the molding compound spreads in the cavity and fills it completely under high pressure. After cooling of the molding compound, the finished road surface covering element is removed from the injection mold.
- Fig. 9 is a photograph of an exemplary thus produced road surface element in which clearly the macrostructure of the top of the road surface element is recognizable.
- Fig. 10 is a photo of the road surface element in Fig. 9 , and in addition to the macrostructure clearly shows the microstructure of the upper side of the road surface covering element.
- the above-described method of manufacturing the roadway covering element described above has the advantage of enabling the industrial prefabrication of roadway elements.
- the road surface elements under clearly defined conditions such as temperature, humidity, micro- and macrostructure by injection mold specified, etc., are manufactured and are not subject to the weather or other influences, which can affect the surface texture in a production of the road surface on site.
- the properties of the manufactured roadway elements are defined and reproducible.
- a plurality of road surface covering elements produced as described above are arranged on a correspondingly prepared substrate.
- the uppermost asphalt layer is removed by milling, whereby a longitudinal groove structure is created in the surface of the substrate and rough unevenness is eliminated.
- the attachment of the road surface elements can be done by simply sticking.
- polyurethane-based adhesives can be used, which are applied to the underside of the road surface covering elements and / or the substrate, after which the road surface covering elements are pressed onto the ground.
- the road surface covering elements are aligned such that the in Fig. 2 and 3 direction shown by the arrow F coincides with the direction of travel. After curing of the adhesive, the low-noise road surface is thus completed.
- the modular nature of the road surface elements offers various advantages.
- the application of the road surface covering elements for designing the roadway can be interrupted and resumed at any time, whereas interrupting the roadway application in conventional road surfaces is much more complex.
- the road surface covering elements may be made of plastic, for example, there is also a greater degree of freedom in terms of coloring and influencing the reflectivity.
- the color of the road surface covering elements by adding corresponding dyes or pigments in the raw material be designed arbitrarily for the molding composition.
- the reflectivity of the road surface elements can be influenced by the incorporation of microspheres made of glass into the molding compound plastic.
- the road surface can be optimally adapted to the ambient conditions.
- Another advantage of the road surface covering elements described above is that they allow a reduction in the thickness of the road surface of several centimeters to a few millimeters.
- FIG. 11 shows graphs of the passbands' frequency spectrums for three different speeds measured on a roadway having a pavement of the pavement pavement elements of the invention.
- FIG. The pass-by noises were recorded at a distance of 7.5 m from the center of the carriageway and 1.2 m above the upper edge of the carriageway.
- Driving tests the test vehicle (Volkswagen Passat) with tires size 195/65 R 15 was equipped. The vehicle was moved without propulsion, ie with the engine switched off and the gearbox disengaged, via the road surface. The driving tests were carried out at the nominal speeds of 50 km / h, 80 km / h, and 120 km / h.
- Fig. 11A shows the measured third octave spectrum for 50 km / h, Fig. 11B for 80 km / h and Fig. 11C for 120 km / h.
- the actual driving speed was determined with a radar gun and registered.
- four sets of tires with different representative tire types were used, namely Michelin Energy, Continental Premium Contact, Vredestein Snowtrac 2 and AVON ZV1.
- the test runs were repeated at least four times for each tire-speed combination.
- the maximum pass-by level and the third-octave spectrum were determined at the time of the maximum pass-by level.
- the third octave spectra represent the result of the regression analysis of the measured data for the nominal speeds 50 km / h, 80 km / h and 120 km / h as averages over all four tires again.
- the A-weighted maximum level is entered at the left edge of the diagrams.
- Fig. 12 For comparison are in Fig. 12 the apex spectra of the maximum A-weighted pass-by levels as averages for a collective of representative 195/65 R15 tires for five different conventional pavements, namely Novachip, Stone Mastic Asphalt 0/8, Stone Mastic Asphalt 0/11, Asphalt Graded 5/8 and Mastic Asphalt Scattering 2/3 shown.
- Fig. 12A the measured third-octave spectra for 50 km / h
- Fig. 12B for 80 km / h
- Fig. 12C for 120 km / h.
- the grit mastic asphalt on which the particle size distribution is based is also 0 - 8 mm (SMA 0/8).
- SMA 0/8 50 km / h: 68.9 dB
- A 80 km / h: 74.9 dB
- A 120 km / h: 80.1 dB
- the pass-by levels achieved with the exemplary embodiment of the road surface described here thus have, on average, the following level differences (rounded) compared to the reference surface: 50 km / h: -2.7 dB (A) 80 km / h: -1.3 dB (A) 120 km / h: -0.1 dB (A)
- the embodiment described above provides an industrially defined reproducible pavement that provides a lower pass-by level than a conventional SMA0 / 8 pavement.
- the road surface is applied in the form of road surface covering elements on the road surface.
- a molding compound to be applied to a substrate is first prepared and plasticized.
- This molding compound may consist of the same material as for the first embodiment explained above.
- the plasticized or heated molding compound is sprayed onto a suitably prepared substrate using a spraying machine.
- an existing asphalt surface can be replaced by the road surface according to the invention; but it is also possible to apply the molding compound on concrete, on an existing asphalt surface or other ground.
- the molding compound of plastic and minerals is placed in an extruder, sprayed out of the extruder through a Hochdruckbreitspritzdüse, and evenly distributed over the road surface to a height of about 8 mm to 12 mm. While the plastic is not fully cured and thus still malleable, the macro and the microstructure are stamped with one or more punches in the top of the plastic.
- the molding surface of the stamp is also provided with a structure of intersecting ribs, which corresponds to a negative of the macrostructure and microstructure of the pavement described above.
- the stamp allows a high imaging accuracy in the entire wavelength range of the micro and macrotexture.
- the punch also has mutually parallel first ribs and mutually parallel, the first ribs intersecting second ribs, wherein each two adjacent first ribs and two adjacent second ribs include a parallelogram in plan view depression.
- the ribs are designed in such a way that by vertical pressing of the stamp on the molding compound a road surface with the above-described macro- or microstructure is achieved.
- a plurality of punches can be provided in succession, wherein the respective behind in the application direction stamp after the embossing process is set in front of the front in the application direction stamp.
- the embossing process can be accelerated because always at least a portion of the roadway is embossed.
- the direct application of the molding compound to the road surface and embossing of the surface structure on site has the advantage, in comparison to the first embodiment, that the industrial prefabrication of the road surface elements is eliminated, which simplifies the logistics necessary for the production of the roadway. So no road surface elements must be prefabricated in sufficient quantity and quality, transported to the site and kept there. Furthermore, it is also possible to tailor the plastic by adding appropriate additives locally on the local conditions and requirements.
- the road surface covering elements according to the first embodiment over a large area, with dimensions of several meters in length, to design and roll up.
- Such roadway rollers can then, after applying a suitable adhesive to the substrate, are easily rolled out, which makes the installation process extremely easy.
- the material for the road surface is not limited to mineral-enriched plastic, but it is also possible to use metal or bituminous, cement or resin-bound minerals.
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Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft Fahrbahndeckschichten für Straßen, im Folgenden als "Fahrbahnbeläge" bezeichnet, sowie Verfahren zum Herstellen derselben. Insbesondere beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Erfindung mit der geometrischen Gestalt von Oberflächen von Fahrbahnbelägen, im Folgenden als "Textur" bezeichnet.The present invention relates to roadway pavements for roads, hereinafter referred to as "pavement pavements", and to methods of manufacturing the same. In particular, the present invention is concerned with the geometric shape of surfaces of road surfaces, hereinafter referred to as "texture".
Als Fahrbahndeckschicht bzw. Fahrbahnbelag wird die oberste Schicht eines Straßenoberbaus bezeichnet. Herkömmliche Fahrbahnbeläge bestehen im Allgemeinen aus einem abgestuften Mineralstoffgemisch, einem Bindemittel, Füller und stabilisierenden Zusätzen wie Polymere oder Gummi. Ein Mineralstoffgemisch enthält Gesteinskörner unterschiedlicher Größe, wobei die unterschiedlichen Kornfraktionen durch Festlegung einer Sieblinie unterschiedlich häufig und damit mit unterschiedlichen Gewichtsanteilen im Mineralstoffgemisch enthalten sind. Die größten Körner, die typischerweise im Mischgut vorkommen, haben Durchmesser von beispielsweise 8, 11, 16 oder 22 mm. Als Bindemittel kommt bei Fahrbahnbelägen aus Asphalt Bitumen, bei Fahrbahnbelägen aus Beton Zement zum Einsatz. Fahrbahnbeläge aus Asphalt werden in der Regel in einer Stärke von 4 cm ausgeführt.The road surface layer or road surface is the uppermost layer of a road surface. Conventional road surfaces generally consist of a graded mineral mixture, a binder, fillers and stabilizing additives such as polymers or rubber. A mineral mixture contains rock grains of different sizes, wherein the different grain fractions are contained by fixing a grading curve with different frequency and thus with different proportions by weight in the mineral mixture. The largest grains which typically occur in the mix have diameters of, for example, 8, 11, 16 or 22 mm. Bituminous asphalt is used as a binding agent for road surfaces made of asphalt, and cement for road surfaces made of concrete. Asphalt road pavements are usually made in a thickness of 4 cm.
