EP2226281A1 - Device and method for spreading web - Google Patents

Abstract

The web-spreading device has slitting units (4), for slitting a web (P) at least into one left-hand, right-hand and center web strand, and left-hand, right-hand and center deflection devices (5,6) each with a deflection axis for the respective web strands (T). The deflection axes of at least two of the deflection devices has such an inclination relative to the feed direction of the respectively associated web strand and relative to the feed direction of the remaining web strand that the two associated web strands can be spread parallel to each another and to the other web strand.

Description

The invention relates to a device for spreading web strands in or for a web-processing machine, in particular printing press. The machine is preferably a web-fed rotary printing press, preferably for offset printing, in particular wet offset. It may be a commercial press or, more preferably, a large format newspaper press.

Devices for spreading web strands are for example from DE 103 37 248 A1 and the DE 100 23 169 A1 known. The known devices are limited to use in printing machines for a maximum of four pages wide newspaper printing.

It is an object of the invention to allow the spreading of longitudinally cut webs of greater width.

A device according to the invention for spreading web strands, in the following web spreading device, comprises cutting devices for longitudinal cutting of a web at least in a left, a right and a middle web strand and also a left deflection for the left web strand, a right deflection for the right web strand and a middle deflection for the middle track. The deflection devices each comprise at least two deflection means, each of which forms a deflection axis for one of the web strands. When the web is retracted, after the longitudinal cutting, the web strands are guided over the at least two associated deflecting means, these deflecting means loop around one after the other and are deflected in this way. In order to spread apart the web strands abutting one another along their side edges immediately after the longitudinal cutting, ie offset them parallel to one another, the deflection axes of at least two of the deflection devices point to the conveying direction of the respectively assigned web strand and also relative to the conveying direction of the remaining further web strand seen in a plan view of the respective web strand immediately before entering the associated deflection, in each case an inclination. The web strands deflected about the inclined deflecting axes are offset parallel to themselves after the double deflecting, relative to the position of the respective web strand before deflecting, and also to the at least one further web strand. The inclination of the deflection axes is preferably selected so that the at least two parallel offset web strands of the at least one further web strand and, should they be next to each other, also have a distance from each other. The deflection axes for the one and the deflection axes for the at least one further web strand to be offset in parallel can be inclined with respect to the conveying direction of the incoming web strands to the same side and only with different sized angles, so that the web strands with different sized offset, but at the same Be offset side. More preferably, the inclination angles with respect to the conveying direction each have different signs, so that one of the web strands is shifted to the left and the at least one other web strand is shifted to the right, the offset of the web strands being different or preferably the same.

The web spreading device according to the invention is particularly suitable for use in a six-page-wide printing press to spread apart three web strands, each two-sided wide, and to convey them centrally to one longitudinal folding hopper each. In this way, the funnels can each be arranged in a fixed position for printing on a web of maximum width. By means of the web spreading device can be printed without changing the positions of the funnels also six-page-wide webs that are narrower than the maximum width by longitudinally cut such webs and the web strands are spread in the middle of the funnels. On the other hand, the invention is not limited to the spreading of uniform web strands. For example, webs that are five-sided wide and longitudinally cut into two two-page-wide web cords and one-page-wide web cords can also be processed. In principle, even narrower webs can be processed, for example, three-side-wide webs, which are cut longitudinally into three webs, each one-side-wide, in the following sub-strands, and positioned by spreading with respect to the funnels. The examples given illustrate the gain in flexibility with regard to the configuration, but do not limit the invention to the aforementioned web and sub-strand widths. By means of the invention Web spreading device can be positioned at least three sub-strands with respect to the funnels, while the funnels do not need to be adjusted and in preferred simple embodiments also transversely to the conveying direction of the funnels running partial strands not adjustable, but are immovably mounted. On the other hand, however, the web spreading device can also advantageously be combined with funnels which can be laterally adjusted transversely to the conveying direction in order to increase the flexibility even further.

In a further development, at least one of the deflection devices, more preferably two or possibly even more of the deflection devices, are arranged to be movable transversely to the respectively assigned sub-strand, viewed in a plan view onto the sub-strand entering the respective deflection device immediately before looping around an inclined first deflection means respective deflection. Such a kind of mobility allows the processing of webs of different widths by adjusting the baffle or the plurality of baffles in adaptation to different widths. The longitudinal cutting devices are advantageously adjustable in the same sense, preferably one of the longitudinal cutting devices, each with a transversely adjustable deflection mechanically coupled. The mechanical coupling is such that a transverse adjustment of the respective deflection device effects a transverse adjustment of the respectively associated longitudinal cutting device by the same amount.

In preferred embodiments, at least one of its deflection means is adjustable in length transversely to the conveying direction of an associated sub-strand at least in one of the deflection devices. Preferably, at least one deflection means of the central deflection device is adjustable in length. In a first variant, only one of the deflection of the respective deflection is adjustable in length. In a second variant, a plurality of the deflection means or all deflection means of the respective deflection device are adjustable in length. The or the further (s) deflection means of the at least one length-adjustable deflection device is or are preferably so long in the first variant that it or they support or support the wrap-around partial strand over its entire width. The one or more further deflection means of the length-adjustable deflection device can or can extend over the entire width of the web spreading device. The length-adjustable deflection means or is advantageously mechanical with at least one of the cutting devices or the transversely adjustable other deflection device (s) is mechanically coupled, so that in a transverse displacement of a longitudinal cutting device or deflection synchronously to the same extent and the length (n) of the length-adjustable deflection means (s) is adjusted or become. The word "or" is understood here and elsewhere in the sense of "and / or", thus always contains the meaning of "either ........... or" and also the further meaning of "and" as far as something else can not necessarily result from the respective context.

