EP2158278A1 - Dispersions aqueuses de polymères contenant des esters de l'acide (méth)acrylique de motifs lactame n-hydroxyalkylé et l'utilisation de polymères contenant des esters de l'acide (méth)acrylique de motifs lactame n-hydroxyalkylé - Google Patents

Dispersions aqueuses de polymères contenant des esters de l'acide (méth)acrylique de motifs lactame n-hydroxyalkylé et l'utilisation de polymères contenant des esters de l'acide (méth)acrylique de motifs lactame n-hydroxyalkylé

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Publication number
EP2158278A1
EP2158278A1 EP08750311A EP08750311A EP2158278A1 EP 2158278 A1 EP2158278 A1 EP 2158278A1 EP 08750311 A EP08750311 A EP 08750311A EP 08750311 A EP08750311 A EP 08750311A EP 2158278 A1 EP2158278 A1 EP 2158278A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
weight
methacrylate
acrylate
monomers
hydroxyalkylated
Prior art date
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Withdrawn
Application number
EP08750311A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Andreas Brockmeyer
Roland Ettl
Yvonne Dieckmann
Maximilian Angel
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BASF SE
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BASF SE
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Publication date
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Priority to EP08750311A priority Critical patent/EP2158278A1/fr
Publication of EP2158278A1 publication Critical patent/EP2158278A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D139/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
    • C09D139/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of monomers containing heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as ring member
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
    • B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
    • B41M5/50—Recording sheets characterised by the coating used to improve ink, dye or pigment receptivity, e.g. for ink-jet or thermal dye transfer recording
    • B41M5/52—Macromolecular coatings
    • B41M5/5254—Macromolecular coatings characterised by the use of polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. vinyl polymers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
    • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
    • C08F220/10—Esters
    • C08F220/12—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols
    • C08F220/16—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols of phenols or of alcohols containing two or more carbon atoms
    • C08F220/18—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols of phenols or of alcohols containing two or more carbon atoms with acrylic or methacrylic acids
    • C08F220/1804—C4-(meth)acrylate, e.g. butyl (meth)acrylate, isobutyl (meth)acrylate or tert-butyl (meth)acrylate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D133/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
    • C09D133/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters
    • C09D133/14—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters of esters containing halogen, nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen atoms in addition to the carboxy oxygen
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H19/00—Coated paper; Coating material
    • D21H19/36—Coatings with pigments
    • D21H19/44—Coatings with pigments characterised by the other ingredients, e.g. the binder or dispersing agent
    • D21H19/56—Macromolecular organic compounds or oligomers thereof obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
    • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
    • C08F220/10—Esters
    • C08F220/34—Esters containing nitrogen, e.g. N,N-dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate
    • C08F220/36—Esters containing nitrogen, e.g. N,N-dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate containing oxygen in addition to the carboxy oxygen, e.g. 2-N-morpholinoethyl (meth)acrylate or 2-isocyanatoethyl (meth)acrylate
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
    • D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • D21H17/34—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D21H17/36—Polyalkenyalcohols; Polyalkenylethers; Polyalkenylesters
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
    • D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • D21H17/34—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D21H17/37—Polymers of unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof, e.g. polyacrylates
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H19/00—Coated paper; Coating material
    • D21H19/36—Coatings with pigments
    • D21H19/44—Coatings with pigments characterised by the other ingredients, e.g. the binder or dispersing agent
    • D21H19/54—Starch

Definitions

  • the invention relates to aqueous dispersions of (meth) acrylic acid esters of polymers containing N-hydroxyalkylated lactam units, processes for their preparation and the use of (meth) acrylic acid esters of polymers containing N-hydroxyalkylated lactam units for the treatment of paper.
  • R is hydrogen or a methyl group and R 1 is a cycloaliphatic lactam group.
  • the corresponding lactam-containing monomers are prepared by reacting N-hydroxyalkylated lactams with acrylic or methacrylic acid esters. They can be copolymerized with, for example, ethylene, styrene, butadiene, acrylic esters, methacrylic esters, acrylamide, methacrylamide, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile or vinyl esters.
  • the polymerization can be carried out in bulk or in a diluent by the customary processes of suspension, solution or emulsion polymerization.
  • the polymers are also suitable, inter alia, for refining paper.
  • ink-jet printing method in which drops of a color usually dissolved in water are sprayed onto a recording material from a nozzle, high demands are placed on the paper quality. Since the printing inks used are water-soluble or readily dispersible in water, the prints obtainable by the ink-jet printing process are water-sensitive. In order to obtain water-resistant prints by this printing process, printed papers whose printability is improved, for example, by treating the paper surface with aqueous solutions of a metal salt or with polyallylamines, cf. EP-A 0 739 743.
