EP2204205B1 - Oxygen generator with storage and conservation modes - Google Patents

Oxygen generator with storage and conservation modes Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2204205B1
EP2204205B1 EP10002424A EP10002424A EP2204205B1 EP 2204205 B1 EP2204205 B1 EP 2204205B1 EP 10002424 A EP10002424 A EP 10002424A EP 10002424 A EP10002424 A EP 10002424A EP 2204205 B1 EP2204205 B1 EP 2204205B1
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European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
oxygen
pressure
gas
generating system
ceramic
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EP10002424A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2204205A1 (en
Inventor
Victor Crome
Gary Byrd
Russell Hart
Scott Sehlin
Tuan Cao
Courtney Monzyk
Timothy Raleigh
Lyle Berkenbosch
Craig Schledewitz
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Mission Systems Davenport Inc
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Carleton Life Support Systems Inc
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J7/00—Apparatus for generating gases
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B13/00—Oxygen; Ozone; Oxides or hydroxides in general
    • C01B13/02—Preparation of oxygen
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/10—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours
    • A61M16/1005—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours with O2 features or with parameter measurement
    • A61M16/101—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours with O2 features or with parameter measurement using an oxygen concentrator
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62B—DEVICES, APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR LIFE-SAVING
    • A62B21/00—Devices for producing oxygen from chemical substances for respiratory apparatus
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/22—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
    • B01D53/225—Multiple stage diffusion
    • B01D53/226—Multiple stage diffusion in serial connexion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/22—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
    • B01D53/228—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion characterised by specific membranes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/32—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by electrical effects other than those provided for in group B01D61/00
    • B01D53/326—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by electrical effects other than those provided for in group B01D61/00 in electrochemical cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B13/00—Oxygen; Ozone; Oxides or hydroxides in general
    • C01B13/02—Preparation of oxygen
    • C01B13/0229—Purification or separation processes
    • C01B13/0248—Physical processing only
    • C01B13/0251—Physical processing only by making use of membranes
    • C01B13/0255—Physical processing only by making use of membranes characterised by the type of membrane
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/10—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours
    • A61M16/1005—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours with O2 features or with parameter measurement
    • A61M2016/102—Measuring a parameter of the content of the delivered gas
    • A61M2016/1025—Measuring a parameter of the content of the delivered gas the O2 concentration
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2202/00—Special media to be introduced, removed or treated
    • A61M2202/02—Gases
    • A61M2202/0208—Oxygen
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2202/00—Special media to be introduced, removed or treated
    • A61M2202/03—Gases in liquid phase, e.g. cryogenic liquids
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2256/00—Main component in the product gas stream after treatment
    • B01D2256/12—Oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2210/00—Purification or separation of specific gases
    • C01B2210/0043—Impurity removed
    • C01B2210/0046—Nitrogen
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of electrochemical gas generators, and more particularly to ceramic oxygen generating systems (COGS) for generating and delivering oxygen to a user.
  • COGS ceramic oxygen generating systems
  • Oxygen can be stored in cylinders at elevated pressures and stored as liquid oxygen in what is commonly called a Dewar. These techniques are of common knowledge and have been utilized for many years.
  • More recently oxygen can be concentrated or generated real-time using a variety of molecular sieves to separate and concentrate oxygen from a pressurized air source using a pressure swing adsorption process (PSA) or a vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) process.
  • PSA pressure swing adsorption process
  • VPSA vacuum pressure swing adsorption
  • Oxygen product generated by pressure swing adsorption is low cost and readily available. However, the oxygen concentration on these products is about 90 to 95%.
  • Oxygen conserving devices that provide a short pulse of oxygen to the user through a nasal cannula at the beginning of inhalation have been widely used for many years to reduce the quantity of supplemental oxygen delivered to patients who suffer from chronic lung disorders while still maintaining an adequate oxygen saturation level in the blood stream. This has been commonly referred to as pulse dosing of oxygen.