An Fahrbahnbeläge werden verschiedene Anforderungen bezüglich ihrer Gebrauchseigenschaften gestellt. Dies sind insbesondere: Geringe Entstehung von Reifen-Fahrbahn-Geräuschen, Griffigkeit im trockenen sowie im nassen Zustand, geringer Rollwiderstand, Verschleißfestigkeit, Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen große Unterschiede der Oberflächentemperatur, sowie Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen chemische Substanzen wie z.B. Öl, Benzin, usw. Diese Eigenschaften werden durch die Eigenschaften der eingesetzten Materialien, wie Mineralstoffe, Zement, Bitumen, künstliche Zusätze wie Gummi oder Polymere, und deren Zusammensetzung, durch die am Bau zur Verfügung stehende Einbautechnik und die aufgebrachte Sorgfalt des Personals sowie Witterungseinflüsse bestimmt.On road surfaces various requirements regarding their performance characteristics are made. These are in particular: Low generation of tire-road noise, grip when dry and when wet, low rolling resistance, wear resistance, resistance to large differences in surface temperature, and resistance to chemical substances such as oil, gasoline, etc. These properties are the properties of the materials used, such as minerals, cement, bitumen, artificial additives such as rubber or polymers, and their composition, by the construction available standing installation technique and the applied care of the staff as well as weather influences.
Die Entstehung von Reifen-Fahrbahn-Geräuschen, Griffigkeit sowie Rollwiderstand hängen wesentlich von den Fahrbahneigenschaften ab. Dabei hat die Textur des Fahrbahnbelags, also die geometrische Feingestalt der Fahrbahnoberfläche, maßgeblichen Anteil. Die Textur des Fahrbahnbelags kann charakterisiert werden durch die Wellenlänge von Periodizitäten in seiner horizontalen Ausdehnung, die vertikale Amplitude solcher Periodizitäten, also die Rauheitstiefe, und den Gestaltfaktor, siehe zum Beispiel DE 3 575 C.The emergence of tire-road noise, grip and rolling resistance depend significantly on the road characteristics. Here, the texture of the road surface, so the geometric shape of the road surface, a significant proportion. The texture of the road surface can be characterized by the wavelength of periodicities in its horizontal extent, the vertical amplitude of such periodicities, ie the roughness depth, and the shape factor, see for
Die Textur der Fahrbahnoberfläche hängt stark von Art, Beschaffenheit und Zusammensetzung der verwendeten Baustoffe und des Herstellungsverfahrens ab. Die die Rauheit des Fahrbahnbelags bestimmenden Elemente haben unterschiedliche Formen, Größen und Abstände zueinander, die im wesentlichen von der Größe der Gesteinskörner, die im Mischgut verarbeitet sind, und von der Art und Weise, wie der Fahrbahnbelag eingebaut wird, bestimmt sind. Die Textur ist gekennzeichnet durch die Abstände und Tiefen der sich abwechselnden Erhebungen und Vertiefungen in der Fahrbahnoberfläche.
Fahrbahntexturen weisen eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Rauheitswellenlängen und Rauheitstiefen auf. Ferner kann die Gestalt der Textur unterschiedlich ausfallen. Je nach Herstellungsverfahren, also je nachdem ob die Oberfläche zur Herstellung der Griffigkeit abgestreut oder ob sie gewalzt wird, entstehen plateauartige Oberflächen mit engmaschigen Vertiefungen oder Erhebungen, die sich mit dazwischen liegenden Vertiefungen abwechseln. Ein Maß für die Gestalt einer Fahrbahnoberflächentextur ist der so genannte Gestaltfaktor g, der anhand von gemessenen Rauhigkeitsprofilen bestimmt werden kann. Diese Merkmale der Fahrbahntextur haben einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Entstehung des Reifen-Fahrbahn-Geräusches.Lane textures have a variety of different roughness wavelengths and roughness depths. Furthermore, the shape of the texture may be different. Depending on the manufacturing process, ie depending on whether the surface is scattered to produce the grip or whether it is rolled, resulting plateau-like surfaces with close-meshed depressions or elevations, which alternate with intervening depressions. A measure of the figure A road surface texture is the so-called shape factor g, which can be determined from measured roughness profiles. These characteristics of the road texture have a significant influence on the formation of the tire-road noise.
Die akustischen Eigenschaften eines Fahrbahnbelages reagieren also sehr empfindlich auf Unterschiede der Oberflächentextur. Werden Materialien, Materialzusammensetzung und Herstellungsprozesse nicht ausreichend kontrolliert und kann der nicht unerhebliche Materialfluss sowie der Einbauvorgang auf der Baustelle während der Herstellung des Fahrbahnbelages nicht gleichmäßig und ununterbrochen bewerkstelligt werden, so kommt es zu Inhomogenitäten und Unregelmäßigkeiten in der Oberflächenstruktur. Die aufgrund der gewählten Bauweise zu erwartende Rollgeräuschminderung kann somit, je nach den vorhandenen Bedingungen, häufig nicht erreicht werden.The acoustic properties of a road surface thus react very sensitively to differences in the surface texture. If materials, material composition and manufacturing processes are not adequately controlled and the not inconsiderable material flow and the installation process on the construction site during the production of the road surface can not be smoothly and uninterrupted, inhomogeneities and irregularities in the surface structure occur. The expected due to the selected design rolling noise reduction can thus, depending on the existing conditions, often can not be achieved.
Asphalt- und Betonfahrbahnbeläge unterscheiden sich in der Handhabbarkeit der akustischen Qualität deutlich. Zementgebundene Fahrbahnbeläge müssen aufgrund eines unvermeidbaren Mörtelfilms auf der Oberfläche unmittelbar nach der Verdichtung behandelt werden, um den glatten Mörtelfilm aufzubrechen und die Griffigkeit sicherzustellen. Diese Oberflächenbehandlung hat jedoch auch deutliche Konsequenzen für die akustischen Eigenschaften. Die Oberflächenbehandlung geschieht entweder durch mechanische Bearbeitung der Oberfläche typischerweise durch Abziehen mit groben, angenässten Säcken, z.B. aus Jutetuch, mit Kunstrasenmaterial oder Besen, oder durch Abbürsten des oberflächlichen Mörtelfilms und Freilegen der oberflächlichen Gesteinskörner nach Abbinden des Straßenbetons, wodurch eine Waschbetonoberfläche entsteht. Um eine hohe akustische Qualität zu gewährleisten, muss also im herkömmlichen Straßenbau ein hoher Aufwand bei Maschinen- und Einbautechnik getrieben werden.Asphalt and concrete pavement surfaces differ significantly in the handling of the acoustic quality. Cementitious pavement surfaces must be treated with an unavoidable mortar film on the surface immediately after compaction to break up the smooth mortar film and ensure grip. However, this surface treatment also has significant consequences for the acoustic properties. The surface treatment is done either by machining the surface typically by peeling off with coarse, wet sacks, e.g. from jute cloth, artificial grass material or broom, or by brushing off the superficial mortar film and exposing the superficial aggregates after setting of the road concrete, creating a washed concrete surface. In order to ensure a high acoustic quality, so in conventional road construction, a high expenditure on machinery and installation technology must be driven.
Aufgrund des erheblichen Zeit- und Kostendrucks im Straßenbau besteht somit ein Bedarf für einen Fahrbahnbelag, mit welchem gute akustische Eigenschaften verlässlich erzielt werden können, und es ist eine Aufgabe der Erfindung, einen solchen Fahrbahnbelag bereitzustellen. Durch andere Aspekte der Erfindung wird ein Fahrbahnbelag bereitgestellt, welcher auch anderweitig vorteilhafte Gebrauchseigenschaften aufweist, also Griffigkeit im trockenen sowie im nassen Zustand, Rollwiderstand, Verschleißfestigkeit und Widerstandsfähigkeit.Due to the considerable time and cost pressure in road construction is thus a need for a pavement, with which good acoustic properties can be reliably achieved, and it is an object of the invention to provide such a pavement. By other aspects of the invention, a road surface is provided, which also has otherwise advantageous performance properties, ie grip in the dry and wet state, rolling resistance, wear resistance and resistance.
Die oben genannte Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch die Merkmale vom Anspruch 1 gelöst,The above object is achieved by the features of
Gemäß einer Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Fahrbahnbelages ist vorgesehen, dass dessen Oberseite etwa parallel zueinander verlaufende Rillen einer ersten Gruppe und etwa parallel zueinander verlaufende, die Rillen der ersten Gruppe schneidende Rillen einer zweiten Gruppe aufweist, wobei jeweils zwei benachbarte Rillen der ersten Gruppe und zwei benachbarte Rillen der zweiten Gruppe ein etwa parallelogrammförmiges Plateau festlegen, und die Seitenlängen benachbarter etwa parallelogrammförmiger Plateaus zumindest teilweise unterschiedlich dimensioniert sind.According to one embodiment of the road surface according to the invention it is provided that the upper side has approximately parallel grooves of a first group and approximately mutually parallel, the grooves of the first group intersecting grooves of a second group, wherein each two adjacent grooves of the first group and two adjacent grooves define the second group an approximately parallelogram-shaped plateau, and the side lengths of adjacent approximately parallelogrammiform plateaus are dimensioned at least partially different.
Die der Erfindung zugrunde liegende Idee ist es, in der Fahrbahnoberfläche ein Rillenmuster vorzusehen, in dem der Rillenabstand zwischen einem Mindestabstand und einem Höchstabstand variiert wird. Die Rillenabstände sind somit im für die Geräuschentwicklung relevanten Wellenlängenbereich nicht periodisch, so dass eine Schwingungsanregung im entsprechenden Wellenlängenbereich weitgehend unterdrückt wird. Somit wird eine Geräuschminderung erzielt.The idea underlying the invention is to provide a groove pattern in the road surface in which the groove spacing between a minimum distance and a maximum distance is varied. The groove distances are thus not periodic in the wavelength range relevant to the noise, so that a vibration excitation in the corresponding wavelength range is largely suppressed. Thus, a noise reduction is achieved.
