EP2290041A2 - Schmierölzusammensetzung - Google Patents

Schmierölzusammensetzung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2290041A2
EP2290041A2 EP10171303A EP10171303A EP2290041A2 EP 2290041 A2 EP2290041 A2 EP 2290041A2 EP 10171303 A EP10171303 A EP 10171303A EP 10171303 A EP10171303 A EP 10171303A EP 2290041 A2 EP2290041 A2 EP 2290041A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
lubricating oil
oil composition
oil
borated
engine
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP10171303A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2290041B1 (de
EP2290041A3 (de
Inventor
Stuart James Mctavish
Keith Strickland
Robert Shaw
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Infineum International Ltd
Original Assignee
Infineum International Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Priority claimed from GB0917982A external-priority patent/GB0917982D0/en
Application filed by Infineum International Ltd filed Critical Infineum International Ltd
Priority to EP10171303A priority Critical patent/EP2290041B1/de
Publication of EP2290041A2 publication Critical patent/EP2290041A2/de
Publication of EP2290041A3 publication Critical patent/EP2290041A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2290041B1 publication Critical patent/EP2290041B1/de
Revoked legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
    • C10M133/52—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of 30 or more atoms
    • C10M133/56—Amides; Imides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
    • C10M2203/1006—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen used as base material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/02—Hydroxy compounds
    • C10M2207/023—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
    • C10M2207/028—Overbased salts thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/10—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof
    • C10M2207/14—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
    • C10M2207/144—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings containing hydroxy groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/26—Overbased carboxylic acid salts
    • C10M2207/262—Overbased carboxylic acid salts derived from hydroxy substituted aromatic acids, e.g. salicylates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/28—Esters
    • C10M2207/281—Esters of (cyclo)aliphatic monocarboxylic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/28—Esters
    • C10M2207/283—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2215/08—Amides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2215/28—Amides; Imides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2219/04—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
    • C10M2219/046—Overbasedsulfonic acid salts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
    • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
    • C10M2223/045—Metal containing thio derivatives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2227/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2203/00, C10M2207/00, C10M2211/00, C10M2215/00, C10M2219/00 or C10M2223/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2227/06—Organic compounds derived from inorganic acids or metal salts
    • C10M2227/061—Esters derived from boron
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
    • C10N2010/04—Groups 2 or 12
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/10—Inhibition of oxidation, e.g. anti-oxidants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/12—Inhibition of corrosion, e.g. anti-rust agents or anti-corrosives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/40—Low content or no content compositions
    • C10N2030/42—Phosphor free or low phosphor content compositions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/40—Low content or no content compositions
    • C10N2030/45—Ash-less or low ash content
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/52—Base number [TBN]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/70—Soluble oils
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/78—Fuel contamination
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
    • C10N2040/251—Alcohol-fuelled engines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
    • C10N2040/252—Diesel engines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
    • C10N2040/255—Gasoline engines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
    • C10N2040/255—Gasoline engines
    • C10N2040/26—Two-strokes or two-cycle engines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2060/00—Chemical after-treatment of the constituents of the lubricating composition
    • C10N2060/14—Chemical after-treatment of the constituents of the lubricating composition by boron or a compound containing boron
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2070/00—Specific manufacturing methods for lubricant compositions
    • C10N2070/02—Concentrating of additives

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to automotive lubricating oil compositions, more especially to automotive lubricating oil compositions for use in gasoline (spark-ignited) and diesel (compression-ignited) internal combustion engines fuelled at least in part with a biofuel, especially compression-ignited internal combustion engines fuelled at least in part with a biodiesel fuel and spark-ignited internal combustion engines fuelled at least in part with bioethanol fuel, crankcase lubrication, such compositions being referred to as crankcase lubricants.
  • the present invention relates to automotive lubricating oil compositions, preferably having low levels of phosphorus and also low levels of sulfur and/or sulfated ash, which exhibit an improved inhibition of corrosion of the metallic engine parts during operation of the engine which is fuelled with a biofuel; and to the use of additives in such compositions for improving the anti-corrosion properties of the lubricating oil composition.
  • a crankcase lubricant is an oil used for general lubrication in an internal combustion engine where an oil sump is situated generally below the crankshaft of the engine and to which circulated oil returns.
  • Biodiesel fuels include components of low volatility which are slow to vaporize after injection of the fuel into the engine. Typically, an unburnt portion of the biodiesel and some of the resulting partially combusted decomposition products become mixed with the lubricant on the cylinder wall and are washed down into the oil sump, thereby contaminating the crankcase lubricant.
  • the biodiesel fuel in the contaminated lubricant may form further decompositions products, due to the extreme conditions during lubrication of the engine. It has been found that the presence of biodiesel fuel and the decomposition products thereof in the crankcase lubricant promotes the corrosion of the metallic engine parts; particularly the softer metallic (i.e.
  • non-ferrous metallic engine parts such as the lead and copper based bearing materials.
  • this problem is significantly worse in diesel engines which employ a late post-injection of fuel into the cylinder (e.g. light duty, medium duty and passenger car diesel engines) to regenerate an exhaust gas after-treatment device.
  • Exhaust gas after-treatment devices such as a diesel particulate filter (DPF)
  • DPF diesel particulate filter
  • One way to create conditions for initiating and sustaining regeneration of a DPF involves elevating the temperature of the exhaust gases entering the DPF to burn the soot. As a diesel engine runs relatively cool and lean, this may be achieved by adding fuel into the exhaust gases optionally in combination with the use of an oxidation catalyst located upstream of the DPF.
  • Heavy duty diesel (HDD) engines such as those in trucks, typically employ a late post-injection of fuel directly into the exhaust system outside of the cylinder, whilst light duty and medium duty diesel engines typically employ a late post-injection of fuel directly into the cylinder during an expansion stroke.
  • the corrosion of the softer metallic (i.e. non-ferrous metallic) engine components increases significantly in a diesel engine fuelled at least in part with biodiesel when the engine employs a late post-injection of fuel directly into the cylinder.
  • this increased engine corrosion is due to more biodiesel being absorbed by the lubricant on the more exposed cylinder wall, thereby increasing contamination of the lubricant in the sump.
  • an alcohol based fuel e.g. bioethanol
  • lubricating oil compositions which exhibit improved anti-corrosion properties in respect of the metallic engine components, particularly the softer metallic (i.e. non-ferrous metallic) engine components such as those containing copper and/or lead (e.g. bearing materials), must be identified. Accordingly, lubricants with improved antioxidant properties also need to be identified.
  • the present invention is based on the discovery that a lubricating oil can be formulated which exhibits significantly improved anti-corrosion properties, particularly in respect of the softer metallic (i.e. non-ferrous metallic) engine components, such as those containing lead and/or copper, and/or improved antioxidant properties.
  • the present invention provides a lubricating oil composition comprising:
  • the lubricating oil composition according to the present invention is a crankcase lubricant.
  • an oil-soluble boron containing compound in a lubricating oil composition, particularly a lubricating oil composition including a Group III base stock, provides a lubricant that exhibits an improved inhibition and/or a reduction in the corrosion of the metallic engine components, particularly the softer metallic (i.e. non-ferrous metallic) engine components, in use, in the lubrication of a spark-ignited or compression-ignited internal combustion engine which is fuelled at least in part with a biofuel.
  • an oil-soluble boron containing compound in a lubricating oil composition improves the antioxidant properties of the lubricant, in use, in the lubrication of an internal combustion engine which is fuelled at least in part with a biofuel.
  • the inclusion of such an oil-soluble boron containing compound in a lubricant comprising a Group III base stock provides, in use, a positive credit in terms of reduced corrosion of the metallic engine components and/or reduced oxidation of the lubricant.
  • the present invention provides a method of lubricating a spark-ignited or compression-ignited internal combustion engine which is fuelled at least in part with a biofuel, comprising operating the engine with a lubricating oil composition comprising: (A) an oil of lubricating viscosity in a major amount, comprising a Group III base stock; and, (B) as an additive component in a minor amount, an oil-soluble boron containing compound.
  • the method of the second aspect reduces and/or inhibits the corrosion of the metallic, especially the non-ferrous metallic, engine components.
  • the metallic engine components comprise lead, copper or mixtures thereof, especially copper.
  • the present invention provides a method of reducing and/or inhibiting the corrosion of the metallic engine components, especially the softer metallic (i.e. non-ferrous metallic) engine components, of a spark-ignited or compression-ignited internal combustion engine which is fuelled at least in part with a biofuel, the method comprising lubricating, preferably operating, the engine with a lubricating oil composition, particularly a crankcase lubricating oil composition, comprising: (A) an oil of lubricating viscosity in a major amount, comprising a Group III base stock; and, (B), as an additive component in a minor amount, an oil-soluble boron containing compound.
