EP2210252A1 - Procédés et dispositifs pour effectuer le tatouage audio et la détection et l'extraction de tatouage - Google Patents

Procédés et dispositifs pour effectuer le tatouage audio et la détection et l'extraction de tatouage

Info

Publication number
EP2210252A1
EP2210252A1 EP08850597A EP08850597A EP2210252A1 EP 2210252 A1 EP2210252 A1 EP 2210252A1 EP 08850597 A EP08850597 A EP 08850597A EP 08850597 A EP08850597 A EP 08850597A EP 2210252 A1 EP2210252 A1 EP 2210252A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
frequency
code
frequency components
information
audio
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP08850597A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2210252B1 (fr
Inventor
Alexander Pavlovich Topchy
Arun Ramaswamy
Venugopal Srinivasan
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nielsen Co US LLC
Original Assignee
Nielsen Co US LLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nielsen Co US LLC filed Critical Nielsen Co US LLC
Publication of EP2210252A1 publication Critical patent/EP2210252A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2210252B1 publication Critical patent/EP2210252B1/fr
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L19/00—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
    • G10L19/018—Audio watermarking, i.e. embedding inaudible data in the audio signal
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L19/00—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
    • G10L19/02—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using spectral analysis, e.g. transform vocoders or subband vocoders
    • G10L19/022—Blocking, i.e. grouping of samples in time; Choice of analysis windows; Overlap factoring
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L19/00—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
    • G10L19/04—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using predictive techniques
    • G10L19/06—Determination or coding of the spectral characteristics, e.g. of the short-term prediction coefficients
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/46—Embedding additional information in the video signal during the compression process
    • H04N19/467—Embedding additional information in the video signal during the compression process characterised by the embedded information being invisible, e.g. watermarking
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/20—Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
    • H04N21/23—Processing of content or additional data; Elementary server operations; Server middleware
    • H04N21/238—Interfacing the downstream path of the transmission network, e.g. adapting the transmission rate of a video stream to network bandwidth; Processing of multiplex streams
    • H04N21/2389—Multiplex stream processing, e.g. multiplex stream encrypting
    • H04N21/23892—Multiplex stream processing, e.g. multiplex stream encrypting involving embedding information at multiplex stream level, e.g. embedding a watermark at packet level
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/80—Generation or processing of content or additional data by content creator independently of the distribution process; Content per se
    • H04N21/83—Generation or processing of protective or descriptive data associated with content; Content structuring
    • H04N21/835—Generation of protective data, e.g. certificates
    • H04N21/8358—Generation of protective data, e.g. certificates involving watermark
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L25/00—Speech or voice analysis techniques not restricted to a single one of groups G10L15/00 - G10L21/00
    • G10L25/03—Speech or voice analysis techniques not restricted to a single one of groups G10L15/00 - G10L21/00 characterised by the type of extracted parameters
    • G10L25/18—Speech or voice analysis techniques not restricted to a single one of groups G10L15/00 - G10L21/00 characterised by the type of extracted parameters the extracted parameters being spectral information of each sub-band
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04H—BROADCAST COMMUNICATION
    • H04H20/00—Arrangements for broadcast or for distribution combined with broadcast
    • H04H20/28—Arrangements for simultaneous broadcast of plural pieces of information
    • H04H20/30—Arrangements for simultaneous broadcast of plural pieces of information by a single channel
    • H04H20/31—Arrangements for simultaneous broadcast of plural pieces of information by a single channel using in-band signals, e.g. subsonic or cue signal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04H—BROADCAST COMMUNICATION
    • H04H2201/00—Aspects of broadcast communication
    • H04H2201/50—Aspects of broadcast communication characterised by the use of watermarks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04H—BROADCAST COMMUNICATION
    • H04H60/00—Arrangements for broadcast applications with a direct linking to broadcast information or broadcast space-time; Broadcast-related systems
    • H04H60/29—Arrangements for monitoring broadcast services or broadcast-related services
    • H04H60/31—Arrangements for monitoring the use made of the broadcast services

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates generally to media monitoring and, more particularly, to methods and apparatus to perform audio watermarking and watermark detection and extraction.
  • Identifying media information and, more specifically, audio streams is useful for assessing audience exposure to television, radio, or any other media.
  • a code may be inserted into the audio or video of media, wherein the code is later detected at monitoring sites when the media is presented (e.g., played at monitored households).
  • the information payload of the code/watermark embedded into original signal can consist of unique source identification, time of broadcast, transactional or additional content metadata.
  • Monitoring sites typically include locations such as, for example, households where the media consumption of audience members or audience member exposure to the media is monitored.
  • codes from the audio and/or video are captured and may be associated with audio or video streams of media associated with a selected channel, radio station, media source, etc.
  • the collected codes may then be sent to a central data collection facility for analysis.
  • the collection of data pertinent to media exposure or consumption need not be limited to in-home exposure or consumption.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic depiction of a broadcast audience measurement system employing a program identifying code added to the audio portion of a composite television signal.
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an example encoder of FIG. 1.
  • FIGS. 3A-3C are charts illustrating different example code frequency configurations that may be used in the code frequency selector of FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating an example process that may be carried out by the example encoder of FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example decoder of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating an example process that may be carried out by the example decoder of FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of an example processor platform that may be used and/or programmed to perform any or all of the processes or implement any or all of the example systems, example apparatus and/or example methods described herein.
