EP2212524A1 - Système de cycle de rankine organique (orc) en cascade utilisant de la chaleur résiduelle d'un moteur alternatif - Google Patents

Système de cycle de rankine organique (orc) en cascade utilisant de la chaleur résiduelle d'un moteur alternatif

Info

Publication number
EP2212524A1
EP2212524A1 EP07873010A EP07873010A EP2212524A1 EP 2212524 A1 EP2212524 A1 EP 2212524A1 EP 07873010 A EP07873010 A EP 07873010A EP 07873010 A EP07873010 A EP 07873010A EP 2212524 A1 EP2212524 A1 EP 2212524A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
working fluid
organic working
orc
waste heat
organic
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP07873010A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2212524A4 (fr
Inventor
Bruce P. Biederman
Joost Brasz
Frederick J. Cogswell
Jarso Mulugeta
Lili Zhang
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
RTX Corp
Original Assignee
United Technologies Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by United Technologies Corp filed Critical United Technologies Corp
Publication of EP2212524A1 publication Critical patent/EP2212524A1/fr
Publication of EP2212524A4 publication Critical patent/EP2212524A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G5/00—Profiting from waste heat of combustion engines, not otherwise provided for
    • F02G5/02—Profiting from waste heat of exhaust gases
    • F02G5/04—Profiting from waste heat of exhaust gases in combination with other waste heat from combustion engines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K23/00—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids
    • F01K23/02—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled
    • F01K23/06—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
    • F01K23/065—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle the combustion taking place in an internal combustion piston engine, e.g. a diesel engine
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G2262/00—Recuperating heat from exhaust gases of combustion engines and heat from lubrication circuits
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/14—Combined heat and power generation [CHP]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system.
  • the present disclosure relates to operating a cascaded ORC system using two waste heat sources from a reciprocating engine.
  • Rankine cycle systems are commonly used for generating electrical power.
  • the Rankine cycle system includes an evaporator or a boiler for evaporation of a motive fluid, a turbine that receives the vapor from the evaporator to drive a generator, a condenser for condensing the vapor, and a pump or other means for recycling the condensed fluid to the evaporator.
  • the motive fluid in Rankine cycle systems is often water, and the turbine is thus driven by steam.
  • An organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system operates similarly to a traditional Rankine cycle, except that an ORC system uses an organic fluid, instead of water, as the motive fluid.
  • the ORC system uses a waste heat source to provide heat to vaporize the organic fluid in the evaporator.
  • a reciprocating engine is a common source of waste heat for an ORC system.
  • Usable waste heat from the reciprocating engine may include exhaust gas at temperatures near approximately 540 degrees Celsius (approximately 1000 degrees Fahrenheit), as well as cooling water at approximately 105 degrees Celsius (approximately 220 degrees Fahrenheit). Challenges arise in trying to use both of the waste heat sources from the reciprocating engine, particularly given the temperature difference between them. As such, the exhaust gas is typically preferred over the cooling water, given the potential for greater heat transfer.
  • the ORC system To effectively utilize the high-temperature exhaust heat from the reciprocating engine, the ORC system typically uses an organic fluid with a high critical temperature, allowing boiling at elevated temperatures. However, expanding an organic fluid with a single turbine over a large pressure ratio causes the vapor exiting the turbine to be more superheated, thus limiting the amount of power captured by the turbine. The highly superheated fluid exiting the turbine may also require special condensation equipment. [0005] There is a need for an improved method and system of recovering waste heat from a reciprocating engine in order to increase efficiency of the reciprocating engine and the ORC system.
  • a method and system for operating a cascaded organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system utilizes two waste heat sources from a positive-displacement engine, resulting in increased efficiency of the engine and the cascaded ORC system.
  • a high temperature waste heat source from the positive-displacement engine is used in a first ORC system to vaporize a first working fluid.
  • a low temperature waste heat source from the positive-displacement engine is used in a second ORC system to heat a second working fluid to a temperature less than the vaporization temperature.