  • the present invention provides the use, in the lubrication of a spark-ignited or compression-ignited internal combustion engine which is fuelled at least in part with a biofuel, of a lubricating oil composition
  • a lubricating oil composition comprising: (A) an oil of lubricating viscosity in a major amount, comprising a Group III base stock; and, (B) as an additive component in a minor amount, an oil-soluble boron containing compound, to reduce and/or inhibit the corrosion of the metallic engine components, especially the softer metallic (i.e. non-ferrous metallic) engine components, during operation of the engine.
  • the present invention provides the use, in the lubrication of a spark-ignited or compression-ignited internal combustion engine which is fuelled at least in part with a biofuel, of an oil-soluble boron containing compound, as an additive component in a minor amount in a lubricating oil composition, to reduce and/or inhibit the corrosion of the metallic engine components, especially the softer metallic (i.e. non-ferrous metallic) engine components, during operation of the engine.
  • the lubricating oil composition comprises a major amount of an oil of lubricating viscosity comprising a Group III base stock.
  • the present invention provides the use, in the lubrication of a spark-ignited or compression-ignited internal combustion engine which is fuelled at least in part with a biofuel, of an oil-soluble boron containing compound, as an additive component in a minor amount in a lubricating oil composition, to reduce and/or inhibit oxidation of the lubricating oil composition, during operation of the engine.
  • the lubricating oil composition comprises a major amount of an oil of lubricating viscosity comprising a Group III base stock.
  • the present invention provides a method of reducing and/or inhibiting the oxidation of a lubricating oil composition in the lubrication of a spark-ignited or compression-ignited internal combustion engine which is fuelled at least in part with a biofuel, the method comprising lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition, particularly a crankcase lubricating oil composition, comprising an oil of lubricating viscosity and an oil-soluble boron containing compound, as an additive component in a minor amount, and operating the engine.
  • the oil of lubricating viscosity comprises a Group III base stock.
  • the present invention provides a spark-ignited or compression-ignited internal combustion engine comprising a crankcase containing a lubricating oil composition comprising: (A) an oil of lubricating viscosity in a major amount, comprising a Group III base stock; and, (B) as an additive component in a minor amount, an oil-soluble boron containing compound, wherein the engine is fuelled at least in part with a biofuel.
  • the engine is operating with a fuel comprising a biofuel and the engine is being lubricated with the lubricating oil composition.
  • the oil-soluble boron containing compound may be any borated conventional lubricant additive.
  • the oil-soluble boron containing compound is a borated dispersant or a borated detergent.
  • the lubricating oil compositions as defined in the second to eighth aspects of the invention are each independently contaminated with at least 0.3 mass %, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, of a biofuel or a decomposition product thereof and mixtures thereof.
  • the oil-soluble boron containing compound forms part of an additive package which also includes a diluent, preferably a base stock, and one or more co-additives in a minor amount, other than additive component (B), selected from ashless dispersants, metal detergents, corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, antiwear agents, friction modifiers, demulsifiers and antifoam agents; the additive package being added to the oil of lubricating viscosity comprising the Group III base stock.
  • the lubricating oil composition may include one or more co-additives in a minor amount, other than additive components (B), selected from ashless dispersants, metal detergents, corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, pour point depressants, antiwear agents, friction modifiers, demulsifiers, antifoam agents and viscosity modifiers.
  • additive components selected from ashless dispersants, metal detergents, corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, pour point depressants, antiwear agents, friction modifiers, demulsifiers, antifoam agents and viscosity modifiers.
  • the soft metallic (i.e. non-ferrous metallic) engine components of the third, fourth and fifth aspects comprise components which include copper or lead and mixtures thereof, especially lead, such as the lead and copper based bearing materials.
  • the spark-ignited internal combustion engine is fuelled at least in part with an alcohol based fuel, especially an ethanol based fuel such as bioethanol fuel.
  • the compression-ignited combustion engine is fuelled at least in part with a biodiesel fuel.
  • the engine of the second to eighth aspects comprises a compression-ignited combustion engine.
  • the biofuel of each aspect of the invention is biodiesel.
  • the oil of lubricating viscosity (sometimes referred to as “base stock” or “base oil”) is the primary liquid constituent of a lubricant, into which additives and possibly other oils are blended, for example to produce a final lubricant (or lubricant composition).
  • a base oil is useful for making concentrates as well as for making lubricating oil compositions therefrom, and may be selected from natural (vegetable, animal or mineral) and synthetic lubricating oils and mixtures thereof.
  • the oil of lubricating viscosity comprises a Group III base stock.
  • the base stock groups are defined in the American Petroleum Institute (API) publication " Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System", Industry Services Department, Fourteenth Edition, December 1996, Addendum 1, December 1998 .
  • the base stock will have a viscosity preferably of 3-12, more preferably 4-10, most preferably 4.5-8, mm 2 /s (cSt) at 100°C.
  • base stocks and base oils in this invention are the same as those found in the American Petroleum Institute (API) publication " Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System", Industry Services Department, Fourteenth Edition, December 1996, Addendum 1, December 1998 . Said publication categorizes base stocks as follows:
  • the oil of lubricating viscosity comprises greater than or equal to 10 mass %, more preferably greater than or equal to 20 mass %, even more preferably greater than or equal to 25 mass %, even more preferably greater than or equal to 30 mass %, even more preferably greater than or equal to 40 mass %, even more preferably greater than or equal to 45 mass % of a Group III base stock, based on the total mass of the oil of lubricating viscosity.
  • the oil of lubricating viscosity comprises greater than 50 mass %, preferably greater than or equal to 60 mass %, more preferably greater than or equal to 70 mass %, even more preferably greater than or equal to 80 mass %, even more preferably greater than or equal to 90 mass % of a Group III base stock, based on the total mass of the oil of lubricating viscosity.
  • the oil of lubricating viscosity consists essentially of a Group III base stock.
  • the oil of lubricating viscosity consists solely of Group III base stock. In the latter case it is acknowledged that additives included in the lubricating oil composition may comprise a carrier oil which is not a Group III base stock.
  • Natural oils include animal and vegetable oils (e.g. castor and lard oil), liquid petroleum oils and hydrorefined, solvent-treated mineral lubricating oils of the paraffinic, naphthenic and mixed paraffinic-naphthenic types. Oils of lubricating viscosity derived from coal or shale are also useful base oils.
  • Synthetic lubricating oils include hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (e.g. polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene-isobutylene copolymers, chlorinated polybutylenes, poly(1-hexenes), poly(1-octenes), poly(1-decenes)); alkylbenzenes (e.g. dodecylbenzenes, tetradecylbenzenes, dinonylbenzenes, di(2-ethylhexyl)benzenes); polyphenols (e.g. biphenyls, terphenyls, alkylated polyphenols); and alkylated diphenyl ethers and alkylated diphenyl sulfides and the derivatives, analogues and homologues thereof.
  • hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (e.g. polybut
  • Another suitable class of synthetic lubricating oils comprises the esters of dicarboxylic acids (e.g. phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acids and alkenyl succinic acids, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebasic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkylmalonic acids, alkenyl malonic acids) with a variety of alcohols (e.g. butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoether, propylene glycol).
  • dicarboxylic acids e.g. phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acids and alkenyl succinic acids, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebasic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dim
  • esters include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dieicosyl sebacate, the 2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, and the complex ester formed by reacting one mole of sebacic acid with two moles of tetraethylene glycol and two moles of 2-ethylhexanoic acid.
  • Esters useful as synthetic oils also include those made from C 5 to C 12 monocarboxylic acids and polyols, and polyol ethers such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol and tripentaerythritol.
  • Unrefined, refined and re-refined oils can be used in the compositions of the present invention.
  • Unrefined oils are those obtained directly from a natural or synthetic source without further purification treatment.
  • a shale oil obtained directly from retorting operations a petroleum oil obtained directly from distillation or ester oil obtained directly from an esterification process and used without further treatment would be unrefined oil.
  • Refined oils are similar to the unrefined oils except they have been further treated in one or more purification steps to improve one or more properties. Many such purification techniques, such as distillation, solvent extraction, acid or base extraction, filtration and percolation are known to those skilled in the art.
  • Re-refined oils are obtained by processes similar to those used to obtain refined oils applied to refined oils which have been already used in service. Such re-refined oils are also known as reclaimed or reprocessed oils and often are additionally processed by techniques for approval of spent additive and oil breakdown products.
  • base oil examples include gas-to-liquid (“GTL”) base oils, i.e. the base oil may be an oil derived from Fischer-Tropsch synthesised hydrocarbons made from synthesis gas containing H 2 and CO using a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst. These hydrocarbons typically require further processing in order to be useful as a base oil. For example, they may, by methods known in the art, be hydroisomerized; hydrocracked and hydroisomerized; dewaxed; or hydroisomerized and dewaxed.
  • GTL gas-to-liquid
  • the oil of lubricating viscosity may also comprise a Group I, Group II, Group IV or Group V base stocks or base oil blends of the aforementioned base stocks.
  • the volatility of the oil of lubricating viscosity or oil blend is less than or equal to 16%, preferably less than or equal to 13.5%, preferably less than or equal to 12%, more preferably less than or equal to 10%, most preferably less than or equal to 8%.