  • oxygen pulse dosing technology has recently been used on aircraft to provide supplemental oxygen to pilots of general aviation aircraft that typically fly at altitudes of up to 9754 m (32,000 feet).
  • oxygen breathing regulators have been used for many years to reduce the amount of oxygen consumed by aerospace crewmembers at various altitudes to minimize the possibility of oxygen toxicity of the user, while providing a minimum level that is a physiologically safe oxygen concentration to prevent the occurrence of hypoxia at higher altitudes.
  • Physiologically safe concentrations of oxygen have been provided by the breathing regulators that entrain aircraft cabin air and add it to the stored or generated oxygen before delivery to the crewmember to lower the concentration to the desired level as a function of atmospheric pressure-altitude. This is most commonly accomplished using the well-known pneumatic injector device. This technique has also been used to dilute the oxygen generated from PSA oxygen concentrators in aircraft to the desired concentration.
  • the implementation of the PSA oxygen concentrators into aerospace applications has solved the requirement for oxygen on a daily basis, but has had limited acceptance as a supply of oxygen for use after the loss of cabin pressure at the higher altitudes.
  • Currently, only the F-15E aircraft uses a back-up oxygen supply that is automatically filled with 93% oxygen that is generated and stored using a PSA oxygen concentrator with an integral compressor.
  • An emerging limitation to using PSA oxygen concentrators on next generation aircraft is the trend towards the use of more efficient engines with higher bypass ratios that result in less compressed air being available for the PSA oxygen concentrator and other air handling systems on the aircraft. This results in market pressures to minimize or eliminate the use of compressed air from the aircraft engine.
  • many home oxygen therapy patients can benefit from an oxygen generator that can deliver oxygen in the home via a pulse-dosing oxygen conserving device using a nasal cannula during, while also storing oxygen in a portable cylinder for temporary use outside the home.
  • Some patients that have sleeping disorders are better served by a continuous flow from the nasal cannula in order to maintain the desired oxygen blood saturation levels while they sleep.
  • a basic ceramic oxygen generating system generally consists of one or more temperature controlled ovens which contains ceramic oxygen generating elements. In order to supply enough oxygen for the ceramic elements, air is circulated inside the oven. Since the ceramic elements operate at high temperature (about 700°C), air has to be heated before inputting to the oven. Heat exchangers are used to preserve the heat and reduce temperature of oxygen-depleted air exhausted from the oven.
  • Oxygen at high purity levels, high pressures, and high temperatures creates a hazardous environment because it will support vigorous combustion of many conventional materials. Thus, it is very difficult to design a cost-effective pressure vessel capable of holding pure oxygen at high pressures and high temperatures.
  • Previous embodiments of this concept have utilized the ceramic membrane as an initial pressure vessel for the high purity oxygen, until it can be cooled enough for safe transfer to, and storage in, conventional oxygen cylinders.
  • the ceramic membrane as a pressure vessel incites a powerful conflict between maximum operating pressures and the rate of oxygen concentration.
  • the ceramic material is relatively brittle, thereby ill suited for withstanding the tensile stresses associated with internal pressurization. Increasing the wall thickness of the module will lower the material stresses, but it will also lower the module's oxygen concentration rate and operating efficiency.
  • Ceramic oxygen generating modules such as the Integrated Manifold And Tubes (IMAT) described in U.S. Patent Numbers 5,871,624 ; 5,985,113 ; 6,194,335 ; 6,352,624 ; and others have been used in oxygen generating systems.
  • IMAT Integrated Manifold And Tubes
  • the IMAT's outside surfaces are interfaced with air and oxygen is pumped through the ceramic to the inside cavities (circuit). This design limits the maximum oxygen generating pressure due to high tensile stresses on the ceramic.
  • WO 99/29930 discloses a ceramic composite electrolyte device for generating oxygen comprising a pulse conservation control sensor reducing use of the device only when output is desired.
  • Oxygen may be pumped from the inside of the IMAT to generate pressure on the outside. Ceramic withstands more stress in compression than tension. Hence, maximum generating pressure can be improved compared to the aforementioned design.