  • EP-A 0 257 412 discloses the use of polymer dispersions based on acrylates and acrylonitrile for the surface treatment of paper. This achieves a hydrophobization and an improvement of the ink-jet printability of the paper.
  • WO 2004/096566 discloses a process for improving the printability of paper and paper products in printing by means of the inkjet printing process, cationic polymers having a charge density of at least 3 meq / g being used as the sole treatment agent in aqueous solution and being used in an amount from 0.05 to 5 g / m 2 is applied to the surface of paper or paper products.
  • Suitable cationic polymers include, for example, polyallylamines, polyamidoamines, polyamines, polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin resins, polyvinylamines and partially hydrolyzed polyvinylformamides.
  • an ink-jet recording material which is coated with inorganic particles, polyvinyl alcohol, at least two cationic polymers having a quaternary ammonium salt group in the molecule and a compound containing zirconium or aluminum ions.
  • the recording material is preferably paper products coated on both sides with a plastic film, e.g. polyethylene or polypropylene, coated or uncoated paper products.
  • ink-jet recording materials are also known papers which are laminated on both sides with a transparent film of, for example, polyethylene or polyester. Then a layer is applied which absorbs ink. It consists of inorganic particles, a hydrophilic binder such as polyvinyl alcohol or polyvinylpyrrolidone and an inorganic hardener such as boric acid or an organic hardener such as a polyisocyanate, cf. US 6,582,802.
  • a hydrophilic binder such as polyvinyl alcohol or polyvinylpyrrolidone
  • an inorganic hardener such as boric acid or an organic hardener such as a polyisocyanate
  • the invention has for its object to provide new substances available, which are particularly suitable for improving the ink-jet printability of paper and to show other substances for this application.
  • the object is achieved according to the invention with aqueous dispersions of (meth) acrylic acid esters of N-hydroxyalkylated lactam units containing polymers which are obtainable by free-radically initiated emulsion polymerization of (meth) acrylic acid esters of N-hydroxyalkylated lactams and other ethylenically unsaturated monomers, if as monomers
  • Monomers of group (a) are styrene, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate.
  • the monomers of this group can be used in the emulsion polymerization either alone or in admixture, for.
  • the amounts used in the emulsion polymerization for example, 1 to 80 wt .-%, preferably 20 to 70 wt .-%, based on the sum of the monomers (a) to (d).
  • Suitable monomers of group (b) are acrylic esters of monohydric alcohols having 1 to 18, preferably 1 to 10, carbon atoms and methacrylic acid esters of monohydric alcohols having 2 to 18, preferably 2 to 10, carbon atoms in the molecule.
  • Examples of such monomers are methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, n-pentyl acrylate, neopentyl acrylate, cyclopentyl acrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 3 Propylheptyl acrylate, decyl acrylate, dodecyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, palmityl acrylate, stearyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, n-
  • Particularly preferably used monomer is n-butyl acrylate.
  • the monomers of group (b) are used in the polymerization, for example in an amount of 1 to
  • Monomers of group (c) are acrylic and methacrylic esters of N-hydroxyalkylated lactams. They are known, for example, from the prior art DE-A 20 48 321. They are derived z.
  • Example of annular N-hydroxyalkylated lactams (L), which are esterified with acrylic acid or methacrylic acid wherein the lactams with the aid of the following formula (III) can be described:
  • R 1 is C 1 -C 6 -alkylene or by one or more oxygen and / or sulfur atoms and / or one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino groups and / or by one or more cycloalkyl-, - (CO) -, -O (CO) O-, - (NH) (CO) O-, -O (CO) (NH) -, -O (CO) - or - (CO) O- groups interrupted C2-C2o-alkylene, wherein said radicals each by Aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles may be substituted
  • R 1 may not have any atom other than a carbon atom directly adjacent to the lactam carbonyl group
  • R 2 is C 1 -C 20 -alkylene, C 5 -C 12 -cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 12 -arylene or by one or more oxygen and / or sulfur atoms and / or one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino groups and / or by one or more cycloalkyl radicals , - (CO) -, -0 (CO) O-, - (NH) (CO) O-, -0 (CO) (NH) -, -0 (CO) - or - (CO) O groups interrupted C 2 -C 20 -alkylene, where the radicals mentioned may each be substituted by aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles, or
  • Examples of the compounds (L) are N- (2-hydroxyethyl) -pyrrolidone, N- (2-hydroxypropyl) -pyrrolidone, N- (2 '- (2-hydroxyethoxy) -ethyl) -pyrrolidone, N- (2) Hydroxyethyl) -caprolactam, N- (2-hydroxypropyl) -caprolactam and N- (2 '- (2-hydroxyethoxy) -ethyl) -caprolactam, preferred are N- (2-hydroxyethyl) -pyrrolidone and N- (2-hydroxypropyl ) pyrrolidone.