  • the viscosity index (VI) of the oil of lubricating viscosity is at least 95, preferably at least 110, more preferably at least 120, even more preferably at least 125, most preferably from about 130 to 140.
  • the oil of lubricating viscosity is provided in a major amount, in combination with a minor amount of additive component (B), as defined herein and, if necessary, one or more co-additives, such as described hereinafter, constituting a lubricating oil composition.
  • additive component (B) as defined herein and, if necessary, one or more co-additives, such as described hereinafter, constituting a lubricating oil composition.
  • This preparation may be accomplished by adding the additives directly to the oil or by adding them in the form of a concentrate thereof to disperse or dissolve the additive.
  • Additives may be added to the oil by any method known to those skilled in the art, either before, at the same time as, or after addition of other additives.
  • the oil of lubricating viscosity is present in an amount of greater than 55 mass %, more preferably greater than 60 mass %, even more preferably greater than 65 mass %, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition.
  • the oil of lubricating viscosity is present in an amount of less than 98 mass %, more preferably less than 95 mass %, even more preferably less than 90 mass %, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition.
  • the lubricating oil compositions of the invention comprise defined components that may or may not remain the same chemically before and after mixing with an oleaginous carrier.
  • This invention encompasses compositions which comprise the defined components before mixing, or after mixing, or both before and after mixing.
  • concentrates When concentrates are used to make the lubricating oil compositions, they may for example be diluted with 3 to 100, e.g. 5 to 40, parts by mass of oil of lubricating viscosity per part by mass of the concentrate.
  • the lubricating oil composition of the present invention contains low levels of phosphorus, namely up to 0.12 mass %, preferably up to 0.11 mass %, more preferably not greater than 0.10 mass %, even more preferably up to 0.09 mass %, even more preferably up to 0.08 mass %, even more preferably up to 0.06 mass % of phosphorus, expressed as atoms of phosphorus, based on the total mass of the composition.
  • the lubricating oil composition may contain low levels of sulfur.
  • the lubricating oil composition contains up to 0.4, more preferably up to 0.3, most preferably up to 0.2, mass % sulfur, expressed as atoms of sulfur, based on the total mass of the composition.
  • the lubricating oil composition may contain low levels of sulphated ash.
  • the lubricating oil composition contains up to and including 1.2, more preferably up to 1.1, even more preferably up to 1.0, even more preferably up to 0.8, mass % sulphated ash, based on the total mass of the composition.
  • the lubricating oil composition may have a total base number (TBN) of 4 to 15, preferably 5 to 12.
  • TBN total base number
  • HDD heavy duty diesel
  • the TBN of the lubricating composition ranges from about 4 to 12, such as 6 to 12.
  • PCDO passenger car diesel engine lubricating oil composition
  • PCMO passenger car motor oil for a spark-ignited engine
  • the TBN of the lubricating composition ranges from about 5.0 to about 12.0, such as from about 5.0 to about 11.0.
  • the lubricating oil composition is a multigrade identified by the viscometric descriptor SAE 20WX, SAE 15WX, SAE 10WX, SAE 5WX or SAE 0WX, where X represents any one of 20, 30, 40 and 50; the characteristics of the different viscometric grades can be found in the SAE J300 classification.
  • the lubricating oil composition is in the form of an SAE 10WX, SAE 5WX or SAE 0WX, preferably in the form of an SAE 5WX or SAE 0WX, wherein X represents any one of 20, 30, 40 and 50.
  • X is 20 or 30.
  • Additive component B comprises an oil-soluble boron containing compound.
  • the boron containing compound may comprise a borated dispersant, a borated detergent, a borated ester, a borated amide, or other boron containing additive, or a mixture thereof, or by addition of elemental boron or other boron compound.
  • the oil-soluble boron containing compound comprises a borated dispersant, a borated detergent, a borated ester or a borated amide. More preferably, the oil-soluble boron containing compound comprises a borated dispersant, a borated detergent or a borated ester, even more preferably a borated dispersant or borated detergent, especially a borated dispersant.
  • the boron containing compound comprises a borated dispersant, preferably an ashless borated dispersant, especially an ashless nitrogen containing borated dispersant.
  • the dispersants disclosed herein are preferably ashless (i.e. metal free) dispersants and are borated using conventional techniques.
  • a dispersant is an additive whose primary function is to hold solid and liquid contaminations in suspension, thereby passivating them and reducing engine deposits at the same time as reducing sludge depositions.
  • a dispersant maintains in suspension oil-insoluble substances that result from oxidation during use of the lubricant, thus preventing sludge flocculation and precipitation or deposition on metal parts of the engine.
  • Dispersants are usually "ashless", being non-metallic organic materials that form substantially no ash on combustion, in contrast to metal-containing, and hence ashforming materials. They comprise a long hydrocarbon chain (e.g. hydrocarbon polymer backbone) with a polar head, the polarity being derived from inclusion of e.g. an O, P, or N atom. Typically, such dispersants have amine, amine-alcohol or amide polar moieties attached to the hydrocarbon chain, often via a bridging group.
  • the hydrocarbon chain is an oleophilic group that confers oil-solubility, having, for example 40 to 500 carbon atoms.
  • ashless dispersants may comprise an oil-soluble polymeric backbone.
  • a suitable ashless dispersant may be, for example, selected from oil soluble salts, esters, amino-esters, amides, imides and oxazolines of long chain hydrocarbon-substituted mono- and polycarboxylic acids or anhydrides thereof; thiocarboxylate derivatives of long chain hydrocarbons; long chain aliphatic hydrocarbons having polyamine moieties attached directly thereto; and Mannich condensation products formed by condensing a long chain substituted phenol with formaldehyde and polyalkylene polyamine.
  • all the dispersant or dispersants used (including all nitrogen-containing dispersant and any nitrogen-free dispersant) be derived from hydrocarbon polymers having an average number average molecular weight (M n ) of from about 600 to 3000, more preferably 700 to 2700, even more preferably 700 to 2500, even more preferably 800 to 2400, even more preferably 800 to 2000, especially 800 to 1250.
  • M n average number average molecular weight
  • a highly preferred ashless dispersant comprises a dispersant that is derived from a polyalkenyl-substituted mono- or di- carboxylic acid, anhydride or ester, most preferably a dispersant that is derived from a polyisobutenyl-substituted mono- or dicarboxylic acid, anhydride or ester.
  • the polyalkenyl moiety of the dispersant has a number average molecular weight of from 600 to 3000, more preferably 700 to 2700, even more preferably 700 to 2500, even more preferably 800 to 2400, even more preferably 800 to 2000, especially 800 to 1250.
  • the molecular weight of a dispersant is generally expressed in terms of the molecular weight of the polyalkenyl moiety as the precise molecular weight range of the dispersant depends on numerous parameters including the type of polymer used to derive the dispersant, the number of functional groups, and the type of nucleophilic group employed.
  • the dispersant has greater than 1.1, more preferably greater than or equal to 1.2, even more preferably greater than or equal to 1.25, most preferably greater than or equal to 1.3 functional groups (mono- or dicarboxylic acid producing moieties) per polyalkenyl moiety.
  • the dispersant has less than or equal to 1.9, more preferably less than or equal to 1.8, even more preferably less than or equal to 1.7, even more preferably less than or equal to 1.6, most preferably less than or equal to 1.5, functional groups (mono- or dicarboxylic acid producing moieties) per polyalkenyl moiety.
  • each mono- or dicarboxylic acid-producing moiety will react with a nucleophilic group (amine or amide) and the number of functional groups in the polyalkenyl-substituted carboxylic acylating agent will determine the number of nucleophilic groups in the finished dispersant.
  • the polyalkenyl moiety from which dispersants may be derived has a narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD), also referred to as polydispersity, as determined by the ratio of weight average molecular weight (M w ) to number average molecular weight (M n ).
  • MWD molecular weight distribution
  • hydrocarbon polymers, particularly the polyalkenyl moiety, from which the dispersants are derived have a M w /M n of from about 1.5 to about 2.0, preferably from about 1.5 to about 1.9, most preferably from about 1.6 to about 1.8.
  • Suitable hydrocarbons or polymers employed in the formation of the dispersants include homopolymers, interpolymers or lower molecular weight hydrocarbons.
  • such polymers comprise interpolymers of ethylene and at least one alpha-olefin of the above formula, wherein R 1 is alkyl of from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and more preferably is alkyl of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and more preferably still of from 1 to 2 carbon atoms.
  • useful alpha-olefin monomers and comonomers include, for example, propylene, but-1-ene, hex-1-ene, oct-1-ene, 4-methylpent-1-ene, dec-1-ene, dodec-1-ene, tridec-1-ene, tetradec-1-ene, pentadec-1-ene, hexadec-1-ene, heptadec-1-ene, octadec-1-ene, nonadec-1-ene, and mixtures thereof (e.g., mixtures of propylene and but-1-ene, and the like).