  • the present invention includes an electronically controlled unit controlling the operation of an electrochemical oxygen generating system producing a controlled amount and pressure of a desired oxygen.
  • the output or oxygen gas from the gas generating system is fed either to a regulator means or to a storage unit and/or an ambulatory storage cylinder whereby the regulator means controls the oxygen flowable to a user of the purified oxygen.
  • a pulsing valve is included with the regulator to further control the amount and flow of the purified oxygen to the user.
  • a second embodiment of the COGS unit includes a two-stage system that optionally combines two subsystems.
  • One subsystem uses the IMAT' to pump oxygen from ambient air to the inside circuit to generate low-pressure oxygen.
  • the other subsystem uses a second group of IMAT's to pump oxygen from the inside circuit to suitable high-pressure oxygen storage devices.
  • Another object is to eliminate the conflict between maximum operating pressures and the rate of oxygen concentration when using the ceramic membrane as a pressure vessel.
  • Figure 1 is an electrical and pneumatic block diagram of the present invention for generating and storing the desired gas adapted for general home oxygen therapy uses.
  • Figure 2 is an electrical and pneumatic block diagram of the present invention for generating and storing the desired gas adapted for aviation uses.
  • Figure 3 is an electrical and pneumatic block diagram of low and high pressure subsystems generating the desired gas.
  • Figure 4 is an electrical and pneumatic block diagram of the low pressure COGS subsystem.
  • Figure 5 is an electrical and pneumatic block diagram showing associated components of the low pressure COGS subsystem.
  • Figure 6 is a sectional view of the high pressure COGS subsystem.
  • Figure 7 is a perspective view of the ceramic membrane section or IMAT that may be used in the present invention.
  • a first embodiment of the present invention includes an electronically controlled unit 16 controlling the operation of an electrochemical oxygen generating system or COGS 14 that produces a controlled amount and pressure of a desired gas such as oxygen.
  • the output or product gas from the gas generating system 14 is fed either to a storage unit 12 or to a regulator 28 that controls or governs the product gas flow to a user of the purified oxygen or other gas.
  • a pulsing valve 26 may be included with the regulator 28 to further govern the amount and flow of the purified oxygen to the user.
  • the above identified problems for home oxygen therapy (HOT) uses can be simultaneously satisfied by a COGS C that generates and stores the oxygen in a cylinder or other suitable storage vessel 10 for portable use and also has the option of filling another storage vessel 12 for activation and use during sleep, when constant oxygen flow is more effective for those patients with sleeping disorders such as sleep apnea.
  • the present invention helps to reduce the size, weight, and power of the COGS C while providing the adequate flow rates for the patient scenarios mentioned above.
  • a typical PSA concentrator would be sized to provide 31pm continuously to meet the worst case demand.
  • the oxygen generation system (PSA or COGS) can be sized to produce 1.11 liters per minute (1600 liters/ 1440 minutes /day).
  • the oxygen supply system can be sized to provide less than half the gas required by conventional systems while still providing continuous peak flows at night.
  • the COGS C includes a ceramic oxygen generator (COG) unit 14 that electrochemically extracts oxygen from the surrounding air and delivers it at elevated pressures through a gas line 20 having a flow valve 22.
  • COG ceramic oxygen generator
  • An optional ambulatory storage cylinder 10 and an optional gas storage vessel 12 for night time continuous-flow mode are connect in fluid flow with a flow path or pipe 24 to a manifold or T junction or junctions 25 having one branch operably connected to valve 22.
  • An electronic control unit (ECU) 16 that controls the system operation is electrically or otherwise operationally connected by connection path 15 to the COG unit 14 and to a pressure transducer (PT1) 18 that senses the patient or user inhalation demand.
  • PT1 pressure transducer
  • a valve 26 is commanded open by the ECU 16 at the preferred time and duration.
  • a regulator unit 28 is operably connected in the fluid flow path 30 between the manifold or T junction(s) 25 and an air or gas flow valve 26 that is commanded open by a control signal 17 from the ECU 16 for preferred or selected time and duration.
