EP2259136A1 - Fim mit blauem Farbstoff - Google Patents

Fim mit blauem Farbstoff Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2259136A1
EP2259136A1 EP10003593A EP10003593A EP2259136A1 EP 2259136 A1 EP2259136 A1 EP 2259136A1 EP 10003593 A EP10003593 A EP 10003593A EP 10003593 A EP10003593 A EP 10003593A EP 2259136 A1 EP2259136 A1 EP 2259136A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
film
imaging element
silver halide
support
films
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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EP10003593A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Robert E. Dickerson
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Carestream Health Inc
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Carestream Health Inc
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C5/00—Photographic processes or agents therefor; Regeneration of such processing agents
    • G03C5/16—X-ray, infrared, or ultraviolet ray processes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
    • G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
    • G03C1/06—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein with non-macromolecular additives
    • G03C1/40—Dyestuffs not covered by the groups G03C1/08 - G03C1/38 or G03C1/42
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
    • G03C1/76—Photosensitive materials characterised by the base or auxiliary layers
    • G03C1/825—Photosensitive materials characterised by the base or auxiliary layers characterised by antireflection means or visible-light filtering means, e.g. antihalation
    • G03C1/83—Organic dyestuffs therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
    • G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
    • G03C1/0051—Tabular grain emulsions
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
    • G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
    • G03C1/035—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein characterised by the crystal form or composition, e.g. mixed grain
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
    • G03C1/76—Photosensitive materials characterised by the base or auxiliary layers
    • G03C1/795—Photosensitive materials characterised by the base or auxiliary layers the base being of macromolecular substances
    • G03C1/7954—Polyesters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
    • G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
    • G03C1/035—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein characterised by the crystal form or composition, e.g. mixed grain
    • G03C2001/03541—Cubic grains
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C5/00—Photographic processes or agents therefor; Regeneration of such processing agents
    • G03C5/16—X-ray, infrared, or ultraviolet ray processes
    • G03C2005/168—X-ray material or process

Definitions

  • the invention relates generally to film, imaging, and the field of radiography, particularly X-ray radiography. More specifically, the invention relates to blue tinted X-ray films.
  • an image of a patient's anatomy is produced by exposing the patient to X-rays and recording the pattern of penetrating X-radiation using a radiographic film containing at least one radiation-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer coated on a transparent support.
  • An approach to reducing patient exposure is to employ one or more phosphor-containing intensifying screens in combination with the radiographic film (usually both in the front and back of the film).
  • _An intensifying screen absorbs X-rays and emits longer wavelength electromagnetic radiation that the silver halide emulsions more readily absorb.
  • Another technique for reducing patient exposure is to coat two silver halide emulsion layers on opposite sides of the film support to form a "dual coated" radiographic film so the film can provide suitable images with less exposure.
  • a number of commercial products provide assemblies of both dual coated films in combination with two intensifying screens to allow the lowest possible patient exposure to X-rays.
  • Typical arrangements of film and screens are described in considerable detail for example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,803,150 (Dickerson et al. ), U.S. Pat. No. 5,021,327 (Bunch et al. ), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,576,156 (Dickerson ).
  • Radiographic X-radiation films are currently manufactured with several different contrasts in order to meet the diverse radiographic imaging needs.
  • These include high contrast films such as commercially available Carestream Health TMAT-G Film and low contrast films such as Carestream Health TMAT-L Film.
  • High contrast films are designed to image anatomy parts that exhibit a narrow range of X-radiation absorbance (such as bones).
  • _Medium and low contrast films are designed to image simultaneously several different types of anatomy having different X-radiation absorbance.
  • Radiography of the thoracic cavity (chest) is an example of this need where radiologists need to image the relatively radio-opaque mediastinal area (behind the vertebral column, heart and diaphragm).
  • X-ray radiographic films containing blue-tinted dyes have been utilized for several decades. _The reason for such dyes is to improve the image tone of the resulting radiographic images.