  • N- (2-hydroxyethyl) -pyrrolidone (IIIa) which is prepared, for example, by transesterification with methyl methacrylate according to the following scheme in pyrrolidonoethyl methacrylate (IV), i. is converted into a monomer of group (c):
  • Pyrrolidonoethylacrylat and / or Pyrrolidonoethylmethacrylat are preferably suitable monomers of group (c), which in the emulsion polymerization in an amount of, for example, 1 to 50 wt .-%, preferably 2 to 35 wt .-% and in particular from 5 to 25 wt .-%, based on the sum of the monomers (a) to (d), alone or mixed with each other.
  • Monomers of group (d) include (i) monoethylenically unsaturated monomers other than the monomers of groups (a), (b) and (c), and (ii) crosslinkers, i. Compounds which have at least two ethylenically unsaturated double bonds in the molecule.
  • Examples of monomers (i) are acrylamide, methacrylamide, monoethylenically unsaturated acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, vinyllactic acid, vinylacetic acid, vinylsulfonic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, 2-acryloxyethanesulfonic acid, 2-methacryloxyethanesulfonic acid, 3 Acryloxy- and 3-methacryloxypropanesulfonic acid, Vinylbenzenesulfonic acid, vinylphosphonic acid and vinylphosphonic acid dimethylester.
  • monomers (i) are acrylamide, methacrylamide, monoethylenically unsaturated acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, vinyllactic acid, vinylacetic acid, vinylsulfonic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, 2-
  • acid anhydrides of ethylenically unsaturated acids such as maleic anhydride are suitable monomers (d).
  • the ethylenically unsaturated acids can be used in unneutralized form, in partially or completely neutralized form with an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal base, ammonia or amines in the emulsion polymerization.
  • Further monomers (i) of group (d) are hydroxyalkyl esters of ⁇ , ⁇ -ethylenically unsaturated Cs-Cs monocarboxylic acids and C4-C8 dicarboxylic acids, in particular 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2- and 3-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 2- and 3-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, monoesters of the abovementioned monoethylenically unsaturated mono- and dicarboxylic acids with C 2 -C 4 -polyalkylene glycols, in particular the monoesters of these carboxylic acids with polyethylene glycol or alkylpolyethylene glycols, where the (alkyl) polyethylene glycol radical usually has a molecular weight in the range of 100 to 3000.
  • These monomers also include N-vinylamides such as N-vinylformamide, N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-vinylimidazole and N-vinylcaprolactam and also ethylene, propylene, butene-1, butene-2 and hexene-1.
  • N-vinylamides such as N-vinylformamide, N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-vinylimidazole and N-vinylcaprolactam and also ethylene, propylene, butene-1, butene-2 and hexene-1.
  • Monomers (i) of group (d) furthermore include monoethylenically unsaturated monomers which have at least one cationic group and / or at least one amino group protonatable amino group, a quaternary ammonium group, a protonatable imino group or a quaternized imino group.
  • monomers having a protonatable imino group are N-vinylimidazole and N-vinylpyridines.
  • monomers having a quaternized imino group are N-alkylvinylpyridinium salts and N-alkyl-N'-vinylimidazolinium salts such as
  • R 1 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, in particular hydrogen or methyl
  • R 2 , R 3 independently of one another Ci-C 4 -AlkVl, in particular methyl
  • R 4 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, in particular hydrogen or methyl
  • A is C 2 -C 8 alkylene, e.g. B. 1, 2-ethanediyl, 1, 2- or 1, 3-propanediyl, 1, 4-butanediyl or 2-methyl-1, 2-propanediyl, which is optionally interrupted by 1, 2 or 3 non-adjacent oxygen atoms is and
  • X- for an anion equivalent e.g. B. for Ch, HSO 4 -, ⁇ A SO 4 2 " or CH 3 OSO 3 - etc. stands.
  • Examples of such monomers are 2- (N, N-dimethylamino) ethyl acrylate,
  • the monomers (i) of group (d) are used in the emulsion polymerization in an amount of, for example, from 0 to 20% by weight, based on the sum of the monomers (a) to (d). If they are used for modifying the copolymers, the amounts preferably used are from 1 to 10% by weight, based on the sum of the monomers (a) to (d).
  • the polymers may optionally contain in copolymerized form at least one monomer (ii) of group (d), which can usually be used as crosslinker in an emulsion polymerization.
  • the crosslinkers can be used as the sole monomer of group (d) or else together with a monomer (i) of group (d) in the emulsion polymerization.
  • the proportion of monomers (ii) having two or more ethylenically unsaturated double bonds usually makes no more than 10 wt .-%, usually not more than 5 wt .-%, in particular not more than 2 wt .-%, z , B. 0.01 to 2 wt .-% and in particular 0.05 to 1, 5% by weight, based on the total amount of the monomers.