  • Pressure transducers (or switches) (PT2, PT3) 31a and 31b may be used to provide feedback to the ECU 16 on the storage tank 12 and ambulatory cylinder 10 pressures.
  • a cannula, mask, or other known oxygen delivery means 32 is in fluid communication with the regulator 28 or valve 26 through tubing path 34 that may optionally feed an input stream to the pressure transducer 18 to provide a feedback signal 36 to the ECU 16.
  • an alternative embodiment of the present invention provides a solution to the problems associated with the set of conditions for aviation oxygen scenarios.
  • the present aviation oxygen system V is comprised of a ceramic oxygen generator unit 14 capable of delivering a minimum of 99.5% oxygen at several hundred pounds per square inch pressure, a first oxygen storage vessel or tank 38, an oxygen-conserving regulator 40, and a known oral-nasal type of aircrew oxygen mask 42 preferably equipped with oxygen conserving features.
  • the aviation embodiment of the ceramic oxygen generating (COGS) V generates the oxygen without the need for a separate or external pressurized air supply from the aircraft.
  • the device is robust enough to deliver it at 34.5 barg (500 psig) or higher in order to reduce the size of the storage vessel 38 and eliminate the need for an interim compressor (not shown ) .
  • Such a device does exist and is taught in U.S Patent No. 5,871,624 and several related subsequent patents.
  • the generator unit 14 is designed to provide sufficient oxygen to the aircrew member(s) using the present oxygen conserving techniques, while also delivering excess oxygen generated to the storage vessel or back-up oxygen system (BOS) 38 or an optional emergency or stand-by storage vessel or system (EOS) 44 at the desired elevated pressure.
  • BOS back-up oxygen system
  • EOS stand-by storage vessel or system
  • the oxygen-conserving regulator 40 preferably has one or more operating modes.
  • the NORMAL mode utilizes pulse dosing to deliver oxygen only during the initial period of the crewmember's inhalation; thereby conserving oxygen while providing oxygen when it is most effective in the breathing cycle. This results in no reduction of safety, but does result in reduction of oxygen consumption.
  • the stored oxygen is retained for use when higher flows or higher concentrations are needed.
  • the pulse dosing transitions to longer duration pulses and into a 100% MODE at the higher altitudes, where oxygen is delivered to the crewmember via a demand flow valve that responds to crewmember's demand for breathing gas instead of the pulse dosing mode.
  • This flow can be controlled pneumatically by a known breathing-diaphragm acting through a mechanism, or by a pressure transducer and feedback electronic control circuit acting upon one or more electrically operated flow control valves.
  • the breathing regulator can also control the flow to deliver the oxygen at elevated breathing pressures to the crewmember to provide pressure breathing for altitude (PBA) to further enhance and maintain the absorption of oxygen by the lungs at these reduced atmospheric pressures.
  • PBA pressure breathing for altitude
  • the regulator 40 responding to an input signal 46 from an optional accelerometer 48 can also provide the oxygen pressure as a function of aircraft acceleration to assist in combating the incapacitating flow of blood from the head at the higher accelerations above about 4 times the normal gravity level. This has been commonly referred to as pressure breathing for G's (PBG).
  • An optional anti-G valve component 58 may be operationally connected to the ECU 16 and other components of the present aviation system V as desired. Additionally, a lower G garment or aviation G suit 60 may be operationally connected to the aviation system V through the anti-G valve 58.
  • a pressure transducer 50 can generate a control signal 52 to the ECU 16. Further, the ECU 16 can be operationally connected to the regulator 40. A flow valve 54 may optionally be placed in the flow path between a cabin air inlet 55 and mask 42. The air flow from the cabin air inlet 55 may also be communicated to the regulator 40 permitting mixing of cabin air with the purified gas product.
  • Additional controls or valving systems 56a, 56b, 56c, 56d may be operably connected to provide back-up safety control systems for the user.