Not all partial strands need to be offset parallel to themselves, although a corresponding web spreading device is also an object of the invention. In the case of, for example, three partial strands, it is sufficient if only two of these partial strands are displaced and the third is guided without offset through the web spreading device. Thus, for example, the middle sub-string can be required without offset by the web spreading device and the left sub-string can be spread to the left and the right-hand sub-string can be spread to the right away from the middle sub-string. The non-staggered sub-string is preferably guided by means of the associated deflection so that it covers the same path length as the parallel to itself offset, ie splayed partial strands. The respective deflection device serves as a web length compensator. It is advantageous if the non-spread partial strand is deflected so that act on him at least substantially the same frictional forces as on the deflected partial strands. Particularly advantageous in such embodiments, when the deflection, which also includes the Bahnlängenkompensator, each comprise the same number of deflection and corresponding deflection axes and the sub-strands experience not only the sum of the same Gesamtumschlingung, but also the wrap angles are equal to each other, for example by the at each of the Urnlenkeinriehtungen first deflection with the same wrap angle and the at least one further second deflection is wrapped in each case with the same angle of wrap. If one of the partial strands is not displaced, its associated deflection device, the path length compensator, is preferably designed such that it both aligns the path length for the relevant partial strand with the path lengths of the other partial strands and also simulates its wrap angle. It is advantageous if this deflection device is the length-adjustable deflection device.

The web spreading device can be arranged only behind a printing unit or a plurality of the sub strands successive printing units, i. between the printing unit or the plurality of printing units on the one hand and a turning device and subsequent funnels on the other. The cutting devices can be arranged in front of the printing unit (s) or preferably behind it and preferably immediately before the deflection directions of the spreading device. In a likewise preferred alternative, the web spreading device is arranged in front of a first printing unit in which one, several or all of the partial strands guided by the web spreading device are or will be printed. The longitudinal section of wide webs in several sub-strands before printing opens up new opportunities to dominate the so-called fan-out effect in the printing unit, since the changes associated with a moisture absorption and the longitudinal tension changes in narrow strands are compensated in a simpler manner than in a broader total can. If the web-processing machine is a web-fed printing press, the web spreading device in such embodiments is arranged between a reel splicer from which the web unwinds and the first printing press in the web path.

If one of the sub-strands is not displaced as already mentioned, but nevertheless a length compensation for the relevant sub-strand is made as preferred, the deflection device forming the web length compensator can be arranged before or more preferably in the web path behind the deflection devices for the other sub-strands. In a likewise preferred alternative, the deflection device for the non-displaceable sub-strand is arranged in the conveying direction at least substantially at the same height beside or preferably between other deflection devices of the web spreading device. This allows a particularly compact design, so that such a web spreading claimed only little space in the machine and the spreading of the strands and the preferred length compensation can be performed within a short track length.

For the spreading and the optional length compensation, the respectively provided for this deflection devices are mounted in relation to the level of each associated sub-strand raised and lowered. Lifting and lowering mechanisms for the at least three deflection devices can each have a linear guide and a drive for the lifting and lowering movements the deflection devices, preferably each have their own linear guide and its own drive per deflection. The drives can in particular each comprise a spindle extending in the raising and lowering direction, a rotary drive for the spindles and a spindle counterpart per spindle, wherein the spindles are in threaded engagement with the respective associated spindle counterpart and the respective counter member is linearly guided, so that rotational movements of the Spindle cause a corresponding linear lifting or lowering movement of the respective spindle counter member. Such lifting and lowering mechanisms are particularly advantageous for the left and the right deflection. For the middle deflection, a lifting and lowering mechanism is advantageous, comprising a linkage with at least two axes and each axis at least two pivotable link arms, wherein per axis each one of the link arms hingedly connected to the frame of the web processing machine and the other linkage arm articulated to a carrier is. On the support is one of the deflection or are preferably two, possibly even more deflection arranged, around which or the associated sub-strand is deflected. The lifting and lowering mechanism further comprises a coupling member which mechanically couples the at least two axes. The coupling member may in particular be a spindle which is in threaded engagement with each of the two axes. Finally, the lifting and lowering mechanism comprises a drive, preferably an electric motor, which advantageously drives the coupling member and can be supported in such embodiments on, for example, one of the axles. The linkage arms spread apart like scissors during the raising and lowering movement and thus reduce the distance between the carrier and the articulated connection with the frame.

Advantageous features are also disclosed in the subclaims and their combinations.

Figur 1

eine Bahnspreizvorrichtung eines ersten Ausführungsbeispiels in einer Seiten- ansicht,

Figur 2

die Bahnspreizvorrichtung des ersten Ausführungsbeispiels in einer Draufsicht auf die Ebene einer einlaufenden Bahn,

Figur 3

eine Umlenkeinrichtung des ersten Ausführungsbeispiels für eine Längen- kompensation bei einem nicht gespreizten Teilstrang,

Figur 4

drei durch die Bahnspreizvorrichtung des ersten Ausführungsbeispiels geför- derte Teilstränge,

Figur 5

drei mittels einer Bahnspreizvorrichtung eines zweiten Ausführungsbeispiels gespreizte Teilstränge,

Figur 6

mittels der Bahnspreizvorrichtung des ersten Ausführungsbeispiels durchführ- bare Spreizoperationen,

Figur 7

einen Längendehnungskompensator und eine unmittelbar vorgeordnete Füh- rungseinrichtung,

Figur 8

die Führungseinrichtung in einem Längsschnitt,

Figur 9

die Führungseinrichtung in einer Draufsicht,

Figur 10

eine Bahnspreizvorrichtung eines dritten Ausführungsbeispiels in einem Zu- stand für eine Maximal-Spreizung von Teilsträngen und

Figur 11

die Bahnspreizvorrichtung des dritten Ausführungsbeispiels in einem Zustand für Null-Spreizung.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the invention will be explained with reference to figures. Features disclosed in connection with the exemplary embodiments advantageously each individually and in each combination of features form the subject matter of the claims and also the embodiments described above. Show it:

FIG. 1

a track spreading device of a first embodiment in a side view,

FIG. 2

the web spreading device of the first embodiment in a plan view of the plane of an incoming web,

FIG. 3

a deflection device of the first exemplary embodiment for length compensation in the case of a non-spread partial strand,

FIG. 4

three partial strands conveyed by the web spreading device of the first embodiment,

FIG. 5

three partial strands spread by means of a web spreading device of a second embodiment,

FIG. 6

spreading operations performed by the web spreading device of the first embodiment;

FIG. 7

a length expansion compensator and a directly upstream guide device,

FIG. 8

the guide device in a longitudinal section,

FIG. 9

the guide device in a plan view,

FIG. 10

a Bahnspreizvorrichtung a third embodiment in a state for a maximum spread of sub-strands and

FIG. 11

the web spreading device of the third embodiment in a state of zero spread.

