EP2206206A1 - Method for producing a commutator ring for a roll commutator of an electrical machine, and electrical machine - Google Patents

Method for producing a commutator ring for a roll commutator of an electrical machine, and electrical machine

Info

Publication number
EP2206206A1
EP2206206A1 EP08845722A EP08845722A EP2206206A1 EP 2206206 A1 EP2206206 A1 EP 2206206A1 EP 08845722 A EP08845722 A EP 08845722A EP 08845722 A EP08845722 A EP 08845722A EP 2206206 A1 EP2206206 A1 EP 2206206A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
commutator
ring
recess
lamellae
reinforcing ring
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP08845722A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2206206B1 (en
Inventor
Olaf Pflugmacher
Christian Anders
Wolfgang Hecht
Normen Sach
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Robert Bosch GmbH
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Robert Bosch GmbH filed Critical Robert Bosch GmbH
Priority to PL08845722T priority Critical patent/PL2206206T3/en
Publication of EP2206206A1 publication Critical patent/EP2206206A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2206206B1 publication Critical patent/EP2206206B1/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R43/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors
    • H01R43/06—Manufacture of commutators
    • H01R43/08—Manufacture of commutators in which segments are not separated until after assembly
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R39/00—Rotary current collectors, distributors or interrupters
    • H01R39/02—Details for dynamo electric machines
    • H01R39/04—Commutators
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49009—Dynamoelectric machine
    • Y10T29/49011—Commutator or slip ring assembly

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing a commutator ring for a commutator of an electric machine according to the preamble of claim 1, and to an electric machine according to the preamble of claim 8.
  • a hollow cylindrical carrier is then inserted into the closed commutator ring coaxially with the commutator ring and then the gap between the inner periphery of the commutator ring and the outer circumference of the carrier is encapsulated with a flowable insulating compound surrounding the inner circumference of the commutator ring circumferential dovetailed recesses and the axial notches between the fins fills and hardens after casting to a secure positive connection between the carrier and the To make commutator and electrically isolate the adjacent lamellae at the contact surface of the carbon brushes.
  • the equipped with the commutator electric machine can rotate in operation at speeds of up to 30 000 revolutions per minute, the commutator is subject to strong centrifugal forces, which without suitable countermeasures to an undesirable deformation of the metallic Kommutatorrings and thus possibly to increased sparking between the Carbon brushes and the commutator can lead.
  • the present invention seeks to improve a method of the type mentioned in that arming of the commutator ring is facilitated by Rollkommutatoren, and a
  • the reinforcing ring made of an electrically non-conductive deformation-resistant material is inserted into the recess and fixed by plastic deformation of the slats of the closed Kommutatorrings in the recess.
  • the reinforcing ring can be made of any suitable material and with any suitable shape.
  • the reinforcing ring is secured by the deformation of the commutator in the recess so that it is protected against accidental loss in further processing operations.
  • the temperature and centrifugal strength of the finished commutator can be improved in this way and can be dispensed with a complex biasing of the reinforcing ring by the deformation of the commutator ring.
  • the object is achieved in that at least one of the recess limiting part of the fins is plastically deformed for fixing the reinforcing ring, so that there the lamellae are pressed against the reinforcing ring.
  • the recess in the slats is preferably open in the axial direction of the closed Kommutatorrings, so that the reinforcing ring can be inserted in this direction in the recess.
  • the recess may remain open in the axial direction, but it can also be closed by the cured potting or insulating compound, which connects the commutator ring in the finished commutator with its carrier.
  • the potting or insulating penetrates not only in the spaces between the slats but also in the recess, whereby the reinforcing ring is additionally secured in the recess.
  • the fins of the commutator have a single recess for a reinforcing ring
  • this recess is expediently arranged in the region of an armature bearing of the electric machine.
  • the lamellae may also have two recesses which are arranged at the opposite ends of the commutator ring, that in each recess a reinforcing ring can be fixed.
  • the fixation of the reinforcing ring in the recess under plastic deformation of the fins of the commutator preferably takes place by Calking of at least one edge region of the recess, however, the reinforcing ring can also be fixed in the recess, that a boundary of the same closed commutator in the direction of the axis of rotation of the commutator is bent inwards and by passing a dome through the opening enclosed by the commutator from the inside is pressed against an opposite inner peripheral surface of the reinforcing ring.
  • the reinforcing ring is preferably made of a fiber reinforced resin or plastic material so that it can be easily and inexpensively manufactured.
  • Fig. 1 is a partially cutaway perspective view of a so-called roll commutator for an electric machine