  • Exemplary of such polymers are propylene homopolymers, but-1-ene homopolymers, ethylene-propylene copolymers, ethylene-but-1-ene copolymers, propylene-butene copolymers and the like, wherein the polymer contains at least some terminal and/or internal unsaturation.
  • Preferred polymers are unsaturated copolymers of ethylene and propylene and ethylene and but-1-ene.
  • the interpolymers may contain a minor amount, e.g. 0.5 to 5 mole % of a C 4 to C 18 non-conjugated diolefin comonomer.
  • the polymers comprise only alpha-olefin homopolymers, interpolymers of alpha-olefin comonomers and interpolymers of ethylene and alpha-olefin comonomers.
  • the molar ethylene content of the polymers employed is preferably in the range of 0 to 80 %, and more preferably 0 to 60 %.
  • the ethylene content of such copolymers is most preferably between 15 and 50 %, although higher or lower ethylene contents may be present.
  • These polymers may be prepared by polymerizing alpha-olefin monomer, or mixtures of alpha-olefin monomers, or mixtures comprising ethylene and at least one C 3 to C 28 alpha-olefin monomer, in the presence of a catalyst system comprising at least one metallocene (e.g., a cyclopentadienyl-transition metal compound) and an alumoxane compound.
  • a catalyst system comprising at least one metallocene (e.g., a cyclopentadienyl-transition metal compound) and an alumoxane compound.
  • the percentage of polymer chains exhibiting terminal ethenylidene unsaturation may be determined by FTIR spectroscopic analysis, titration, or C 13 NMR.
  • the chain length of the R 1 alkyl group will vary depending on the comonomer(s) selected for use in the polymerization.
  • These terminally unsaturated interpolymers may be prepared by known metallocene chemistry and may also be prepared as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,498,809 ; 5,663,130 ; 5,705,577 ; 5,814,715 ; 6,022,929 and 6,030,930 .
  • polymers prepared by cationic polymerization of isobutene, styrene, and the like are polymers prepared by cationic polymerization of isobutene, styrene, and the like.
  • Common polymers from this class include polyisobutenes obtained by polymerization of a C 4 refinery stream having a butene content of about 35 to about 75% by wt., and an isobutene content of about 30 to about 60% by wt., in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst, such as aluminum trichloride or boron trifluoride.
  • a preferred source of monomer for making poly-n-butenes is petroleum feed streams such as Raffinate II. These feedstocks are disclosed in the art such as in U.S. Patent No. 4,952,739 .
  • Polyisobutylene is a most preferred backbone of the present invention because it is readily available by cationic polymerization from butene streams (e.g., using AlCl 3 or BF 3 catalysts). Such polyisobutylenes generally contain residual unsaturation in amounts of about one ethylenic double bond per polymer chain, positioned along the chain.
  • the polyalkenyl moiety of the dispersant comprises a highly reactive polyisobutylene (HR-PIB), having a terminal vinylidene content of at least 65%, e.g., 70%, more preferably at least 80%, most preferably, at least 85%.
  • HR-PIB is known and HR-PIB is commercially available under the tradenames Glissopal TM (from BASF) and Ultravis TM (from BP).
  • the hydrocarbon or polymer backbone can be functionalized, e.g., with carboxylic acid producing moieties (preferably acid or anhydride moieties) selectively at sites of carbon-to-carbon unsaturation on the polymer or hydrocarbon chains, or randomly along chains using any of the three processes mentioned above or combinations thereof, in any sequence.
  • carboxylic acid producing moieties preferably acid or anhydride moieties
  • the polymer or hydrocarbon may be functionalized, for example, with carboxylic acid producing moieties (preferably acid or anhydride) by reacting the polymer or hydrocarbon under conditions that result in the addition of functional moieties or agents, i.e., acid, anhydride, ester moieties, etc., onto the polymer or hydrocarbon chains primarily at sites of carbon-to-carbon unsaturation (also referred to as ethylenic or olefinic unsaturation) using the halogen assisted functionalization (e.g. chlorination) process or the thermal "ene" reaction.
  • carboxylic acid producing moieties preferably acid or anhydride
  • Selective functionalization can be accomplished by halogenating, e.g., chlorinating or brominating the unsaturated ⁇ -olefin polymer to about 1 to 8 wt. %, preferably 3 to 7 wt. % chlorine, or bromine, based on the weight of polymer or hydrocarbon, by passing the chlorine or bromine through the polymer at a temperature of 60 to 250°C, preferably 110 to 160°C, e.g., 120 to 140°C, for about 0.5 to 10, preferably 1 to 7 hours.
  • halogenating e.g., chlorinating or brominating the unsaturated ⁇ -olefin polymer to about 1 to 8 wt. %, preferably 3 to 7 wt. % chlorine, or bromine, based on the weight of polymer or hydrocarbon, by passing the chlorine or bromine through the polymer at a temperature of 60 to 250°C, preferably 110 to 160°C, e.g., 120 to 140°C, for about 0.5
  • the halogenated polymer or hydrocarbon (hereinafter backbone) is then reacted with sufficient monounsaturated reactant capable of adding the required number of functional moieties to the backbone, e.g., monounsaturated carboxylic reactant, at 100 to 250°C, usually about 180°C to 235°C, for about 0.5 to 10, e.g., 3 to 8 hours, such that the product obtained will contain the desired number of moles of the monounsaturated carboxylic reactant per mole of the halogenated backbones.
  • the backbone and the monounsaturated carboxylic reactant are mixed and heated while adding chlorine to the hot material.
  • chlorination normally helps increase the reactivity of starting olefin polymers with monounsaturated functionalizing reactant, it is not necessary with some of the polymers or hydrocarbons contemplated for use in the present invention, particularly those preferred polymers or hydrocarbons which possess a high terminal bond content and reactivity.
  • the backbone and the monounsaturated functionality reactant e.g., carboxylic reactant, are contacted at elevated temperature to cause an initial thermal "ene" reaction to take place. Ene reactions are known.
  • the hydrocarbon or polymer backbone can be functionalized by random attachment of functional moieties along the polymer chains by a variety of methods.
  • the polymer in solution or in solid form, may be grafted with the monounsaturated carboxylic reactant, as described above, in the presence of a free-radical initiator.
  • the grafting takes place at an elevated temperature in the range of about 100 to 260°C, preferably 120 to 240°C.
  • free-radical initiated grafting would be accomplished in a mineral lubricating oil solution containing, e.g., 1 to 50 wt. %, preferably 5 to 30 wt. % polymer based on the initial total oil solution.
  • the free-radical initiators that may be used are peroxides, hydroperoxides, and azo compounds, preferably those that have a boiling point greater than about 100°C and decompose thermally within the grafting temperature range to provide free-radicals.
  • Representative of these free-radical initiators are azobutyronitrile, 2,5-dimethylhex-3-ene-2, 5-bis-tertiary-butyl peroxide and dicumene peroxide.
  • the initiator when used, typically is used in an amount of between 0.005% and 1% by weight based on the weight of the reaction mixture solution.
  • the aforesaid monounsaturated carboxylic reactant material and free-radical initiator are used in a weight ratio range of from about 1.0:1 to 30:1, preferably 3:1 to 6:1.
  • the grafting is preferably carried out in an inert atmosphere, such as under nitrogen blanketing.
  • the resulting grafted polymer is characterized by having carboxylic acid (or ester or anhydride) moieties randomly attached along the polymer chains: it being understood, of course, that some of the polymer chains remain ungrafted.
  • the free radical grafting described above can be used for the other polymers and hydrocarbons of the present invention.
  • Mixtures of monounsaturated carboxylic materials (i) - (iv) also may be used.
  • the monounsaturation of the monounsaturated carboxylic reactant becomes saturated.
  • maleic anhydride becomes backbone-substituted succinic anhydride
  • acrylic acid becomes backbone-substituted propionic acid.
  • Such monounsaturated carboxylic reactants are fumaric acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, chloromaleic acid, chloromaleic anhydride, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, cinnamic acid, and lower alkyl (e.g., C 1 to C 4 alkyl) acid esters of the foregoing, e.g., methyl maleate, ethyl fumarate, and methyl fumarate.
  • lower alkyl e.g., C 1 to C 4 alkyl
  • the monounsaturated carboxylic reactant typically will be used in an amount ranging from about equimolar amount to about 100 wt. % excess, preferably 5 to 50 wt. % excess, based on the moles of polymer or hydrocarbon. Unreacted excess monounsaturated carboxylic reactant can be removed from the final dispersant product by, for example, stripping, usually under vacuum, if required.
  • the functionalized oil-soluble polymeric hydrocarbon backbone is then derivatized with a nitrogen-containing nucleophilic reactant, such as an amine, amino-alcohol, amide, or mixture thereof, to form a corresponding derivative.
  • a nitrogen-containing nucleophilic reactant such as an amine, amino-alcohol, amide, or mixture thereof.
  • Amine compounds are preferred.