FIG. 1 shows components of a web-fed rotary printing press comprising a web spreading device according to the invention. Shown is the path of a web P to be printed, which leads from a roll changer 1 via the web spreading device to a printing tower 20. The web spreading device includes left and right longitudinal cutters 4 which serve to cut the web P longitudinally into three web cords T, and baffles 5 and 6 by means of which the cords T can be spread parallel to each other. The splayed web strands T are conveyed in the conveying direction F to the printing tower 20 and printed on both sides depending on multi-colored. In the printing tower 20, several printing units are arranged vertically one above the other. The printing units each comprise two printing cylinders 24 forming a printing nip for double-sided printing, the printing cylinder cylinders 24 assigned printing form cylinders and associated inking and dampening units for the wet offset printing. Behind the printing tower 20, the sub strands T are either separately or ever with at least one other web strand fed on formers 21, 22 and 23 or on a common former and separated by means of the former or folded together along a common former. Behind the former or the plurality of formers 21, 22 and 23 can be arranged in the conveying direction F, a folder or multiple folders for cross cutting and Querfalzen.

The incoming from the roll changer 1 in the web spreading device web P is conveyed via an inlet guide 3 to the longitudinal cutting devices 4. The longitudinal cutting devices 4 have, per longitudinal section, two cutting blades which can be put on and off one another and between which the web P is conveyed through. The partial strands T obtained by the longitudinal section run close to each other up to a left deflection device for the left partial strand and a right deflection device for the right partial strand. The left and the right deflection device each comprise a first deflection means 5, an immediately following second deflection means 6 and a third deflection means 7 following the second deflection means 6 directly in the track. The left and the right sub-string wrap around the deflection means 5, 6 and 7 of the respective associated ones deflection. The middle sub-string is conveyed straight between the deflection devices 5, 6, 7 and unaffected by these until a track length compensator 25a-c. The deflection means 5 and 6 have, in a plan view, the outer partial strands T running onto the deflection means 5 with an inclination to the conveying direction F of these partial strands T. The deflection means 6 are parallel to the deflection means 5, so that the two outer partial strands T are parallel to one another itself and offset from the middle sub-strand T away to the outside and spread in this sense. The deflection means 7, however, have exactly perpendicular to the conveying direction F of each stranded sub-strand T. The middle sub-strand T is conveyed without offset by the Bahnspreizvorrichtung. It is guided by the cutting devices 4 directly to the web length compensator 25a-c, which comprises a first deflecting means 25a, a second deflecting means 25b and a third deflecting means 25c, around which the middle sub-string T is deflected in each case. All three sub-strands T are guided behind the respective third deflection device 7 or 25c via an outlet guide 8. The three sub-strands T together wrap around the outlet guide 8 and are from there via a biasing mechanism 19 in and through the printing tower 20 and finally via the hopper or the plurality of funnels 21, 22 and 23 promoted.

FIG. 1 shows the two second deflection devices 6 and the two third deflection directions 7, the one for the left and the other for the right sub-strand T, in its two possible end positions, once disengaged from the respectively assigned sub-strand T and once in an end position for maximum parallel offset , The mobility of the deflectors 6 and 7 is indicated by a double arrow. In the presentation of the FIG. 1 is the upper position of the deflectors 6 and 7, the position for zero spread, in which the deflectors 6 and 7 do not touch the respective associated sub-string T. In the FIG. 1 lower position is the position for maximum spread. The length compensator 25a-c is shown in the state of the maximum web path extension or web length enlargement, which it occupies when the deflecting means 5, 6, 7 are in the state of maximum spread. The middle deflection means 25b is movable relative to the two other deflection means 25a and 25c in the direction of enlargement and in the direction of a reduction of the path length of the middle sub-strand T back and forth. The direction of mobility is indicated by a directional arrow. The deflecting means 6 and 7 and also the deflecting means 25b are preferably infinitely adjustable back and forth along the respective adjustment path, so that the extent of the offset and, matched to the offset, the web length change of the middle sub-strand T can be adjusted continuously.

FIG. 2 shows the web spreading device in a plan view of the plane of the incoming web P, which is also the level of the partial strands T to the first deflection means 5. In the plan view, the sub-strands with T ₁ for the left sub-strand, T ₂ for the middle and T _{3 are designated} for the right sub-strand. The outer diverters are distinguished by the use of the letters "1" for left and "r" for right. The left and right deflection means 5l, 6l and 7l and 5r, 6r and 7r are arranged symmetrically to an imaginary, extended in the conveying direction F center line. The first and second deflection means 5l, 6l and 7l as well as 5r, 6r and 7r have an arrow shape in the plan view against the conveying direction F, but do not abut one another in the middle. Rather, between the deflection means 5l and 5r and 5r and 6r so much space remains that the middle sub-strand T ₂ between the left and right deflection means 5l, 6l and 7l and 5r, 6r and 7r in a straight line, can be conveyed without change of direction to the down in the conveying direction F arranged Bahnlängenkompensator 25a-c.

The left and right deflection means 5l to 7r and the Bahnlängenkompensator 25a-c are not only as already mentioned for the spreading and Balnlängenkompensation with respect to the level of the respective sub-string T ₁ , T ₂ or T _{3 can be} raised and lowered, in FIG. 1 in the vertical direction, but for the purpose of adaptation to different widths of webs P or for longitudinal cutting in different width strands T ₁ , T ₂ and T ₃ transversely to the conveying direction F and to the direction of lifting and lowering mobility movable. In the embodiment, the second type of mobility is a horizontal mobility.

With G is a fixed frame, for example, the machine frame or a separate stationary frame of Bahnspreizvorrichtung referred. The web spreading device comprises a left bearing device 3 for the left deflection means 5l, 6l and 7l and a right bearing means 3 for the right deflection means 5r, 6r and 7r. The two storage facilities 3 are supported by the frame G toward and away from each other movably. The storage facilities 3 are linearly guided by the frame slide. The first deflection means 5l and 5r are arranged stationary relative to the respective bearing device 3. The deflection means 5l and 5r are fixedly connected to the respective bearing means 3 deflection rods, which could advantageously be flushed via an internal compressed air supply at its outer periphery with air in order to reduce the friction for the respective sub-strand T ₁ or T ₃ during spreading.