  • the second working fluid is then vaporized using heat from the first working fluid.
  • the first working fluid has a higher critical temperature than the second working fluid.
  • the positive-displacement engine is a reciprocating engine and the waste heat sources are exhaust gas and jacket cooling water.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system designed to produce electrical power using waste heat.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic of a cascaded ORC system with a first ORC system and a second ORC system, designed to utilize two waste heat sources from a reciprocating engine.
  • FIG. 3 is a T-s diagram for the cascaded ORC system of FIG. 2.
  • a waste heat recovery system such as an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system
  • ORC organic Rankine cycle
  • a reciprocating engine has two sources of waste heat that may be recoverable by the ORC system - exhaust gas (high temperature) and cooling water (low temperature).
  • high temperature high temperature
  • cooling water low temperature
  • a first ORC system utilizes a high temperature working fluid to power a generator
  • a second ORC system utilizes a low temperature working fluid to power a second generator.
  • the first ORC system recovers heat from the exhaust gas of the reciprocating engine.
  • the second ORC system recovers heat from the cooling water of the reciprocating engine, as well as the heat of condensation from the high temperature working fluid of the first ORC system.
  • the cascaded ORC system and method described herein utilizes more of the waste heat from the reciprocating engine, and thus generates a greater amount of power per unit of waste heat from the reciprocating engine.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic of a single ORC system 10, which includes condenser
  • Working fluid 22 circulates through system 10 and is used to generate electrical power. Liquid working fluid 22a from condenser 12 passes through pump 14, resulting in an increase in pressure. High pressure liquid fluid 22a enters evaporator 16, which utilizes heat source 24 to vaporize fluid 22. Heat source 24 may include, but is not limited to, any type of waste heat resource, including reciprocating engines, fuel cells, and microturbines, and other types of heat sources such as solar, geothermal or waste gas.
  • Working fluid 22 exits evaporator 16 as a vapor (22b), at which point it passes into turbine 18. Vaporized working fluid 22b is used to drive turbine 18, which in turn powers generator 28 such that generator 28 produces electrical power.
  • Vaporized working fluid 22b exiting turbine 18 is returned to condenser 12, where it is condensed back to liquid 22a.
  • Heat sink 30 is used to provide cooling to condenser 12.
  • working fluid 22 is preferably a high temperature fluid having a high critical temperature. In that case, heat source 24 is able to transfer sufficient heat to the working fluid, while maintaining the working fluid below the critical temperature in evaporator 16.
  • a disadvantage of such a high temperature working fluid is that when it exits turbine 18, it is highly superheated. At least a portion of the heat from the superheated vapor is not converted into power, and thus turbine 18 has a low efficiency.
  • the high temperature working fluid requires additional cooling in condenser 12, resulting in expensive equipment and typically a large amount of unrecoverable waste heat from the working fluid.
  • heat source 24 is a low temperature heat source
  • a low temperature working fluid may be used within system 10.
  • ORC system 10 In the scenario in which heat source 24 is waste heat from a reciprocating engine, ORC system 10 typically uses either the exhaust gas (i.e. high temperature waste heat) or the jacket cooling water (i.e. low temperature waste heat), since it is difficult to use both. As such, some of the waste heat from the reciprocating engine is unrecoverable by ORC system 10.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic of cascaded ORC system 100 having first ORC system 102 and second ORC system 104, both of which recover waste heat from reciprocating engine 106.
  • First ORC system 102 is similar to ORC system 10 of FIG. 1 and includes evaporator 110, turbine 112, condenser 114, and pump 116.
  • First working fluid 118 is circulated through system 102 and used to drive turbine 112, which enables generator 120 to produce electrical power.
  • Second ORC system 104 includes turbine 122, condenser 124, pump 126, heat exchanger 128, and evaporator 114.
  • Second working fluid 130 is used in second ORC system 104 to drive turbine 122, which powers generator 132.
  • Condenser 124 of second ORC system 104 uses heat sink 134 to provide cooling and condense vaporized working fluid 130 from turbine 122.
  • Heat sink 134 may be water or air, and in some cases, heat sink 134 may be used to provide useful heating to an external source, as discussed further below.
  • First working fluid 118 and second working fluid 130 are organic working fluids, examples of which are provided below.