  • audio may be any type of signal having a frequency falling within the normal human audibility spectrum.
  • audio may be speech, music, an audio portion of an audio and/or video program or work (e.g., a television program, a movie, an Internet video, a radio program, a commercial spot, etc.), a media program, noise, or any other sound.
  • the encoding of the audio inserts one or more codes into the audio and ideally leaves the code inaudible to hearers of the audio.
  • the code may be audible to certain listeners.
  • the following refers to codes that may be encoded or embedded in audio; these codes may also be referred to as watermarks.
  • the codes that are embedded in audio may be of any suitable length and any suitable technique for assigning the codes to information may be selected.
  • the codes may be converted into symbols that are represented by signals having selected frequencies that are embedded in the audio. Any suitable encoding or error correcting technique may be used to convert codes into symbols.
  • the following examples pertain generally to encoding an audio signal with information, such as a code, and obtaining that information from the audio via a decoding process.
  • information such as a code
  • decoding and decoding processes may be used in several different technical applications to convey information from one place to another.
  • the example encoding and decoding processes described herein may be used to perform broadcast identification.
  • that work is encoded to include a code indicative of the source of the work, the broadcast time of the work, the distribution channel of the work, or any other information deemed relevant to the operator of the system.
  • the work is presented (e.g., played through a television, a radio, a computing device, or any other suitable device)
  • persons in the area of the presentation are exposed not only to the work, but, unbeknownst to them, are also exposed to the code embedded in the work.
  • persons may be provided with decoders that operate on a microphone -based platform so that the work may be obtained by the decoder using free-field detection and processed to extract codes therefrom. The codes may then be logged and reported back to a central facility for further processing.
  • the microphone-based decoders may be dedicated, stand-alone devices, or may be implemented using cellular telephones or any other types of devices having microphones and software to perform the decoding and code logging operations.
  • wire -based systems may be used whenever the work and its attendant code may be picked up via a hard wired connection.
  • the example encoding and decoding processes described herein may be used, for example, in tracking and/or forensics related to audio and/or video works by, for example, marking copyrighted audio and/or associated video content with a particular code.
  • the example encoding and decoding processes may be used to implement a transactional encoding system in which a unique code is inserted into a work when that work is purchased by a consumer.
  • a unique code is inserted into a work when that work is purchased by a consumer.
  • the purchasing may include a purchaser physically receiving a tangible media (e.g., a compact disk, etc.) on which the work is included, or may include downloading of the work via a network, such as the Internet.
  • each purchaser of the same work receives the work, but the work received by each purchaser is encoded with a different code. That is, the code inserted in the work may be personal to the purchaser, wherein each work purchased by that purchaser includes that purchaser's code. Alternatively, each work may be may be encoded with a code that is serially assigned.
  • control data may be hidden in a speech signal, or any other audio signal.
  • a decoder in the area of the presented audio signal processes the received audio to obtain the hidden code.
  • the target device takes some predetermined action based on the code. This may be useful, for example, in the case of changing advertisements within stores based on audio being presented in the store, etc. For example, scrolling billboard advertisements within a store may be synchronized to an audio commercial being presented in the store through the use of codes embedded in the audio commercial.
  • the example system 100 may be, for example, a television audience measurement system, which will serve as a context for further description of the encoding and decoding processes described herein.
  • the example system 100 includes an encoder 102 that adds a code 103 to an audio signal 104 to produce an encoded audio signal.
  • the code 103 may be representative of any selected information.
  • the code 103 may be representative of an identity of a broadcast media program such as a television broadcast, a radio broadcast, or the like.
  • the code 103 may include timing information indicative of a time at which the code 103 was inserted into audio or a media broadcast time.
  • the code may include control information that is used to control the behavior of one or more target devices.
  • the audio signal 104 may be any form of audio including, for example, voice, music, noise, commercial advertisement audio, audio associated with a television program, live performance, etc.
  • the encoder 102 passes the encoded audio signal to a transmitter 106.
  • the transmitter 106 transmits the encoded audio signal along with any video signal 108 associated with the encoded audio signal. While, in some instances, the encoded audio signal may have an associated video signal 108, the encoded audio signal need not have any associated video.
  • the transmit side of the example system 100 shown in FIG. 1 shows a single transmitter 106
  • the transmit side may be much more complex and may include multiple levels in a distribution chain through which the audio signal 104 may be passed.
  • the audio signal 104 may be generated at a national network level and passed to a local network level for local distribution.
  • the encoder 102 is shown in the transmit lineup prior to the transmitter 106, one or more encoders may be placed throughout the distribution chain of the audio signal 104.
  • the audio signal 104 may be encoded at multiple levels and may include embedded codes associated with those multiple levels. Further details regarding encoding and example encoders are provided below.
  • the transmitter 106 may include one or more of a radio frequency (RF) transmitter that may distribute the encoded audio signal through free space propagation (e.g., via terrestrial or satellite communication links) or a transmitter used to distribute the encoded audio signal through cable, fiber, etc.
  • RF radio frequency
  • the transmitter 106 may be used to broadcast the encoded audio signal throughout a broad geographical area. In other cases, the transmitter 106 may distribute the encoded audio signal through a limited geographical area.
  • the transmission may include up- conversion of the encoded audio signal to radio frequencies to enable propagation of the same.