  • crosslinkers are butanediol diacrylate, butanediol dimethacrylate, hexanediol diacrylate, hexanediol dimethacrylate, glycol diacrylate, glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, diacrylates and dimethacrylates of alkoxylated dihydric alcohols, divinylurea and / or conjugated diolefins such as butadiene or isoprene.
  • a reactive functional group for example an oxirane group, a reactive carbonyl group, z.
  • Alkoxymethyl group a trialkylsilyl group, a trialkoxysilyl group or other nucleophile-reactive group.
  • the polymerization of the monomers takes place by the method of emulsion polymerization, i. the monomers to be polymerized are present in the polymerization mixture as an aqueous emulsion.
  • a dispersion stabilizer e.g. As surfactants, especially anionic surfactants, water-soluble starch, anionic or cationic starch and protective colloids.
  • the amount of dispersion stabilizer is for example 0.1 to 30 wt .-%, preferably 0.5 to 20 wt .-%, based on the monomers used in the polymerization.
  • the surfactants which are suitable as dispersion stabilizers may be, for example, cationic, anionic, amphoteric or nonionic. It is possible to use a surfactant from a single group of said surfactants or mixtures of surfactants which are compatible with each other, i. which are stable side by side in aqueous medium and do not form precipitates, for example mixtures of at least one nonionic and at least one anionic surfactant, mixtures of at least one nonionic and at least one cationic surfactant, mixtures of at least two cationic surfactants, mixtures of at least two anionic surfactants or also Mixtures of at least two nonionic surfactants.
  • a protective colloid and / or a dispersant can additionally be used.
  • Suitable examples are mixtures of at least one surfactant and at least one dispersant or mixtures of at least one surfactant, at least one dispersant and at least one protective colloid.
  • Preferred are mixtures containing two or more dispersion stabilizers.
  • Suitable surfactants are, for example, all surfactants.
  • suitable nonionic surfactants are ethoxylated mono-, di- and tri-alkylphenols (degree of ethoxylation: 3 to 50, alkyl radical: C3-C12) and also ethoxylated fatty alcohols (degree of ethoxylation: 3 to 80, alkyl radical: C8-C36).
  • examples include the brands Lutensol ® from BASF AG or the Triton ® brands from Union Carbide.
  • Particularly preferred are ethoxylated linear fatty alcohols of the general formula
  • Suitable nonionic surface-active substances are also copolymers, in particular block copolymers of ethylene oxide and at least one C3-Cio-alkylene oxide, for. B. triblock copolymers of the formula
  • A is a radical derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic diol, e.g. for ethane-1, 2-diyl, propane-1, 3-diyl, butane-1, 4-diyl, cyclohexane-1, 4-diyl, cyclohexane-1, 2-diyl or bis (cylohexyl) methane-4 '4'-diyl, B and B' are independently propane-1, 2-diyl, butane-1, 2-diyl or phenylethylethanyl, Y1, Y2, Y3 independently of a number from 2 to 100, wherein the sum y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 is preferably in the range of 20 to 400, which corresponds to a number average molecular weight in the range of 1000 to 20,000.
  • A is ethane-1, 2-diyl, propane-1,
  • Suitable surface-active substances besides the nonionic surfactants are anionic and cationic surfactants. They can be used alone or as a mixture. The prerequisite for this, however, is that they are compatible with each other. This requirement applies, for example, to mixtures of one compound class in each case and to mixtures of nonionic and anionic surfactants and mixtures of nonionic and cationic surfactants.
  • suitable anionic surfactants are sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium hexadecyl sulfate and sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate.
  • cationic surfactants are quaternary alkylammonium salts, alkylbenzylammonium salts, such as dimethyl-C 2 - to cis-alkylbenzylammonium chlorides, primary, secondary and tertiary fatty amine salts, quaternary amidoamine compounds, alkylpyridinium salts, alkylimidazolinium salts and alkyloxazolinium salts.
  • anionic surfactants such as, for example, with sulfuric acid esterified (optionally alkoxylated) alcohols, which are usually used in alkali-neutralized form.
  • Further customary emulsifiers are, for example, sodium alkylsulfonates, sodium alkylsulfates such as. For example, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, Sulfobernsteinklasteder.
  • anionic emulsifiers and esters of phosphoric acid or phosphorous acid and aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic acids can be used. Usual emulsifiers are in the For example, see M. Ash, I.
  • the amount of surfactants used to stabilize the monomer emulsion is, for example, 0.1 to 5, preferably 0 , 5 to 2 wt .-%, based on the total used monomers.
  • dispersants are, for example, condensates of naphthalenesulfonic acid and formaldehyde, condensates of a salt of naphthalenesulfonic acid or lignin sulfonic acid or salts thereof.
  • Suitable salts of naphthalenesulfonic acid and lignosulfonic acid are preferably the products completely or partially neutralized with sodium hydroxide solution, potassium hydroxide solution, ammonia or calcium hydroxide.