The web spreading device further comprises a left-hand carrier 101 for the left-hand deflection means 6l and 7l and a right-hand carrier 10r for the right-hand deflection devices 6r and 7r. The left bracket 10l is supported on the left bearing device 3, and the right bracket 10r is supported on the right bearing device 3 so as to be raised and lowered. For this purpose, the bearing devices 3 each form a linear guide for the associated carrier 101 or 10r. The deflection means 6l and 7l are on the carrier 101 and the deflection means 6r and 7r are fixedly arranged on the carrier 10r. The deflection 6l and 7l are each firmly mounted. They are deflection rods, preferably as the deflection means 5l and 5r. The deflecting means 7l and 7r may alternatively be rotatable about the respective carrier 101 or 10r by one respective direction perpendicular to the conveying direction F be facing deflection axis be stored. By lowering the carriers 101 and 10r, the deflection means 6l, 7l and 6r and 7r are lowered into the respective sub-string T ₁ or T ₃ , so that the respective angle of wrap increases. The lifting movement is understood to mean the movement in the direction of a reduction of the respective wrap angle. By a lowering movement is accordingly the Spreizmaß, ie the parallel offset, increased and reduced by a lifting movement.

In the web length compensator 25a-c, the first deflecting means 25a and the third deflecting means 25c are stationary with respect to the frame G and both are arranged facing the upper or lower side of the middle sub-string T ₂ . The deflection means 25a and 25c are rotatably mounted rotary bodies with deflection axes perpendicular to the conveying direction F of the middle sub-string T ₂ . The middle deflecting means 25b can be raised and lowered on the other side of the sub-string T ₂ seen from the deflection means 25a and 25c. The deflection means 25b is not rotatable, but preferably as the deflection means 5 with compressed air umspülbar. By a lowering movement in the sub-strand T _{2 of} the wrap angle is increased and reduced by a lifting movement in the opposite direction again. The lifting and lowering of the deflection means 25b is carried out so that all partial strands T ₁ , T ₂ and T ₃ between the inlet guide 2 and the outlet guide 8 (FIG. FIG. 1 ) always go through the same path length, ie have the same path length, although the middle sub-strand T ₂ undergoes no parallel offset. Furthermore, the web length compensator 25a-c is set up so that the sum of the wrap angles of the middle sub-string T ₂ at 25a, 25b and 25c is at least substantially, preferably exactly equal to the sum of the wrap angles of the other two sub-strings T ₁ and T ₂ at 5l, 6l , 7l and 5r, 6r, 7r.

The middle deflection 25b is adjustable in length parallel to its deflection axis. It is for this purpose formed as a telescope with a middle and a left and a right telescopic part. The left and the right telescopic part are axially movable relative to the central telescopic part, preferably independently of one another, whereby the axial length of the deflection means 25b is adjustable. The length adjustment is tuned to the adjustment of the left and right deflection device 5, 6 and cutting device 4. For the vote, the left telescopic part with the left bearing device 3 and the right telescopic part with the right bearing device 3 is mechanically coupled. The middle telescope part is, however, axially movable relative to the frame G, but only together with the left and right telescopic part raised and lowered arranged. With regard to the lifting and lowering mobility, the deflecting means 25b is not mechanically coupled to the deflecting means 6l, 7l and 6r, 7r. The tuning is carried out for the purpose of Bahnlängenkompensation control technology, ie electrically or electronically.

The left-hand cutting device 4 is supported on the left-hand storage device 3 and the right-hand cutting device 4 is supported on the right-hand storage device 3, so that the cutting devices 4 join in the transverse movements of the respectively associated storage device 3 and, accordingly, of the respective associated deflection means 6l, 7l and 6r, 7r, that is, how the two transversely movable telescopic parts of the deflection means 25b are moved in the transverse direction synchronously with the left and right deflection means 6l to 7r.

The transverse movement of the bearing devices 3 and the length adjustment of the deflection means 25b are effected with a left stage 12 and a right stage 12, which are each designed as an electric rotary motor. The adjusters 12 each drive a transversely extending spindle. The spindles are each in a threaded engagement with two non-rotating linearly guided counterparts. One of the counter-members is immovably connected in each case with the associated bearing device 3, so that they are moved in the case of a rotary drive of the respective associated spindle in the transverse direction. In FIG. 2 is indicated that the left and right telescopic part of the deflecting means 25b via its own twist-guided linearly guided counter-member with the respective associated threaded spindle in a threaded engagement and the counter-links of the same side are firmly connected. Alternatively, the left telescopic part with the left bearing device 3 and the right telescopic part with the right bearing device 3 could be connected axially rigid, so that the telescope parts directly participate in the movements of each associated storage device 3.

In FIG. 2 PB denotes the maximum width of a web P that can be processed in the printing machine. If, for the production of a printed product, a web P with a width PB _red reduced by the amount of, for example, 6x narrower than the web of maximum width PB is used, the web P of reduced width PB _red preferably becomes centered as shown unwound from the roll changer 1 and by means of the two Cutting devices 4 longitudinally cut into the three equal width sub-strands T ₁ , T ₂ and T ₃ . The funnels 21, 22 and 23 are arranged in the transverse direction to the conveying direction F so that in the case of processing a web P of the maximum width PB this web cut into three equal-width sub-strands and these sub-strands without offset centrally on the respectively associated hopper 21, 22 or 23 are promoted and longitudinally folded. In order to promote the three sub-strands T ₁ , T ₂ , T ₃ also centered on the respectively associated hopper 21, 22, 23, the left sub-strand T ₁ and the right sub-strand T ₃ are offset to the outside by the Spreizmaß 2x. After spreading, the outer side edges of the partial strands T ₁ and T ₃ extend by the dimension x within the imaginary outer side edges of a web of the maximum width PB. The middle sub-strand T ₂ is guided without offset through the web spreading device. He wraps successively the deflection means 25a, 25b and 25c of Bahnlängenkompensators 25a-c, wherein the deflection means 25b is lowered so far in the sub-strand T ₂ that the middle sub-strand T ₂ between the inlet guide 2 and the outlet guide 8, the same Length as the two outer sub-strands T ₁ and T ₃ has.

FIG. 3 shows the web length compensator 25a-c. The outer sub-strands T ₁ and T ₃ are not affected by the Bahnlängenkompensator 25a-c. Shown is an example case in which the processed web P has a width of 3X and is longitudinally cut into the three sub-strands T ₁ , T ₂ and T ₃ , each with the width X. The two outer sub-strands T ₁ and T ₃ are offset by a certain Spreizmaß, for example, each 2x, to the outside. The length-adjustable deflection means 25b has a variable axial length Y, which is infinitely variable according to the width X of the central sub-string T ₂ . The length Y may correspond exactly to the strand width X or have a certain oversize, but that is smaller than the Spreizmaß to each axial side, so that the deflection 25b can be lowered into the middle sub-strand T ₂ without the two outer sub-strands T ₁ and T ₃ to touch.