  • the transmission may include distributing the encoded audio signal in the form of digital bits or packets of digital bits that may be transmitted over one or more networks, such as the Internet, wide area networks, or local area networks.
  • the encoded audio signal may be carried by a carrier signal, by information packets or by any suitable technique to distribute the audio signals.
  • the encoded audio signal is received by a receiver 110, which, in the media monitoring context, may be located at a statistically selected metering site 112, the audio signal portion of the received program signal is processed to recover the code, even though the presence of that code is imperceptible (or substantially imperceptible) to a listener when the encoded audio signal is presented by speakers 114 of the receiver 110.
  • a decoder 116 is connected either directly to an audio output 118 available at the receiver 110 or to a microphone 120 placed in the vicinity of the speakers 114 through which the audio is reproduced.
  • the received audio signal can be either in a monaural or stereo format. Further details regarding decoding and example decoders are provided below.
  • the encoder 102 inserts one or more inaudible (or substantially inaudible) codes into the audio 104 to create encoded audio.
  • One example encoder 102 is shown in FIG. 2.
  • the example encoder 102 of FIG. 2 includes a sampler 202 that receives the audio 104.
  • the sampler 202 is coupled to a masking evaluator 204, which evaluates the ability of the sampled audio to hide codes therein.
  • the code 103 is provided to a code frequency selector 206 that determines audio code frequencies that are used to represent the code 103 to be inserted into the audio.
  • the code frequency selector 206 may include conversion of codes into symbols and/or any suitable detection or correction encoding.
  • An indication of the designated code frequencies that will be used to represent the code 103 are passed to the masking evaluator 204 so that the masking evaluator 204 is aware of the frequencies for which masking by the audio 104 should be determined. Additionally, the indication of the code frequencies is provided to a code synthesizer 208 that produces sine wave signals having frequencies designated by the code frequency selector 206. A combiner 210 receives both the synthesized code frequencies from the code synthesizer 208 and the audio that was provided to the sampler and combines the two to produce encoded audio.
  • the sampler 202 may be implemented using an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter or any other suitable digitizer.
  • the sampler 202 may sample the audio 104 at, for example, 48,000 Hertz (Hz) or any other sampling rate suitable to sample the audio 104 while satisfying the Nyquist criteria. For example, if the audio 104 is frequency- limited at 15,000 Hz, the sampler 202 may operate at 30,000 Hz.
  • Each sample from the sampler 202 may be represented by a string of digital bits, wherein the number of bits in the string indicates the precision with which the sampling is carried out. For example, the sampler 202 may produce 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit, or 32-bit.
  • the example sampler 202 In addition to sampling the audio 104, the example sampler 202 accumulates a number of samples (i.e., an audio block) that are to be processed together. For example, the example sampler 202 accumulates a 512 sample audio block that is passed to the masking evaluator 204 at one time. Alternatively, in one example, the masking evaluator 204 may include an accumulator in which a number of samples (e.g., 512) may be accumulated in a buffer before they are processed.
  • a number of samples e.g., 512
  • the masking evaluator 204 receives or accumulates the samples (e.g., 512 samples) and determines an ability of the accumulated samples to hide code frequencies to human hearing. That is, the masking evaluator determines if code frequencies can be hidden within the audio represented by the accumulated samples by evaluating each critical band of the audio as a whole to determine its energy and determining the noise-like or tonal-like attributes of each critical band and determining the sum total ability of the critical bands to mask the code frequencies.
  • Critical frequency bands which were determined by experimental studies carried out on human auditory perception, may vary in width from single frequency bands at the low end of the spectrum to bands containing ten or more adjacent frequencies at the upper end of the audible spectrum.
  • the masking evaluator 204 determines that code frequencies can be hidden in the audio 104, the masking evaluator 204 indicates the amplitude levels at which the code frequencies can be inserted within the audio 104, while still remaining hidden and provides the amplitude information to the code synthesizer 208.
  • the masking evaluator 204 conducts the masking evaluation by determining a maximum change in energy E b or a masking energy level that can occur at any critical frequency band without making the change perceptible to a listener.
  • the masking evaluation carried out by the masking evaluator 204 may be carried out as outlined in the Moving Pictures Experts Group - Advanced Audio Encoding (MPEG-AAC) audio compression standard ISO/IEC 13818-7:1997, for example.
  • MPEG-AAC Moving Pictures Experts Group - Advanced Audio Encoding
  • These analyses may be used to determine for each audio block the masking contribution due to tonality (e.g., how much the audio being evaluated is like a tone) as well as noise like (i.e., how much the audio being evaluated is like noise) features. Further analysis can evaluate temporal masking that extends masking ability of the audio over short time, typically, for 50-100 ms.
  • the resulting analysis by the masking evaluator 204 provides a determination, on a per critical band basis, the amplitude of a code frequency that can be added to the audio 104 without producing any noticeable audio degradation (e.g., without being audible).
  • the code frequency selector 206 may be implemented using a lookup table that relates an input code 103 to a state, wherein each state is represented by a number of code frequencies that are to be emphasized in the encoded audio signal.
  • the code frequency selector 206 may include information relating symbols or data states to sets of code frequencies that redundantly represent the data states.
  • the number of states selected for use may be based on the types of input codes. For example, an input code representing two bits may be converted to code frequencies representing one of four symbols or states (e.g., 2 2 ). In another example, an input code representing four bits of information may be represented by one of 16 symbols or states (e.g., 2 4 ).