  • Radiographic images formed by exposure to X-rays on an X-ray radiographic film consists of silver deposits that have a yellow-brown appearance which is objectionable to many radiologists. The resulting color from the developed silver can be measured using spectral absorption techniques, and is measured as a higher absorbance in the blue portion of the visible spectrum. In order to compensate for this color, blue-tinting dyes are added to the film, thereby increasing the spectral absorbance in the green and red portions of the visible spectrum. The result is a radiograph with an acceptable blue-red appearance.
  • Addition of blue-tinting dye also has the effect of increasing film Dmin or total density of the unexposed or low-exposure region of a processed radiographic film.
  • the Dmin value as measured after film exposure and processing, is generally considered to contain at least the following two factors: (1) an optical density due to the support and tinting dyes that is present before and after processing, and (2) an optical density resulting from the processing itself.
  • factor (2) is conventional silver fog.
  • the Dmin value of a radiograph is a primary criterion for acceptable performance of a radiographic film in customer usage, as established by various standards committees that monitor performance of X-ray films in the field of medical radiography.
  • US Patent No. 1,973,886 (Scanlan ) describes an X-ray film including the addition of a blue tint to an X-ray base material.
  • An object of the present invention is to produce improved X-ray films.
  • Another object of the present invention is to produce X-ray film with improved contrast.
  • Yet another object of the present invention is to produce X-ray film with improved image quality.
  • Yet another object of the present invention is to produce X-ray film with the capability of improved radiographic or radiologic diagnosis.
  • an imaging element comprising a polymer support, a blue dye sufficient to result in a CIELAB measurement of L* less than or equal to 80 and a b* less than or equal to -25.
  • CIELAB b* values describe the yellowness vs. blueness of an image with more positive values indicating a tendency toward greater yellowness
  • CIELAB a* values compare greenness vs. redness, where more positive values indicating a higher proportion toward redness.
  • _CIELAB L* or luminosity is a measure of how much light is transmitted from an object to the eye. L*, a* and b* measurement techniques are described by Billmeyer and Saltzman, Principles of Color Technology, 2nd. Ed., Wiley, New York, 1981 , at Chapter 3. The measurements of a* and b* were developed by the Commission Internationale de L'Esclairage (International Commission on Illumination).
  • the invention allows a formation of an improved X-ray film.
  • the inventive X-ray film has better contrast, particularly for utilization in mammography as well as other uses.
  • the inventive X-ray film has improved image quality.
  • the inventive X-ray film has the capability for improved radiographic or radiologic diagnosis. -The film utilizes materials similar to those materials already in the X-ray film but in different quantities to achieve an improved result at low cost.
  • the improved X-ray further can be utilized in the present machines for taking X-rays and for developing the X-rays.
  • the "bottom” silver halide emulsion layer is closest to the film support and is defined herein as the “first” or “third” emulsion depending upon which side of the support it resides.
  • the “top” silver halide emulsion layer is farther from the film support and is defined herein as the second or fourth emulsion depending upon which side of the support it resides.
  • the "first" and “second” silver halide emulsion layers are on one side of the support and the "third" and “fourth” silver halide emulsion layers are on the opposite side of the support.
  • the radiographic films of this invention include a flexible support having disposed on both sides thereof one or more silver halide emulsion layers and optionally one or more non-radiation sensitive hydrophilic layer(s).
  • the silver halide emulsions in the various layers can be the same or different, and can comprise mixtures of various silver halide emulsions in or more of the layers.
  • the film has the same single silver halide emulsion layer on both sides of the support.
  • the films have a protective overcoat (described below) over the silver halide emulsion on each side of the support.
  • the support can take the form of any conventional imaging or radiographic element support that is X-radiation and light transmissive.