FIG. 4 shows the spreading operation in a schematic representation in a plan view of the web P and the sub-strands T ₁ , T ₂ and T ₃ perpendicular to the conveying direction F at the inlet and outlet of the web spreading device. Shown are the two end positions, between which the left and right bearing means 3 and accordingly the two cutting means 4 and the deflection means 6l, 7l and 6r, 7r can be moved back and forth in the transverse direction. The maximum adjustment path is designated by x. Accordingly, web widths between PB and PB _red = PB-6x are processed by means of the web spreading device. Shown is also in FIG. 2 assumed example case of the processing of a web P of the minimum web width PB-6x. The storage facilities 3 accordingly each take their inner end position, in which they have the smallest measured distance in the transverse direction from each other. From this inner end position, they can be adjusted for the processing of wider webs P up to the maximum web width PB to the outside, preferably continuously.

FIG. 5 shows in a schematic representation of a web P and formed therefrom sub-strands T ₁₂ , T ₁ , T ₂ and T _3, a spreading example for a web spreading device a second embodiment. The web P is cut longitudinally in a first cutting operation by means of a non-movably mounted cutting device 4 only in two partial strands, namely the partial strands T ₁₂ and T ₃ . The sub-strand T ₁₂ is twice as wide as the sub-strand T ₃ . The sub-strand T ₁₂ is not shown in the top view of FIG. 5 left deflection to the left and the sub-strand T ₃ is not shown, right in the plan view deflection to the right. The right deflection means of the modified web spreading device may correspond to the right deflection means 5r, 6r and 7r of the first embodiment. The left deflection means are obtained by straight extension of the left deflection means 5l, 6l and 7l of the web spreading device of the first embodiment. The modified deflection means differ from the deflection means of the first embodiment only by their axial length, which corresponds to twice the length of the deflection means 5l, 6l and 7l. The sub-strand T ₁₂ is offset by such a Spreizmaß that it continues to run centered on the two funnels 21 and 22. The imaginary parallel to the conveying direction F center line of the sub-strand T ₁₂ runs centrally between the hoppers 21 and 22. The sub-strand T ₁₂ is longitudinally cut by means of a downstream in the conveying direction F further fixed cutter 4 in the two sub-strands T ₁ and T ₂ . The sub-strands T ₁ and T ₂ are each spread apart with a deflection device, ie each offset away from each other away from each other, so that the sub-strand T ₁ centered on the hopper 21 and the sub-strand T ₂ centered on the hopper 22 on. The diverters for the partial strands T ₁ and T ₂ may be designed as known from conventional Bahnspreizvorrichtungen. A preferred example of such a spreading device is in the DE 103 37 248 A1 described. The downstream cutter 4 and the two downstream Diverters for the partial strands T ₁ and T ₂ may be arranged in the machine separately from the upstream cutter 4 and the two upstream diverters for the partial strands T ₁₂ and T ₃ , or combined into a compact web spreader in a common rack. The downstream cutting device 4 and the associated deflection devices for the partial strands T ₁ and T ₂ can even be arranged downstream of the printing unit or the multiple printing units for the partial strands T ₁ and T ₂ .

FIG. 6 shows examples of different spreading operations, which are executable with the web spreading device of the first embodiment. Example I corresponds to the basis of FIGS. 1 to 4 explained spreading operation.

When carrying out the spreading operation shown in Example II, the web P is cut only by means of the left cutting device 4, so that the left sub-strand T ₁ and a wider right sub-strand arise, the in FIG. 6 with T ₂ + T ₃ is designated. The sub-strand T ₁ is spread apart by means of the deflection device 5l, 6l, 7l, and the right sub-strand T ₂ + T ₃ is conveyed without engagement with the right-hand deflection device 5r, 6r, 7r and accordingly without offset by the web spreading device. Preferably, however, the sub-strand T ₂ + T ₃ is brought to the same length as the sub-strand T ₁ by means of the web length compensator 25a-c within the web spreading device. The deflecting means 25b is in preferred embodiments therefore extendable to the right side edge of the non-spread partial strand T ₂ + T ₃ , ie the right telescopic part has an extendable length which corresponds at least substantially to the length of the central part of the deflection means 25b. The same spreading operation is shown in mirror image form in Example III, wherein a right partial strand T ₃ and a double width left partial strand T ₁ + T _{2 are} produced by means of only the right cutting device 4. The explanations for Example II apply mutatis mutandis to the example III to the other side of the Bahnspreizvorrichtung out. Examples II and III demonstrate the flexibility of the web spreading device. For the execution of these spreading operations, only the left deflection device 5l, 6l, 7l and in the embodiment III only the right deflection device 5r, 6r, 7r are used in Example II, while the other with the partial strand T ₂ + T ₃ in Example II and the sub-string T ₁ + T ₂ in Example III has no contact, at least has no contact, which causes a deflection.

Examples IV and V show spreading operations for 4/6-width sheets P which are unwound asymmetrically to the axial center of the roll exchanger 1. The development is such that after the cut of the right in Example IV partial strand T ₂ and left in Example 5 left partial strand T ₂ without offset centered by the Bahnspreizvorrichtung and either the left sub-strand T ₁ in Example IV or the right sub-strand T ₃ im Example V is offset to the left or to the right outside. Accordingly, in the example IV, the right-hand deflection device 5r, 6r, 7r and in the example V the left-hand deflection device 5l, 6l, 7l are not used.

In Example VI, a web P is processed according to Example IV, while in Example VII, a web is processed according to Example V. However, unlike Examples IV and V, both partial strands are offset. In Example VI, the right sub-string T ₃ as described for the first embodiment is spread to the right outside. In order to spread the center part of the web spreading device in relation to the web spreading device T ₁ centered on the hopper 22, the left-hand bearing device 3, in particular the left-hand deflection device 5l, 6l, 7l, is adjusted correspondingly far to the right. The web P is longitudinally cut with one of the cutters 4, while the other cutter 4 is disengaged, and spread by means of the left hand deflector 5l, 6l, 7l as shown. Example VII corresponds in mirror image to example VI, with the right-hand bearing device 3, in particular the right-hand deflection device 5r, 6r, 7r, being adjusted correspondingly far to the left. Such extreme adjustability of the left or right bearing device 3 is an optional feature of the web spreading device.