  • Fig. 2 is a partially sectioned view of the commutator
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a portion of a profiled metallic strip material used to make a commutator ring of the commutator;
  • FIG. 4 is an end view of a portion of the strip material after forming fins of the commutator ring; FIG.
  • Figure 5 is an end view of a portion of the strip material after closing the slats to the commutator ring.
  • Fig. 6 is an end view corresponding to Figure 5, but after the insertion of a reinforcing ring in a recessed groove in the lamella.
  • Fig. 7 is a sectional view of the commutator ring taken along the line VII-VII of Fig. 5;
  • Fig. 8 is a sectional view of the commutator ring after insertion of the reinforcing ring into the groove along the line VIII-VIII of Fig. 6;
  • FIG. 9 is a view corresponding to FIG. 8, but after one
  • FIG. 10 is a sectional view corresponding to FIG. 7, but of a commutator ring with two reinforcing rings;
  • FIG. 11 shows a view of the commutator ring from FIG. 10, corresponding to FIG. 8.
  • FIG. 12 is a view of the commutator ring of FIG. 10, corresponding to FIG. 9.
  • FIG. 12 is a view of the commutator ring of FIG. 10, corresponding to FIG. 9.
  • the hollow commutator 2 of an electrical machine shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is intended for mounting on a rotor shaft of a rotor of the electric machine.
  • the commutator 2 consists essentially of a spirally wound tubular support 4 arranged on its inner circumference, a metallic commutator ring 6 arranged on the outer circumference of the commutator 2 and comprising a plurality of axial lamellae 8, and one made of a resin or plastic material hardened insulating or potting compound 10 which connects the commutator ring 6 positively to the carrier 4 and fills the gaps 12 between each adjacent lamellae 8 of the commutator 6.
  • the commutator 2 further comprises a reinforcing ring 14 (FIGS.
  • reinforcing rings 15, 16 each in an associated, substantially annular receiving groove 18 or 20 and 22 of the lamellae 8 of the commutator 6 are arranged.
  • the reinforcing rings 14, 15, 16 prevent the commutator ring 6 from becoming deformed or becoming detached from the carrier 4 as a result of the centrifugal forces occurring during operation at high rotational speeds.
  • the lamellae 8 of the commutator ring 6 have an L-shaped profile, as best shown in FIGS. 2 and 7 to 12.
  • a longer, parallel to the axis of rotation 24 of the commutator 2 leg 26 forms with its outer side 27, the mating contact for the sliding on the circumference of the commutator 2 carbon brushes, while serving at a front end of the longer leg 26 shorter leg 28 serves as a winding connection, according to the assembly of the commutator 2 on the rotor shaft is connected to the rotor windings.
  • the commutator 6 has three recessed about dovetail-shaped fastening grooves 30 which fill as well as the gaps 12 between the fins 8 during assembly of the commutator 6 on the support 4 with the flowable insulating or potting compound 10.
  • the insulating or potting compound 10 forms a collar 32 and 34, which overlaps a portion of the adjacent end faces of the lamellae 8 of the commutator 6 and the receiving groove 18 and the receiving grooves 20 and 22 closes.
  • the reinforcing ring 14 or the two reinforcing rings 15 and 16 consist of a reinforced with glass fibers, carbon fibers or aramid fibers
  • Plastic or resin material and each have a rectangular cross section.
  • a profiled strip material 34 made of copper or another deformable electrically conductive metal is used, of which a section is shown in FIG.
  • the cross-section of the profiled strip material 34 essentially corresponds to the cross-section of the lamellae 8, but with the difference that the receiving groove 18 serving to receive the reinforcing ring 14 or the receiving grooves 20, 22 serving to receive the reinforcing rings 15, 16 move in the direction of the adjacent one Expand face of the fins 8 and compared to the cross section of the associated Arm michsrings 14, 15, 16 have a slightly larger groove cross-section. Specifically, at least one of the two opposing boundaries of the receiving groove 18 or 20 and 22 diverges in the direction of the adjacent end face.
  • a multiplicity of parallel notches 38, 40 (FIG. 4) extending transversely to the longitudinal direction of the strip material 34 are formed in the opposite sides of the strip material 34, whereby, when viewing the end face of the strip material 34 in FIG 3 shows the cross-section shown in Fig. 4 with a plurality of parallel lamellae 8 separated from the two adjacent lamellae 8 by upper and lower notches 38 and 40, respectively, and connected to these lamellae 8 by a thin web 42, respectively is.
  • a predetermined number of lamellae 8 are separated from the strip material 34, which is notched transversely to the longitudinal direction, by cutting the strip material 34 along one of the webs 42.
  • the separated lamellae 8 are then formed in a further process step by means of a rolling tool to the closed commutator 6, as shown in Fig. 5 as a cutout, with the lower notches 40 between the longer legs 26 close to narrow gaps, while the upper notches 38th between the shorter legs 28 on.
  • the reinforcing ring 14 or 15, 16 is fixed under plastic deformation of the commutator ring in the associated receiving groove 18 or 20, 22.
  • the respective adjacent front end of the commutator 6 is compressed by a radially inwardly from the inside and from the outside on the inner and outer periphery of the fins 8 applied compressive force F under plastic deformation, as shown in Fig. 9 and 12, to the reinforcing ring 14 and 15, 16 in the associated