  • some other encoding may be used to build in error correction when converting the code 103 to one or more symbols or states.
  • more than one code may be embedded in the audio 104.
  • FIG. 3A One example chart illustrating a code frequency configuration is shown in FIG. 3A at reference numeral 300.
  • the chart includes frequency indices that range in value from 360 to 1366. These frequency indices correspond to frequencies of the sine waves to be embedded into an audio signal when viewed in the frequency domain via a Fourier transformation of a block of 18,432 samples.
  • the reason that reference is made to frequency indices rather than actual frequencies is that the frequencies to which the indices correspond vary based on the sampling rate used within the encoder 102 and the number of samples processed by the decoder 116. The higher the sampling rate, the closer in frequency each of the indices is to its neighboring indices. Conversely, a low sampling rate results in adjacent indices that are relatively widely space in frequency. For example, at a sampling rate of 48,000 Hz, the spacing between the indices shown in the chart 300 of FIG. 3 A is 2.6 Hz. Thus, frequency index 360 corresponds to 936 Hz (2.6 Hz x 360).
  • the chart 300 includes a top row 302 listing 144 different states or symbols represented in columns, wherein the chart 300 shows the first three states and the last state.
  • the states are selected to represent codes or portions of codes.
  • the states between the third state and the last state are represented by dashed boxes for the sake of clarity.
  • Each of the states occupies a corresponding column in the chart 300.
  • state Sl occupies a column denoted with reference numeral 304.
  • Each column includes a number of frequency indices representing a frequency in each of seven different code bands, which are denoted in the left-hand column 306 of the chart 300.
  • the state Sl is represented by frequency indices 360, 504, 648, 792, 936, 1080, and 1224.
  • the code indices in the column of the selected state are emphasized in a block of 18,432 samples.
  • indices 360, 504, 6489, 792, 936, 1080, and 1224 are emphasized.
  • the indices of only one of the states are ever emphasized at one time.
  • each code band includes sequentially numbered frequency indices, one of which corresponds to each state. That is, Code Band 0 includes frequency indices 360-503, each corresponding to one of the 144 different states/symbols shown in the chart 300. Additionally, adjacent code bands in the system are separated by one frequency index. For example, Code Band 0 ranges from index 360 to index 503 and adjacent Code Band 1 ranges from index 504 to index 647. Thus, Code Band 0 is spaced one frequency index from adjacent Code Band 1.
  • the code frequencies shown in FIG. 3A are close to one another in frequency and, thus, are affected in relatively the same manner by multipath interference. Additionally, the high level of redundancy in the chart 300 enhances the ability to recover the code.
  • the code frequency selector 206 operates premised on the chart 300 of FIG. 3 A, when an input code to the code frequency selector 206 is encoded or mapped to state S 1 , the code frequency selector 206 indicates to the masking evaluator 204 and the code synthesizer 208 that frequency indices 360, 504, 648, 792, 936, 1080, and 1224 should be emphasized in the encoded signal and, therefore, the code synthesizer 208 should produce sine waves having frequencies corresponding to the frequency indices 360, 504, 648, 792, 936, 1080, and 1224, and that such sine waves should be generated with amplitudes specified by the masking evaluator 204 so that the generated sine waves can be inserted into the audio 104, but will be inaudible (or substantially inaudible).
  • the code frequency selector 206 identifies frequency indices 503, 647, 791, 935, 1079, 1223, and 1366 to the masking evaluator 204 and the code synthesizer 208 so that corresponding sine waves can be generated with appropriate amplitudes.
  • the encoding used to select states in the chart 300 to convey information may include data blocks and synchronization blocks.
  • the message to be encoded by the system using these 144 different states consists of a synchronization block that is followed by several data blocks.
  • Each of the synchronization block and the data blocks is encoded into 18,432 samples and is represented by emphasizing the indices of one of the states shown in the chart 300 table below by emphasizing frequency indices shown in one column of the chart 300.
  • a synchronization block is represented by emphasizing the indices of one of 16 states selected to represent synchronization information. That is, the synchronization block indicates the start of one of 16 different message types. For example, when considering media monitoring, network television stations may use a first state to represent synchronization and a local affiliate may use a second state to represent synchronization. Thus, at the start of a transmission, one of 16 different states is selected to represent synchronization and transmitted by emphasizing the indices associated with that state. Information payload data follows synchronization data.
  • the 16 states are selected so that a frequency range including first code frequencies representing each of those 16 states is larger than a frequency amount separating that frequency range from an adjacent frequency range including second code frequencies also representing each of those 16 states.
  • the 16 states representing the synchronization information may be spaced every 9 states in the table above, such that states Sl, SlO, S19, S28, S37, S46, S54, S63, S72, S81, S90, S99, S108, Sl 17, S126, S135 represent possible states that the synchronization information may take.
  • states may be used to represent four bits of information per state, or 128 states may be used to represent seven bits of information per state.
  • the states selected to represent data are selected such that a frequency range including first code frequencies representing each of the data states is larger than a frequency amount separating that frequency range from an adjacent frequency range including second code frequencies also representing each of the data states.
  • states used to represent potential data include at least one substantially low numbered state (e.g., S2) and at least one substantially high numbered state (e.g., S 144). This ensures that the ranges including states that may be used to represent data occupy a wide bandwidth within their respective code bands, and that the spacing between adjacent ranges are narrow.