The FIGS. 7 to 9 The length expansion compensator 26 and the guiding device 27 preferably used in combination therewith can be arranged in particular between two printing units in the printing tower 20 that print on the partial strands T ₁ to T ₃ . Preferred features of such a device are in DE 10 2005 048 246.5 described.

The Figures 10 and 11 show a web spreading device of a third embodiment. As already explained with reference to the first exemplary embodiment, the web spreading device comprises a left and a right bearing device 3, of which only the left bearing device 3 with the components stored by it is shown in the figures. The left cutting device 4 and the left deflection means 5l, 6l and 7l are cantilevered as in the first embodiment, so that they protrude freely inwardly in the direction of the right side of the web spreading device, so have free ends. With 101, a left carrier is referred to, which is mounted and lowered as in the first embodiment of the left bearing means 3. With regard to the spreading operations for the left sub-string T ₁ and the right-hand sub-string T _2, not shown, and the construction and arrangement of the components provided therefor, namely the storage devices 3, the carrier 101 and a carrier 10r, not shown, and in particular the deflection devices 5l, 6l and 7l and 5r, 6r, and 7r, reference is made to the explanations of the first embodiment.

In contrast to the first embodiment, a Bahnlängenkompensator 5m, 6m, 7m for the middle sub-strand T _{2 is} not arranged in the conveying direction F down from the two outer deflecting, but substantially at the same height between the left deflecting 5l, 6l, 7l and the right Turning device 5r, 6r, 7r. The web length compensator 5m, 6m, 7m is not arranged with respect to the conveying direction F exactly at the same height as the two outer deflection devices. The deflection means 5m, 6m and 7m are arranged with respect to the conveying direction F a little offset from the corresponding outer deflection means 5l to 7r. The offset is selected such that the axial length of the middle deflecting means 5m, 6m and 7m measured transversely to the conveying direction F can be adjusted in accordance with the width of the middle sub-string T ₂ . For this purpose, each of the deflection means 5m, 6m and 7m may be formed according to the deflection means 25b of the first embodiment as a telescopic part. The middle first deflection means 5m is mounted in a manner not shown stationary with respect to the frame G. The middle second deflection means 6m and the middle third deflection means 7m are fastened together to a central support 10m, which can be raised and lowered relative to the frame G. The deflection 5m, 6m and 7m are not rotatably mounted. Preferably, they are air-rinsed to reduce friction.

The lifting and lowering movement of the deflection 6m and 7m is effected by means of a lifting and lowering mechanism, which is formed in the embodiment as a rod. The mechanism comprises two axes 14, which extend transversely to the conveying direction F parallel to the deflection means 6m and 7m. The mechanism further includes linkage arms 15 which operate in the manner of a scissor mechanism. The link arms 15 are each pivotally connected at one end to one of the axles 14 and at the other end each pivotally connected in a swivel joint 16 to either the frame G or the carrier 10m. The attachment to the frame G can be made for example by not shown openings of the left and the right bearing device 3. The link arms 15 are articulated on the one hand with one of the axles 14 and on the other hand either the carrier 10m or the frame G connected so that they each intersect in pairs on one of the axes 14 and form of the respective axis 14, starting two legs of a "V" which are foldable about the respective axis 14 toward and away from each other.

The lifting and lowering mechanism further comprises an adjuster 12, in the third embodiment also an electric rotary motor, and a coupling member 13, which is also formed in the third embodiment as a spindle. The stage 12 is attached to one of the axles 14. The coupling member 13 extends transversely to the two axles 14 and couples the two axles 14 to each other by being in mating engagement with each of the axles 14. The coupling engagement is designed as a threaded engagement. The coupling member 13 is rotationally driven by the adjuster 12, so that the non-rotatable axes 14 in the threaded engagement depending on the direction of rotation of the coupling member 13 are moved away from each other or towards each other. The pairs a V-forming linkage arms 15 to be by a movement of the axes for 14 pivoted away from each other and the carrier 10m lowered into the subphase T ₂ with the attached deflecting means and 6m 7m. Such lifting and lowering mechanisms are used, for example, for jack, where there is generally replaced the motorized stage 12 by a hand crank.

The outlet guide device of the second embodiment comprises two rotatably mounted, closely juxtaposed rollers 8 and 9, which each extend over the entire width of the web spreading device and are rotatably supported by the frame G. By such an arrangement, the wrap angle per roll becomes as compared with a single roll and reduced the same degree of indirection. The spread partial strands T ₁ and T ₃ and the aligned with respect to its web length web strand T ₂ wrap around the outlet guide 8, 9 and are then fed via the biasing unit 19 in the printing tower 20, as will be described with reference to the first embodiment. The web spreading device of the third embodiment is very compact, which is primarily due to the arrangement of the Komposensators 5m, 6m, 7m between the two outer deflection devices 5l to 7r. For compactness also contributes that the second and third deflection means 6l, 7l, 6m, 7m, 6r and 7r are arranged from the same side lowerable in the respective sub-strand and also that the sub-strands T ₁ to T ₃ by means of the outlet Guide 8, 9 are guided back in the direction of the cutting device 4, in the embodiment parallel to the incoming path P. They are before, at or even behind the cutting device 4 deflected, in the representation of FIG. 10 moved up and then on to biasing unit 19.