  • Useful amine compounds for derivatizing functionalized polymers comprise at least one amine and can comprise one or more additional amine or other reactive or polar groups. These amines may be hydrocarbyl amines or may be predominantly hydrocarbyl amines in which the hydrocarbyl group includes other groups, e.g., hydroxy groups, alkoxy groups, amide groups, nitriles, imidazoline groups, and the like.
  • Particularly useful amine compounds include mono- and polyamines, e.g., polyalkene and polyoxyalkylene polyamines of about 2 to 60, such as 2 to 40 (e.g., 3 to 20) total carbon atoms having about 1 to 12, such as 3 to 12, preferably 3 to 9, most preferably form about 6 to about 7 nitrogen atoms per molecule.
  • Mixtures of amine compounds may advantageously be used, such as those prepared by reaction of alkylene dihalide with ammonia.
  • Preferred amines are aliphatic saturated amines, including, for example, 1,2-diaminoethane; 1,3-diaminopropane; 1,4-diaminobutane; 1,6-diaminohexane; polyethylene amines such as diethylene triamine; triethylene tetramine; tetraethylene pentamine; and polypropyleneamines such as 1,2-propylene diamine; and di-(1,2-propylene)triamine.
  • Such polyamine mixtures known as PAM
  • Particularly preferred polyamine mixtures are mixtures derived by distilling the light ends from PAM products. The resulting mixtures, known as "heavy" PAM, or HPAM, are also commercially available.
  • amine compounds include: alicyclic diamines such as 1,4-di(aminomethyl) cyclohexane and heterocyclic nitrogen compounds such as imidazolines.
  • Another useful class of amines is the polyamido and related amido- amines as disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,857,217 ; 4,956,107 ; 4,963,275 ; and 5,229,022 .
  • TAM tris(hydroxymethyl)amino methane
  • Dendrimers, star-like amines, and comb-structured amines may also be used.
  • condensed amines as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,053,152 .
  • the functionalized polymer is reacted with the amine compound using conventional techniques as described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,234,435 and 5,229,022 , as well as in EP-A-208,560 .
  • a highly preferred borated dispersant is an ashless nitrogen containing borated dispersant which is the reaction product of a polyalkenyl-substituted mono- or dicarboxylic acid, anhydride or ester, a polyamine and a boron containing compound. More preferably, the ashless nitrogen containing borated dispersant is the reaction product of a polyisobutenyl-substituted mono- or di- carboxylic acid, anhydride or ester, a polyamine and a boron containing compound.
  • a most preferred dispersant is one comprising at least one polyalkenyl succinimide, especially a polyisobutenyl succinimide, which is the reaction product of a polyalkenyl substituted succinic anhydride (e.g., PIBSA) and a polyamine (PAM).
  • a most preferred ashless nitrogen containing borated dispersant comprises the reaction product of a polyalkenyl substituted succinic anhydride, especially a polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic anhydride (i.e. PIBSA), a polyamine (PAM) and a boron containing compound.
  • such dispersants have a coupling ratio of from about 0.65 to about 1.25, preferably from about 0.8 to about 1.1, most preferably from about 0.9 to about 1.
  • coupling ratio may be defined as a ratio of the number of succinyl groups in the PIBSA to the number of primary amine groups in the polyamine reactant.
  • Mannich base condensation products Another class of high molecular weight ashless dispersants comprises Mannich base condensation products. Generally, these products are prepared by condensing about one mole of a long chain alkyl-substituted mono- or polyhydroxy benzene with about 1 to 2.5 moles of carbonyl compound(s) (e.g., formaldehyde and paraformaldehyde) and about 0.5 to 2 moles of polyalkylene polyamine, as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 3,442,808 .
  • carbonyl compound(s) e.g., formaldehyde and paraformaldehyde
  • Such Mannich base condensation products may include a polymer product of a metallocene catalyzed polymerization as a substituent on the benzene group, or may be reacted with a compound containing such a polymer substituted on a succinic anhydride in a manner similar to that described in U.S. Patent No. 3,442,808 .
  • Examples of functionalized and/or derivatized olefin polymers synthesized using metallocene catalyst systems are described in the publications identified supra.
  • the dispersant(s) are preferably non-polymeric (e.g., are mono- or bis-succinimides). It is further preferred that the dispersant or dispersants contribute, in total, from about 0.10 to about 0.20 wt. %, preferably from about 0.115 to about 0.18 wt. %, most preferably from about 0.12 to about 0.16 wt. % of nitrogen to the lubricating oil composition.
  • the dispersants can be borated by conventional means, as generally taught in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,087,936 , 3,254,025 and 5,430,105 . Boration of the dispersant is readily accomplished by treating an acyl nitrogen-containing dispersant with a boron compound such as boron oxide, boron halide boron acids, and esters of boron acids, in an amount sufficient to provide from about 0.1 to about 20 atomic proportions of boron for each mole of acylated nitrogen composition.
  • a boron compound such as boron oxide, boron halide boron acids, and esters of boron acids
  • the boron which appears in the product as dehydrated boric acid polymers (primarily (HBO 2 ) 3 ), is believed to attach to the dispersant imides and diimides as amine salts, e.g., the metaborate salt of the diimide.
  • Boration can be carried out by adding a sufficient quantity of a boron compound, preferably boric acid, usually as a slurry, to the acyl nitrogen compound and heating with stirring at from about 135°C to about 190°C, e.g., 140°C to 170°C, for from about 1 to about 5 hours, followed by nitrogen stripping.
  • the boron treatment can be conducted by adding boric acid to a hot reaction mixture of the dicarboxylic acid material and amine, while removing water.
  • Other post reaction processes known in the art can also be applied.
  • Non-dispersant boron containing compounds include boron oxide, boron oxide hydrate, boron trioxide, boron trifluoride, boron tribromide, boron trichloride, boron acid such as boronic acid, boric acid, tetraboric acid and metaboric acid, boron hydrides, boron amides and various esters of boron acids.
  • Suitable "non-dispersant boron sources” may comprise any oil-soluble, boron-containing compound, but preferably comprise one or more boron-containing additives known to impart enhanced properties to lubricating oil compositions.
  • boron-containing additives include, for example, borated dispersant VI improver; alkali metal, mixed alkali metal or alkaline earth metal borate; borated overbased metal detergent; borated epoxide; borate ester; and borate amide.
  • Alkali metal and alkaline earth metal borates are generally hydrated particulate metal borates, which are known in the art.
  • Alkali metal borates include mixed alkali and alkaline earth metal borates. These metal borates are available commercially.
  • Representative patents describing suitable alkali metal and alkaline earth metal borates and their methods of manufacture include U.S. Patent Nos. 3,997,454 ; 3,819,521 ; 3,853.772 ; 3,907,601 ; 3,997,454 ; and 4,089,790 .
  • the borated amines maybe prepared by reacting one or more of the above boron compounds with one or more of fatty amines, e.g., an amine having from four to eighteen carbon atoms. They may be prepared by reacting the amine with the boron compound at a temperature of from 50 to 300, preferably from 100 to 250 °C and at a ratio from 3:1 to 1:3 equivalents of amine to equivalents of boron compound.
  • Borated fatty epoxides are generally the reaction product of one or more of the above boron compounds with at least one epoxide.
  • the epoxide is generally an aliphatic epoxide having from 8 to 30, preferably from 10 to 24, more preferably from 12 to 20, carbon atoms.
  • Examples of useful aliphatic epoxides include heptyl epoxide and octyl epoxide. Mixtures of epoxides may also be used, for instance commercial mixtures of epoxides having from 14 to 16 carbon atoms and from 14 to 18 carbon atoms.
  • the borated fatty epoxides are generally known and are described in U.S. Patent 4,584,115 .
  • Borate esters may be prepared by reacting one or more of the above boron compounds with one or more alcohol of suitable oleophilicity. Typically, the alcohol contains from 6 to 30, or from 8 to 24, carbon atoms. Methods of making such borate esters are known in the art.
  • the borate esters can be borated phospholipids. Such compounds, and processes for making such compounds, are described in EP-A-0 684 298 . Borated overbased metal detergents are known in the art where the borate substitutes the carbonate in the core either in part or in full.
  • a borated dispersant as defined herein represents the sole boron containing compound in the lubricating oil composition.
  • the boron containing compound introduces into the lubricating oil composition greater than 100, more preferably greater than 150, even more preferably greater than 175, even more preferably greater than 200, most preferably greater than 225, ppm of boron, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition.
  • the boron containing compound introduces into the lubricating oil composition less than 10000, more preferably less than 7000, even more preferably less than 3000, even more preferably less than 1000, most preferably less than 500, ppm of boron, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition.
  • the lubricating oil compositions of the invention may be used to lubricate mechanical engine components, particularly in internal combustion engines, e.g. spark-ignited or compression-ignited two- or four- stroke reciprocating engines, by adding the composition thereto.
  • the engines may be conventional gasoline or diesel engines designed to be powered by gasoline or petroleum diesel, respectively; alternatively, the engines may be specifically modified to be powered by an alcohol based fuel or biodiesel fuel.