Die Abstände von ersten Rillen und die Abstände von zweiten Rillen können jeweils zwischen einem minimalen Rillenabstand und einem maximalen Rillenabstand verteilt sein. "Zwischen einem minimalen Rillenabstand und einem maximalen Rillenabstand verteilt" bedeutet hierbei, dass die Abstände zwischen den Rillen entlang dem Fahrbahnbelag mehrere, z.B. mindestens 5 oder mindestens 7, unterschiedliche Werte - einschließlich dem minimalen und dem maximalen Rillenabstand - annehmen, wobei jeder dieser Abstandswerte mit einer bestimmten Häufigkeit auftritt.The distances of first grooves and the distances of second grooves may each be distributed between a minimum groove pitch and a maximum groove pitch. "Distributed between a minimum groove spacing and a maximum groove spacing" here means that the distances between the grooves along the road surface are several, e.g. assume at least 5 or at least 7, different values - including the minimum and the maximum groove spacing - each of which occurs at a certain frequency.
Die Abstände zwischen den ersten Rillen und die Abstände zwischen den zweiten Rillen können einer Zufallsverteilung unterliegen, also randomisiert sein. Somit kann die Nicht-Periodizität der Rillenabstände sichergestellt werden. Ferner können die Abstände zwischen den ersten Rillen und die Abstände zwischen den zweiten Rillen jeweils zwischen dem minimalen Rillenabstand und dem maximalen Rillenabstand gleichverteilt sein.The distances between the first grooves and the distances between the second grooves may be subject to a random distribution, so be randomized. Thus, the non-periodicity of the groove pitches can be ensured. Further, the distances between the first grooves and the distances between the second grooves may be equally distributed between the minimum groove pitch and the maximum groove pitch, respectively.
Der minimalen Rillenabstand kann beispielsweise mindestens 1 mm und der maximale Rillenabstand kann beispielsweise höchstens 5 mm betragen. Bei einem Schnittwinkel von 60° zwischen den ersten und den zweiten Rillen entspricht dies einer Diagonallänge der Diagonalen der parallelogrammförmigen Plateaus von mindestens 2 mm und höchstens 10 mm. Dieser Bereich ist besonders relevant für die Geräuschentwicklung, so dass eine Verteilung der Rillenabstände über diesen Bereich zu einer Geräuschminderung führt.For example, the minimum groove pitch may be at least 1 mm, and the maximum groove pitch may be at most 5 mm. At an angle of intersection of 60 ° between the first and second grooves, this corresponds to a diagonal length of the diagonal of the parallelogram-shaped plateaus of at least 2 mm and at most 10 mm. This area is particularly relevant to the noise, so that a distribution of the groove distances over this area leads to a reduction in noise.
Die ersten Rillen und die zweiten Rillen können einen ersten Winkel α und einen zweiten Winkel β einschließen, für die gilt:
- 60° ≤ α ≤ 180° und
- 0° ≤ β ≤ 120°.
- 60 ° ≤ α ≤ 180 ° and
- 0 ° ≤ β ≤ 120 °.
Die maximale Breite der Rillen an der Oberseite kann 1 mm bis 5 mm betragen. Ferner kann die maximale Tiefe der Rillen 2 mm bis 10 mm betragen. Somit kann ein besonders vorteilhaftes Geräuschverhalten erzielt werden.The maximum width of the grooves on the top can be 1 mm to 5 mm. Further, the maximum depth of the grooves may be 2 mm to 10 mm. Thus, a particularly advantageous noise behavior can be achieved.
Die parallelogrammförmigen Plateaus sind vorzugsweise höhengleich in einer Ebene angeordnet, allerdings kann die Oberfläche der Plateaus eine Mikrostruktur aufweisen mit einer zufällig verteilten Wellenlängenverteilung im Bereich zwischen 10 µm und 1000 µm und einer maximalen Texturtiefe bzw. Rauhigkeitstiefe von bis zu 300 µm.The parallelogram-shaped plateaus are preferably arranged in the same height in a plane, however, the surface of the plateaus may have a microstructure with a randomly distributed wavelength distribution in the range between 10 .mu.m and 1000 .mu.m and a maximum texture depth or roughness depth of up to 300 microns.
Die die Plateaus begrenzenden Kanten der Rillen können abgerundet sein. Ferner könne die Rillen eine im Wesentlichen V-förmige Querschnittsform aufweisen.The edges of the grooves bordering the plateaus may be rounded. Furthermore, the grooves could have a substantially V-shaped cross-sectional shape.
Der Fahrbahnbelag kann beispielsweise aus mit Mineralstoff angereichertem Kunststoff gefertigt sein. Als Kunststoff ist beispielsweise Polyamid geeignet und als Mineralstoff ist beispielsweise Magnetit geeignet.The road surface can, for example, be made of mineral-enriched plastic. As a plastic, for example, polyamide is suitable and, for example, magnetite is suitable as a mineral.
Der Fahrbahnbelag kann als plattenförmiges Fahrbahnbelagelement oder Bahnenware ausgebildet sein. Dies ermöglicht eine industrielle Vorfertigung des Fahrbahnbelages, die in definierter Umgebung mit definierten Prozessen auf Basis eines definierten Entwurfes des Fahrbahnbelages stattfindet. Durch die Vorfertigung wird die Reproduzierbarkeit und damit eine einheitliche Qualität des Fahrbahnbelages realisiert. Die Präfabrikation lässt ferner die Anwendung automatisierter Qualitätssicherungssysteme und eine Lieferung des Fahrbahnbelages mit den definierten Eigenschaften zu.The road surface may be formed as a plate-shaped road surface covering element or web goods. This allows industrial prefabrication of the road surface, which takes place in a defined environment with defined processes based on a defined design of the road surface. The prefabrication realizes the reproducibility and thus a uniform quality of the road surface. The prefabrication also allows the use of automated quality assurance systems and delivery of the road surface with the defined characteristics.
Das Fahrbahnbelagelement kann rautenförmig sein, wobei jeweils zwei Seitenkanten des Fahrbahnbelagelements parallel zu den ersten Rillen bzw. den zweiten Rillen verlaufen. Somit setzen im verlegten Zustand Fugen zwischen den Fahrbahnbelagelementen das Rillenmuster fort und beeinflussen das akustische Verhalten nicht. An den Seitenkanten des Fahrbahnbelagelements kann jeweils eine halbe Rille vorgesehen sein. Beim Aneinanderfügen der Fahrbahnbelagelemente entstehen somit an der Stelle der Fugen Rillen, welche somit das Rillenmuster entlang der Oberfläche fortsetzen, so dass eine akustische Beeinflussung durch Fugen vermieden werden kann.The road surface covering element may be diamond-shaped, wherein in each case two side edges of the road surface covering element run parallel to the first grooves or the second grooves. Thus, in the installed state joints between the road surface covering elements continue the groove pattern and affect the acoustic Do not behave At the side edges of the road surface covering element can be provided in each case half a groove. When joining the road surface covering elements thus arise at the location of the joints grooves, which thus continue the groove pattern along the surface, so that an acoustic interference can be avoided by joints.
Ein Verfahren zum Herstellen eines solchen Fahrbahnbelagelements umfasst das Spritzgießen des Fahrbahnbelagelements mit einem Spritzgießwerkzeug, welches eine Formfläche mit parallel zueinander verlaufenden ersten Rippen und parallel zueinander verlaufenden, die ersten Rippen kreuzenden zweiten Rippen aufweist, wobei jeweils zwei benachbarte erste Rippen und zwei benachbarte zweite Rippen eine parallelogrammförmige Vertiefung festlegen, und die Seitenlängen der benachbarten parallelogrammförmigen Vertiefungen zumindest teilweise unterschiedlich dimensioniert sind.A method for producing such a road surface covering element comprises the injection molding of the road surface covering element with an injection mold, which has a molding surface with mutually parallel first ribs and parallel to each other, the first ribs crossing second ribs, wherein each two adjacent first ribs and two adjacent second ribs a Set parallelogram-shaped recess, and the side lengths of the adjacent parallelogram-shaped depressions are at least partially different dimensions.
Dieses Verfahren ermöglicht die industrielle Vorfertigung von Fahrbahnbelagelementen, was die oben beschriebenen Vorteile bringt.This method allows the industrial prefabrication of road surface covering elements, which brings the advantages described above.
Eine erfindungsgemäße Fahrbahn kann mit den folgenden Schritten hergestellt werden:
- Herstellen mindestens eines Fahrbahnbelagelements mit dem oben beschriebenen Verfahren; und
- Aufkleben des mindestens einen Fahrbahnbelagelements auf einen Fahrbahnuntergrund.
- Producing at least one road surface covering element with the method described above; and
- Sticking the at least one road surface covering element on a road surface.
Somit kann ein Fahrbahnbelag in einfacher Weise aus den oben beschriebenen Fahrbahnbelagelementen gefertigt werden. Dabei ist es vorteilhaft, wenn eine Gruppe von Diagonalen der Plateaus im Wesentlichen in Fahrtrichtung der Fahrbahn ausgerichtet ist.Thus, a road surface can be made in a simple manner from the road surface covering elements described above. It is advantageous if a group of diagonals of the plateaus is aligned substantially in the direction of travel of the road.