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Motor Or Generator Current Collectors (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Electrical Connectors (AREA)

Abstract

In a method for producing a commutator ring for a commutator of an electric machine, the lamellae of a commutator ring are formed of an electrically conductive, deformable band material, and they have at least one recess running in the longitudinal direction of the band material, before a desired number of the formed lamellae are closed to form the commutator ring. After the closing of the lamellae to form the commutator ring, a reinforcing ring made of an electrically nonconductive, deformation-resistant material is introduced into the recess and is fixed in the recess by plastic deformation of the lamellae of the commutator ring.

Description

Beschreibung description
Titeltitle
Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Kommutatorrings für einen Rollkommutator einer Elektromaschine, sowie ElektromaschineMethod for producing a commutator ring for a roll commutator of an electric machine, and electric machine
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Kommutatorrings für einen Kommutator einer Elektromaschine gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 , sowie eine Elektromaschine gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 8.The invention relates to a method for producing a commutator ring for a commutator of an electric machine according to the preamble of claim 1, and to an electric machine according to the preamble of claim 8.
Stand der TechnikState of the art
Aus der DE 195 43 998 A1 und der DE 197 43 086 A1 sind bereits Verfahren der eingangs genannten Art zur Herstellung von sogenannten Rollkommutatoren bekannt. Bei diesen Verfahren wird ein zuvor geprägtes, mit einem gewünschten Profil versehenes Endlosband aus Kupfer oder einem anderen elektrisch leitenden verformbaren Metall quer zu seiner Bewegungsrichtung gekerbt, um die Lamellen zu formen, die durch einen schmalen Steg mit den benachbarten Lamellen verbunden sind und bei dem Kommutator aus der DE 195 43 998 A1 mehrere in Längsrichtung des Bandes verlaufende schwalbenschwanzförmige Ausnehmungen aufweisen. Von dem derart umgeformten Endlosband wird eine gewünschten Anzahl von Lamellen abgetrennt und durch Rollen mittels eines Rollwerkzeugs zum Kommutatorring geschlossen.From DE 195 43 998 A1 and DE 197 43 086 A1 methods of the type mentioned for the production of so-called roll commutators are already known. In these methods, a previously embossed, contoured endless band of copper or other electrically conductive malleable metal is notched transversely to its direction of travel to form the laminations which are connected by a narrow ridge to the adjacent laminations and to the commutator from DE 195 43 998 A1 several extending in the longitudinal direction of the band dovetailed recesses. From the thus formed endless belt a desired number of fins is separated and closed by rolling by means of a rolling tool to the commutator ring.
In den geschlossenen Kommutatorring wird anschließend ein hohlzylindrischer Träger so eingeführt, dass er koaxial zum Kommutatorring ausgerichtet ist, und dann der Zwischenraum zwischen dem inneren Umfang des Kommutatorrings und dem äußeren Umfang des Trägers mit einer fließfähigen Isoliermasse vergossen, welche die um den inneren Umfang des Kommutatorrings umlaufenden schwalbenschwanzförmigen Ausnehmungen und die axialen Kerben zwischen den Lamellen füllt und nach dem Vergießen aushärtet, um eine sichere formschlüssige Verbindung zwischen dem Träger und dem Kommutatorring herzustellen und die benachbarten Lamellen an der Kontaktfläche der Kohlebürsten elektrisch voneinander zu isolieren.A hollow cylindrical carrier is then inserted into the closed commutator ring coaxially with the commutator ring and then the gap between the inner periphery of the commutator ring and the outer circumference of the carrier is encapsulated with a flowable insulating compound surrounding the inner circumference of the commutator ring circumferential dovetailed recesses and the axial notches between the fins fills and hardens after casting to a secure positive connection between the carrier and the To make commutator and electrically isolate the adjacent lamellae at the contact surface of the carbon brushes.
Da sich die mit dem Kommutator ausgestatteten Elektromaschine im Betrieb mit Drehzahlen von bis zu 30 000 Umdrehungen pro Minute drehen kann, unterliegt der Kommutatorring starken Zentrifugalkräften, die ohne geeignete Gegenmaßnahmen zu einer unerwünschten Verformung des metallischen Kommutatorrings und damit ggf. zu einer vermehrten Funkenbildung zwischen den Kohlebürsten und dem Kommutator führen können. Um dem entgegenzuwirken, ist es aus der DE 103 19 460 A1 unter anderem bereits bekannt, die Stirnenden der Lamellen mit nutartigen Ausnehmungen zu versehen, die von einem vorspannbaren Ringanker durchgriffen werden, der jede einzelne Lamelle radial nach innen auf den Träger des Kommutatorrings vorgespannt hält. Dadurch werden zumindest die Stirnenden der Kommutatorlamellen daran gehindert, sich bei hohen Betriebsdrehzahlen des Kommutators radial nach außen vom Träger bzw. von der Isoliermasse zu lösen. Zur Vermeidung von Unwuchten sollte der Ringanker allerdings rotationssymmetrisch ausgebildet sein, was die Konstruktion vorspannbarer Ringanker aus zugfesten, nicht dehnbaren Materialien erheblich erschwert. Darüber hinaus ist auch die Fertigung und Montage von vorspannbaren Ringankern im Kommutatorring relativ aufwändig.Since the equipped with the commutator electric machine can rotate in operation at speeds of up to 30 000 revolutions per minute, the commutator is subject to strong centrifugal forces, which without suitable countermeasures to an undesirable deformation of the metallic Kommutatorrings and thus possibly to increased sparking between the Carbon brushes and the commutator can lead. To counteract this, it is already known from DE 103 19 460 A1, inter alia, to provide the front ends of the slats with groove-like recesses, which are penetrated by a prestressable ring anchor, which holds each individual slat biased radially inwardly onto the carrier of the commutator ring , As a result, at least the front ends of the commutator fins are prevented from being released at high operating speeds of the commutator radially outward from the carrier or from the insulating compound. To avoid imbalances of the ring anchor should, however, be rotationally symmetrical, which significantly complicates the construction of prestressable ring anchor of tensile, non-stretchable materials. In addition, the production and installation of prestressable ring anchors in the commutator ring is relatively complex.