  • the lubricating oil compositions are crankcase lubricants.
  • the lubricating oil composition is for use in the lubrication of a compression-ignited internal combustion engine (diesel engine), especially a compression-ignited internal combustion engine which is fuelled at least in part with a biodiesel fuel.
  • a compression-ignited internal combustion engine diesel engine
  • Such engines include passenger car diesel engines and heavy duty diesel engines, for example engines found in road trucks.
  • the lubricating oil composition is for use in the lubrication of a passenger car compression-ignited internal combustion engine (i.e. a light duty diesel engine), which is fuelled at least in part with a biodiesel fuel, especially such an engine which employs a late post-injection of fuel into the cylinder.
  • the lubricating oil composition is for use in the lubrication of the crankcase of the aforementioned engines.
  • the lubricating oil composition such as a crankcase lubricant
  • the lubricating oil composition of the present invention comprises at least 0.3, preferably at least 0.5, more preferably at least 1, even more preferably at least 5, even more preferably at least 10, even more preferably at least 15, even more preferably at least 20, mass % of biofuel and/or a decomposition product thereof.
  • the lubricating oil composition may comprise up to 50 mass % of biofuel and/or a decomposition product thereof, preferably it includes less than 35, more preferably less than 30, mass % of biofuel and/or a decomposition product thereof.
  • the biofuel comprises an alcohol based fuel in the case of spark-ignited internal combustion engines, preferably a bioalcohol fuel, especially bioethanol fuel.
  • the biofuel comprises biodiesel in the case of compression ignited internal combustion engines.
  • Biofuels include fuels that are produced from renewable biological resources and include biodiesel fuel as defined herein and bioethanol fuel which may be derived from fermented sugar.
  • biofuel also embraces an "alcohol based fuel”, such as “ethanol based fuel”, irrespective of the source of the alcohol (i.e. the alcohol may be derived from a renewable biological source or a non-renewable source, such as petroleum).
  • Alcohol based fuels are employed in spark-ignited internal combustion engines.
  • the alcohol based fuel may include one or more alcohols selected from methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol.
  • the alcohol may be derived from a renewable biological source or a non-renewable source, such as petroleum.
  • the alcohol based fuel may comprise 100 % by volume of one or more alcohols (i.e. pure alcohol).
  • the alcohol based fuel may comprise a blend of an alcohol and petroleum gasoline; suitable blends include 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 85, and 90, vol.% of the alcohol, based on the total volume of the alcohol and gasoline blend.
  • the alcohol based fuel comprises an ethanol based fuel. More preferably, the alcohol based fuel comprises a bioalcohol fuel, especially a bioethanol fuel.
  • the bioethanol fuel comprises ethanol derived from a renewable biological source (i.e. bioethanol), preferably ethanol derived solely from a renewable biological source.
  • the bioethanol may be derived from the sugar fermentation of crops such as corn, maize, wheat, cord grass and sorghum plants.
  • the bioethanol fuel may comprise 100% by volume bioethanol (designated as E100); alternatively, the bioethanol fuel may comprise a blend of bioethanol and petroleum gasoline.
  • the bioethanol fuel blend may have the designation "Exx" wherein xx refers to the amount of E100 bioethanol in vol.%, based on the total volume of the bioethanol fuel blend.
  • E10 refers to a bioethanol fuel blend which comprises 10 volume % E100 bioethanol fuel and 90 volume % of petroleum gasoline.
  • bioethanol fuel includes pure bioethanol fuel (i.e. E100) and bioethanol fuel blends comprising a mixture of bioethanol fuel and petroleum gasoline fuel.
  • the bioethanol fuel comprises E100, E95, E90, E85, E80, E75, E70, E65, E60, E55, E50, E45, E40, E35, E30, E25, E20, E15, E10, E8, E6 or E5.
  • Highly preferred blends include E85 (ASTM D5798 (USA)), E10 (ASTM D4806 (USA)) and E5 (EN 228:2004 (Europe)).
  • the biodiesel fuel comprises at least one alkyl ester, typically a mono-alkyl ester, of a long chain fatty acid derivable from vegetable oils or animal fats.
  • the biodiesel fuel comprises one or more methyl or ethyl esters of such long chain fatty acids, especially one or more methyl esters.
  • the long chain fatty acids typically comprise long chains which include carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
  • the long chain fatty acids include from 10 to 30, more preferably 14 to 26, most preferably 16 to 22, carbon atoms.
  • Highly preferred fatty acids include palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid.
  • the biodiesel fuel may be derived from the esterification or transesterification of one or more vegetable oils and animal fats, such as corn oil, cashew oil, oat oil, lupine oil, kenaf oil, calendula oil, cotton oil, hemp oil, soybean oil, linseed oil, hazelnut oil, euphorbia oil, pumpkin seed oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, tallow oil, sunflower oil, rice oil, sesame oil or algae oil.
  • Preferred vegetable oils include palm oil, rapeseed oil and soybean oil.
  • a pure biodiesel fuel that meets the ASTM D6751-08 standard (USA) or EN 14214 standard (European) specifications is designated as B100.
  • a pure biodiesel fuel may be mixed with a petroleum diesel fuel to form a biodiesel blend which may reduce emissions and improve engine performance.
  • Such biodiesel blends are given a designation "Bxx" where xx refers to the amount of the B100 biodiesel in volume %, based on the total volume of the biodiesel blend.
  • B10 refers to a biodiesel blend which comprises 10 volume % B100 biodiesel fuel and 90 volume % of petroleum diesel fuel.
  • biodiesel fuel includes pure biodiesel fuel (i.e. B100) and biodiesel fuel blends comprising a mixture of biodiesel fuel and petroleum diesel fuel.
  • the biodiesel fuel comprises a B100, B95, B90, B85, B80, B75, B70, B65, B60, B55, B50, B45, B40, B35, B30, B25, B20, B15, B10, B8, B6, B5, B4, B3, B2 or B1.
  • the biodiesel fuel comprises a B50 designation or lower, more preferably a B5 to B40, even more preferably B5 to B40, most preferably B5 to B20.
  • Co-additives with representative effective amounts, that may also be present, different from additive component (B), are listed below. All the values listed are stated as mass percent active ingredient.
  • Ashless Dispersant 0.1 - 20 1 - 8 Metal Detergents 0.1 - 15 0.2 - 9 Friction modifier 0 - 5 0 - 1.5 Corrosion Inhibitor 0 - 5 0 - 1.5 Metal Dihydrocarbyl Dithiophosphate 0 - 10 0 - 4 Anti-Oxidants 0 - 5 0.01 - 3 Pour Point Depressant 0.01 - 5 0.01 - 1.5 Anti-Foaming Agent 0 - 5 0.001 - 0.15 Supplement Anti-Wear Agents 0 - 5 0 - 2 Viscosity Modifier (1) 0 - 6 0.01 - 4 Mineral or Synthetic Base Oil Balance Balance Balance Balance Balance
  • Viscosity modifiers are used only in multi-graded oils.
  • the final lubricating oil composition typically made by blending the or each additive into the base oil, may contain from 5 to 25, preferably 5 to 18, typically 7 to 15, mass % of the co-additives, the remainder being oil of lubricating viscosity.
  • additives can provide a multiplicity of effects, for example, a single additive may act as a dispersant and as an oxidation inhibitor.
  • Such dispersants include non-borated hydrocarbon substituted succinimides, such as those made by reacting polyiosobutenyl substituted succinimide with a polyamine.
  • a detergent is an additive that reduces formation of piston deposits, for example high-temperature varnish and lacquer deposits, in engines; it normally has acid-neutralising properties and is capable of keeping finely divided solids in suspension.
  • Most detergents are based on metal "soaps", that is metal salts of acidic organic compounds.
  • Detergents generally comprise a polar head with a long hydrophobic tail, the polar head comprising a metal salt of an acidic organic compound.
  • the salts may contain a substantially stoichiometric amount of the metal when they are usually described as normal or neutral salts and would typically have a total base number or TBN (as may be measured by ASTM D2896) of from 0 to 80.
  • TBN total base number
  • Large amounts of a metal base can be included by reaction of an excess of a metal compound, such as an oxide or hydroxide, with an acidic gas such as carbon dioxide.
  • the resulting overbased detergent comprises neutralised detergent as an outer layer of a metal base (e.g. carbonate) micelle.
  • Such overbased detergents may have a TBN of 150 or greater, and typically of from 250 to 500 or more.
  • Detergents that may be used include oil-soluble neutral and overbased sulfonates, phenates, sulfurized phenates, thiophosphonates, salicylates, and naphthenates and other oil-soluble carboxylates of a metal, particularly the alkali or alkaline earth metals, e.g. sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium and magnesium.
  • a metal particularly the alkali or alkaline earth metals, e.g. sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium and magnesium.
  • the most commonly-used metals are calcium and magnesium, which may both be present in detergents used in a lubricant, and mixtures of calcium and/or magnesium with sodium.