  • the encoder 102 may repeat the encoding process and, thereby, encode a number of audio blocks with a particular code. That is, the selected code frequencies may be inserted into several consecutive 512-sample audio blocks. In one example, the code frequencies representing symbols may be repeated in 36 consecutive audio blocks of 512 samples or 72 overlapping blocks of 256 samples. Thus, at the receive side, when 18,432 samples are processed by a Fourier transformation, the emphasized code frequencies will be visible in the resulting spectrum.
  • FIG. 3B shows an example alternative chart 330 that may be used by the code frequency selector 208, wherein the chart 330 lists four states in the first row 332, each of which includes corresponding frequency indices listed in seven code bands 334. These frequency indices correspond to frequencies of the sinusoids to be embedded into an audio signal when viewed in the frequency domain via a Fourier transformation of a block of 512 samples.
  • state Sl when state Sl is to be sent, the code frequency selector 206 indicates that frequency indices 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, and 34 are to be used.
  • the indication of these frequencies is communicated to the masking evaluator 204 and the code synthesizer 208, so that sine waves having the proper amplitude and corresponding to the indicated frequency indices may be generated for addition to the audio 104.
  • the code frequencies corresponding to the desired symbol are encoded into 2 overlapping blocks of 256 samples in order to make it detectable.
  • the chart 330 indicates that the code bands are separated by the same frequency distance as the frequency indices representing adjacent symbol.
  • Code Band 0 includes a code frequency component having a frequency index of 13, which is one frequency index from the Code Band 1 frequency index 14 representing the state Sl.
  • Chart 360 of FIG. 3C shows another example that may be used by the code frequency selector 208, wherein the chart 360 lists 24 states in the first row 362, each of which includes corresponding frequency indices listed in seven code bands 364. These frequency indices correspond to frequencies of the sinusoids to be embedded into an audio signal when viewed in the frequency domain via a Fourier transformation of a block of 3072 samples.
  • the code frequency selector 206 indicates that frequency indices 60, 84, 108, 132, 156, 180, and 204 are to be used.
  • the indication of these frequencies is communicated to the masking evaluator 204 and the code synthesizer 208, so that sine waves having the proper amplitude and corresponding to the indicated frequency indices may be generated for addition to the audio 104.
  • the code frequencies corresponding to the desired symbol are encoded in 12 overlapping blocks of 256 samples.
  • the first 16 columns may be used as data symbols and the 17th column may be used as a synchronization symbol.
  • the remaining seven columns could be used for special data such as Video On Demand - for example, columns 18,19,20,21, 22, 23 columns as auxiliary data symbols and these will be decoded as such only when an auxiliary synchronization symbol is present in column 24.
  • the chart 360 indicates that the code bands are separated by the same frequency distance as the frequency indices representing adjacent symbol.
  • Code Band 0 includes a code frequency component having a frequency index of 83, which is one frequency index from the Code Band 1 frequency index 84 representing the state Sl.
  • the code synthesizer 208 receives from the code frequency selector 206 an indication of the frequency indices required to be included to create an encoded audio signal including an indication of the input code. In response to the indication of the frequency indices, the code synthesizer 208 generates a number of sine waves (or one composite signal including multiple sine waves) having the identified frequencies. The synthesis may result in sine wave signals or in digital data representative of sine wave signals. In one example, the code synthesizer 208 generates the code frequencies with amplitudes dictated by the masking evaluator 204.
  • the code synthesizer 208 generates the code frequencies having fixed amplitudes and those amplitudes may be adjusted by one or more gain blocks (not shown) that is within the code sequencer 208 or is disposed between the code synthesizer 208 and the combiner 210.
  • example code synthesizer 208 that generates sine waves or data representing sine waves
  • other example implementations of code synthesizers are possible.
  • another example code synthesizer 208 may output frequency domain coefficients that are used to adjust amplitudes of certain frequencies of audio provided to the combiner 210. In this manner, the spectrum of the audio may be adjusted to include the requisite sine waves.
  • the combiner 210 receives both the output of the code synthesizer 208 and the audio 104 and combines them to form encoded audio.
  • the combiner 210 may combine the output of the code synthesizer 208 and the audio 104 in an analog or digital form. If the combiner 210 performs a digital combination, the output of the code synthesizer 208 may be combined with the output of the sampler 202, rather than the audio 104 that is input to the sampler 202.
  • the audio block in digital form may be combined with the sine waves in digital form.
  • the combination may be carried out in the frequency domain, wherein frequency coefficients of the audio are adjusted in accordance with frequency coefficients representing the sine waves.
  • the sine waves and the audio may be combined in analog form.
  • the encoded audio may be output from the combiner 210 in analog or digital form. If the output of the combiner 210 is digital, it may be subsequently converted to analog form before being coupled to the transmitter 106.
  • An example encoding process 400 is shown in FIG. 4.
  • the example process 400 may be carried out by the example encoder 102 shown in FIG. 2, or by any other suitable encoder.
  • the example process 400 begins when the code to be included in the audio is obtained (block 402).
  • the code may be obtained via a data file, a memory, a register, an input port, a network connection, or any other suitable technique.
  • the example process 400 samples the audio into which the code is to be embedded (block 404).
  • the sampling may be carried out at 48,000 Hz or at any other suitable frequency.