  • a further embodiment of the COGS subunit includes a two-stage system 180 that optionally combines a low pressure 100 and a high pressure 150 gas purifying or generating subsystems.
  • the low pressure subsystem 100 uses the IMAT's 106 to pump oxygen from ambient air to the inside circuit to generate low-pressure oxygen.
  • the other high pressure subsystem 150 uses a second group of IMAT's 160 to pump oxygen from the inside circuit to suitable high-pressure oxygen storage devices 194.
  • the low pressure subsystem or component 100 uses ceramic oxygen generating elements for purifying impure oxygen supplied by other oxygen generating techniques such as pressure swing adsorption (PSA).
  • PSA pressure swing adsorption
  • the oxygen purifying subsystem 102 generally consists of an oven 104 housing one or more known ceramic oxygen generating elements (ceramic elements) 106, an optional oxygen sensor 108, a controllable impure oxygen input circuit (not shown ), a main controller 110, and associated components operably connected, such as a power supply 112, a temperature controller 114, etc. as is shown in Figure 5 .
  • the temperature controller 114 controls internal oven 104 temperature within an interior chamber during warm-up and during operation.
  • the oven temperature is ramped up to the operating temperature to avoid thermal shock to the ceramic elements 106.
  • the temperature should be controlled to constant operating temperature (about 700°C).
  • the oxygen sensor 108 senses oxygen concentration inside the oven 104 and supplies a signal through connection 116 to the main controller 110.
  • the oxygen sensor 108 is generally a known ceramic type (i.e. zirconia) with operating temperature about the same as of the ceramic elements.
  • An automotive oxygen sensor can be a good candidate for use in this application.
  • the impure oxygen input circuit 118 that is operably connected to the oven 104 includes generally an optional flow restrictor (orifice), a solenoid valve 120, and a high temperature distribution tube 122.
  • the main controller 110 controls the solenoid valve 120 to pulse a restricted oxygen flow into the oven 104.
  • the valve control may be based on an oxygen concentration feed back signal from the oxygen sensor 108.
  • the oxygen concentration within the oven 104 is maintained in the range of 15 to 20% of concentration for optimum IMAT operation without losing oxygen to ambient conditions or otherwise degrading performance.
  • the main controller 110 performs all the control functions. When outlet pressure is less than maximum pressure (indicated by the pressure switch PSW 124), the main controller 110 signals the power supply 112 through connection 126 to apply power to the ceramic elements 106. In the mean time, the main controller 110 controls the oxygen concentration inside the oven 104 to the level below the oxygen concentration of ambient air (20.9%) and above the minimum level for operating the ceramic elements efficiently (15%). The oxygen concentration is preferably controlled between 18-20%.
  • the low pressure subsystem 100 generally includes other known components such as the oven heater component 128, a heat exchanger 130, fans, tubing, valves, and other items.
  • the high pressure subsystem 150 or component subjects the previously described ceramic membrane to compressive forces instead of tensile forces.
  • the ceramic material is approximately fifteen times stronger in compression than it is in tension. Achieving this feat requires finding a way to contain high pressure, high temperature oxygen in a cost-effective pressure vessel 152 better suited for handling tensile forces.
  • the pressure vessel 152 preferably consists of a metallic outer shell 154 and also acts as an oven.
  • the shell 154 may be lined with a suitable amount of high temperature, non-combustible insulation 156.
  • the purposes of the insulation 156 are to keep the metallic shell 154 relatively cool and to shield the material from potential ignition sources located further inside the interior chamber 158. Keeping the outer shell 154 cool also allows the material to maintain high tensile strength properties, lessens the potential for hazardous interaction with oxygen, and makes it easier to maintain a high-pressure seal between the outer shell 154 and the ceramic membrane 160.
  • Temperature control of the interior chamber 158 may consist of two separate processes.
  • the chamber 158 can be brought up to operating temperature by means of a heat source 162.
  • this heat source 162 consists of a non-combustible, high-temperature heating element located inside the chamber 158.