  • Particularly preferred metal detergents are neutral and overbased alkali or alkaline earth metal salicylates having a TBN of from 50 to 450, preferably a TBN of 50 to 250.
  • Highly preferred salicylate detergents include alkaline earth metal salicylates, particularly magnesium and calcium, especially, calcium salicylates.
  • the alkali or alkaline earth metal salicylate detergent is the sole detergent in the lubricating oil composition.
  • Friction modifiers include glyceryl monoesters of higher fatty acids, for example, glyceryl mono-oleate; esters of long chain polycarboxylic acids with diols, for example, the butane diol ester of a dimerized unsaturated fatty acid; oxazoline compounds; and alkoxylated alkyl-substituted mono-amines, diamines and alkyl ether amines, for example, ethoxylated tallow amine and ethoxylated tallow ether amine.
  • Other known friction modifiers comprise oil-soluble organo-molybdenum compounds. Such organo-molybdenum friction modifiers also provide antioxidant and antiwear credits to a lubricating oil composition. Suitable oil-soluble organo-molybdenum compounds have a molybdenum-sulfur core. As examples there may be mentioned dithiocarbamates, dithiophosphates, dithiophosphinates, xanthates, thioxanthates, sulfides, and mixtures thereof. Particularly preferred are molybdenum dithiocarbamates, dialkyldithiophosphates, alkyl xanthates and alkylthioxanthates. The molybdenum compound is dinuclear or trinuclear.
  • One class of preferred organo-molybdenum compounds useful in all aspects of the present invention is tri-nuclear molybdenum compounds of the formula Mo 3 S k L n Q z and mixtures thereof wherein L are independently selected ligands having organo groups with a sufficient number of carbon atoms to render the compounds soluble or dispersible in the oil, n is from 1 to 4, k varies from 4 through to 7, Q is selected from the group of neutral electron donating compounds such as water, amines, alcohols, phosphines, and ethers, and z ranges from 0 to 5 and includes non-stoichiometric values. At least 21 total carbon atoms should be present among all the ligands' organo groups, such as at least 25, at least 30, or at least 35 carbon atoms.
  • the molybdenum compounds may be present in a lubricating oil composition at a concentration in the range 0.1 to 2 mass %, or providing at least 10 such as 50 to 2,000 ppm by mass of molybdenum atoms.
  • the molybdenum from the molybdenum compound is present in an amount of from 10 to 1500, such as 20 to 1000, more preferably 30 to 750, ppm based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.
  • the molybdenum is present in an amount of greater than 500 ppm.
  • Anti-oxidants are sometimes referred to as oxidation inhibitors; they increase the resistance of the composition to oxidation and may work by combining with and modifying peroxides to render them harmless, by decomposing peroxides, or by rendering an oxidation catalyst inert. Oxidative deterioration can be evidenced by sludge in the lubricant, varnish-like deposits on the metal surfaces, and by viscosity growth.
  • radical scavengers e.g. sterically hindered phenols, secondary aromatic amines, and organo-copper salts
  • hydroperoxide decomposers e.g., organosulfur and organophosphorus additives
  • multifunctionals e.g. zinc dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates, which may also function as anti-wear additives, and organo-molybdenum compounds, which may also function as friction modifiers and anti-wear additives).
  • suitable antioxidants are selected from copper-containing antioxidants, sulfur-containing antioxidants, aromatic amine-containing antioxidants, hindered phenolic antioxidants, dithiophosphates derivatives, metal thiocarbamates, and molybdenum-containing compounds.
  • Preferred anti-oxidants are aromatic amine-containing antioxidants, molybdenum-containing compounds and mixtures thereof, particularly aromatic amine-containing antioxidants.
  • an antioxidant is present in the lubricating oil composition.
  • Anti-wear agents reduce friction and excessive wear and are usually based on compounds containing sulfur or phosphorous or both, for example that are capable of depositing polysulfide films on the surfaces involved.
  • dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate metal salts wherein the metal may be an alkali or alkaline earth metal, or aluminium, lead, tin, molybdenum, manganese, nickel, copper, or preferably, zinc.
  • Dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate metal salts may be prepared in accordance with known techniques by first forming a dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphoric acid (DDPA), usually by reaction of one or more alcohols or a phenol with P 2 S 5 and then neutralizing the formed DDPA with a metal compound.
  • DDPA dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphoric acid
  • a dithiophosphoric acid may be made by reacting mixtures of primary and secondary alcohols.
  • multiple dithiophosphoric acids can be prepared where the hydrocarbyl groups on one are entirely secondary in character and the hydrocarbyl groups on the others are entirely primary in character.
  • any basic or neutral metal compound could be used but the oxides, hydroxides and carbonates are most generally employed. Commercial additives frequently contain an excess of metal due to the use of an excess of the basic metal compound in the neutralization reaction.
  • the preferred dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate metal salts are zinc dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates (ZDDP) which are oil-soluble salts of dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphoric acids and may be represented by the following formula: wherein R 1 and R 2 may be the same or different hydrocarbyl radicals containing from 1 to 18, preferably 2 to 12, carbon atoms and include radicals such as alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkaryl and cycloaliphatic radicals. Particularly preferred as R 1 and R 2 groups are alkyl groups of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, especially primary alkyl groups (i.e. R 1 and R 2 are derived from predominantly primary alcohols).
  • ZDDP zinc dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates
  • the radicals may, for example, be ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, amyl, n-hexyl, i-hexyl, n-octyl, decyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, 2-ethylhexyl, phenyl, butylphenyl, cyclohexyl, methylcyclopentyl, propenyl, butenyl.
  • the total number of carbon atoms (i.e. R 1 and R 2 ) in the dithiophosphoric acid will be ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, amyl, n-hexyl, i-hexyl, n-octyl, decyl, do
  • the zinc dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate comprises a zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate.
  • the lubricating oil composition contains an amount of dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate metal salt that introduces 0.02 to 0.10 mass %, preferably 0.02 to 0.09 mass%, preferably 0.02 to 0.08 mass %, more preferably 0.02 to 0.06 mass % of phosphorus into the composition.
  • the dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate metal salt should preferably be added to the lubricating oil compositions in amounts no greater than from 1.1 to 1.3 mass % (a.i.), based upon the total mass of the lubricating oil composition.
  • ashless anti-wear agents examples include 1,2,3-triazoles, benzotriazoles, sulfurised fatty acid esters, and dithiocarbamate derivatives.
  • Rust and corrosion inhibitors serve to protect surfaces against rust and/or corrosion.
  • rust inhibitors there may be mentioned non-ionic polyoxyalkylene polyols and esters thereof, polyoxyalkylene phenols, thiadiazoles and anionic alkyl sulfonic acids.
  • Pour point depressants otherwise known as lube oil flow improvers, lower the minimum temperature at which the oil will flow or can be poured.
  • Such additives are well known. Typical of these additive are C 8 to C 18 dialkyl fumerate/vinyl acetate copolymers and polyalkylmethacrylates.
  • Additives of the polysiloxane type for example silicone oil or polydimethyl siloxane, can provide foam control.
  • a small amount of a demulsifying component may be used.
  • a preferred demulsifying component is described in EP-A-330,522 . It is obtained by reacting an alkylene oxide with an adduct obtained by reaction of a bis-epoxide with a polyhydric alcohol.
  • the demulsifier should be used at a level not exceeding 0.1 mass % active ingredient. A treat rate of 0.001 to 0.05 mass % active ingredient is convenient.
  • Viscosity modifiers impart high and low temperature operability to a lubricating oil.
  • Viscosity modifiers that also function as dispersants are also known and may be prepared as described above for ashless dispersants.
  • these dispersant viscosity modifiers are functionalised polymers (e.g. interpolymers of ethylene-propylene post grafted with an active monomer such as maleic anhydride) which are then derivatised with, for example, an alcohol or amine.
  • the lubricant may be formulated with or without a conventional viscosity modifier and with or without a dispersant viscosity modifier.
  • Suitable compounds for use as viscosity modifiers are generally high molecular weight hydrocarbon polymers, including polyesters.
  • Oil-soluble viscosity modifying polymers generally have weight average molecular weights of from 10,000 to 1,000,000, preferably 20,000 to 500,000, which may be determined by gel permeation chromatography or by light scattering.
  • the additives may be incorporated into an oil of lubricating viscosity (also known as a base oil) in any convenient way.
  • each additive can be added directly to the oil by dispersing or dissolving it in the oil at the desired level of concentration. Such blending may occur at ambient temperature or at an elevated temperature.
  • an additive is available as an admixture with a base oil so that the handling thereof is easier.
  • additives When a plurality of additives are employed it may be desirable, although not essential, to prepare one or more additive packages (also known as additive compositions or concentrates) comprising additives and a diluent, which can be a base oil, whereby the additives, with the exception of viscosity modifiers, multifuntional viscosity modifiers and pour point depressants, can be added simultaneously to the base oil to form the lubricating oil composition. Dissolution of the additive package(s) into the oil of lubricating viscosity may be facilitated by diluent or solvents and by mixing accompanied with mild heating, but this is not essential.