  • _Useful transparent supports for the films of this invention can be chosen from among those described in Research Disclosure, September 1996, Item 38957 XV . Supports and Research Disclosure, Vol. 184, August 1979, Item 18431, XII . Film Supports. _Research Disclosure is published by Kenneth Mason Publications, Ltd. , Dudley House, 12 North Street, Emsworth, Hampshire P010 7DQ England.
  • the transparent film support consists of a transparent film chosen to allow direct adhesion of the hydrophilic silver halide emulsion layers or other hydrophilic layers.
  • the transparent film is itself hydrophobic and subbing layers are coated on the film to facilitate adhesion of the hydrophilic silver halide emulsion layers.
  • the film support is either colorless or blue tinted (tinting dye being present in one or both of the support film and the subbing layers).
  • At least one non-light sensitive hydrophilic layer is included with the one or more silver halide emulsion layers on each side of the film support.
  • This layer may be called an interlayer or overcoat, or both.
  • the silver halide emulsion layers comprise one or more types of silver halide grains responsive to X-radiation.
  • _Silver halide grain compositions particularly contemplated include those having at least 80 mol % bromide (preferably at least 98 mol % bromide) based on total silver in a given emulsion layer.
  • _Such emulsions include silver halide grains composed of, for example, silver bromide, silver iodobromide, silver chlorobromide, silver iodochlorobromide, and silver chloroiodobromide.
  • _Iodide is generally limited to no more than 3 mol % (based on total silver in the emulsion layer) to facilitate more rapid processing.
  • iodide is from 0 to 1.5 mol % (based on total silver in the emulsion layer) or eliminated entirely from the grains.
  • the silver halide grains in each silver halide emulsion layer can be the same or different, or mixtures of different types of grains.
  • the silver halide grains useful in this invention can have any desirable morphology including, but not limited to, cubic, octahedral, tetradecahedral, rhombic, orthorhombic, rounded, spherical or other non-tabular morphologies, or be comprised of a mixture of two or more of such morphologies.
  • Some films may be prepared by emulsions for which at least 50% of the total grain projected area within each silver halide emulsion layer is provided by tabular grains. _Preferably, substantially all of the grains are tabular grains in each silver halide emulsion layer.
  • different silver halide emulsion layers can have silver halide grains of the same or different morphologies as long as at least 50% of the grains are tabular grains.
  • Some imaging layers use cubic emulsions, where the grains generally have an ECD of at least 0.5 ⁇ m and less than 2 ⁇ m (preferably from about 0.6 to about 1.4 ⁇ m).
  • ECD ECD of at least 0.5 ⁇ m and less than 2 ⁇ m (preferably from about 0.6 to about 1.4 ⁇ m).
  • the useful ECD values for other non-tabular morphologies would be readily apparent to a skilled artisan in view of the useful ECD values provided for cubic and tabular grains.
  • the average ECD of tabular grains used in the films is greater than 0.6 ⁇ m and less than 5 ⁇ m, and preferably greater than 0.7 and less than 3 ⁇ m. Most preferred ECD values are from about 1.0 to about 3.0 ⁇ m.
  • the average thickness of the tabular grains used in this invention is generally at least 0.04 and no more than 0.13 ⁇ m, and preferably at least 0.06 and no more than 0.12 ⁇ m.
  • COV coefficient of variation
  • -A highly monodispersed grain population has a very low COV, preferably below 20%.
  • each silver halide emulsion layer is provided by tabular grains having an average aspect ratio greater than 5, and more preferably greater than 8.
  • Patent No. 4,803,150 (Dickerson et al. ), U.S. Patent No. 4,900,355 (Dickerson et al. ), U.S. Patent No. 4,994,355 (Dickerson et al. ), U.S. Patent No. 4,997,750 (Dickerson et al. ), U.S. Patent No. 5,021,327 (Bunch et al. ), U.S. Patent No. 5,147,771 (Tsaur et al. ), U.S. Patent No. 5,147,772 (Tsaur et al. ), U.S. Patent No. 5,147, 773 (Tsaur et al ), U.S. Patent No.