  • Condenser 114 of first ORC system 102 also functions as the evaporator of second ORC system 104.
  • first working fluid 1 18 is a high temperature working fluid and second working fluid 130 is a low temperature working fluid.
  • evaporator/condenser 114 is configured such that vaporized working fluid 1 18 from turbine 112 is condensed, thereby transferring heat to vaporize second working fluid 130.
  • Reciprocating engine 106 has two sources of waste heat recoverable by system 100.
  • the first source is exhaust gas ranging in temperature from approximately 475 to 540 degrees Celsius (approximately 885 to 1005 degrees Fahrenheit).
  • the second source is jacket cooling water with a temperature range of approximately 100 to 1 10 degrees Celsius (approximately 212 to 230 degrees Fahrenheit). Heat from the exhaust gas is used by first ORC system 102. More specifically, exhaust gas is used by evaporator 1 10 to vaporize working fluid 1 18.
  • Second ORC system 104 receives heat from the jacket cooling water. Heat exchanger 128 of system 104 is located between pump 126 and evaporator 1 14, and is designed to transfer heat from the jacket cooling water to liquid working fluid 130.
  • jacket cooling water is a lower temperature waste heat source, as compared to the exhaust gas, the jacket cooling water is used to heat working fluid 130 to a temperature that is less than its vaporization temperature.
  • working fluid 130 has a higher temperature at an outlet of heat exchanger 128 compared to its temperature at an inlet of heat exchanger 128.
  • the jacket cooling water may be recycled back to reciprocating engine 106 after exiting heat exchanger 128.
  • second working fluid 130 After passing through heat exchanger 128, second working fluid 130 passes through condenser/evaporator 114, which is designed to transfer heat between first working fluid 118 and second working fluid 130, such that first working fluid 118 condenses to a liquid and second working fluid 130 is vaporized.
  • First working fluid 1 18 preferably has a condensation temperature that is suitable to boil second working fluid 130.
  • Second working fluid 130 passes from evaporator 1 14 to turbine 122, and then to condenser 124, which may be a water-cooled condenser or an air-cooled condenser (i.e. heat sink 134 is water or air).
  • heat sink 134 is water or air.
  • the heated water may be used to provide heating to a source external to cascaded ORC system 100.
  • heat sink 134 may be used to heat district heating water and/or provide environmental heating, for example, to agricultural crops or greenhouses.
  • cascaded ORC system 100 it is possible to utilize essentially all of the waste heat from reciprocating engine 106.
  • the high temperature waste heat source (the exhaust gas) is recovered by ORC system 102 which utilizes a high temperature working fluid.
  • the low temperature waste heat source (the jacket cooling water) is recovered by ORC system 104, which utilizes a low temperature working fluid.
  • the design of cascaded ORC system 100 results in greater efficiency overall since the heat from first working fluid 1 18 exiting turbine 112 may be transferred to second working fluid 130.
  • An efficiency of second ORC system 104 is increased by preheating second working fluid 130 in heat exchanger 128.
  • First working fluid 118 has a higher critical temperature than second working fluid 130. Because exhaust gas from reciprocating engine 106 is used in evaporator 1 10 to vaporize first working fluid 1 18, working fluid 1 18 preferably has a high critical temperature such that it is able to boil at a high temperature inside evaporator 1 10. Operating with the working fluid in the supercritical phase presents technical challenges that are preferably avoided by remaining below the critical temperature.
  • second ORC system 104 uses lower temperature heat sources (i.e.
  • siloxanes that are suitable for first working fluid 1 18 include, but are not limited to, MM hexamethyldisiloxane (C 6 H I gOSi 2 ), MDM octamefhyltrisiloxane (C 8 H 24 O 2 Si 3 ), and MD2M decamethyltetrasiloxane (C 10 H 3O O 3 Si 4 ).
  • siloxanes may be preferred over toluene, isobutene, isopentane, and n- pentene, which are flammable.
  • Second working fluid 130 may include, but is not limited to, Rl 23, Rl 34a,
  • R236fa and R245fa are used in ORC system 104. If an ambient air temperature is cooler, thereby reducing a temperature of heat sink 34, then Rl 34 may be preferred; if the ambient air temperature is warmer, then R245fa may be preferred.
  • first working fluid 118 and second working fluid 130 may include organic working fluids not listed above. Numerous combinations of first working fluid 1 18 and second working fluid 130 may be used. As stated above, cascaded ORC system 100 is preferably operated with first working fluid 118 having a higher critical temperature than second working fluid 130.
  • FIG. 3 is a T-s diagram for cascaded ORC system 100 of FIG. 2.