  • amphiphilic polymers or nanoparticles of water-insoluble organic polymers or of water-insoluble inorganic compounds can also be used as dispersants.
  • Stabilizers of this kind are e.g. nanoscale silica and nanoscale alumina.
  • amphiphilic polymers are also suitable as dispersants. They have for example an average molecular weight M w of 1000 to 100 000. They are used in combination with a surfactant as a dispersion stabilizer. Examples of amphiphilic polymers are copolymers comprising units of
  • hydrophobic monoethylenically unsaturated monomers and (ii) monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, monoethylenically unsaturated sulfonic acids, monoethylenically unsaturated phosphonic acids or mixtures thereof and / or basic monomers
  • Suitable hydrophobic monoethylenically unsaturated monomers for preparing the amphiphilic polymers are, for example
  • styrene methylstyrene, ethylstyrene, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, C 2 to C 6 olefins, esters of monoethylenically unsaturated C 3 to C 8 carboxylic acids and monohydric alcohols, vinyl alkyl ethers, vinyl esters or mixtures thereof.
  • Isobutene, diisobutene, styrene and acrylic esters such as ethyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate and sec-butyl acrylate are preferably used from this group of monomers.
  • amphiphilic copolymers are preferably contained as hydrophilic monomers (ii) acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, itaconic acid, vinylsulfonic acid, 2-acrylamidomethylpropanesulfonic acid, acrylamido-propane-3-sulfonic acid, 3-sulfopropyl acrylate, 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate, styrenesulfonic acid, vinylphosphonic acid or mixtures thereof in copolymerized form.
  • the acidic monomers may be in the form of the free acids or in partially or completely neutralized form.
  • hydrophilic monomers are basic monomers. They may be polymerized with the hydrophobic monomers (i) alone or in admixture with the above acidic monomers. When mixtures of basic and acidic monomers are used, amphoteric copolymers are formed, which are anionically or cationically charged, depending on the molar ratio of the copolymerized acidic to basic monomers.
  • Basic monomers are, for example, di-C 1 to C 2 -alkylamino-C 2 to C 4 -alkyl (meth) acrylates or diallyldimethylammonium chloride.
  • the basic monomers may be in the form of the free bases, the salts with organic or inorganic acids or in the form quaternized with alkyl halides.
  • the salt formation or the quaternization, at which the basic monomers become cationic, can be partial or complete.
  • Examples of such compounds are dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, diethylaminoethyl acrylate, dimethylaminopropyl methacrylate, dimethylaminopropyl acrylate, diethylaminopropyl methacrylate, diethylaminopropyl acrylate and / or dimethylaminoethylacrylamide, dimethylaminoethylmethacrylamide, dimethylaminopropylacrylamide, dimethylaminopropylmethacrylamide and / or diallyldimethylammonium chloride.
  • amphiphilic copolymers in the form of the free acid are not sufficiently soluble in water, they are used in the form of water-soluble salts, for.
  • the corresponding alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and ammonium salts are used.
  • These salts are prepared, for example, by partial or complete neutralization of the free acid groups of the amphiphilic copolymers with bases, e.g. For example, sodium hydroxide solution, potassium hydroxide solution, magnesium oxide, ammonia or amines such as triethanolamine, ethanolamine, morpholine, triethylamine or butylamine are used for neutralization.
  • the acid groups of the amphiphilic copolymers are preferably neutralized with ammonia or sodium hydroxide solution.
  • the water solubility of basic monomers or of copolymers which contain such monomers in copolymerized form can be increased by partial or complete neutralization with a mineral acid such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid or by addition of an organic acid such as acetic acid or p-toluenesulfonic acid.
  • the molecular weight of the amphiphilic copolymerisates is, for example, 1000 to 100,000 and is preferably in the range from 1500 to 10,000.
  • the acid numbers of the amphiphilic copolymers are, for example, 50 to 500, preferably 150 to 350 mg KOH / g of polymer.
  • Preferred dispersants are those amphiphilic copolymers which
  • the copolymers may contain, as further monomers (iii), units of maleic monoesters in copolymerized form.
  • Such copolymers are obtainable, for example, by copolymerizing copolymers of styrene, diisobutene or isobutene or mixtures thereof with maleic anhydride in the absence of water and reacting the copolymers with alcohols after the polymerization, with from 5 to 50 per mole of anhydride groups in the copolymer Mol% of a monohydric alcohol.
  • Suitable alcohols are, for example, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol and tert-butanol.
  • polyhydric alcohols such as glycol or glycerol.
  • the reaction is carried out only to the extent that only one OH group of the polyhydric alcohol reacts with the anhydride group. If the anhydride groups of the copolymers are not completely reacted with alcohols, the ring opening of the non-reacted with alcohols anhydride groups by addition of water.