  • Patent No. 5,536,632 (Wen et al. ), U.S. Patent No. 5,518,872 (King et al. ), U.S. Patent No. 5,567,580 (Fenton et al. ), U.S. Patent No. 5,573,902 (Daubendiek et al. ), U.S. Patent No. 5,576,156 (Dickerson ), U.S. Patent No. 5,576,168 (Daubendiek et al. ), U.S. Patent No. 5,576,171 (Olm et al. ), and U.S. Patent No. 5,582,965 (Deaton et al. ).
  • a variety of silver halide dopants can be used, individually and in combination, to improve contrast as well as other common properties, such as speed and reciprocity characteristics.
  • a summary of conventional dopants to improve speed, reciprocity and other imaging characteristics is provided by Research Disclosure, Item 38957, cited above, Section 1. Emulsion grains and their preparation, sub-section D. Grain modifying conditions and adjustments, paragraphs (3), (4), and (5).
  • the emulsions can be chemically sensitized by any convenient conventional technique as illustrated by Research Disclosure, Item 38957, Section IV.
  • Chemical Sensitization Sulfur, selenium or gold sensitization (or any combination thereof are specifically contemplated. Sulfur sensitization is preferred, and can be carried out using for example, thiosulfates, thiosulfonates, thiocyanates, isothiocyanates, thioethers, thioureas, cysteine, or rhodanine. A combination of gold and sulfur sensitization is most preferred.
  • the silver halide emulsion layers and other hydrophilic layers on both sides of the support of the radiographic film generally contain conventional polymer vehicles (peptizers and binders) that include both synthetically prepared and naturally occurring colloids or polymers.
  • the most preferred polymer vehicles include gelatin or gelatin derivatives alone or in combination with other vehicles.
  • Conventional gelatino-vehicles and related layer features are disclosed in Research Disclosure, Item 38957, Section II. Vehicles, vehicle extenders, vehicle-like addenda and vehicle related addenda.
  • the emulsions themselves can contain peptizers of the type set out in Section II, paragraph A. Gelatin and hydrophilic colloid peptizers.
  • the hydrophilic colloid peptizers are also useful as binders and hence are commonly present in much higher concentrations than required to perform the peptizing function alone.
  • the preferred gelatin vehicles include alkali-treated gelatin, acid-treated gelatin or gelatin derivatives (such as acetylated gelatin, deionized gelatin, oxidized gelatin and phthalated gelatin).
  • Cationic starch used as a peptizer for tabular grains is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,620,840 (Maskasky ) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,667,955 (Maskasky ). Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic synthetic polymeric vehicles can be used also.
  • Such materials include, but are not limited to, polyacrylates (including polymethacrylates), polystyrenes and polyacrylamides (including polymethacrylamides).
  • Dextrans can also be used. Examples of such materials are described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,876,913 (Dickerson et al. ), incorporated herein by reference.
  • the silver halide emulsion layers (and other hydrophilic layers) in the radiographic films of this invention are generally fully hardened using one or more conventional hardeners.
  • the amount of hardener on each side of the support is generally at least 0.3% and up to 1% (preferably up to 0.8%), based on the total dry weight of the polymer vehicles on that side of the support.
  • Conventional hardeners can be used for this purpose, including but not limited to formaldehyde and free dialdehydes such as succinaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, blocked dialdehydes, .alpha.-diketones, active esters, sulfonate esters, active halogen compounds, s-triazines and diazines, epoxides, aziridines, active olefins having two or more active bonds, blocked active olefins, carbodiimides, isoxazolium salts unsubstituted in the 3-position, esters of 2-alkoxy-N-carboxydihydroquinoline, N-carbamoyl pyridinium salts, carbamoyl oxypyridinium salts, bis (amidino) ether salts, particularly bis(amidino) ether salts, surface-applied carboxyl-activating hardeners in combination with complex-forming salts, carbamoylon
  • each side of the radiographic film support contains silver at level that is generally at least 8 and no more than 20 mg/dm 2 , and preferably at least 11 and no more than 13 mg/dm 2 .