  • the example process 400 then assembles the audio samples into a block of audio samples (block 406).
  • the block of samples may include, for example, 512 audio samples.
  • blocks of samples may include both old samples (e.g., samples that have been used before in encoding information into audio) and new samples (e.g., samples that have not been used before in encoding information into audio).
  • a block of 512 audio samples may include 256 old samples and 256 new samples.
  • the 256 new samples from a prior iteration may be used as the 256 old samples of the next iteration of the example process 400.
  • the example process 400 determines the code frequencies that will be used to include the code (obtained at block 402) into the audio block (obtained at block 406) (block 408).
  • This is an encoding process in which a code or code bits are converted into symbols that will be represented by frequency components.
  • the example process 400 may use one or more lookup tables to convert codes to be encoded into symbols representative of the codes, wherein those symbols are redundantly represented by code frequencies in the audio spectrum. As described above, seven frequencies may be used to redundantly represent the selected symbol in the block of audio.
  • the selection of symbols to represent codes may include consideration of the block number being processed error coding, etc.
  • the process 400 computes the ability of the audio block to mask the selected code frequencies (block 410).
  • the masking evaluation may include conversion of the audio block to the frequency domain and consideration of the tonal or noise-like properties of the audio block, as well as the amplitudes at various frequencies in the block. Alternatively, the evaluation may be carried out in the time domain. Additionally, the masking may also include consideration of audio that was in a previous audio block. As noted above, the masking evaluation may be carried out in accordance with the MPEG-AAC audio compression standard ISO/IEC 13818- 7: 1997, for example.
  • the result of the masking evaluation is a determination of the amplitudes or energies of the code frequencies that are to be added to the audio block, while such code frequencies remain inaudible or substantially inaudible to human hearing.
  • the example process 400 synthesizes one or more sine waves having the code frequencies (block 412).
  • the synthesis may result in actual sine waves or may result in digital data equivalent representative of sine waves.
  • the sine waves may be synthesized with amplitudes specified by the masking evaluation.
  • the code frequencies may be synthesized with fixed amplitudes and then amplitudes of the code frequencies may be adjusted subsequent to synthesis.
  • the example process 400 then combines the synthesized code frequencies with the audio block (block 414). The combination may be carried out through addition of data representing the audio block and data representing the synthesized sine waves, or may be carried out in any other suitable manner.
  • the code frequency synthesis (block 412) and the combination (block 414) may be carried out in the frequency domain, wherein frequency coefficients representative of the audio block in the frequency domain are adjusted per the frequency domain coefficients of the synthesized sine waves.
  • the code frequencies are redundantly encoded into consecutive audio blocks.
  • a particular set of code frequencies is encoded into 36 consecutive blocks.
  • the example process 400 monitors whether it has completed the requisite number of iterations (block 416) (e.g., the process 400 determines whether the example process 400 has been repeated 36 times to redundantly encode the code frequencies). If the example process 400 has not completed the requisite iterations (block 416), the example process 400 samples audio (block 404), analyses the masking properties of the same (block 410), synthesizes the code frequencies (block 412) and combines the code frequencies with the newly acquired audio block (block 414), thereby encoding another audio block with the code frequencies.
  • the example process 400 obtains the next code to be included in the audio (block 402) and the example process 400 iterates.
  • the example process 400 encodes a first code into a predetermined number of audio blocks, before selecting the next code to encode into a predetermined number of audio blocks, and so on. It is, however, possible, that there is not always a code to be embedded in the audio. In that instance, the example process 400 may be bypassed.
  • no code to be included is obtained (block 402), no code frequencies will by synthesized (block 412) and, thus, there will be no code frequencies to alter an audio block.
  • the example process 400 may still operate, but audio blocks may not always be modified - especially when there is no code to be included in the audio.
  • the decoder 116 detects the code signal that was inserted into the audio to form encoded audio at the encoder 102. That is, the decoder 116 looks for a pattern of emphasis in code frequencies it processes. Once the decoder 116 has determined which of the code frequencies have been emphasized, the decoder 116 determines, based on the emphasized code frequencies, the symbol present within the encoded audio. The decoder 116 may record the symbols, or may decode those symbols into the codes that were provided to the encoder 102 for insertion into the audio.
  • an example decoder 116 includes a sampler 502, which may be implemented using an A/D or any other suitable technology, to which encoded audio is provided in analog format.
  • the encoded audio may be provided by a wired or wireless connection to the receiver 110.
  • the sampler 502 samples the encoded audio at, for example, a sampling frequency of 48,000 Hz.
  • lower sampling frequencies may be advantageously selected in order to reduce the computational load at the time of decoding.
  • the Nyquist frequency is 4 kHz and therefore all the embedded code signal is preserved because its spectral frequencies are lower than the Nyquist frequency.
  • the 18,432-sample DFT block length at 48 kHz sampling rate is reduced to 3072 samples at 8 kHz sampling rate.
  • the code frequency indices are identical to the original and range from 360 to 1367.
  • the samples from the sampler 502 are provided to a time to frequency domain converter 504.
  • the time to frequency domain converter 504 may be implemented using a discrete Fourier transformation (DFT), or any other suitable technique to convert time-based information into frequency-based information.
  • the time to frequency domain converter 504 may be implemented using a sliding DFT in which a spectrum is calculated each time a new sample is provided to the example time to frequency converter 504.