  • Suitable dispersion stabilizers are mixtures of at least one surfactant and, for example, commercially available polymers of monoethylenically unsaturated acids and graft polymers of N-vinylformamide on polyalkylene glycols, which are described, for example, in WO 96/34903.
  • the grafted vinylformamide units may optionally be hydrolyzed to form vinylamine units.
  • the proportion of grafted vinylformamide units is preferably from 20 to 40% by weight, based on polyalkylene glycol. Polyethylene glycols having molecular weights of 2,000 to 10,000 are preferably used.
  • Suitable dispersion stabilizers are mixtures of at least one surfactant and zwitterionic polyalkylenepolyamines and / or zwitterionic polyethyleneimines. Such compounds are for example from the
  • EP-B 0 1 12 592 known. They are obtainable, for example, by first alkoxylating a polyalkylene polyamine or polyethyleneimine, eg. With ethylene oxide, Propylene oxide and / or butylene oxide and the alkoxylation then quaternized, z. For example, with methyl bromide or dimethyl sulfate and the quaternized, alkoxylated products then sulfated with chlorosulfonic acid or sulfur trioxide.
  • the molar mass of the zwitterionic polyalkylenepolyamines is, for example, 1000 to 9000, preferably 1500 to 7500.
  • the zwitterionic polyethyleneimines preferably have molecular weights in the range from 1500 to 7500 daltons.
  • a surfactant and at least one protective colloid selected, for example, from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinylpyrrolidones, polyacrylic acids, polyalkylene glycols, polyalkylene glycols terminated on one or both sides with alkyl, carboxyl or amino groups , Polydiallyldimethylammonium chlorides, water-soluble starches, water-soluble starch derivatives and / or water-soluble proteins.
  • the protective colloids typically have average molecular weights M w of above 500, forward preferably of more than 1000 to 100 000, generally to 60 000.
  • water-soluble cellulose derivatives such as carboxymethylcellulose and graft polymers of vinyl acetate and / or Vinylpro- Pionat on polyethylene glycols and / or polysaccharides into consideration.
  • Water-soluble starches, starch derivatives and proteins are described, for example, in Römpp, Chemie Lexikon 9th Edition, Volume 5, page 3569 or in Houben-Weyl, Methods of Organic Chemistry, 4th Edition, Volume 14/2, Chapter IV Conversion of Cellulose and Starch of E. Husemann and R. Werner, pages 862-915 and in Ullmann's Encyclopedia for Industrial Chemistry, 6th edition, volume 28, pages 533 ff under polysaccharides.
  • Suitable protective colloids are in particular all types of water-soluble starch, for.
  • water-soluble starch for.
  • amylose and amylopectin native starches, hydrophobically or hydrophilically modified starches, anionic starches, cationically modified starches, maltodextri- ne, degraded starches, wherein the starch degradation can be carried out, for example, oxidatively, thermally, hydrolytically or enzymatically and wherein for the starch degradation both native and modified starches can be used.
  • Other suitable protective colloids are dextrins and crosslinked water-soluble starches which are water-swellable.
  • the native starch can be obtained, for example, from potatoes, corn, wheat, rice, peas, tapioca or sorghum.
  • the proportion of the cationic or anionic groups in the respective starch is indicated by the degree of substitution (D.S.). It is usually 0.005 to 1.0, and is preferably in the range of 0.01 to 0.4.
  • an aqueous starch solution is needed for the stabilization of emulsion polymers.
  • the average molecular weight M w of the starch is at most 100,000. It is usually in the range from 1,000 to 65,000, in particular 2,500 to 35,000.
  • the average molecular weights M w of the starch can easily be determined by methods known to the person skilled in the art, for example by Gel permeation chromatography using a multi-angle light scattering detector.
  • the amount of degraded starch used for the stabilization is, for example, 5 to 30% by weight, based on the sum of the monomers.
  • the enzymatic starch degradation can be carried out separately, but preferably takes place in the course of the preparation of aqueous polymer dispersions, by first degrading the starch by known methods in an aqueous medium in the presence of at least one enzyme, for example at a temperature in the range from 20 to 100 ° C. preferably 40 to 80 0 C.
  • the amount of enzyme is for example 50 mg to 5.0 g / kg of a 5% aqueous starch solution, preferably 200 mg to 2.5 g / kg of 5% aqueous starch solution.
  • the enzymatic degradation of the starch is carried out for example so far that the viscosity of a 2.5 wt .-% - aqueous solution of enzymatically degraded starch 10 to 1 500 mPas, preferably 100 to 800 mPas (Brookfield viscometer, spindle 4, 20 rpm , 20 0 C).