Ausgehend hiervon liegt der Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren der eingangs genannten Art dahingehend zu verbessern, dass ein Armieren des Kommutatorrings von Rollkommutatoren erleichtert wird, und eineProceeding from this, the present invention seeks to improve a method of the type mentioned in that arming of the commutator ring is facilitated by Rollkommutatoren, and a
Elektromaschine der eingangs genannten Art mit einem einfach herzustellenden und zu montierenden armierten Kommutatorring bereitzustellen.Electric machine of the type mentioned above with an easy to manufacture and to be mounted armored Kommutatorring provide.
Offenbarung der ErfindungDisclosure of the invention
Diese Aufgabe wird im Hinblick auf das Verfahren erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, dass nach dem Schließen der Lamellen ein Armierungsring aus einem elektrisch nicht-leitenden verformungsbeständigen Material in die Ausnehmung eingeführt und durch plastische Verformung der Lamellen des geschlossenen Kommutatorrings in der Ausnehmung fixiert wird. Durch diese Maßnahme kann zum einen der Armierungsring aus einem beliebigen geeigneten Material und mit einer beliebigen geeigneten Form hergestellt werden. Zum anderen wird der Armierungsring durch die Verformung des Kommutatorrings in der Ausnehmung gesichert, so dass er vor versehentlichem Verlieren bei weiteren Bearbeitungsvorgängen geschützt ist. Außerdem kann auf diese Weise die Temperatur- und Schleuderfestigkeit des fertigen Kommutators verbessert und durch die Verformung des Kommutatorrings auf ein aufwändiges Vorspannen des Armierungsrings verzichtet werden.This object is achieved in terms of the method according to the invention that after closing the slats a reinforcing ring made of an electrically non-conductive deformation-resistant material is inserted into the recess and fixed by plastic deformation of the slats of the closed Kommutatorrings in the recess. By this measure, on the one hand, the reinforcing ring can be made of any suitable material and with any suitable shape. On the other hand, the reinforcing ring is secured by the deformation of the commutator in the recess so that it is protected against accidental loss in further processing operations. In addition, the temperature and centrifugal strength of the finished commutator can be improved in this way and can be dispensed with a complex biasing of the reinforcing ring by the deformation of the commutator ring.
Im Hinblick auf die Elektromaschine wird die Aufgabe dadurch gelöst, dass mindestens ein die Ausnehmung begrenzender Teil der Lamellen zur Fixierung des Armierungsrings plastisch verformt ist, so dass dort die Lamellen gegen den Armierungsring angepresst werden.With regard to the electric machine, the object is achieved in that at least one of the recess limiting part of the fins is plastically deformed for fixing the reinforcing ring, so that there the lamellae are pressed against the reinforcing ring.
Die Ausnehmung in den Lamellen ist vorzugsweise in axialer Richtung des geschlossenen Kommutatorrings offen, so dass der Armierungsring in dieser Richtung in die Ausnehmung eingeführt werden kann. Nach dem Verformen des Kommutatorrings kann die Ausnehmung in axialer Richtung offen bleiben, jedoch kann sie auch durch die ausgehärtete Verguss- oder Isoliermasse verschlossen werden, die den Kommutatorring beim fertigen Kommutator mit seinem Träger verbindet. In diesem Fall dringt die Verguss- oder Isoliermasse nicht nur in die Zwischenräume zwischen den Lamellen sondern auch in die Ausnehmung ein, wodurch der Armierungsring zusätzlich in der Ausnehmung gesichert wird.The recess in the slats is preferably open in the axial direction of the closed Kommutatorrings, so that the reinforcing ring can be inserted in this direction in the recess. After deformation of the commutator, the recess may remain open in the axial direction, but it can also be closed by the cured potting or insulating compound, which connects the commutator ring in the finished commutator with its carrier. In this case, the potting or insulating penetrates not only in the spaces between the slats but also in the recess, whereby the reinforcing ring is additionally secured in the recess.
Dort, wo die Lamellen des Kommutatorrings eine einzige Ausnehmung für einen Armierungsring aufweisen, ist diese Ausnehmung zweckmäßig im Bereich eines Ankerlagers der Elektromaschine angeordnet. Jedoch können die Lamellen auch zwei Ausnehmungen aufweisen, die so an den entgegengesetzten Stirnenden des Kommutatorrings angeordnet sind, dass in jeder Ausnehmung ein Armierungsring fixiert werden kann.Where the fins of the commutator have a single recess for a reinforcing ring, this recess is expediently arranged in the region of an armature bearing of the electric machine. However, the lamellae may also have two recesses which are arranged at the opposite ends of the commutator ring, that in each recess a reinforcing ring can be fixed.