  • the time to frequency domain converter 504 uses 18,432 samples of the encoded audio and determines a spectrum therefrom.
  • the resolution of the spectrum produced by the time to frequency domain converter 504 increases as the number of samples used to generate the spectrum. Thus, the number of samples processed by the time to frequency domain converter 504 should match the resolution used to select the indices in the charts of FIGS. 3A, 3B, or 3C.
  • the spectrum produced by the time to frequency domain converter 504 passes to a code frequency monitor 506, which monitors all the frequencies or spectral lines corresponding to the frequency indices that can potentially carry codes inserted by the example encoder 102. For example, if the example encoder 102 sends data based on the chart of FIG. 3 A, the code frequency monitor 506 monitors the frequencies corresponding to indices 360-1366.
  • the monitoring of the code frequencies includes evaluating the spectral energies at each of the code frequencies.
  • the code frequency monitor 506 normalizes the energies for a specific row of the chart of FIG. 3 A to a maximum energy in that row of the chart. For example, considering the frequency indices corresponding to Code Band 0 of the chart of FIG. 3 A, if the frequency corresponding to frequency index 360 has the maximum energy of the other frequencies in the row representing Code Band 0 (e.g., frequency indices 361, 362,...503) each of the energies at the other frequencies corresponding to the indices in Code Band 0 divided by the energy of the frequency corresponding to frequency index 360.
  • the normalized energy for frequency index 360 will have a value of 1 and all of the remaining frequencies corresponding to frequency indices in Code Band 0 will have values smaller than 1.
  • This normalization process is repeated for each row of the chart 300. That is, each Code Band in the chart of FIG. 3 A will include one frequency having its energy normalized to 1 , with all remaining energies in that Code Band normalized to something less than 1.
  • a symbol determiner 508 determines the symbol that was present in the encoded audio.
  • the symbol determiner 508 sums all of the normalized energies corresponding to each state. That is, the symbol determiner 508 creates 144 sums, each corresponding to a column, or state, in the chart 300. The column or state having the highest sum of normalized energies is determined to be the symbol that was encoded.
  • the symbol determiner may use a lookup table similar to the lookup table of FIG. 3 A that can be used to map emphasized frequencies to the symbols to which they correspond.
  • the normalized energies will generally result in a value of one for each frequency index representing state Sl. That is, in general, all other frequencies in the Code Bands that do not correspond to state Sl will have a value less than one. However, while this is generally true, not every frequency index corresponding to state Sl will have a value of one. Thus, a sum of the normalized energies is calculated for each state. In this manner, generally, the normalized energies corresponding to the frequency indices representing state S 1 will have a greater sum than energies corresponding to the frequency indices representing other states.
  • state Sl is determined to be the most probable symbol that was embedded in the encoded audio. If, however, the sum does not exceed the threshold, there is insufficient confidence that state Sl was encoded, and no state is determined to be the most probable state. Thus, the output of the symbol determiner 508 is a stream of most probable symbols that were encoded into the audio. Under ideal conditions, the code frequencies of Sl will yield a normalized score of 7.0
  • the most probable symbols are processed by the validity checker 510 to determine if the received symbols correspond to valid data. That is, the validity checker 510 determines if bits corresponding to the most probable symbol are valid given the encoding scheme used to convert the code into a symbol at the code frequency selector 206 of the encoder 102.
  • the output of the validity checker 510 is the code, which corresponds to the code provided to the code frequency selector 206 of FIG. 2.
  • An example decoding process 600 is shown in FIG. 6.
  • the example process 600 may be carried out by the example decoder 116 shown in FIG. 5, or by any other suitable decoder.
  • the example process 600 begins by sampling audio (block 602).
  • the audio may be obtained via an audio sensor, a hardwired connection, via an audio file, or through any other suitable technique. As explained above the sampling may be carried out at 48,000 Hz, or any other suitable frequency.
  • a sliding time to frequency conversion is performed on a collection of samples including numerous older samples and the newly added sample obtained at block 602 (block 604).
  • a sliding DFT may be used to process streaming input samples including 18,431 old samples and the one newly added sample.
  • the DFT using 18,432 samples results in a spectrum having a resolution of 2.6 Hz.
  • the energies of the code frequencies are determined (block 606).
  • the energies may be obtained by taking the magnitude of the result of the time to frequency conversion (block 604) for the frequency components that may be emphasized to encode the audio.
  • only frequency information corresponding to the code frequencies may be retained and processed further, because those frequencies are the only frequencies at which encoded information may be located.
  • the example process 600 may use other information that the energies.
  • the example process 600 could retain both magnitude and phase information and process the same.
  • the frequencies that are processed in the process 600 may be further reduced by considering a previously-received synchronization symbol. For example, if a particular synchronization symbol is always followed by one of six different symbols, the frequencies that are processed may be reduced to those of the six different symbols after that particular synchronization symbol is received.
  • the example process 600 normalizes the code frequency energies of each Code Block based on the largest energy in that Code Block (block 608). That is, the maximum energy of a code frequency in a Code Block is used as a divisor against itself and all other energies in that Code Block.
  • the normalization results in each Code Block having one frequency component having a normalized energy value of one, with all other normalized energy values in that Code Block having values less than one.
  • each row of the chart 300 will have one entry having a value of one and all other entries will have values less than one.