  • Enzymatic degradation of starches is state of the art. Enzymes are defined in EC classes by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, see Enzyme Nomenclature 1992 [Academic Press, San Diego, California, ISBN 0-12-
  • Preferred enzymes are selected from the upper class of "hydrolases EC 3.-.-.-", the class of “glycosylases EC 3.2.-.-” or the subclass “glycosidases, the O- and S-glycosidic compounds can hydrolyze EC 3.2.1.- ".
  • Suitable examples are ⁇ -amylase EC 3.2.1.1., ⁇ -amylase EC 3.2.1.2., ⁇ -amylase EC 3.2.1.3 and pullulanase EC 3.2.1.41.
  • an acid is added to the aqueous solution of the degraded starch to destroy the enzyme and thereby prevent the further degradation of starch.
  • the amount of acid is, for example, 0.1 to 20% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 10% by weight, based on the starch used.
  • glacial acetic acid is used to stop enzymatic starch degradation.
  • an acid containing a phosphorus atom in the molecule e.g.
  • phosphoric acid For example, phosphoric acid, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, peroxophosphoric acid, hypodiphosphonic acid, diphosphonic acid, hypodiphosphoric acid, diphosphoric acid, peroxodiphosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, nitrilotris (methylentriphosphonic acid), ethylenediaminetetrakis (methylentetraphosphonic acid), diethylenetriaminepentakis (methylenephosphonic acid) and / or polyvinylphosphonic acid.
  • Particularly preferred dispersion stabilizers are combinations of at least one surfactant and at least one degraded native starch or at least one water-soluble cationic or anionic starch and mixtures of at least one surfactant and a dispersant of a condensate of naphthalenesulfonic acid and formaldehyde.
  • the condensates of naphthalenesulfonic acid and formaldehyde may optionally be modified by condensing urea.
  • the condensates can be used in the form of the free acids as well as in partially or completely neutralized form.
  • Suitable neutralizing agents are preferably sodium hydroxide solution, potassium hydroxide solution, ammonia, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate.
  • Lignosulfonic acid or its salts are also suitable as dispersants.
  • calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide is also suitable for the partial or complete neutralization of lignin sulfonic acid.
  • the polymerization of the monomers (a) to (d) takes place in the manner of an emulsion polymerization, i. the monomers to be polymerized are present in the polymerization mixture as an aqueous emulsion.
  • the dispersion stabilizers described above are used.
  • a further process variant consists in initially introducing a part (for example 5 to 25%) of the monomers or the monomer emulsion and a part of the dispersion stabilizer in the polymerization reactor, starting the polymerization by adding an initiator and the remaining amount of monomers or Monomer emulsion and optionally dispersion stabilizer continuously or in portions fed to the reactor and the polymerization of the monomers to an end.
  • the polymerization initiator may for example be partially or completely charged in the reactor or metered separately from the remaining monomers or the monomer emulsion into the reactor.
  • the starters which are suitable for the emulsion polymerization are in principle all commonly used polymerization initiators which initiate a free-radical polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers.
  • polymerization initiators which initiate a free-radical polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers.
  • azo compounds such as 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile, 2,2'-azobis (2-methylbutyronitrile), 2,2'-azobis [2-methyl-N - (- 2-hydroxyethyl) propionamide, 1 , 1'-azobis (1-cyclohexanecarbonitrile), 2,2'-azobis (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), 2,2'-azobis (N, N'-dimethyleneisobutyroamidine) dihydrochloride, and 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, organic or inorganic peroxides such as diacetyl peroxid
  • a redox initiator system for the polymerization, preference is given to using a redox initiator system, in particular a redox initiator system which contains as the oxidizing agent a salt of peroxodisulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide or an organic peroxide such as tert-butyl hydroperoxide.
  • the redox initiator systems preferably contain a sulfur compound, which is especially selected from sodium hydrogen sulfite, sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate and the bisulfite adduct of acetone.
  • sulfur compound which is especially selected from sodium hydrogen sulfite, sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate and the bisulfite adduct of acetone.
  • suitable reducing agents are phosphorus-containing compounds such as phosphorous acids, hypophosphites and phosphinates, as well as hydrazine or hydrazine hydrate and ascorbic acid.
  • redox initiator systems may contain an addition of small amounts of redox metal salts, such as iron salts, vanadium salts, copper salts, chromium salts or manganese salts, for example the redox initiator system ascorbic acid / iron (II) sulfate / sodium peroxodisulfate.
  • redox metal salts such as iron salts, vanadium salts, copper salts, chromium salts or manganese salts, for example the redox initiator system ascorbic acid / iron (II) sulfate / sodium peroxodisulfate.
  • Particularly preferred redox initiator systems are acetone bisulfite adduct / organic hydroperoxide such as tert-butyl hydroperoxide; Sodium disulfite (Na2S2 ⁇ s) / organic hydroperoxide such as tert-butyl hydroperoxide; Sodium- hydroxymethanesulfinate / organic hydroperoxide such as tert-butyl hydroperoxide; and ascorbic acid / hydrogen peroxide.