  • the total coverage of polymer vehicle in each silver halide emulsion layer is generally at least 7 and no more than 20 mg/dm 2 and preferably no more than 15 mg/dm 2 .
  • silver and gel levels may be higher.
  • the radiographic films generally include a surface protective overcoat on each side of the support that is typically provided for physical protection of the one or more silver halide emulsion layers.
  • Each protective overcoat can be sub-divided into two or more individual layers.
  • protective overcoats can be sub-divided into surface overcoats and interlayers (between the overcoat and silver halide emulsion layers).
  • the protective overcoats can contain various addenda to modify the physical properties of the overcoats. Such addenda are illustrated by Research Disclosure, Item 38957, Section IX. Coating physical property modifying addenda, A. Coating aids, B. Plasticizers and lubricants, C. Antistats, and D. Matting agents.
  • Interlayers that are typically thin hydrophilic colloid layers can be used to provide a separation between the emulsion layers and the surface overcoats. It is quite common to locate some emulsion compatible types of protective overcoat addenda, such as anti-matte particles, in the interlayers.
  • the overcoat on at least one side of the support can also include a blue toning dye or a tetraazaindene (such as 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-1,3,3a,7-tetraazaindene) if desired.
  • the protective overcoat is generally comprised of a hydrophilic colloid vehicle, chosen from among the same types disclosed above in connection with the emulsion layers.
  • protective overcoats are provided to perform two basic functions. They provide a layer between the emulsion layers and the surface of the element for physical protection of the emulsion layer during handling and processing. Secondly, they provide a convenient location for the placement of addenda, particularly those that are intended to modify the physical properties of the radiographic film.
  • the protective overcoats of the films of this invention can perform both these basic functions.
  • This invention in a preferred form features a light-sensitive radiographic film coated on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) support containing a blue-tinting anthraquinone dye at a level sufficient to achieve the desired L* and b* values.
  • PET polyethylene terephthalate
  • a blue tinting dye can be added to any other adjacent layers as well.
  • the films employed with these levels of blue-tinting dyes can be used for any black-and-white photographic film application, including but not limited to medical radiography, such as mammography, dental or general-purpose radiography, and non-destructive testing e.g. industrial X-ray.
  • any suitable blue dye may be utilized in the invention.
  • dyes are anthraquinone dyes.
  • Preferred dyes comprises: where each of G1, G2, and G3 is independently hydrogen or any alkyl group.
  • radiographic film is coated on a polyethylene terephthalate support containing one or more anthraquinone blue dyes represented by the general formula above. These dyes can be added to the support and/or other adjacent hydrophilic layers. The dyes are added to the film at a level sufficient to enhance the scotopic response of the human eye. Films employed with these levels of blue-tinting dyes can be used for any black-and-white photographic film application, including but not limited to medical radiography, such as mammography, dental or general-purpose radiography, and non-destructive testing e.g. industrial X-ray.
  • the color sensitivity of the rods (scotopic vision) of the eye has its peak sensitivity to blue light.
  • improvements in visual response of the eye results by enhancing the scotopic content of the light reaching the eye in the viewing of an X-ray film radiograph.
  • improvements in image quality result at dye levels significantly higher than has been taught in the patent field of X-ray radiography.
  • these levels of dyes result in film Dmin values greater than the current acceptance criteria in the standards set by various regulatory agencies.
  • image quality is actually increased at these higher dye levels and subsequent film Dmin values.
  • the X-ray film of the inventive application can be employed in mammographic films. Dense breasts are more X-ray absorbent and present at lower film densities where blue support is more predominant. Increased visualization due from pyschovisual contrast will image dense breast parenchyma better. The overall visual contrast is also increased.
  • image quality is a subjective factor that rates the capability of obtaining radiographically significant information in fully-processed film.