  • the example process 600 then operates on the normalized energy values to determine the most likely symbol based thereon (block 610). As explained above, this determination includes, for example, summing the normalized energy values corresponding to each symbol, thereby resulting in the same number of sums as symbols (e.g., in consideration of the chart of FIG. 3A, there would be 144 sums, each of which corresponds to one of the 144 symbols). The largest sum is then compared to a threshold (e.g., 4.0) and if the sum exceeds the threshold, the symbol corresponding to the largest sum is determined to be the received symbol. If the largest sum does not exceed the threshold, no symbol is determined to be the received symbol.
  • a threshold e.g., 4.0
  • the example process 600 determines the code corresponding to the received symbol (block 612). That is, the example process 600 decodes the encoding of a code into a symbol that was carried out by the example encoding process 400 (e.g., the encoding performed by block 408).
  • the example process 600 analyzes the code for validity (block 614). For example, the received codes may be examined to determine if the code sequence is valid based on the encoding process by which codes are sent. Valid codes are logged and may be sent back to a central processing facility at a later time, along with a time and date stamp indicating when the codes were received.
  • example manners of implementing any or all of the example encoder 102 and the example decoder 116 have been illustrated and described above one or more of the data structures, elements, processes and/or devices illustrated in the drawings and described above may be combined, divided, re-arranged, omitted, eliminated and/or implemented in any other way. Further, the example encoder 102 and example decoder 116 may be implemented by hardware, software, firmware and/or any combination of hardware, software and/or firmware.
  • the example encoder 102 and the example decoder 116 could be implemented by one or more circuit(s), programmable processor(s), application specific integrated circuit(s) (ASIC(s)), programmable logic device(s) (PLD(s)) and/or field programmable logic device(s) (FPLD(s)), etc.
  • the decoder 116 may be implemented using software on a platform device, such as a mobile telephone.
  • At least one of the example sampler 202, the example masking evaluator 204, the example code frequency selector 206, the example code synthesizer 208, and the example combiner 210 of the encoder 102 and/ or one or more of the example sampler 502, the example time to frequency domain converter 504, the example code frequency monitor 506, the example statistical processor 508, the example symbol determiner 510 and/or the example validity checker 512 of the example decoder 116 are hereby expressly defined to include a tangible medium such as a memory, DVD, CD, etc.
  • example encoder 102 and the example decoder 116 may include data structures, elements, processes and/or devices instead of, or in addition to, those illustrated in the drawings and described above, and/or may include more than one of any or all of the illustrated data structures, elements, processes and/or devices.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an example processor platform 700 that may be used and/or programmed to implement any or all of the example encoder 102 and the decoder 116, and/or any other component described herein.
  • the processor platform 700 can be implemented by one or more general purpose processors, processor cores, microcontrollers, etc. Additionally, the processor platform 700 be implemented as a part of a device having other functionality. For example, the processor platform 700 may be implemented using processing power provided in a mobile telephone, or any other handheld device.
  • the processor platform 700 of the example of FIG. 7 includes at least one general purpose programmable processor 705.
  • the processor 705 executes coded instructions 710 and/or 712 present in main memory of the processor 705 (e.g., within a RAM 715 and/or a ROM 720).
  • the processor 705 may be any type of processing unit, such as a processor core, a processor and/or a microcontroller.
  • the processor 705 may execute, among other things, example machine accessible instructions implementing the processes described herein.
  • the processor 705 is in communication with the main memory (including a ROM 720 and/or the RAM 715) via a bus 725.
  • the RAM 715 may be implemented by DRAM, SDRAM, and/or any other type of RAM device, and ROM may be implemented by flash memory and/or any other desired type of memory device. Access to the memory 715 and 720 may be controlled by a memory controller (not shown).
  • the processor platform 700 also includes an interface circuit 730.
  • the interface circuit 730 may be implemented by any type of interface standard, such as a USB interface, a Bluetooth interface, an external memory interface, serial port, general purpose input/output, etc.
  • One or more input devices 735 and one or more output devices 740 are connected to the interface circuit 730.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des procédés et des dispositifs de codage et de décodage. Dans un exemple, un procédé d'imbrication d'informations auxiliaires dans un signal audio comprend les étapes consistant à échantillonner le signal audio pour créer un bloc audio; recevoir un code; déterminer les composants de la fréquence qui seront utilisés pour représenter le code, différents ensembles de composants de la fréquence représentant respectivement différentes informations et un composant de la fréquence de chaque ensemble de composants de la fréquence se trouvant dans une bande de code et il y a de multiples bandes de code et l'espace entre les bandes de code adjacentes est égal ou inférieur à l'espace entre les composants de fréquence adjacents de chaque bande de code; déterminer les amplitudes des composants de la fréquence qui seront utilisés pour représenter les informations, les amplitudes des composants de la fréquence étant déterminées par la capacité de masque du bloc audio; synthétiser les composants de la fréquence qui seront utilisés pour représenter les informations, les composants de la fréquence étant synthétisés avec les amplitudes prédéterminées; et combiner les composants de la fréquence du code avec le bloc audio.
EP08850597.9A 2007-11-12 2008-10-10 Procédés et dispositifs pour effectuer le tatouage audio et la détection et l'extraction de tatouage Active EP2210252B1 (fr)

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US20200202875A1 (en) 2020-06-25
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US11562752B2 (en) 2023-01-24
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US20230162744A1 (en) 2023-05-25
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US20180254048A1 (en) 2018-09-06
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