Die Fixierung des Armierungsrings in der Ausnehmung unter plastischer Verformung der Lamellen des Kommutatorrings erfolgt vorzugsweise durch Verstemmen von mindestens einem Randbereich der Ausnehmung, jedoch kann der Armierungsring auch dadurch in der Ausnehmung fixiert werden, dass eine Begrenzung derselben beim geschlossenen Kommutatorring in Richtung der Drehachse des Kommutators nach innen gebogen ist und durch Hindurchführen eines Doms durch die vom Kommutatorring umschlossene Öffnung von innen her gegen eine gegenüberliegende innere Umfangsfläche des Armierungsrings angepresst wird.The fixation of the reinforcing ring in the recess under plastic deformation of the fins of the commutator preferably takes place by Calking of at least one edge region of the recess, however, the reinforcing ring can also be fixed in the recess, that a boundary of the same closed commutator in the direction of the axis of rotation of the commutator is bent inwards and by passing a dome through the opening enclosed by the commutator from the inside is pressed against an opposite inner peripheral surface of the reinforcing ring.
Grundsätzlich ist es auch möglich, den Armierungsring in einer Ausnehmung der Lamellen zu fixieren, die in radialer Richtung in die als Lauffläche für die Kohlebürsten dienende Umfangsfläche des Kommutatorrings mündet. Diese Lösung ist jedoch ungünstiger als eine in axialer Richtung offene Ausnehmung, da sich ein in Umfangshchtung geschlossener Armierungsring nur in eine in axialer Richtung offene Ausnehmung einführen lässt, die dann durch Verformung des Kommutatorrings an der offenen Seite geschlossen werden muss, was eine stärkere Verformung der Lamellen erforderlich macht.In principle, it is also possible to fix the reinforcing ring in a recess of the slats, which opens in the radial direction in the serving as a running surface for the carbon brush peripheral surface of the commutator ring. However, this solution is less favorable than a recess open in the axial direction, since a circumferentially closed reinforcing ring can be inserted only in an open recess in the axial direction, which must then be closed by deformation of the commutator on the open side, resulting in a greater deformation of the Slats required.
Der Armierungsring besteht vorzugsweise aus einem faserverstärkten Harz- oder Kunststoffmaterial, so dass er sich einfach und preiswert herstellen lässt.The reinforcing ring is preferably made of a fiber reinforced resin or plastic material so that it can be easily and inexpensively manufactured.
Kurze Beschreibung der ZeichnungenBrief description of the drawings
Im folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand einiger in der Zeichnung dargestellter Ausführungsbeispiele näher erläutert. Es zeigen:In the following the invention will be explained in more detail with reference to some embodiments shown in the drawing. Show it:
Fig. 1 eine teilweise weggeschnittene perspektivische Ansicht eines sogenannten Rollkommutators für eine elektrische Maschine;Fig. 1 is a partially cutaway perspective view of a so-called roll commutator for an electric machine;
Fig. 2 eine teilweise geschnittene Ansicht des Kommutators;Fig. 2 is a partially sectioned view of the commutator;
Fig. 3 eine perspektivische Ansicht eines Abschnitts eines profilierten metallischen Bandmaterials, das zur Fertigung eines Kommutatorrings des Kommutators verwendet wird; Fig. 4 eine Stirnseitenansicht eines Abschnitts des Bandmaterials nach dem Formen von Lamellen des Kommutatorrings;3 is a perspective view of a portion of a profiled metallic strip material used to make a commutator ring of the commutator; FIG. 4 is an end view of a portion of the strip material after forming fins of the commutator ring; FIG.
Fig. 5 eine Stirnseitenansicht eines Abschnitts des Bandmaterials nach dem Schließen der Lamellen zum Kommutatorring;Figure 5 is an end view of a portion of the strip material after closing the slats to the commutator ring.
Fig. 6 eine Stirnseitenansicht entsprechend Fig. 5, jedoch nach dem Einführen eines Armierungsrings in eine in den Lamellen ausgesparte Nut;Fig. 6 is an end view corresponding to Figure 5, but after the insertion of a reinforcing ring in a recessed groove in the lamella.
Fig. 7 eine Schnittansicht des Kommutatorrings entlang der Linie VII-VII der Fig. 5;Fig. 7 is a sectional view of the commutator ring taken along the line VII-VII of Fig. 5;
Fig. 8 eine Schnittansicht des Kommutatorrings nach dem Einführen des Armierungsrings in die Nut entlang der Linie VIII-VIII der Fig. 6;Fig. 8 is a sectional view of the commutator ring after insertion of the reinforcing ring into the groove along the line VIII-VIII of Fig. 6;
Fig. 9 eine Ansicht entsprechend Fig. 8, jedoch nach einem9 is a view corresponding to FIG. 8, but after one
Fixieren des Armierungsrings in der Nut unter plastischer Verformung desFixing the reinforcing ring in the groove under plastic deformation of
Kommutatorrings;Kommutatorrings;
Fig. 10 eine Schnittansicht entsprechend Fig. 7, jedoch von einem Kommutatorring mit zwei Armierungsringen;FIG. 10 is a sectional view corresponding to FIG. 7, but of a commutator ring with two reinforcing rings; FIG.
Fig. 11 eine Ansicht des Kommutatorrings aus Fig. 10, entsprechend Fig. 8.FIG. 11 shows a view of the commutator ring from FIG. 10, corresponding to FIG. 8.
Fig. 12 eine Ansicht des Kommutatorrings aus Fig. 10, entsprechend Fig. 9.FIG. 12 is a view of the commutator ring of FIG. 10, corresponding to FIG. 9. FIG.
Ausführungsformen der ErfindungEmbodiments of the invention
Der in den Figuren 1 und 2 dargestellte hohle Kommutator 2 einer elektrischen Maschine ist zur Montage auf einer Rotorwelle eines Rotors der elektrischen Maschine bestimmt. Der Kommutator 2 besteht im Wesentlichen aus einem an seinem inneren Umfang angeordneten spiralig gewundenen röhrenförmigen Träger 4, einem am äußeren Umfang des Kommutators 2 angeordneten metallischen Kommutatorring 6, der eine Mehrzahl von axialen Lamellen 8 umfasst, sowie einer aus einem Harz- oder Kunststoffmaterial bestehenden ausgehärteten Isolier- oder Vergussmasse 10, die den Kommutatorring 6 formschlüssig mit dem Träger 4 verbindet und die Lücken 12 zwischen jeweils benachbarten Lamellen 8 des Kommutatorrings 6 füllt. Der Kommutator 2 umfasst weiter einen Armierungsring 14 (Fig. 1 , 8 und 9) oder zwei Armierungsringe 15, 16 (Fig. 11 und 12), die jeweils in einer zugehörigen, im Wesentlichen ringförmigen Aufnahmenut 18 bzw. 20 und 22 der Lamellen 8 des Kommutatorrings 6 angeordnet