  • Alternative heating methods may include a removable metallic element, a metallic element shielded by a high temperature, non-combustible material, or an externally generated heat source, such as microwave energy routed to the inside of the chamber 158.
  • Temperature of the chamber 158, while the ceramic membrane 160 is operating, should be controlled, in combination, by adjusting the voltage across the ceramic membrane 160 and by controlled cooling of the outer shell 154 by external means. To lessen the possibility of ignition, the heat source 162 used to bring the chamber 158 up to operating temperature can be disabled or removed while high purity oxygen is present inside the chamber 158.
  • the preferred embodiment of the high pressure subsystem component 150 provides the inside of the ceramic membrane 160 with concentrated oxygen as a source gas.
  • the relative composition of the input gas may be pre-selected with reference to the desired product gas in order to reduce operating burden on the ceramic membrane unit during operation.
  • concentrated or enriched oxygen will lessen the thermal requirements of the system during operation by requiring much less inlet flow than using atmospheric air.
  • the input gas may be pre-treated such as with a heat exchanger as is well known in the art to reduce the thermal shock on the ceramic membrane 160 when the input gas is introduced into the inlet port 164.
  • a plurality of flow control devices may be used at both the inlet port(s) 164 and product outlet port(s) 166 of the chamber 158 as described to minimize leakage in case of failure of the ceramic membrane 160.
  • the interior chamber 158 may be evacuated or pre-pressurized to improve start-up performance.
  • the ceramic membrane 160 may be any electrochemical oxygen or gas generating system, such as the flat plate, tube, or honeycomb types of known electrochemical gas generators or solid electrolyte oxygen generating cells.
  • the two-stage Ceramic Oxygen Generating System 180 functional diagram of Figure 3 includes both the high pressure subsystem 150 and the low pressure subsystem 100 .
  • the two stage system 180 consists of a low-pressure stage (Oven 1) 100 with associated temperature controller 114, IMAT power supply 112 and an oven air supply fan or blower 186, a high-pressure stage (Oven 2) 150 with associated temperature controller 182 and IMAT power supply 184, a main controller 110, and optional input/output and user interfaces or indicators 188 and 190 respectively that are operably connected to the main controller 110.
  • the temperature controllers 114 and 182 can be separate components or a sub-part of the main controller 110.
  • the two stage system 180 is functionally divided into two subsystems or stages: low-pressure and high-pressure subsystems.
  • the low-pressure subsystem 100 as previously described has heated ambient air or controlled impure oxygen input to the oven 104.
  • This low-pressure subsystem 100 generates low-pressure oxygen (0-0.05 barg ((0-100 psig)).
  • the low-pressure oxygen product can be supplied to high-pressure subsystem 150 as an input feed stream or output to a low-pressure outlet 192 for usage.
  • the high-pressure subsystem 180 receives an input from the low-pressure subsystem 100.
  • the high-pressure subsystem 180 generates high-pressure oxygen for re-charging high-pressure cylinders 194 (up to 2000 psig).
  • the low-pressure subsystem 100 consists of an oven 104 with integral heater 128, a temperature controller 114 that can be part of the main controller 110, a set of IMAT's 106 (the number of IMAT's depends on the output requirements), an air input and distribution 196 with heat exchanger 130 and fan 186, and an IMAT power supply 112.
  • the oven 104 for low-pressure stage 100 is thermally designed so that thermal run-away would not occur.
  • the temperature controller 114 controls the operating temperature during normal operation.
  • the high-pressure subsystem 150 consists of high-pressure sealed oven 152 with oxygen compatible heater 162, a temperature controller 182 (can be part of the main controller), a set of IMAT's 160 (the number depends on the output requirements and the number of IMAT's in the low-pressure subsystem), and an IMAT power supply 184.
  • the ratio between numbers of IMAT's used in the two stages depends on maximum allowable current density of the IMAT.
  • the oven 152 for the high-pressure stage 150 is thermally designed so that no power is needed from the heater 162 during normal operation.