  • additive packages also known as additive compositions or concentrates
  • a diluent which can be a base oil
  • dissolution of the additive package(s) into the oil of lubricating viscosity may be facilitated by diluent or solvents and by mixing accompanied with mild heating, but this is not essential.
  • the additive package(s) will typically be formulated to contain the additive(s) in proper amounts to provide the desired concentration in the final formulation when the additive package(s) is/are combined with a predetermined amount of oil of lubricating viscosity.
  • one or more detergents may be added to small amounts of base oil or other compatible solvents (such as a carrier oil or diluent oil) together with other desirable additives to form additive packages containing from 2.5 to 90, preferably from 5 to 75, most preferably from 8 to 60, mass %, based on the mass of the additive package, of additives on an active ingredient basis in the appropriate proportions.
  • the final formulations may typically contain 5 to 40 mass % of the additive package(s), the remainder being oil of lubricating viscosity.
  • the oil-soluble boron containing compound forms part of an additive package which also includes a diluent, preferably a base stock, and one or more co-additives in a minor amount, other than additive component (B), selected from ashless dispersants, metal detergents, corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, antiwear agents, friction modifiers, demulsifiers and antifoam agents; the additive package being added to the oil of lubricating viscosity comprising a Group III base stock.
  • HTCBT High Temperature Corrosion Bench Test
  • test lubricating oil 100 ml
  • the sample tube is immersed in a heated oil bath so that the temperature of the test lubricating oil is heated to 135°C.
  • the test lubricating oil is heated at 135°C for 168 hours and during this time dry air is blown through the heated oil at a rate of 5 litres per hour. After which, the test lubricating oil is cooled and the metal specimens removed and examined for corrosion.
  • concentration of copper, tin and lead in the test lubricating oil composition and a reference sample of the lubricating oil composition i.e.
  • test lubricating oil a new sample of the test lubricating oil is then determined in accordance with ASTM D5185.
  • concentration of each of the metal contaminants in the test lubricating oil composition and those of the reference sample lubricating oil composition provides a value for the change in the various metal concentrations before and after the test.
  • the industry standard limits to meet the requirements of API CJ-4 which involves testing the lubricant in the absence of any added fuel, are 20 ppm maximum for copper and 120 ppm maximum for lead (i.e. these are the test limits for the pure lubricant only).
  • a lubricating oil composition which includes a biofuel or a petroleum fuel
  • the test has essentially been modified and such compositions are not required to meet the requirements of API CJ-4; the results of the test being used for comparative purposes to assess the effects of certain additives in the presence of a biofuel.
  • Oxidative stability is measured using the Hot Surface Oxidation Test which determines the Oxidation Induction Time (OIT) of a lubricating oil composition by Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimetry (PDSC).
  • OIT Oxidation Induction Time
  • a measured sample (3 mg) of a lubricating oil composition is placed in a test cell of a Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimeter (Netzsch 204 HPDSC) and the cell pressurised to 689.5 KPa (100 psi) with clean dry air. The cell is then heated at a rate of 40°C per minute until the isothermal test temperature of 210°C is attained and the sample maintained at this temperature for a maximum of 240 minutes.
  • the calorimeter provides a value of the OIT i.e. the time taken for the sample to oxidise; a larger OIT indicates the sample is more stable to oxidation than a sample having a smaller OIT.
  • a series of 5W-30 multigrade lubricating oil compositions were prepared by admixing a Group III base stock with known additives including an overbased calcium salicylate detergent (TBN 350 mgKOH/g), a neutral calcium salicylate detergent (TBN 64), non-borated dispersants, ZDDP and a viscosity index improver concentrate.
  • TBN 350 mgKOH/g overbased calcium salicylate detergent
  • TBN 64 neutral calcium salicylate detergent
  • ZDDP non-borated dispersants
  • Reference Lubricant 1 did not include any biodiesel fuel (i.e. the lubricant per se)
  • Lubricant 1 of the invention and Comparative Lubricant 1 included B50 biodiesel fuel (10 mass %) to simulate contamination of the oil during operation of a diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel fuel.
  • Reference Lubricant 1 and Lubricant 1 of the invention also included a low molecular weight ashless polyisobutenyl succinimide dispersant (1.3 mass % Boron), whereas Comparative Lubricant 1 did not include the overborated dispersant.
  • Each of the lubricants had a phosphorus content of 800 ppm and a sulphated ash content of 1.2 mass %.
  • the Lubricants were evaluated for copper and lead corrosion control using the High Temperature Corrosion Bench Test. The results are also detailed in Table 1.
  • a lubricant including an overborated dispersant in the absence of biodiesel fuel displays excellent corrosion control performance, as expected.
  • a lubricant including an overborated dispersant (Lubricant 1) still displays good copper and lead corrosion control performance.
  • the copper and lead corrosion control performance of a lubricant including an overborated dispersant (Lubricant 1), in the presence of biodiesel fuel is far superior to that of a corresponding lubricant not including the overborated dispersant (Comparative Lubricant 1).
  • a series of 5W-30 multigrade lubricating oil compositions were prepared by admixing a Group III base stock with known additives including an overbased calcium alkyl sulphonate detergent (TBN 300), an overbased calcium phenate detergent (TBN 145), non-borated dispersants, ZDDP, an aminic antioxidant, and a viscosity index improver concentrate.
  • Lubricants 2, 3 and 4 of the invention and Comparative Lubricant 2 included B50 biodiesel fuel (10 mass %) to simulate contamination of the oil during operation of a diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel fuel.
  • Comparative Lubricant 2 and Inventive Lubricant 3 contained a magnesium sulphonate detergent (TBN 400), whereas Lubricant 2 of the invention included a borated magnesium sulphonate detergent (TBN 337) instead at equivalent TBN and ash level as Comparative Lubricant 2.
  • Lubricant 3 of the invention included a borated ashless polyisobutenyl succinimide dispersant (1.3 mass % Boron) in place of some of the dispersant present in Comparative Lubricant 2.
  • Each of the lubricants had a sulphated ash content of around 1.05 mass %.
  • Lubricant 4 of the invention included a borated ester and borated amide mixture (Vanlube 289TM available from R T Vanderbilt) in place of the borated dispersant of Lubricant 3 to provide a lubricant with an equivalent level of boron, ash and TBN.
  • the Lubricants were evaluated for copper and lead corrosion control using the High Temperature Corrosion Bench Test and also for oxidative stability using the Hot Surface Oxidation Test. The results are also detailed in Table 2.

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EP10171303A 2009-08-24 2010-07-29 Verwendung eines aschefreien Dispergiermittels Revoked EP2290041B1 (de)

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2692839A1 (de) * 2012-07-31 2014-02-05 Infineum International Limited Schmierölzusammensetzung enthaltend einen Korrosionsinhibitor
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EP2791296A4 (de) * 2011-12-16 2015-06-10 Chevron Oronite Co Dieselmotoröle
US9353327B2 (en) 2011-12-16 2016-05-31 Chevron Oronite Company Llc Diesel engine oils
US9193930B2 (en) 2012-07-31 2015-11-24 Infineum International Limited Lubricating oil composition
EP2692839A1 (de) * 2012-07-31 2014-02-05 Infineum International Limited Schmierölzusammensetzung enthaltend einen Korrosionsinhibitor
US10982166B2 (en) 2015-02-06 2021-04-20 Castrol Limited Use of a boron-containing additive as an inhibitor of lead corrosion
WO2016124292A1 (en) * 2015-02-06 2016-08-11 Castrol Limited Use of a boron-containing additive as an inhibitor of lead corrosion
CN107636130A (zh) * 2015-02-06 2018-01-26 卡斯特罗尔有限公司 含硼添加剂作为铅腐蚀抑制剂的用途
CN115992021A (zh) * 2015-02-06 2023-04-21 卡斯特罗尔有限公司 含硼添加剂作为铅腐蚀抑制剂的用途
WO2018077621A1 (en) 2016-10-25 2018-05-03 Chevron Oronite Technology B.V. Lubricating oil compositions comprising a biodiesel fuel and a dispersant
US10344245B2 (en) * 2016-10-25 2019-07-09 Chevron Oronite Technology B.V. Lubricating oil compositions comprising a biodiesel fuel and a dispersant
US10781394B2 (en) 2016-10-25 2020-09-22 Chevron Oronite Technology B.V. Lubricating oil compositions comprising a biodiesel fuel and a Mannich condensation product
CN109715768A (zh) * 2016-10-25 2019-05-03 雪佛龙奥伦耐技术有限责任公司 包含生物柴油燃料和分散剂的润滑油组合物
WO2018080789A1 (en) 2016-10-25 2018-05-03 Chevron Oronite Technology B.V. Lubricating oil compositions comprising a biodiesel fuel and a mannich condensation product
WO2020023430A1 (en) * 2018-07-23 2020-01-30 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Lubricating oil compositions with oxidative stability in diesel engines using biodiesel fuel

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