Ein weiteres Verfahren zum Herstellen des oben beschriebenen Fahrbahnbelags weist Folgende Schritte auf:
- Aufbringen einer Formmasse auf einen Fahrbahnuntergrund; und
- Prägen der aufgebrachten Formmasse mit einem Prägestempel, welcher eine Formfläche mit parallel zueinander verlaufenden ersten Rippen und parallel zueinander verlaufenden, die ersten Rippen kreuzenden zweiten Rippen aufweist, wobei jeweils zwei benachbarte erste Rippen und zwei benachbarte zweite Rippen eine parallelogrammförmige Vertiefung festlegen, und die Seitenlängen von benachbarten parallelogrammförmigen Vertiefungen zumindest teilweise unterschiedlich dimensioniert sind.
- Applying a molding compound to a road surface; and
- Embossing of the applied molding compound with an embossing punch, which has a molding surface with mutually parallel first ribs and mutually parallel, the first ribs crossing second ribs, wherein each two adjacent first ribs and two adjacent second ribs define a parallelogram-shaped depression, and the side lengths of adjacent parallelogram-shaped depressions are dimensioned at least partially different.
Somit kann ein erfindungsgemäßer Fahrbahnbelag ohne industrielle Vorfertigung vor Ort hergestellt werden.Thus, an inventive pavement can be made without industrial prefabrication on site.
Die Formmasse kann beispielsweise Beton oder ein mit einem Mineralstoff angereichter Kunststoff sein.The molding compound may be, for example, concrete or plastic enriched with a mineral.
Ferner wird ein Spritzgießwerkzeug zum Herstellen eines Fahrbahnbelagelements, insbesondere eines Fahrbahnbelagelements wie oben beschrieben bereitgestellt, wobei das Spritzgießwerkzeug welches eine Formfläche mit parallel zueinander verlaufenden ersten Rippen und parallel zueinander verlaufenden, die ersten Rippen kreuzenden zweiten Rippen aufweist, und wobei jeweils zwei benachbarte erste Rippen und zwei benachbarte zweite Rippen eine parallelogrammförmige Vertiefung festlegen, und die Seitenlängen der benachbarten parallelogrammförmigen Vertiefungen zumindest teilweise unterschiedlich dimensioniert sind.Furthermore, an injection mold for producing a road surface covering element, in particular a Fahrbahnbelagelements as described above is provided, wherein the injection mold having a molding surface with mutually parallel first ribs and parallel to each other, the first ribs crossing second ribs, and wherein two adjacent first ribs and two adjacent second ribs define a parallelogram-shaped depression, and the side lengths of the adjacent parallelogram-shaped depressions are at least partially dimensioned differently.
Weiterhin wird ein Stempel zum Herstellen eines Fahrbahnbelags, insbesondere eines Fahrbahnbelags wie oben beschrieben bereitgestellt, wobei der Stempel eine Formfläche mit parallel zueinander verlaufenden ersten Rippen und parallel zueinander verlaufenden, die ersten Rippen kreuzenden zweiten Rippen aufweist, und wobei jeweils zwei benachbarte erste Rippen und zwei benachbarte zweite Rippen eine parallelogrammförmige Vertiefung festlegen, und die Seitenlängen der benachbarten parallelogrammförmigen Vertiefungen zumindest teilweise unterschiedlich dimensioniert sind.Furthermore, a stamp is provided for producing a road surface, in particular a road surface as described above, wherein the stamp has a molding surface with mutually parallel first ribs and mutually parallel, the first ribs crossing second ribs, and wherein in each case two adjacent first ribs and two adjacent second ribs define a parallelogram-shaped depression, and the side lengths of the adjacent parallelogram-shaped depressions are at least partially dimensioned differently.
Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand der in den schematischen Figuren der Zeichnungen angegebenen Ausführungsbeispiele näher erläutert. Es zeigt dabei:
- Fig. 1
- eine dreidimensionale Darstellung der Textur (obere Reihe) und Fotografien (untere Reihe) der Oberflächen von Splittmastixasphalt (
Fig. 1A ), Asphaltbeton (Fig. 1B ), Waschbeton (Fig. 1C ), und offenporigem Asphalt (Fig. 1D ), - Fig. 2
- eine schematische Darstellung der Makrotextur des Fahrbahnbelagelements,
- Fig. 3
- eine vergrößerte Darstellung eines Ausschnitts des Fahrbahnbelagelements, welche die randomisierte Anordnung der Rillen illustriert,
- Fig. 4
- ein Diagramm, welches schematisch die
Form der Rillen 1 und 2 gemäß einem erfindungsgemäßen Ausführungsbeispiel darstellt, - Fig. 5
- einen Graphen des Texturspektrums eines erfindungsgemäßen Fahrbahnbelags in Fahrtrichtung F in Form der effektiven Rauhigkeitstiefe Rt in Abhängigkeit von der Wellenlänge λ,
- Fig. 6
- einen Graphen der so genannten Tragflächenkurve bzw. Abbot-Kurve des erfindungsgemäßen Fahrbahnbelags,
- Fig. 7a
- eine schematische Draufsicht auf einen Ausschnitt eines Fahrbahnbelagelements gemäß eines alternativen Ausführungsbeispiels der ersten Ausführungsform,
- Fig. 7b
- eine schematische Draufsicht auf einen Ausschnitt eines Fahrbahnbelagelements gemäß einer weiteren Abwandlung der ersten Ausführungsform,
- Fig. 8
- eine schematische, vergrößerte Querschnittsansicht durch eine Formfläche des Hohlraums eines Spritzgießwerkzeugs zum Herstellen eines erfindungsgemäßen Fahrbahnbelags,
- Fig. 9
- eine Fotographie eines Fahrbahnbelagelements gemäß einem erfindungsgemäßen Ausführungsbeispiel,
- Fig. 10
- eine Fotographie eines Fahrbahnbelagelements gemäß einem erfindungsgemäßen Ausführungsbeispiel,
- Fig. 11
- Graphen der Frequenzspektren der Vorbeifahrgeräusche für drei verschiedene Geschwindigkeiten, welche auf einer Fahrbahn mit einem Fahrbahnbelag aus den erfindungsgemäßen Fahrbahnbelagelementen gemessen wurden,
- Fig. 12
- Graphen der Frequenzspektren der Vorbeifahrgeräusche für drei verschiedene Geschwindigkeiten, welche auf einer Fahrbahn mit einem Fahrbahnbelag aus den erfindungsgemäßen Fahrbahnbelagelementen gemessen wurden im Vergleich mit vier verschiedenen herkömmlichen Fahrbahnbelägen.
- Fig. 1
- a three-dimensional representation of the texture (top row) and photographs (bottom row) of the surfaces of stone mastic asphalt (
Fig. 1A ), Asphaltic concrete (Fig. 1B ), Washed concrete (Fig. 1C ), and open-pored asphalt (Fig. 1D ) - Fig. 2
- a schematic representation of the macrotexture of the road surface element,
- Fig. 3
- an enlarged view of a section of the road surface covering element illustrating the randomized arrangement of the grooves,
- Fig. 4
- a diagram which schematically illustrates the shape of the
1 and 2 according to an embodiment of the invention,grooves - Fig. 5
- a graph of the texture spectrum of a road surface according to the invention in the direction of travel F in the form of the effective roughness depth Rt as a function of the wavelength λ ,
- Fig. 6
- a graph of the so-called wing curve or Abbot curve of the road surface according to the invention,
- Fig. 7a
- FIG. 2 is a schematic plan view of a section of a road surface covering element according to an alternative embodiment of the first embodiment, FIG.
- Fig. 7b
- a schematic plan view of a section of a road surface covering element according to a further modification of the first embodiment,
- Fig. 8
- a schematic, enlarged cross-sectional view through a molding surface of the cavity of an injection mold for producing a pavement according to the invention,
- Fig. 9
- a photograph of a road surface covering element according to an embodiment of the invention,
- Fig. 10
- a photograph of a road surface covering element according to an embodiment of the invention,
- Fig. 11
- Graphs of the frequency spectrums of the pass-by noises for three different speeds which were measured on a roadway with a road surface from the road surface covering elements according to the invention,
- Fig. 12
- Graphs of the frequency spectra of pass-by noise for three different speeds, which were measured on a roadway with a road surface of the road surface covering elements according to the invention in comparison with four different conventional road surfaces.
Wie bereits oben ausgeführt hat die Textur eines Fahrbahnbelags unmittelbare Auswirkungen auf seine akustischen Eigenschaften. So führen plateauartige Oberflächenstrukturen, die bei heiß gewalzten Fahrbahnbelägen wie Splittmastixasphalt oder Asphaltbeton entstehen, bei gleichem Größtkorndurchmesser des Mineralstoffgemischs im allgemeinen zu 3 dB bis 5 dB geringeren Rollgeräuschpegeln von Pkw als gebirgige Strukturen, wie sie durch Abstreuungen z.B. bei Gussasphaltbelägen entstehen. Ferner hat sich gezeigt, dass die Merkmale der Fahrbahntextur im Millimeter- und Mikrometerbereich besonders relevant für das Fahrbahngeräusch sind.As already stated above, the texture of a road surface has an immediate effect on its acoustic properties. So lead plateau-like surface structures that arise in hot rolled road surfaces such as stone mastic asphalt or asphalt concrete, with the same largest grain diameter of the mineral mixture in general to 3 dB to 5 dB lower rolling noise levels of cars than mountainous structures, as caused by discrepancies eg in mastic asphalt. Furthermore, it has been found that the features of the roadway texture in the millimeter and micrometer range are particularly relevant for the road noise.