  • temperature T is plotted as a function of entropy S.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the thermal energy transfer from the exhaust gas of reciprocating engine 106 to first working fluid 118, and from the jacket cooling water of engine 106 to second working fluid 130.
  • first working fluid 1 18 transfers heat to second working fluid 130, and second working fluid 130 then transfers heat to heat sink 134.
  • Heat from the exhaust gas of reciprocating engine 106 is transferred to first working fluid 118, which increases a temperature of working fluid 118 until fluid 118 reaches its vaporization temperature, as shown in FIG. 3.
  • Fluid 118 remains below the critical temperature Ti c ri t i cal - As vaporized fluid 118 expands in turbine 112, its temperature decreases, however fluid 118 remains in the vapor phase.
  • condenser 114 which also functions as an evaporator for second ORC system 104, fluid 118 is desuperheated until it reaches its condensation temperature. The heat from fluid 118 is transferred to second working fluid 130 in condenser/evaporator 114. The temperature of fluid 130 remains below the critical temperature T 2 critical- [0029] Heat from first working fluid 118 is sufficient to vaporize second working fluid 130 inside condenser/evaporator 114.
  • second working fluid 130 upstream of condenser/evaporator 114.
  • jacket cooling water from reciprocating engine 106 is used to increase a temperature of working fluid 130 to a temperature below the vaporization temperature.
  • second working fluid 130 shows a decrease in temperature after passing through turbine 122.
  • superheated fluid 130 is condensed inside condenser/heater 124 using ambient air or cooling water from heat sink 134.
  • heat from second working fluid 130 is transferred to heat sink 34, as shown in FIG. 3.
  • heat sink 34 in some embodiments, may be used to provide heating to an external source, such as, for example, a greenhouse.
  • cascaded ORC system 100 uses two waste heat sources from a reciprocating engine.
  • the low temperature heat source is jacket cooling water.
  • other types of positive-displacement engines, in addition to reciprocating engines, that require cooling water during engine operation may also be used to supply waste heat to system 100. This may include, but is not limited to, rotary engines, such as, for example, the Wankel engine.
  • the cascaded ORC system described herein uses two distinct waste heat sources from a reciprocating engine. Since two ORC systems are used, the cascaded ORC system generates additional power. Because there is no change in the emission levels of the reciprocating engine, the cascaded ORC system results in a reduction in emissions from the reciprocating engine per unit of power generated. Moreover, the cascaded ORC system described herein reduces any waste heat from the first and second ORC systems. Thus, the method and system described herein results in improved efficiency of the reciprocating engine and each of the ORC systems.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention porte sur un procédé et sur un système pour faire fonctionner un système de cycle de Rankine organique (ORC) en cascade (100) utilisant deux sources de chaleur résiduelle provenant d'un moteur à déplacement positif (106) ce qui le rendement du moteur (106) et du système ORC en cascade (100). Une source de chaleur résiduelle à haute température provenant du moteur à déplacement positif (106) est utilisée dans un premier système ORC (102) pour vaporiser un premier fluide de travail (118). Une source de chaleur résiduelle à basse température provenant du moteur à déplacement positif (106) est utilisée dans un second système ORC (104) pour chauffer un second fluide de travail (130) à une température inférieure à la température de vaporisation. Le second fluide de travail (130) est ensuite vaporisé à par la chaleur provenant du premier fluide de travail (118). Dans un mode de réalisation donné à titre d'exemple, le moteur à déplacement positif (106) est un moteur alternatif. La source de chaleur résiduelle à haute température peut être un gaz d'échappement et la source de chaleur résiduelle à basse température peut être de l'eau de refroidissement.
EP07873010A 2007-10-04 2007-10-04 Système de cycle de rankine organique (orc) en cascade utilisant de la chaleur résiduelle d'un moteur alternatif Withdrawn EP2212524A4 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/US2007/021318 WO2009045196A1 (fr) 2007-10-04 2007-10-04 Système de cycle de rankine organique (orc) en cascade utilisant de la chaleur résiduelle d'un moteur alternatif

Publications (2)

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EP2212524A1 true EP2212524A1 (fr) 2010-08-04
EP2212524A4 EP2212524A4 (fr) 2012-04-18

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Country Status (4)

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US (1) US20100263380A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2212524A4 (fr)
JP (1) JP2010540837A (fr)
WO (1) WO2009045196A1 (fr)

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