FIG. 11 shows the web spreading device of the third embodiment in a state in which the web P can still be conveyed uncut by the web spreading device. All carriers 101, 10m and 10r are raised to an end position so far that the left deflection means 5l and 6l, the right deflection means 5r and 6r and the deflection means 6m and 7m of the web length compensator do not touch the web P. The left bearing device 3 and the right-hand layer device 3, however, already assume a position matched to the width of the web P in relation to the transverse direction. In this state of the web spreading device, the web P is drawn. When drawing the web P is guided by the paster 1 on the inlet guide 2 and from there by the cut off cutting rollers of the cutting devices 4 on the first deflection 5, in the first embodiment, the deflection 5l and 5r and in the second embodiment on the deflection 5l, 5m and 5r. The beginning of the web is guided by the first deflection means 5 straight and unaffected by the liftable and lowerable deflecting means to the outlet guide, in the first embodiment, the single outlet roller 8 and in the second embodiment, the pair of outlet rollers 8 and 9, and the respective outlet guide 8 or 8, 9 wrapped around the biasing unit 19, automatically retracted by the printing tower 20 to a turning bar area, not shown. After feeding to the turning bar area, the web P is cut longitudinally at low speed. For this purpose, only the cutting devices 4 are brought into the respective cutting position. After slitting, the left deflection means 6l and 7l, the right deflection means 6r and 7r and the one or more deflecting means of the web length compensator, in the first embodiment, the deflection means 25b and in the second embodiment the deflection means 6m and 7m, in their for the spreading and the corresponding path length compensation provided spreading or Kompensierposition moves, preferably synchronously. When the sub-strands T1, T2 and T3 have reached the turning bar area, they are further drawn in to the folder or the multiple folders of the printing press. Typically, the printing press comprises a plurality of roll changers 1, web spreading devices and printing towers 20 according to the invention. The further webs P are drawn in accordingly. After all the webs are fed for a given print production, the webs are accelerated to the speed of the production run. In the acceleration phase, the printing process is started.

Below, further, possibly also alternative features are disclosed. In this case, reference is made only by way of example to the specific embodiments.

version 1

Note: The following description is limited to the most complex case of 2-fold spreading with three equal, reduced web widths.
The paper web P is completely spread in the spreader 2-fold autopaster. The paper web P is clamped in the correct position in the autopaster. The paper web is cut twice in the spreading device: once between AB and CD and once between CD and EF. The cut is to be reset according to the spreading dimension (x). For this purpose, the knife 4 is moved / offset by at least x. If several spread dimensions are to be realized, this is solved by motor (maintain automation degree). The complicating factor is that the two blades 4 each have to move away from each other, resp. to move on.

The middle strand T2 is just continued, the two outer strands T1 and T3 are guided by inclined deflection means 5l, 6l and 5r, 6r, for example, as deflection rods are formed. By the method of the deflection means 5l, 6l and 5r, 6r an expansion dimension x is achieved.

The deflection means 5l, 6l and 5r, 6r and per left and right group depending on a further deflection means 7l and 7r are cantilevered. It should be noted that the ends of these deflection means are located exactly on the cutting edge, since the three, not yet spread strands T ₁ , T ₂ and T _{3 are} directly next to each other. At the beginning of the spreading process, the complete width of each strand is guided individually. The deflecting means and the respective associated carriage 3 are each adjusted together with the knife 4 depending on the spread x. If several spread dimensions are to be realized, this is solved by motor.

The caused by the spread length difference between the outer strands T _1, T ₃ and the middle strand T ₂ is compensated. For this purpose, corresponding guide elements are provided on the spreading slide, which additionally deflect the strand T ₂ in the spreading device. Alternatively, a separate carriage for the middle strand T _{2 is} provided.

1. 1. Bahnlängendifferenz kann nur mit langsamem Einziehen ausgeglichen werden (Zeitverlust),
2. 2. Bahnspannung ist in dieser Zeit entsprechend different.

This variant corresponds to the asymmetric spreading, which is possible in the already realized spreading device. Tests showed the following points:

1. 1. web length difference can be compensated only with slow feeding (loss of time),
2. 2. Web tension is correspondingly different in this time.

A test report is not available. The asymmetric spreading is used in today's spreading device for correcting trajectory errors (up to about 2 cm).

• Symmetrisches Drucken (Panoramaplatten)
  • logisches, symmetrisches Einstellen der Farbschrauben,
  • regelmäßige Shuttereinstellung,
  • die Wendestangen können ohne Einschränkungen wie bei einer normalen Produktion benutzt werden,
  • als Haupttrichter eignet sich der mittlere Trichter (Bahnzugverteilung)
• Komplettes Spreizen direkt beim autopaster → "Bearbeitung" der Papierbahn an einem Ort (vereinfachte Steuerung, da Steuerung am autopaster angegliedert)

Advantages:

• Symmetrical printing (panoramic panels)
  • logical, symmetrical adjustment of the color screws,
  • regular shutters setting,
  • the turning bars can be used without restrictions as in a normal production,
  • the main funnel is the middle funnel (web tension distribution)
• Complete spreading directly at the autopaster → "processing" of the paper web in one place (simplified control, since control is attached to the autopaster)

subvariant

In order to simplify the complex construction, the spreading device is fixed to a single spread. This makes a motor displacement of the blade and the deflection bars and the spreading slide (sideways) superfluous. The construction is similar to that of the 4/2 spreader.

Variant 2

The following description is limited to the most complex case: 2-fold spreading with 3 equal, reduced web widths.

Deviating from variant 1, only one strand is cut off from the paper web and spread in the spreading device. The second spread is realized by the turning bars.

The knife in this variant of the spreading is displaceable x according to Spreizmass. Simplifying to variant 1 is that only one knife has to be moved. The deflecting rods in turn end at the intersection. Both expansion slides are laterally displaceable (see description of variant 1). The deflection rods are asymmetrical and designed at different angles so that no track length difference occurs. The required length of the deflection rods for the wider strand may be more than 1500mm. This requires a corresponding increase in the structural dimensions. The guides are preferably amplified (enlarged) because of the force effects.

The double-width strand is shifted by twice the spreading dimension.

The narrow strand is guided symmetrically as in variant 1 through the printing unit. The double-wide strand is carried out offset accordingly. After the printing of the double wide strand cut in the middle and spread with the turning bars by turning and sweeping.

• nur ein Messer in der Spreizvorrichtung

Advantages:

• only a knife in the spreader

• die technische Realisierung für mehrere Spreizmaße ist wegen der motorischen Verschiebung vieler Elemente sehr aufwändig und entsprechend teuer
• asymmetrische Shutter
• asymmetrisches Einstellen der Farbschrauben (innerhalb AB und CD)
• Spreizung über mehrere Bausteine verteilt. Steuerung daher aufwändiger

Disadvantage:

• the technical realization of several Spreizmaße is very complex and expensive due to the motor displacement of many elements
• asymmetrical shutter
• asymmetrical adjustment of the color screws (within AB and CD)
• Spread spread over several blocks. Control therefore more complex

• Das minimale Spreizmaß bei der Wendestange ist aus konstruktiven Gründen 55 mm.

Restrictions on the turning bars:

• The minimum expansion of the turning bar is 55 mm for structural reasons.