Welligkeiten der Fahrbahnoberfläche, die beispielsweise zwischen 3 mm bis 10 mm variieren führen bei gleicher Rauhigkeitstiefe zu einer Veränderung des Rollgeräuschpegels von Pkw von 5 dB. Bei einer Änderung der Rauhigkeitstiefe der Fahrbahnoberfläche von nur 0,5 mm, ergeben sich je nach Wellenlänge, bei der dies auftritt, ebenfalls Pegelunterschiede von bis zu 5 dB.Ripples of the road surface, which vary, for example, between 3 mm to 10 mm lead at the same roughness depth to a change in the rolling noise level of cars of 5 dB. With a change in the roughness depth of the road surface of only 0.5 mm, depending on the wavelength at which this occurs, also level differences of up to 5 dB.
Gemäß einer ersten Ausführungsform, wird ein Fahrbahnbelag in Form eines plattenförmigen Fahrbahnbelagelements bereitgestellt, das eine definierte Oberflächenstruktur bzw. Textur aufweist. Das plattenförmige Fahrbahnbelagelement ist rautenförmig ausgebildet, mit einer Kantenlänge von beispielsweise 35 cm und einer Höhe von beispielsweise 8 mm.According to a first embodiment, a road surface in the form of a plate-shaped road surface covering element is provided, which has a defined surface structure or texture. The plate-shaped road surface covering element is diamond-shaped, with an edge length of for example 35 cm and a height of for example 8 mm.
Die Oberseite des Fahrbahnbelagelements ist durch eine Makrotextur und eine Mikrotextur strukturiert.
Jedes dieser Plateaus 3 ist durch den Abstand der Rillen 1 und 2 sowie durch den Schnittwinkel der Rillen 1, 2 gekennzeichnet. Die Rillen 1 und 2 schneiden einander mit dem Winkel α. Für die in
- 60° ≤ α, γ ≤ 180°
- 0 ≤ β, δ ≤ 120°
- α+δ= 180°
- β+γ= 180°
- 60 ° ≤ α, γ ≤ 180 °
- 0 ≤ β, δ ≤ 120 °
- α + δ = 180 °
- β + γ = 180 °
Die Seitenlängen des Plateaus 3 sind abhängig von den Abständen A und B zwischen den Rillen 1, 2. Die mittlere Seitenlänge der zwischen den ersten Rillen 1 angeordneten Seiten des Plateaus 3 beträgt a und die mittlere Seitenlänge der zwischen den ersten Rillen 2 angeordneten Seiten des Plateaus 3 beträgt b.The side lengths of the
Die Seitenlängen sind vorzugsweise über mehrere Rillen hinweg in den Bereichen a ± Δa und b ± Δb zufällig verteilt, d.h. randomisiert. Der maximale Abstand zwischen den ersten Rillen 1 beträgt vorzugsweise a + Δa und der minimale Abstand zwischen den ersten Rillen 1 beträgt vorzugsweise a - Δa. Der maximale Abstand zwischen den zweiten Rillen 2 beträgt b + Δb und der minimale Abstand zwischen den zweiten Rillen 2 beträgt b - Δb. Die gestrichelten Linien in
Die Rillen 1 und 2 weisen eine maximale Breite C zwischen 1 mm und 5 mm auf. Ferner beträgt die maximale Tiefe Tmax der Rillen 1 und 2 zwischen 2 mm und 5 mm. Somit wird die Griffigkeit im nassen Zustand der Fahrbahn gewährleistet.The
Die Länge D der Diagonalen in Fahrtrichtung F variiert vorzugsweise in einem Bereich zwischen 2 und 10 mm. Hierbei bezeichnet "Diagonale D" den Abstand zwischen zwei gegenüberliegenden Eckpunkten des durch die Rillen 1, 2 eingeschlossenen Parallelogramms in Fahrtrichtung. Die Länge D der Diagonalen der Plateaus 3 muss nicht notwendigerweise über den gesamten Bereich von 2 bis 10 mm variieren. Der erfindungsgemäße Effekt kann auch erzielt werden, wenn sie lediglich über einen Teilbereich dieses Bereiches, also z.B. zwischen 4 mm und 7 mm oder zwischen 5 und 8 mm variiert.The length D of the diagonal in the direction of travel F preferably varies in a range between 2 and 10 mm. Here, "diagonal D " denotes the distance between two opposite corner points of the parallelogram enclosed by the
In einer Ausgestaltung können die Abstände A zwischen den ersten Rillen 1 und die Abstände B zwischen den zweiten Rillen 2 jeweils über einen vorbestimmten Abstandsbereich gleichverteilt sein. Mit anderen Worten, die maximalen Rillenabstände Amax bzw. Bmax, die minimalen Rillenabstände Amin bzw. Bmin und die mittlere Rillenabstände, z.B. (Amax + Amin)l2, sind mit jeweils ungefähr derselben Häufigkeit über den Fahrbahnbelag verteilt. Die genauen Rillenabstände hängen dabei vom Schnittwinkel zwischen den ersten und zweiten Rillen ab. Falls die Länge der Diagonalen D in Fahrtrichtung F zwischen 2 und 10 mm variiert, dann beträgt Amin = 1 mm und Amax= 5 mm, bei einem Schnittwinkel von α = 60°.In one embodiment, the distances A between the
In einer anderen Ausgestaltung sind die Rillen 1 und 2 derart angeordnet, dass die senkrechte Abstandsvariation der Rillen Δa bzw. Δb maximal 20 % der Diagonalenlänge D beträgt. Der Rillenabstand hängt in diesem Fall jeweils von den benachbarten Rillenabständen ab. Gemäß dieser Ausgestaltung sind die Rillenabstände nicht gleichverteilt sondern unterliegen näherungsweise einer Normalverteilung.In another embodiment, the
In Gleichung 1 gibt T(x) die Texturtiefe in m an, Tmax bezeichnet die maximale Texturtiefe in m und x bezeichnet die Position in x-Richtung in m, wobei x parallel zur Rillenrichtung verläuft (vgl.
Die Oberseite des Fahrbahnbelagelements ist zur Gewährleistung der Griffigkeit neben der oben beschriebenen Makrotextur vorzugsweise mit einer Mikrotextur versehen. Diese Mikrotextur weist eine zufällig verteilte Wellenlängenverteilung im Bereich zwischen 10 µm und 1000 µm bei einer maximalen Texturtiefe von bis zu 300 µm auf.The top surface of the pavement facing member is preferably of microtexture in order to provide grip in addition to the macrotexture described above Mistake. This microtexture has a randomly distributed wavelength distribution in the range between 10 μm and 1000 μm with a maximum texture depth of up to 300 μm.
Der in
Im dargestellten Beispiel ist eine vorgegebene Anzahl verschiedener Rillenabstände gegeben, nämlich neun, mit den Werten 1,4 mm, 2,1 mm ... 6,3 mm, 7 mm. Über diesen Abstandsbereich sind die Rillenabstände im Wesentlichen gleichverteilt, d.h. nahezu jeder dieser Rillenabstände tritt mit ungefähr derselben Häufigkeit auf. Streng genommen liegt eine Gleichverteilung der Rillenabstände in x-Richtung und in y-Richtung im Bereich 1,4 mm bis 6,3 mm vor, da die Maximalabstände von 7 mm in dem in
Zur Erreichung einer Geräuschminderung können zwischen 4 bis 20, insbesondere 7 bis 15, verschiedene Rillenabstände vorgesehen sein und in der in
Zur Erreichung einer Geräuschminderung können die unterschiedlichen Rillenabstände über den Abstandsbereich Amin bis Amax bzw. Bmin bis Bmax im Wesentlichen gleichverteilt sein, allerdings ist eine solche Gleichverteilung nicht zwingend. Wichtig ist lediglich, dass nicht ein Typ von Rillenabständen oder Diagonallängen bzw. nicht ein Typ von parallelogrammförmigen Plateaus so häufig auftritt, dass es zu einer dominierenden Anregung bei der diesem Rillenabstand bzw. diese Diagonallänge entsprechenden Frequenz kommt.In order to achieve a noise reduction, the different groove distances over the distance range Amin to Amax or Bmin to Bmax can be substantially uniform, but such an even distribution is not mandatory. The only important thing is that not a type of groove pitch or diagonal length or a type of parallelogram-shaped plateaus so It often happens that there is a dominant excitation at this groove spacing or this diagonal length corresponding frequency.
Aus der Teildarstellung nach
Grundsätzlich ist zu beachten, dass unter "Flächenabschnitten" Plateaus zu verstehen sind, die voneinander durch die Rillen 1, 2 getrennt sind.Basically, it should be noted that by "surface sections" plateaus are to be understood, which are separated from each other by the
Grundsätzlich können gemäß vorliegender Erfindung die Flächenabschnitte 3 bzw. Plateaus die Form unterschiedlich großer Parallelogramme aufweisen, ebenso wie die Form von mehreckigen Flächenabschnitten, wobei alle Plateaus durch die Rillen 1, 2 definiert sind und vorzugsweise benachbarte Plateaus unterschiedliche Größe aufweisen.Basically, according to the present invention, the
Bevorzugterweise schneiden sich die Rillen 1 der ersten Gruppe die Rillen 2 der zweiten Gruppe, wie dies vorstehend unter Bezugnahme auf
Im Folgenden wird ein Verfahren zur Herstellung des oben beschriebenen Fahrbahnbelagelements beschrieben. Das Fahrbahnbelagelement kann vorteilhaft durch Spritzgießtechnik hergestellt werden. Hierzu wird zunächst eine Spritzgießmaschine bereitgestellt, welche eine Spritzeinheit und ein Spritzgießwerkzeug mit einem Hohlraum aufweist. In der Spritzeinheit wird eine Formmasse aus mit Mineralstoff angereichertem Kunststoff plastifiziert, indem die granulatförmige Formmasse über die Schmelztemperatur des Kunststoffs erhitzt wird. Hierbei kann beispielsweise ein Granulat aus Polyamid, welchem als Mineralstoff z.B. Magnetit beigemischt wird, verwendet werden.Hereinafter, a method of manufacturing the above-described pavement member will be described. The road surface covering element can advantageously be produced by injection molding. For this purpose, an injection molding machine is initially provided, which has an injection unit and an injection mold with a cavity. In the injection unit, a molding material made of mineral-enriched plastic is plasticized by heating the granular molding compound above the melting temperature of the plastic. In this case, for example, a granulate of polyamide, which as a mineral, e.g. Magnetite is added, can be used.