  • the internal heating element 162 will be disabled after the warm-up (start-up) period. Heat generated from the IMAT's 160 during operation is used to keep the oven interior 158 at operating temperature.
  • a main controller 110 controls the operation of the two subsystems 100 and 150 and provides user interfaces.
  • the main controller 110 can enable or disable the temperature controllers 114 and 182 and power supplies 112 and 184 based on the data received from the pressure switches 124 and 198 and the temperature controllers 114 and 182.
  • the control method during start-up, charging, or stand-by periods are described in subsequent paragraphs.
  • the main controller 110 enables both temperature controllers 114 and 182 for ramping the two ovens 104 and 152 up to operating temperatures (normally about 700 degrees C). During this time, both IMAT power supplies 112 and 184 and the oven air supply fan 186 are disabled. When both ovens 104 and 152 reach the operating temperatures, the two subsystems 114 and 150 go to charging mode or period.
  • the main controller 110 first enables the low-pressure subsystem 100 operation to build up oxygen pressure to the point pressure switch PSW1 124 to change its state. After pressure builds in the low-pressure circuit 100, the main controller 110 starts disabling the internal heating element 162 in the high-pressure subsystem 150.
  • Temperature control in the high-pressure subsystem 150 will then be controlled using the high-pressure IMAT power supply (IMAT Power Supply 2) 184.
  • the main controller 110 enables the IMAT power supply 2 184 based on signals received from the oxygen pressure in the low-pressure circuit (PSW1) 124, oxygen pressure in the high-pressure circuit (PSW2) 198, and from the high-pressure oven temperature (Temperature Controller 2) 182.
  • PSW1 124 and PSW2 198 should preferably have large hystereses to avoid excessive cycling of the on/off control of the subsystems.
  • the system After the charging period (PSW2 198 switched), the system goes to standby mode.
  • the low-pressure subsystem 100 is controlled by the same operating logic as shown above.
  • the high-pressure main control purpose becomes to keep the oven 152 in operating temperature range without net increase in pressure.
  • the IMAT power supply 2 184 output polarities are cycled so that the IMAT's 160 generate heat without a net increase in oxygen charging pressure.
  • the low pressure subsystem 100 providing the input gas to the high pressure subsystem 150 can be a PSA type, rather than an electrochemical gas generator.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Pulmonology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Anesthesiology (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Oxygen, Ozone, And Oxides In General (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
  • Hybrid Cells (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
  • Feeding, Discharge, Calcimining, Fusing, And Gas-Generation Devices (AREA)
EP10002424A 2004-09-21 2005-09-14 Oxygen generator with storage and conservation modes Active EP2204205B1 (en)

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US52236204P 2004-09-21 2004-09-21
US11/160,171 US7694674B2 (en) 2004-09-21 2005-06-12 Oxygen generator with storage and conservation modes
EP05799566.4A EP1807137B1 (en) 2004-09-21 2005-09-14 Oxygen generator with storage and conservation modes

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EP05799566.4A Division-Into EP1807137B1 (en) 2004-09-21 2005-09-14 Oxygen generator with storage and conservation modes

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EP2196235B1 (en) 2012-12-12
WO2006033896A3 (en) 2007-04-12
US20060062707A1 (en) 2006-03-23
CA2576413C (en) 2011-08-30
WO2006033896A2 (en) 2006-03-30
US7694674B2 (en) 2010-04-13
JP5799065B2 (ja) 2015-10-21
KR20070053292A (ko) 2007-05-23
JP2012210417A (ja) 2012-11-01
EP1807137A2 (en) 2007-07-18
EP1807137A4 (en) 2009-11-11
CA2576413A1 (en) 2006-03-30
EP2196235A1 (en) 2010-06-16
EP2204205A1 (en) 2010-07-07
KR101201150B1 (ko) 2012-11-13
EP1807137B1 (en) 2015-04-15
JP2014014700A (ja) 2014-01-30
JP5396512B2 (ja) 2014-01-22
JP2008513114A (ja) 2008-05-01
JP5160228B2 (ja) 2013-03-13

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