sind. Die Armierungsringe 14, 15, 16 verhindern, dass sich der Kommutatorring 6 infolge der im Betrieb bei hohen Drehzahlen auftretenden Zentrifugalkräfte verformt bzw. vom Träger 4 löst.The hollow commutator 2 of an electrical machine shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is intended for mounting on a rotor shaft of a rotor of the electric machine. The commutator 2 consists essentially of a spirally wound tubular support 4 arranged on its inner circumference, a metallic commutator ring 6 arranged on the outer circumference of the commutator 2 and comprising a plurality of axial lamellae 8, and one made of a resin or plastic material hardened insulating or potting compound 10 which connects the commutator ring 6 positively to the carrier 4 and fills the gaps 12 between each adjacent lamellae 8 of the commutator 6. The commutator 2 further comprises a reinforcing ring 14 (FIGS. 1, 8 and 9) or two reinforcing rings 15, 16 (FIGS. 11 and 12), each in an associated, substantially annular receiving groove 18 or 20 and 22 of the lamellae 8 of the commutator 6 are arranged. The reinforcing rings 14, 15, 16 prevent the commutator ring 6 from becoming deformed or becoming detached from the carrier 4 as a result of the centrifugal forces occurring during operation at high rotational speeds.
Im Längsschnitt des Kommutators 2 gesehen besitzen die Lamellen 8 des Kommutatorrings 6 ein L-förmiges Profil, wie am besten in Fig. 2 und 7 bis 12 dargestellt. Ein längerer, zur Drehachse 24 des Kommutators 2 paralleler Schenkel 26 bildet mit seiner Außenseite 27 den Gegenkontakt für die auf dem Umfang des Kommutators 2 gleitenden Kohlebürsten, während ein an einem Stirnende des längeren Schenkels 26 radial überstehender kürzerer Schenkel 28 als Wicklungsanschluss dient, der nach der Montage des Kommutators 2 auf der Rotorwelle mit den Rotorwicklungen verbunden wird. An seinem inneren Umfang weist der Kommutatorring 6 drei ausgesparte etwa schwalbenschwanzförmige Befestigungsnuten 30 auf, die sich ebenso wie die Lücken 12 zwischen den Lamellen 8 bei der Montage des Kommutatorrings 6 auf dem Träger 4 mit der fließfähigen Isolier- oder Vergussmasse 10 füllen.Seen in the longitudinal section of the commutator 2, the lamellae 8 of the commutator ring 6 have an L-shaped profile, as best shown in FIGS. 2 and 7 to 12. A longer, parallel to the axis of rotation 24 of the commutator 2 leg 26 forms with its outer side 27, the mating contact for the sliding on the circumference of the commutator 2 carbon brushes, while serving at a front end of the longer leg 26 shorter leg 28 serves as a winding connection, according to the assembly of the commutator 2 on the rotor shaft is connected to the rotor windings. At its inner circumference, the commutator 6 has three recessed about dovetail-shaped fastening grooves 30 which fill as well as the gaps 12 between the fins 8 during assembly of the commutator 6 on the support 4 with the flowable insulating or potting compound 10.
An den beiden entgegengesetzten Stirnenden des Kommutators 2 bildet die Isolier- oder Vergussmasse 10 jeweils einen Bund 32 bzw. 34, der einen Teil der benachbarten Stirnflächen der Lamellen 8 des Kommutatorrings 6 überlappt und die Aufnahmenut 18 bzw. die Aufnahmenuten 20 und 22 verschließt.At the two opposite ends of the commutator 2, the insulating or potting compound 10 forms a collar 32 and 34, which overlaps a portion of the adjacent end faces of the lamellae 8 of the commutator 6 and the receiving groove 18 and the receiving grooves 20 and 22 closes.
Der Armierungsring 14 bzw. die beiden Armierungsringe 15 und 16 bestehen aus einem mit Glasfasern, Kohlefasern oder Aramidfasern verstärktenThe reinforcing ring 14 or the two reinforcing rings 15 and 16 consist of a reinforced with glass fibers, carbon fibers or aramid fibers
Kunststoff- oder Harzmaterial und weisen jeweils einen rechteckigen Querschnitt auf.Plastic or resin material and each have a rectangular cross section.
Zur Herstellung des Kommutatorrings 6 wird ein profiliertes Bandmaterial 34 aus Kupfer oder einem anderen verformbaren elektrisch leitenden Metall verwendet, von dem in Fig. 3 ein Abschnitt dargestellt ist. Der Querschnitt des profilierten Bandmaterials 34 entspricht im Wesentlichen dem Querschnitt der Lamellen 8, jedoch mit dem Unterschied, dass sich die zur Aufnahme des Armierungsrings 14 dienende Aufnahmenut 18 bzw. die zur Aufnahme der Armierungsringe 15, 16 dienenden Aufnahmenuten 20, 22 in Richtung der benachbarten Stirnfläche der Lamellen 8 erweitern und im Vergleich zum Querschnitt des zugehörigen Armierungsrings 14, 15, 16 einen etwas größeren Nutquerschnitt aufweisen. Speziell divergiert mindestens eine der beiden gegenüberliegenden Begrenzungen der Aufnahmenut 18 bzw. 20 und 22 in Richtung der benachbarten Stirnfläche.To manufacture the commutator ring 6, a profiled strip material 34 made of copper or another deformable electrically conductive metal is used, of which a section is shown in FIG. The cross-section of the profiled strip material 34 essentially corresponds to the cross-section of the lamellae 8, but with the difference that the receiving groove 18 serving to receive the reinforcing ring 14 or the receiving grooves 20, 22 serving to receive the reinforcing rings 15, 16 move in the direction of the adjacent one Expand face of the fins 8 and compared to the cross section of the associated Armierungsrings 14, 15, 16 have a slightly larger groove cross-section. Specifically, at least one of the two opposing boundaries of the receiving groove 18 or 20 and 22 diverges in the direction of the adjacent end face.