Sodann wird die geschmolzene Formmasse in den Hohlraum des Spritzgießwerkzeugs eingespritzt. Die Oberfläche des Hohlraums bestimmt die Form und Oberflächenstruktur des fertigen Fahrbahnbelagelements. Dem entsprechend ist eine Formfläche des Hohlraums an einer Seite mit einer Struktur aus einander kreuzenden Rippen versehen, welche einem Negativ der oben beschriebenen Makro- und Mikrostruktur des Fahrbahnbelagelements entspricht. Das Spritzgießwerkzeug ermöglicht dabei eine hohe Abbildungsgenauigkeit im gesamten Wellenlängenbereich der Mikro- und Makrotextur.Then, the molten molding compound is injected into the cavity of the injection mold. The surface of the cavity determines the shape and surface structure of the finished pavement covering element. Accordingly, a molding surface of the cavity is provided on one side with a structure of intersecting ribs, which corresponds to a negative of the above-described macro- and microstructure of the road surface covering element. The injection mold allows a high imaging accuracy in the entire wavelength range of the micro and macrotexture.
Nach dem Einspritzen der plastifizierten Formmasse in den Hohlraum des Spritzgießwerkzeugs breitet sich die Formmasse im Hohlraum aus und füllt diesen unter hohem Druck komplett aus. Nach dem Abkühlen der Formmasse wird das fertige Fahrbahnbelagelement aus dem Spritzgießwerkzeug entnommen.After injection of the plasticized molding compound into the cavity of the injection mold, the molding compound spreads in the cavity and fills it completely under high pressure. After cooling of the molding compound, the finished road surface covering element is removed from the injection mold.
Das oben beschriebene Verfahren zur Herstellung des oben beschriebenen Fahrbahnbelagelements hat den Vorteil, dass es die industrielle Präfabrikation von Fahrbahnelementen ermöglicht. Somit können die Fahrbahnbelagelemente unter klar definierbaren Rahmenbedingungen, wie z.B. Temperatur, Luftfeuchtigkeit, Mikro- und Makrostruktur durch Spritzgießwerkzeug vorgegeben usw., gefertigt werden und unterliegen nicht den Witterungsbedingungen oder anderen Einflüssen, welche bei einer Fertigung des Fahrbahnbelags vor Ort die Oberflächenbeschaffenheit beeinflussen können. Mit anderen Worten, die Eigenschaften der gefertigten Fahrbahnelemente sind definiert und reproduzierbar.The above-described method of manufacturing the roadway covering element described above has the advantage of enabling the industrial prefabrication of roadway elements. Thus, the road surface elements under clearly defined conditions, such as temperature, humidity, micro- and macrostructure by injection mold specified, etc., are manufactured and are not subject to the weather or other influences, which can affect the surface texture in a production of the road surface on site. In other words, the properties of the manufactured roadway elements are defined and reproducible.
Um eine Fahrbahn zu fertigen, werden eine Vielzahl von wie oben beschrieben gefertigten Fahrbahnbelagelementen auf einen entsprechend präparierten Untergrund angeordnet. Um bereits bestehende Asphaltdecken durch den erfindungsgemäßen Fahrbahnbelag zu ersetzen wird hierzu die oberste Asphaltschicht durch Fräsen entfernt, wobei in der Oberfläche des Untergrundes eine Längsrillenstruktur entsteht und grobe Unebenheiten beseitigt werden.In order to produce a roadway, a plurality of road surface covering elements produced as described above are arranged on a correspondingly prepared substrate. In order to replace existing asphalt pavements with the road surface according to the invention, the uppermost asphalt layer is removed by milling, whereby a longitudinal groove structure is created in the surface of the substrate and rough unevenness is eliminated.
Es ist aber auch möglich, die Fahrbahnbelagelemente auf Beton, auf eine bestehende Asphaltoberfläche oder eine Vielzahl von anderen Untergründen aufzubringen.But it is also possible to apply the road surface elements on concrete, on an existing asphalt surface or a variety of other surfaces.
Die Befestigung der Fahrbahnbelagelemente kann durch einfaches Aufkleben erfolgen. Hierzu können beispielsweise polyurethanbasierte Klebstoffe verwendet werden, welche auf die Unterseite der Fahrbahnbelagelemente und/oder den Untergrund aufgetragen werden, wonach die Fahrbahnbelagelemente auf den Untergrund gepresst werden. Hierbei werden die Fahrbahnbelagelemente derart ausgerichtet, dass die in
Die modulartige Beschaffenheit der Fahrbahnbelagelemente bietet verschiedene Vorteile. So kann das Aufbringen der Fahrbahnbelagelemente zum Gestalten der Fahrbahn jederzeit unterbrochen und wieder aufgenommen werden, wohingegen ein Unterbrechen des Fahrbahnaufbringens bei herkömmlichen Fahrbahnbelägen wesentlich aufwändiger ist.The modular nature of the road surface elements offers various advantages. Thus, the application of the road surface covering elements for designing the roadway can be interrupted and resumed at any time, whereas interrupting the roadway application in conventional road surfaces is much more complex.
Da die Fahrbahnbelagelemente beispielsweise aus Kunststoff bestehen können, besteht ferner ein größerer Freiheitsgrad in Bezug auf Farbgebung und Beeinflussung der Reflektivität. So kann die Farbe der Fahrbahnbelagelemente durch Beifügung entsprechender Farbstoffe bzw. Pigmente in das Rohmaterial für die Formmasse beliebig gestaltet werden. Ferner kann die Reflektivität der Fahrbahnbelagelemente durch Beifügung von Mikrosphären aus Glas in die Formmasse Kunststoff beeinflusst werden. Somit kann der Fahrbahnbelag optimal an die Umgebungsbedingungen angepasst werden.Since the road surface covering elements may be made of plastic, for example, there is also a greater degree of freedom in terms of coloring and influencing the reflectivity. Thus, the color of the road surface covering elements by adding corresponding dyes or pigments in the raw material be designed arbitrarily for the molding composition. Furthermore, the reflectivity of the road surface elements can be influenced by the incorporation of microspheres made of glass into the molding compound plastic. Thus, the road surface can be optimally adapted to the ambient conditions.
Ein weiterer Vorteil der oben beschriebenen Fahrbahnbelagelemente ist, dass sie eine Reduzierung der Dicke des Fahrbahnbelags von mehreren Zentimetern auf einige Millimeter ermöglichen.Another advantage of the road surface covering elements described above is that they allow a reduction in the thickness of the road surface of several centimeters to a few millimeters.
Die tatsächliche Fahrgeschwindigkeit wurde mit einer Radarpistole ermittelt und registriert. Für die Fahrversuche wurden vier Reifensätze mit verschiedenen repräsentativen Reifentypen verwendet, nämlich Michelin Energy, Continental Premium Contact, Vredestein Snowtrac 2 und AVON ZV1. Die Messfahrten wurden für jede Reifen-Geschwindigkeits-Kombination mindestens viermal wiederholt. Für jede Messfahrt wurde der maximale Vorbeifahrtpegel und das Terzspektrum zum Zeitpunkt des maximalen Vorbeifahrtpegels ermittelt. Die in
Zum Vergleich sind in
Unter den Fahrbahnbelägen ist auch der hier als Referenzbelag zugrunde gelegte Splittmastixasphalt der Korngrößenverteilung 0 - 8 mm (SMA 0/8). Auf diesem Splittmastixasphalt 0/8 wurden im Mittel folgende Vorbeifahrtpegel erreicht:
Die mit dem Ausführungsbeispiel des hier beschriebenen Fahrbahnbelages erzielten Vorbeifahrtpegel weisen damit gegenüber dem Referenzbelag im Mittel folgende Pegeldifferenzen (gerundet) auf:
Somit stellt das oben beschriebene Ausführungsbeispiel einen industriell definiert reproduzierbaren Fahrbahnbelag bereit, der einen geringeren Vorbeifahrtpegel als ein herkömmlicher SMA0/8-Belag hervorruft.Thus, the embodiment described above provides an industrially defined reproducible pavement that provides a lower pass-by level than a conventional SMA0 / 8 pavement.
Mit dem hier beschriebenen Fahrbahnbelag ist es möglich, bestehende Fahrbahnbeläge zu überbauen, um sie akustisch zu sanieren bzw. zu verbessern. Ferner ist es möglich, Bauweisen, die keine günstigen akustischen Eigenschaften aufweisen, wie z.B. Fahrbahnbeläge aus Beton, mit einer geräuschmindernden Verschleißschicht zu versehen. Somit können die günstigen funktionalen Eigenschaften von Fahrbahnbelägen aus Beton, wie z.B. hohe Tragfähigkeit und Langlebigkeit, mit einem akustisch wirksamen Fahrbahnbelag kombiniert werden.With the road surface described here, it is possible to overbuild existing road surfaces, to rehabilitate them acoustically or to improve. Furthermore, it is possible to use designs which do not have favorable acoustic properties, e.g. Concrete road surfaces to be provided with a noise-reducing wear layer. Thus, the favorable functional properties of concrete pavements, e.g. high load capacity and durability, combined with an acoustically effective road surface.