The orbit EF is currently being performed by the turning bars, AB and CD are turned / swept. The main hopper will therefore be that of the web EF.

Variant 3

The spreading is also limited to 6/2 on 4 pages. For this purpose, a spreading device designed for 4/2 is mounted either on AB-CD or on CD-EF. The knife is located fixed on the edge between B and C or between D and E. For a spread production can now be clamped in the autopaster only a 4-page wide paper web. The spreading is carried out as known.

A paper web of maximum width PB is not spread. Also, this web is not passed through the spreader, which means that the web feeder is different from spreader and non-spreader.

• Einfache, bestehende Konstruktion der Spreizvorrichtung
• Keine technischen, unbekannten Risiken
• Symmetrisches Drucken (Panoramaplatten)
  • logisches, symmetrisches Einstellen der Farbschrauben
  • regelmäßige Shuttereinstellung
  • die Wendestangen können ohne Einschränkungen wie bei einer normalen Produktion benutzt werden
  • als Haupttrichter eignet sich der mittlere Trichter (Ballnzugverteilung)
• Komplettes Spreizen direkt beim autopaster → "Bearbeitung" der Pa pierbahn an einem Ort (vereinfachte Steuerung)

Advantages:

• Simple, existing construction of the spreading device
• No technical, unknown risks
• Symmetrical printing (panoramic panels)
  • logical, symmetrical adjustment of the color screws
  • regular shutters setting
  • The turner bars can be used without restrictions as in a normal production
  • the main funnel is the middle funnel (ball draw distribution)
• Complete spreading directly at the autopaster → "processing" the paper web in one place (simplified control)

reference numeral

1

Reel changer, autopaster

2

Intake guide means

3

Storage facility, sled

4

cutter

5l, 5m, 5r

deflecting

6l, 6m, 6r

deflecting

7l, 7m, 7r

deflecting

8th

Outlet guide

9

Outlet guide

101

Carrier, sled

10m

carrier

10r

Carrier, sled

11

guide

12

adjuster

13

coupling member

14

axis

15

linkage arm

16

joint

17

-

18

-

19

tensioners

20

printing tower

21

funnel

22

funnel

23

funnel

24

pressure cylinder

25a, b, c

Deflection means of the web length compensator

26

Längendehnungskompensator

27

guide means

F

conveying direction

P

paper web

PB

Web width

T

partial strand

X

strand width

Y

adjustable length

Claims (11)

Web spreading device, by means of the web strands conveyed side by side in a web-fed rotary printing press, can be spread apart from one another transversely to their conveying direction, comprising the web spreading device: a) cutting means (4) for longitudinal cutting of a more than four-page-wide web (P) at least in a left, right and middle web strand (T1, T2, T3); b) a left deflecting device (5l, 6l, 7l) with left deflection axles for the left-hand web strand (T1), c) a right deflecting device (5r, 6r, 7r) with right-hand deflecting axles for the right-hand web track (T3), d) and a central deflection device (5m, 6m, 7m, 23a-c) with central deflection axes for the middle web strand (T2), e) wherein the deflection axes of at least two of the deflection devices relative to the conveying direction (F) of the respective associated web strand (T1, T3) and relative to the conveying direction of the remaining further web strand (T2) each have such a tendency that the associated web strands ( T1, T3) can be spread apart from one another and from the further web strand (T2). Web spreading device according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one of the cutting devices (4) for longitudinal cutting of a web (P) in at least two web strands (T12, T3) in the web-fed rotary printing press in the conveying direction (F) in front of a printing unit (9) is arranged. Web spreading device according to the preceding claim, characterized in that at least one deflecting device (5, 6, 7) is arranged in front of the printing unit (9) in order to at least one of the web strands (T12, T3) transversely to the conveying direction (F) relative to another of the web strands (T12, T3) to move. Web spreading device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one cutting device (4) and at least one deflecting device (5, 6, 7) are arranged downstream of the printing unit (9) in the conveying direction (F) to guide at least one of the web strands (T12, T3) to cut into further web strands and to offset at least one of the further web strands transversely to the conveying direction (F) relative to another of the further web strands and / or the other web strand (T12, T3). Web spreading device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one of the cutting devices (4) is movable transversely to the conveying direction (F) in order to adjust a cutting position. Web spreading device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that for at least one of the web strands (T1, T2, T3; T12, T3) or one of the further web strands in the conveying direction (F) downstream of the cutting device (4) a web length compensator (25a, 25b, 25c) formed, for example, by one of the deflecting directions (5, 6, 7), is disposed in the web-fed rotary printing press having a web length of at least one of the web strands (T1, T2, T3; T12, T3) or one of the other web strands adjustable, preferably infinitely adjustable. Web spreading device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one of the web strands (T1, T2, T3, T12, T3) or the further web strands can be guided on its way through the web-fed rotary printing machine via a length expansion compensator (26), for example a web length change correct by the fan-out effect. Method for variable-format printing with a web-fed rotary printing press, in particular for newspaper printing, in which a) a web (P) which is more than four pages wide, is unwound from a roll, b) in a first spreading device (1) with at least one cutting device (4) and at least one deflecting device (5, 6, 7) which is arranged in a conveying direction (F) in front of a printing unit (9), the web (P) in at least two web strands (T12, T3) is cut and the at least two web strands (T12, T3) are offset transversely to the conveying direction (F) relative to each other, c) the web strands (T12, T3) are guided jointly through a printing unit (9) after the first spreading device (1), d) at least one of the web strands (T12, T3) in at least one further spreading device (1) with at least one cutting device (4) and at least one deflecting device (5, 6, 7), which in the conveying direction (F) after the printing unit (9) is arranged, is cut into further web strands, and at least one of the further web strands is offset transversely to the conveying direction (F) relative to another of the further web strands and / or relative to the other web strand (T12, T3). Method according to claim 8, wherein at least one of the deflecting devices (5, 6, 7) is designed as a web length compensator (25a, 25b, 25c) with which a web length of one of the web strands (T12, T3) or one of the further web strands is adjusted. Method according to one of claims 8 or 9, wherein at least one of the web strands (T12, T3) or one of the further web strands is guided over a length expansion compensator (26), for example to correct a web length change by the fan-out effect. Method according to one of claims 8 to 10, wherein at least one of the cutting devices (4) is adjusted transversely to the conveying direction (F) to set a strand width of the web strands (T12, T3) or the other web strands.

Images