  • contrast indicates the average contrast derived from a characteristic curve of a radiographic film using as a first reference point (1) a density (D1) of 0.25 above minimum density and as a second reference point (2) a density (D2) of 2.0 above minimum density, where contrast is AD (i.e. 1.75)+Alog10E (log10E2- log10E1), E1 and E2 being the exposure levels at the reference points (1) and (2).
  • the term "fully forehardened” is employed to indicate the forehardening of hydrophilic colloid layers to a level that limits the weight gain of a radiographic film to less than 120% of its original (dry) weight in the course of wet processing. The weight gain is almost entirely attributable to the ingestion of water during such processing.
  • the term "rapid access processing” is employed to indicate dry-to-dry processing of a radiographic film in 45 seconds or less. That is, 45 seconds or less elapse from the time a dry imagewise exposed radiographic film enters a wet processor until it emerges as a dry fully processed film.
  • the halides are named in order of ascending molar concentrations.
  • ECD equivalent circular diameter
  • spect ratio is used to define the ratio of grain ECD to grain thickness.
  • COV coefficient of variation
  • covering power is used to indicate 100 times the ratio of maximum density to developed silver measured in mg/dm2.
  • dual-coated is used to define a radiographic film having silver halide emulsion layers disposed on both the front- and backsides of the support.
  • the radiographic silver halide films used in the present invention are “dual- coated.”
  • Photographic speed for the radiographic films refers to the exposure necessary to obtain a density of at least 1.0 plus Dmin.
  • the b* values describe the yellowness vs. blueness of an image with more positive values indicating a tendency toward greater yellowness, a* values compare greenness vs. redness, where more positive values indicating a higher proportion toward redness.
  • L* or luminosity is a measure of how much light is transmitted from an object to the eye. L*, a* and b* measurement techniques are described by Billmeyer and Saltzman, Principles of Color Technology, 2nd. Ed., Wiley, New York, 1981 , at Chapter 3. The measurements of a* and b* were developed by the Commission Internationale de L'Esclairage (International Commission on Illumination).
  • PAI stands for the "primary active ingredient” in a material.
  • X-ray films have traditionally been coated on different dye-tinted film supports depending on the need for different image tone correction and / or concerns about film Dmin.
  • a portion of a film's Dmin is derived from the optical density of the film support.
  • film-support Dmin has inverse relationships with both L* and b* as increased Dmin levels are correlated with lower L* or b* values.
  • Figures 3 and 4 shows the relationships between L*, b* and Dmin for several commercially available X-ray film supports.
  • the film samples were processed for less than 90 seconds. Fixing was carried out using KODAK RP X-OMAT®LO Fixer and Replenisher fixing composition (Eastman Kodak Company). Optical densities are expressed below in terms of diffuse density as measured by a conventional X-rite Model 310TM densitometer that was calibrated to ANSI standard pH 2.19 and was traceable to a National Bureau of Standards calibration step tablet. The characteristic D vs. logE curve was plotted for each radiographic film that was imaged and processed. Speed was measured at a density of 1.0+Dmin. Gamma is the slope (derivative) of the noted curves.
  • Image quality was established using a detailed test object (DTO) and imaging such test object onto the film.
  • a subjective measurement of image quality includes image sharpness, as measured on a scale of 1 to 10 (with 10 being the highest sharpness).
  • Image sharpness is one part of image quality.
  • Contrast and modulation-transfer function (MTF) both contribute to image sharpness.
  • Emulsion layer 1 Emulsion layer 1
  • the support is a blue-tinted PET support 170 um in thickness.
  • the support contains 0.763 mg/dm 2 Dye 1.
  • Table 1 shows the comparative examples of Control Elements A, E-G and Inventive Elements B-D.