Gemäß der ersten Ausführungsform wird der Fahrbahnbelag in Form von Fahrbahnbelagelementen auf die Fahrbahndecke aufgebracht. Es ist jedoch auch möglich, den Fahrbahnbelag vor Ort zu strukturieren. Dies wird anhand einer zweiten Ausführungsform erläutert.According to the first embodiment, the road surface is applied in the form of road surface covering elements on the road surface. However, it is also possible to structure the road surface on site. This will be explained with reference to a second embodiment.
Hierzu wird zunächst eine auf einen Untergrund aufzubringende Formmasse vorbereitet und plastifiziert. Diese Formmasse kann aus demselben Material wie für das oben erläuterte erste Ausführungsbeispiel bestehen. Die plastifizierte bzw. erhitzte Formmasse wird mit einer Spritzmaschine auf einen entsprechend präparierten Untergrund gespritzt. Wie im ersten Ausführungsbeispiel kann eine bestehende Asphaltdecke durch den erfindungsgemäßen Fahrbahnbelag ersetzt werden; es ist aber auch möglich, die Formmasse auf Beton, auf eine bestehende Asphaltoberfläche oder einen anderen Untergrund aufzubringen.For this purpose, a molding compound to be applied to a substrate is first prepared and plasticized. This molding compound may consist of the same material as for the first embodiment explained above. The plasticized or heated molding compound is sprayed onto a suitably prepared substrate using a spraying machine. As in the first embodiment, an existing asphalt surface can be replaced by the road surface according to the invention; but it is also possible to apply the molding compound on concrete, on an existing asphalt surface or other ground.
Dazu wird die Formmasse aus Kunststoff und Mineralstoffen in einen Extruder gegeben, durch eine Hochdruckbreitspritzdüse aus dem Extruder herausgespritzt, und auf eine Höhe von ca. 8 mm bis 12 mm gleichmäßig über der Fahrbahnfläche verteilt. Während der Kunststoff noch nicht vollständig ausgehärtet und somit noch formbar ist, werden die Makro- und die Mikrostruktur mit einem oder mehreren Stempeln in die Oberseite des Kunststoffs geprägt.For this purpose, the molding compound of plastic and minerals is placed in an extruder, sprayed out of the extruder through a Hochdruckbreitspritzdüse, and evenly distributed over the road surface to a height of about 8 mm to 12 mm. While the plastic is not fully cured and thus still malleable, the macro and the microstructure are stamped with one or more punches in the top of the plastic.
Ähnlich der Formfläche des oben beschriebenen Spritzwerkzeugs ist auch die Formfläche des Stempels mit einer Struktur aus einander kreuzenden Rippen versehen, welche einem Negativ der oben beschriebenen Makro- und Mikrostruktur des Fahrbahnbelags entspricht. Somit ermöglicht der Stempel eine hohe Abbildungsgenauigkeit im gesamten Wellenlängenbereich der Mikro- und Makrotextur. Genauer gesagt weist auch der Stempel parallel zueinander verlaufende erste Rippen und parallel zueinander verlaufende, die ersten Rippen schneidende zweite Rippen auf, wobei jeweils zwei benachbarte erste Rippen und zwei benachbarte zweite Rippen eine in Draufsicht parallelogrammförmige Vertiefung einschließen. Die Rippen sind derart ausgebildet, dass durch senkrechtes Aufdrücken des Stempels auf die Formmasse ein Fahrbahnbelag mit der oben beschriebenen Makro- bzw. Mikrostruktur erzielt wird.Similar to the molding surface of the above-described injection molding tool, the molding surface of the stamp is also provided with a structure of intersecting ribs, which corresponds to a negative of the macrostructure and microstructure of the pavement described above. Thus, the stamp allows a high imaging accuracy in the entire wavelength range of the micro and macrotexture. More specifically, the punch also has mutually parallel first ribs and mutually parallel, the first ribs intersecting second ribs, wherein each two adjacent first ribs and two adjacent second ribs include a parallelogram in plan view depression. The ribs are designed in such a way that by vertical pressing of the stamp on the molding compound a road surface with the above-described macro- or microstructure is achieved.
Zum Prägen der Oberflächenstruktur können mehrere Stempel hintereinander vorgesehen werden, wobei der jeweils in Aufbringrichtung hintere Stempel nach dem Prägevorgang vor den in Aufbringrichtung vorderen Stempel gesetzt wird. Somit kann der Prägevorgang beschleunigt werden, da stets mindestens ein Abschnitt der Fahrbahn geprägt wird.For embossing the surface structure, a plurality of punches can be provided in succession, wherein the respective behind in the application direction stamp after the embossing process is set in front of the front in the application direction stamp. Thus, the embossing process can be accelerated because always at least a portion of the roadway is embossed.
Das direkte Aufbringen der Formmasse auf die Fahrbahn und Prägen der Oberflächenstruktur vor Ort hat im Vergleich zur ersten Ausführungsform den Vorteil, dass die industrielle Vorfertigung der Fahrbahnbelagelemente entfällt, was die für die Fahrbahnfertigung notwendige Logistik vereinfacht. So müssen keine Fahrbahnbelagelemente in ausreichender Menge und Qualität vorgefertigt, zum Einsatzort transportiert und dort vorgehalten werden. Ferner ist es auch möglich, den Kunststoff durch Beifügung entsprechender Zusatzstoffe vor Ort genau auf die örtlichen Gegebenheiten und Anforderungen abzustimmen.The direct application of the molding compound to the road surface and embossing of the surface structure on site has the advantage, in comparison to the first embodiment, that the industrial prefabrication of the road surface elements is eliminated, which simplifies the logistics necessary for the production of the roadway. So no road surface elements must be prefabricated in sufficient quantity and quality, transported to the site and kept there. Furthermore, it is also possible to tailor the plastic by adding appropriate additives locally on the local conditions and requirements.
Obwohl die obigen Ausführungsformen vorstehend anhand von bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispielen beschrieben wurden, sind sie darauf nicht beschränkt, sondern auf vielfältige Art und Weise modifizierbar. Insbesondere sind verschiedene Merkmale der oben beschriebenen Ausgestaltungen miteinander kombinierbar.Although the above embodiments have been described above with reference to preferred embodiments, they are not limited thereto but modifiable in a variety of ways. In particular are Various features of the embodiments described above can be combined with each other.
So ist es beispielsweise möglich, die Fahrbahnbelagelemente gemäß der ersten Ausführungsform großflächig, mit Dimensionen von mehreren Metern Länge, zu gestalten und aufzurollen. Derartige Fahrbahnbelagrollen können dann, nach Aufbringen eines geeigneten Klebemittels auf den Untergrund, einfach ausgerollt werden, was den Verlegvorgang extrem vereinfacht.Thus, it is possible, for example, the road surface covering elements according to the first embodiment over a large area, with dimensions of several meters in length, to design and roll up. Such roadway rollers can then, after applying a suitable adhesive to the substrate, are easily rolled out, which makes the installation process extremely easy.
Ferner ist es im Herstellungsverfahren gemäß der zweiten Ausführungsform auch möglich, anstelle eines Stempels die Oberflächenstruktur mit einer Walze in den Fahrbahnbelag zu prägen.Further, in the manufacturing method according to the second embodiment, it is also possible to emboss the surface structure with a roller in the road surface instead of a punch.
Weiterhin ist es möglich, im Herstellungsverfahren gemäß der zweiten Ausführungsform anstelle von Kunststoff bzw. eines Kunststoff-MineralstoffGemischs, die Oberflächenstruktur direkt in Beton zu prägen. Hierzu wird zunächst Beton als Formmasse auf den Fahrbahnuntergrund aufgebracht, der Beton in der oben beschriebenen Weise mit Stempeln oder dergleichen geprägt und somit mit der oben beschriebenen Makrostruktur versehen. Dies hat den Vorteil, dass die Geräuscheigenschaften einer Fahrbahnfläche aus Beton auf einfache Weise wesentlich verbessert werden können.Furthermore, it is possible to emboss the surface structure directly in concrete in the manufacturing process according to the second embodiment instead of plastic or a plastic-mineral mixture. For this purpose, concrete is first applied as a molding compound on the road surface, the concrete in the manner described above stamped or the like and thus provided with the macrostructure described above. This has the advantage that the noise properties of a concrete road surface can be substantially improved in a simple manner.
Damit ist das Material für den Fahrbahnbelag nicht auf mit Mineralstoffen angereicherten Kunststoff beschränkt, sondern es ist ebenso möglich, Metall oder auch bituminös, zement- oder kunstharzgebundene Mineralstoffe zu verwenden.Thus, the material for the road surface is not limited to mineral-enriched plastic, but it is also possible to use metal or bituminous, cement or resin-bound minerals.
Claims (28)
- Road surface having surface portions (3) which are formed on its upper surface by grooves (1, 2) impressed into the upper surface,
wherein the grooves (1, 2) include a first group of grooves (1) which extend approximately in parallel with each other and at least one second group of grooves (2) which each extend approximately in parallel with each other and cross the first group of grooves (2), which means that in each case two neighbouring grooves of the first and second group (1, 2) form a respective surface portion (3) which is approximately parallelogram-shaped,
characterised in that both within the first group of grooves (1) and also within the second group of grooves (2) respectively different groove spacings are provided, which means that tyre-road noise arising during travel over the road surface is reduced. - Road surface as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the surface portions (3) in the travel direction have a length of at most 10mm.