In einem weiteren Verfahrensschritt wird eine Vielzahl von quer zur Längsrichtung des Bandmaterials 34 verlaufenden parallelen Kerben 38, 40 (Fig. 4) in die entgegengesetzten Seiten des Bandmaterials 34 eingeformt, wodurch sich bei Betrachtung der mit der Aufnahmenut 18 versehenen Stirnfläche des Bandmaterials 34 in Fig. 3 der in Fig. 4 dargestellte Querschnitt mit einer Vielzahl von parallelen Lamellen 8 ergibt, die von den beiden benachbarten Lamellen 8 jeweils durch eine obere und eine untere Kerbe 38 bzw. 40 getrennt und mit diesen Lamellen 8 jeweils durch einen dünnen Steg 42 verbunden ist.In a further method step, a multiplicity of parallel notches 38, 40 (FIG. 4) extending transversely to the longitudinal direction of the strip material 34 are formed in the opposite sides of the strip material 34, whereby, when viewing the end face of the strip material 34 in FIG 3 shows the cross-section shown in Fig. 4 with a plurality of parallel lamellae 8 separated from the two adjacent lamellae 8 by upper and lower notches 38 and 40, respectively, and connected to these lamellae 8 by a thin web 42, respectively is.
In einem nachfolgenden Verfahrensschritt wird von dem quer zur Längsrichtung gekerbten Bandmaterial 34 eine vorbestimmte Anzahl von Lamellen 8 abgetrennt, indem das Bandmaterial 34 entlang von einem der Stege 42 durchschnitten wird.In a subsequent method step, a predetermined number of lamellae 8 are separated from the strip material 34, which is notched transversely to the longitudinal direction, by cutting the strip material 34 along one of the webs 42.
Die abgetrennten Lamellen 8 werden anschließend in einem weiteren Verfahrensschritt mittels eines Rollwerkzeugs zum geschlossenen Kommutatorring 6 geformt, wie in Fig. 5 als Ausschnitt dargestellt, wobei sich die unteren Kerben 40 zwischen den längeren Schenkeln 26 bis auf schmale Spalte schließen, während die oberen Kerben 38 zwischen den kürzeren Schenkeln 28 weiter werden.The separated lamellae 8 are then formed in a further process step by means of a rolling tool to the closed commutator 6, as shown in Fig. 5 as a cutout, with the lower notches 40 between the longer legs 26 close to narrow gaps, while the upper notches 38th between the shorter legs 28 on.
Bei diesem Verfahrensschritt wird auch jede der zuvor in gerader Linie durch ein bzw. beide Stirnenden des längeren Schenkels 26 verlaufende Aufnahmenuten 18, 20, 22 zu einer polygonal geformten Aufnahmenut 18, 20, 22, wie in Fig. 5 am Beispiel der Aufnahmenut 18 dargestellt.In this method step, each of the previously extending in a straight line through one or both ends of the longer leg 26 receiving grooves 18, 20, 22 to a polygonal shaped receiving groove 18, 20, 22, as shown in Fig. 5 using the example of the receiving groove 18.
Wie in Fig. 6 am Beispiel der Aufnahmenut 18 dargestellt, wird beim nächsten Verfahrensschritt in jede dieser in axialer Richtung offenen, in die benachbarte Stirnfläche des Kommutatorrings 6 mündenden Aufnahmenuten 18, 20, 22 der zugehörige Armierungsring 14 bzw. 15, 16 in axialer Richtung eingeführt.As shown in FIG. 6 using the example of the receiving groove 18, in the next step in each of these open in the axial direction, opening into the adjacent end face of the commutator ring 6 receiving grooves 18, 20, 22 of the associated reinforcing ring 14 and 15, 16 in the axial direction introduced.
Beim folgenden Verfahrensschritt wird der Armierungsring 14 bzw. 15, 16 unter plastischer Verformung des Kommutatorrings in der zugehörigen Aufnahmenut 18 bzw. 20, 22 fixiert. Dazu wird das jeweils benachbarte Stirnende des Kommutatorrings 6 durch eine in radialer Richtung von innen und von außen auf den inneren und den äußeren Umfang der Lamellen 8 aufgebrachte Druckkraft F unter plastischer Verformung zusammengedrückt, wie in Fig. 9 bzw. 12 dargestellt, um den Armierungsring 14 bzw. 15, 16 in der zugehörigenIn the following method step, the reinforcing ring 14 or 15, 16 is fixed under plastic deformation of the commutator ring in the associated receiving groove 18 or 20, 22. For this purpose, the respective adjacent front end of the commutator 6 is compressed by a radially inwardly from the inside and from the outside on the inner and outer periphery of the fins 8 applied compressive force F under plastic deformation, as shown in Fig. 9 and 12, to the reinforcing ring 14 and 15, 16 in the associated
Aufnahmenut 18 bzw. 20, 22 festzuklemmen, so dass die gegenüberliegenden inneren und äußeren Begrenzungen der Nut 18, 20, 22 im Bereich der LamellenClamp receiving groove 18 or 20, 22, so that the opposite inner and outer boundaries of the groove 18, 20, 22 in the region of the slats
8 gegen die innere bzw. äußere Umfangsfläche des Armierungsrings 14; 15, 16 angepresst werden.8 against the inner and outer peripheral surface of the reinforcing ring 14; 15, 16 are pressed.
Bei dem in den Figuren 1 bis 9 dargestellten Kommutatorring 6 kann dies zum Beispiel auch dadurch erfolgen, dass ein zylindrischer Dorn mit einem dem Innendurchmesser der inneren Umfangsfläche 50 des Kommutatorrings 6 entsprechenden Außendurchmesser und mit einem verjüngten vorderen Stirnende von dem mit den kürzeren Schenkeln 28 bzw. Wicklungsanschlüssen versehenen Stirnende des Kommutatorrings 6 her in Richtung des Pfeils A in Fig.In the case of the commutator ring 6 shown in FIGS. 1 to 9, this can also be achieved, for example, by forming a cylindrical mandrel with an outer diameter corresponding to the inner diameter of the inner circumferential surface 50 of the commutator ring 6 and a tapered front end end from that with the shorter legs 28 and Winding terminals provided front end of the commutator ring 6 forth in the direction of arrow A in FIG.
9 durch den vom Kommutatorring 6 umschlossenen Hohlraum 52 gedrückt wird, um eine zuvor zur Stirnfläche 54 hin divergierende innere Begrenzung 56 der Nut 18 im Bereich der Lamellen 8 nach außen gegen die innere Umfangsfläche des Armierungsrings 14 zu drücken.9 is pressed by the commutator ring 6 enclosed cavity 52 to a previously diverging to the end face 54 inner boundary 56 of the groove 18 in the region of the fins 8 to press outwardly against the inner peripheral surface of the reinforcing ring 14.
In beiden Fällen verhindert ein den Umfang des Kommutatorrings 6 umgebendes hohlzylindrisches Widerlager (nicht dargestellt) ein übermäßiges Aufweiten der Stirnenden der Lamellen 8. In both cases, surrounding the circumference of the commutator ring 6 hollow cylindrical abutment (not shown) prevents excessive expansion of the ends of the fins eighth