  • Example 1- Element Dye Level Fogged Ag Dmin Image Tone Speed Contrast Image Quality (mg/ dm 2 ) (mg/ dm 2 ) A Control 0 0.227 -8.7 425 4.3 5 B Invention 0.054 0.24 -9.5 424 4.3 6 C Invention 0.11 0.258 -10.9 425 4.3 8 D Invention 0.22 0.285 -13.1 424 4.3 9 E Control 0.54 0.261 -8.8 424 4.3 5 F Control 1.08 0.295 -8.6 424 4.3 5 G Control 2.15 0.36 -8.5 424 4.2 4
  • Dye level is the amount of Dye 1 added to the film (mg/dm 2 ) B, C, and D in addition to the amount of dye already in the support.
  • Fogged Ag is the amount of silver halide emulsion that was prefogged in Controls E, F, and G by exposing the emulsion to light for 3 minutes prior to adding to the coating melt.
  • Image tone is a CIELAB measurement of b* measured for the film exposed to a density of 1.0.
  • Dmin is the minimum density of an exposed strip of film
  • Image quality is a subjective measurement of image sharpness as described earlier.
  • the Table 1 table shows improved image quality with the addition of more dye even at higher Dmin.
  • Example 1 shows the results from a coating of films intended for mammography. These films were coated on PET support containing 0.763 mg/dm 2 of blue dye (1) and having a L* value of 83.0 and a b* value of -19.6.
  • Element A Control
  • Elements B-D Inventions
  • Dmin values that approach or exceed the Dmin value of 0.25 which is the limiting value established by several standards committees for mammography. Despite these values for Dmin, image tone is improved (b* more negative) and image quality is improved (higher subjective ranking).
  • Elements EG have Dmin values that exceed the standards limits but image tone and image quality are not improved. In fact, at the highest Dmin level (Element G), image tone and image quality is slightly degraded.
  • Emulsion layer 1 Emulsion layer 1
  • the support is a blue-tinted PET support 170 um in thickness.
  • the support contains 0.694 mg/dm 2 Dye 1.
  • Table 2 shows the comparative examples of Control Elements A,E-H and Inventive Elements B-D.
  • Example 2 - Table 2 Element Dye Level Fogged Ag Dmin Image Tone Speed Contrast Image Quality (mg/ dm 2 ) (mg/ dm 2 )
  • Control 1.08 0.79 -7.6 452 Control 1.61 0.911 -7.2 449 1.8 1
  • Dye level is the amount of Dye 1 added to the film (mg/dm 2 ) in addition to the amount of dye already in the support. The additional dye was split between the emulsion layers.
  • Fogged Ag is the amount of silver halide emulsion that was prefogged by exposing the emulsion to light for 3 minutes prior to adding to the coating melt.
  • Image tone is a CIELAB measurement of b* measured for the film exposed to a density of 1.0.
  • Dmin is the minimum density of an exposed strip of film.
  • Image quality is a subjective measurement of image sharpness as described earlier.
  • Example 2 - Table 2 shows the results from a coating of films intended for general-purpose radiography. These films were coated on blue-tinted PET support containing 0.694 mg/dm 2 blue dye of the type described above and having a L* value of 84.8 and a b* value of -17.1.
  • Element A Control
  • Elements B-D Inventions
  • Dmin values that approach the Dmin value of 0.30 which is the limiting value established by several standards committees for general purpose radiography. Despite these values for Dmin, image tone is improved (b* more negative) and image quality is improved (higher subjective ranking).
  • Elements E-G have Dmin values that exceed the standards limits but image tone and image quality are not improved. In fact, image tone and image quality is significantly degraded for all of the radiographic elements (E-G) with the highest Dmin levels.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Silver Salt Photography Or Processing Solution Therefor (AREA)
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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2437119A1 (de) * 2010-10-04 2012-04-04 Carestream Health, Inc. Film mit blauem Farbstoff

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8617801B2 (en) 2009-06-03 2013-12-31 Carestream Health, Inc. Film with blue dye
EP2437119A1 (de) * 2010-10-04 2012-04-04 Carestream Health, Inc. Film mit blauem Farbstoff

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