- Road surface as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the spacings (A, B) of the grooves (1) of the first group and the spacings of the grooves (2) of the second group are each distributed between a minimum groove spacing (Amin, Bmin) and a maximum groove spacing (Amax, Bmax).
- Road surface as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the spacings (A) between the grooves (1) of the first group and the spacings (B) between the grooves (2) of the second group are randomly distributed.
- Road surface as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the spacings (A) between the grooves (1) of the first group and the spacings (B) between the grooves (2) of the second group are each uniformly distributed between the minimum groove spacing (Amin, Bmin) and the maximum groove spacing (Amax, Bmax).
- Road surface as claimed in claim 5, characterised in that the minimum groove spacing (Amin, Bmin) is at least 1mm and the maximum groove spacing (Amax, Bmax) is at least 5mm.
- Road surface as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the grooves (1) of the first group and the grooves (2) of the second group form a first angle α and a second angle β for which60° ≤ α ≤ 180° and0° ≤ β ≤ 120° applies.
- Road surface as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the maximum width (C) of the grooves (1, 2) on the upper side is 1mm to 5mm.
- Road surface as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the maximum depth (Tmax) of the grooves (1, 2) is 2mm to 10mm.
- Road surface as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the parallelogram-shaped surface portions (3) are disposed at the same height in a plane.
- Road surface as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the side lengths of the parallelogram-shaped surface portions (3) are each dimensioned differently to the side lengths of the neighbouring parallelogram-shaped surface portions (3).
- Road surface as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the lengths of the diagonals (D) of the parallelogram-shaped surface portions (3) are at least 2mm and at most 10mm.
- Road surface as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the edges of the grooves (1, 2) defining the surface portions (3) are rounded.
- Road surface as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the grooves (1, 2) have an essentially V-shaped cross-sectional form.
- Road surface as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the upper surface of the surface portions (3) has a micro structure with a randomly distributed wavelength distribution in the range between 10µm and 1000µm and a maximum texture depth of up to 300µm.
- Road surface as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the road surface is formed as a plate-like road surface element.
- Road surface as claimed in claim 16, characterised in that the road surface element is rhombic and that in each case two side edges of the road surface element extend in parallel with the first grooves (1) or the second grooves (2).
- Road surface as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the road surface is produced from mineral-enriched synthetic material.
- Road surface as claimed in claim 18, characterised in that the synthetic material is polyester or polyamide.
- Road surface as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the road surface is produced from metal.
- Method for producing a road surface element, in particular a road surface element as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 19, including;- injection moulding the road surface element with an injection moulding tool which has a mould surface (80) with a first group of first ribs (81) extending in parallel with each other and a second group of second ribs (82) extending in parallel with each other and crossing the first ribs, wherein in each case two neighbouring first ribs (81) and two neighbouring second ribs (82) produce a parallelogram-shaped depression (83),characterised in that both within the first group of ribs (81) and also within the second group of ribs (82) in each case different rib spacings are provided, which means that tyre-road noise arising during travel over the produced road surface element is reduced.
- Method for producing a road, comprising the following steps:- producing at least one road surface element using the method as claimed in claim 21; and- adhering road surface elements onto a road substrate in a successive sequence or next to each other.
- Method as claimed in claim 21 or 22, characterised in that one group of diagonals (D) of the surface portions (3) is oriented essentially in the travel direction (F) of the road.
- Method for producing a road surface, in particular a road surface as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 19, comprising the following steps:- applying a casting compound to a road substrate;- embossing the applied casting compound with an embossing die which has a moulding surface (80) with a first group of first ribs (81) extending in parallel with each other and a second group of second ribs (82) extending in parallel with each other and crossing the first ribs, wherein in each case two neighbouring first ribs (81) and two neighbouring second ribs (82) produce a parallelogram-shaped depression (83),characterised in that both within the first group of ribs (1) and also within the second group of ribs (2) in each case different rib spacings are provided, which means that tyre-road noise arising during travel over the produced road surface is reduced.
- Method as claimed in claim 24, characterised in that the casting compound is a mineral-enriched synthetic material.
- Method as claimed in claim 24, characterised in that the casting compound is concrete.
- Injection moulding tool for producing a road surface element, in particular a road surface element as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 19,
wherein the injection moulding tool has a moulding surface (80) with a first group of first ribs (81) extending in parallel with each other and a second group of second ribs (82) extending in parallel with each other and crossing the first ribs, and wherein in each case two neighbouring first ribs (81) and two neighbouring second ribs (82) produce a parallelogram-shaped depression (83),
characterised in that both within the first group of ribs (81) and also within the second group of ribs (82) in each case different rib spacings are provided, which means that tyre-road noise arising during travel over the produced road surface is reduced. - Die for producing a road surface, in particular a road surface element as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the die has a moulding surface (80) with a first group of first ribs (81) extending in parallel with each other and a second group of second ribs (82) extending in parallel with each other and crossing the first ribs, and wherein in each case two neighbouring first ribs (81) and two neighbouring second ribs (82) produce a parallelogram-shaped depression (83),
characterised in that both within the first group of ribs (81) and also within the second group of ribs (82) in each case different rib spacings are provided, which means that tyre-road noise arising during travel over the produced road surface is reduced.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE200810019883 DE102008019883B4 (en) | 2008-04-21 | 2008-04-21 | Road surface and method of making the same |
PCT/EP2009/054749 WO2009130222A1 (en) | 2008-04-21 | 2009-04-21 | Road surface and method for the production thereof |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP2300665A1 EP2300665A1 (en) | 2011-03-30 |
EP2300665B1 true EP2300665B1 (en) | 2013-10-02 |
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EP09734874.2A Active EP2300665B1 (en) | 2008-04-21 | 2009-04-21 | Road surface and method for the production thereof |
Country Status (4)
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EP (1) | EP2300665B1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE102008019883B4 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2440921T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2009130222A1 (en) |
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CN101914885A (en) * | 2010-08-23 | 2010-12-15 | 长安大学 | Cement concrete pavement and construction method for macroscopic and microscopic texture reconstruction thereof |
DE202011101029U1 (en) | 2010-12-18 | 2011-07-27 | Universität Kassel | Concrete pavement |
DE102011003271A1 (en) | 2011-01-27 | 2012-08-02 | Heilit+Woerner Bau Gmbh | Device for generating groove structure in surface i.e. road surface, has support structure movable along working direction, and processing unit displaceable at support structure transverse along working direction |
DE102013205878A1 (en) | 2013-04-03 | 2014-10-09 | Röchling Automotive AG & Co. KG | Tool and method for texturing a road surface |
Family Cites Families (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE3575C (en) * | J. BRANDT & G. W. V. NAWROCKI, Civil-Ingenieure, in Berlin | Grooved hard and asphalt pavement with hard cast iron tracks | ||
BE754899A (en) * | 1969-08-15 | 1971-01-18 | Cement & Concrete Ass | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF RIGID ROADS WITH A TEXTURED SURFACE |
US3910711A (en) * | 1972-08-10 | 1975-10-07 | William V Moorhead | Concrete forming apparatus |
US4135840A (en) * | 1978-02-27 | 1979-01-23 | Puccini John L | Tools for imprinting non-repeating stone patterns in fresh concrete |
DE3329985A1 (en) * | 1983-08-19 | 1985-03-07 | Klöckner-Werke AG, 4100 Duisburg | PLATE-SHAPED ELEMENT FOR A DRIVEWAY |
DE8910556U1 (en) * | 1989-09-05 | 1989-12-14 | Stadt Münster, vertreten durch den Oberstadtdirektor, 4400 Münster | Concrete orientation plate for the blind and visually impaired |
CZ290399B6 (en) * | 1998-12-30 | 2002-07-17 | Blastrak-Morava, Spol. S R. O. | Road pavement surface treatment |
NL1013971C1 (en) * | 1999-12-28 | 2000-03-22 | Antonius Johannes Cornelis Van | Process for the production of figured elements. |
JP3975234B2 (en) * | 2000-08-01 | 2007-09-12 | 株式会社アベイラス | Non-slip artificial stone |
CZ2003259A3 (en) * | 2003-01-27 | 2004-11-10 | Blastrak Morava, Spol. S R. O. | Method for repairing distortions of a road surface wearing course, particularly permanent deformations of pavement and roughness loss |
NL1024254C2 (en) * | 2003-09-10 | 2005-03-14 | H & S Betonwaren B V | Concrete paving stone production method, by casting or stamping concrete in mould containing mother tile with curved grooves cut into its top side |
DE202004005444U1 (en) * | 2004-04-06 | 2004-06-09 | Gawlitta-Doll, Gabriele | Mosaic paving stone for roadway, terrace, path or driveway has logo, coat of arms or advertizing sign integrated in simulated mosaic pattern |
US7281878B2 (en) * | 2004-07-21 | 2007-10-16 | Gary Schulz | Road surface sound reduction system |
-
2008
- 2008-04-21 DE DE200810019883 patent/DE102008019883B4/en active Active
-
2009
- 2009-04-21 EP EP09734874.2A patent/EP2300665B1/en active Active
- 2009-04-21 ES ES09734874.2T patent/ES2440921T3/en active Active
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WO2009130222A1 (en) | 2009-10-29 |
ES2440921T3 (en) | 2014-01-31 |
DE102008019883A1 (en) | 2009-10-22 |
DE102008019883B4 (en) | 2011-02-10 |
EP2300665A1 (en) | 2011-03-30 |
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