Claims

Ansprüche claims
1. Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Kommutatorrings für einen Kommutator einer Elektromaschine, bei dem aus einem elektrisch leitenden verformbaren Bandmaterial Lamellen des Kommutatorring geformt werden, die mindestens eine in Längsrichtung des Bandmaterials verlaufende Ausnehmung aufweisen, und bei dem dann eine gewünschte Anzahl der geformten Lamellen zum Kommutatorring geschlossen wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass nach dem Schließen der Lamellen (8) zum Kommutatorring (6) ein Armierungsring (14; 15, 16) aus einem elektrisch nicht-leitenden verformungsbeständigen Material in die Ausnehmung (18; 18, 20) eingeführt und durch plastische Verformung der Lamellen (8) des Kommutatorrings (6) in der Ausnehmung (18; 18, 20) fixiert wird.A method of manufacturing a commutator ring for a commutator of an electric machine in which lamellae of the commutator ring are formed from an electrically conductive deformable strip material having at least one recess extending in the longitudinal direction of the strip material and then having a desired number of shaped louvers for the commutator ring is closed, characterized in that after closing the slats (8) to the commutator ring (6) a reinforcing ring (14; 15, 16) made of an electrically non-conductive deformation-resistant material in the recess (18; 18, 20) inserted through and plastic deformation of the lamellae (8) of the commutator ring (6) in the recess (18, 18, 20) is fixed.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Ausnehmung (18; 18, 20) in den Lamellen (8) in axialer Richtung des Kommutatorrings (6) offen ist.2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the recess (18, 18, 20) in the slats (8) in the axial direction of the commutator ring (6) is open.
3. Verfahren nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass an entgegengesetzten Stirnenden des Kommutatorrings (6) jeweils mindestens eine Ausnehmung (18; 18, 20) für einen Armierungsring (14; 15, 16) angeordnet ist.3. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at opposite ends of the commutator ring (6) at least one recess (18; 18, 20) for a Armierungsring (14; 15, 16) is arranged.
4. Verfahren nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Armierungsring (14; 15, 16) durch Verstemmen von mindestens einem Randbereich der Ausnehmung (18; 18, 20) fixiert wird.4. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the reinforcing ring (14; 15, 16) by caulking of at least one edge region of the recess (18; 18, 20) is fixed.
5. Verfahren nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Armierungsring (14; 15, 16) durch Aufweiten einer vom Kommutatorring (6) umschlossenen Öffnung (52) in der Ausnehmung (18; 18, 20) fixiert wird.5. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the reinforcing ring (14, 15, 16) by widening of the commutator ring (6) enclosed opening (52) in the recess (18, 18, 20) is fixed.
6. Verfahren nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Armierungsring (14; 15, 16) aus einem faserverstärkten Harz- oder Kunststoffmaterial besteht. 6. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the reinforcing ring (14; 15, 16) consists of a fiber-reinforced resin or plastic material.
7. Verfahren nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Armierungsring (14; 15, 16) einen rechteckigen oder quadratischen Querschnitt besitzt.7. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the reinforcing ring (14; 15, 16) has a rectangular or square cross-section.
8. Elektromaschine mit einem Kommutator, wobei der Kommutator einen Kommutatorring umfasst, der eine Mehrzahl von Lamellen aus einem elektrisch leitenden verformbaren Material und mindestens einen in einer umlaufenden Ausnehmung der Lamellen angeordneten Armierungsring umfasst, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass mindestens ein die Ausnehmung (18; 18, 20) begrenzender Teil der Lamellen (8) zur Fixierung des Armierungsrings (14; 15, 16) plastisch verformt ist.8. An electric machine having a commutator, wherein the commutator comprises a commutator ring comprising a plurality of fins made of an electrically conductive deformable material and at least one reinforcing ring arranged in a circumferential recess of the fins, characterized in that at least one of the recess (18; , 20) limiting part of the lamellae (8) for fixing the reinforcing ring (14, 15, 16) is plastically deformed.
9. Elektromaschine nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Armierungsring (14; 15, 16) in der Ausnehmung (18; 18, 20) verstemmt ist.9. Electric machine according to claim 8, characterized in that the reinforcing ring (14, 15, 16) in the recess (18, 18, 20) is caulked.
10. Elektromaschine nach Anspruch 8 oder 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Ausnehmung (18) im Bereich eines Ankerlagers angeordnet ist.10. Electric machine according to claim 8 or 9, characterized in that the recess (18) is arranged in the region of an armature bearing.
11. Elektromaschine nach einem der Ansprüche 8 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Lamellen (8) durch schmale Stege (42) einstückig miteinander verbunden sind. 11. Electric machine according to one of claims 8 to 10, characterized in that the lamellae (8) are connected by narrow webs (42) integral with each other.
EP08845722A 2007-10-29 2008-10-28 Method for producing a commutator ring for a roll commutator for an electrical machine, and electrical machine Active EP2206206B1 (en)

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DE102007051583A DE102007051583A1 (en) 2007-10-29 2007-10-29 Method for producing a commutator ring for a roll commutator of an electric machine, and electric machine
PCT/EP2008/064592 WO2009056537A1 (en) 2007-10-29 2008-10-28 Method for producing a commutator ring for a roll commutator of an electrical machine, and electrical machine

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DE102018218322A1 (en) * 2018-10-26 2020-04-30 Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft Method and tool for producing a rotor for an electrical machine

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JP5517943B2 (en) 2014-06-11
PL2206206T3 (en) 2012-03-30
ATE531104T1 (en) 2011-11-15
CN101842944B (en) 2013-03-27
WO2009056537A1 (en) 2009-05-07
EP2206206B1 (en) 2011-10-26
CN101842944A (en) 2010-09-22
US8635760B2 (en) 2014-01-28
DE102007051583A1 (en) 2009-04-30
US20110043072A1 (en) 2011-02-24

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