  • the initiator is usually employed in an amount of 0.02 to 2% by weight and in particular 0.05 to 1.5% by weight, based on the amount of the monomers.
  • the optimum amount of initiator naturally depends on the initiator system used and can be determined by the person skilled in the art in routine experiments.
  • the initiator may be partially or completely charged in the reaction vessel. In most cases, a portion of the amount of initiator is taken together with a portion of the monomer emulsion and the remaining initiator is added continuously or batchwise together with the monomers, but separately therefrom.
  • the temperature naturally depends on the initiator system used.
  • the optimum polymerization temperature can be determined by a person skilled in the art with the aid of routine experiments.
  • the polymerization temperature is in the range of 0 to 110 0 C, often in the range of 30 to 95 0 C.
  • the polymerization is usually carried out at atmospheric pressure or ambient pressure. But it can also at elevated pressure, z. B. to 10 bar or at reduced pressure z. B. at 20 to 900 mbar, but usually be carried out at> 800 mbar.
  • the polymerization time is preferably 1 to 120 minutes, in particular 2 to 90 minutes and more preferably 3 to 60 minutes, with longer or shorter polymerization times being possible.
  • a dispersion stabilizer is added to stabilize the resulting emulsion polymers in the emulsion polymerization, preferably at least one surface-active substance is metered in an amount of, for example, up to 5% by weight, e.g. B. 0.1 to 5 wt .-%, based on the monomer to be polymerized monomers.
  • surface-active substances in addition to the nonionic surface-active substances in particular anionic emulsifiers, eg. B.
  • the emulsion polymerization can optionally be carried out in the presence of at least one polymerization regulator.
  • polymerization regulators are organic compounds which contain sulfur in bound form, such as dodecylmercaptan, thiodiglycol, ethylthioethanol, di-n-butylsulfide, di-n-octylsulfide, diphenyl sulfide, diisopropyl disulfide, 2-mercaptoethanol, 1,3-mercaptopropanol, 3 Mercaptopropan-1, 2-diol, 1, 4-mercaptobutanol, thioglycolic acid, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, mercaptosuccinic acid, thioacetic acid and thiourea, aldehydes such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde, organic acids such as formic acid, sodium formate or ammonium formate, alcohols such as in particular Isopropanol and phosphorus compounds such as sodium hypophosphite.
  • the amount used in each case for example, 0.01 to 5, preferably 0.1 to 1 wt .-%, based on the monomers used in the polymerization.
  • Polymerization regulators and crosslinkers can be used together in the polymerization. This can be used, for example, to control the rheology of the resulting polymer dispersions.
  • the polymerization is generally carried out at pH values of 2 to 9, preferably in the weakly acidic range at pH values of 3 to 5.5.
  • the pH can be adjusted to the desired value before or during the polymerization with customary acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or acetic acid or else with bases such as sodium hydroxide solution, potassium hydroxide solution, ammonia, ammonium carbonate, etc.
  • the dispersion is preferably adjusted to a pH of between 5 and 7 using sodium hydroxide solution, potassium hydroxide solution or ammonia.
  • a postpolymerization is advantageously carried out after completion of the actual polymerization.
  • the polymer dispersion after completion of the main polymerization for example, an initiator from the group of hydrogen peroxide, peroxides, hydroperoxides and / or azo starters.
  • suitable reducing agents such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite
  • oil-soluble, sparingly soluble in water initiators are used, for.
  • organic peroxides such as dibenzoyl peroxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, cumyl hydroperoxide or bis-cyclohexylperoxidicarbonat used.
  • the reaction mixture is heated, for example, to a temperature corresponding to the temperature at which the main polymerization was carried out or which is up to 20 0 C, preferably up to 10 0 C higher.
  • the main polymerization is complete when the polymerization initiator is consumed or the monomer conversion is, for example, at least 98%, preferably at least 99.5%.
  • tert-butyl hydroperoxide is preferably used.
  • the polymerization is carried out for example in a temperature range of 40 to 100 0 C, usually 50 to 95 0 C.
  • the polymer dispersions contain dispersed particles having an average particle size of, for example, 20 to 500 nm, preferably 40 to 150 nm.
  • the average particle size can be determined by methods known to the person skilled in the art, such as, for example, laser correlation spectroscopy, ultracentrifugation or CHDF (capillary hydrodynamic fractionation).
  • Another measure of the particle size of the dispersed polymer particles is the LD (translucency) value.
  • the particular polymer dispersion to be examined is measured in 0.1% strength by weight aqueous dilution in a cuvette with an edge length of 2.5 cm with light of wavelength 600 nm and with the appropriate permeability of Water compared under the same measurement conditions.
  • the permeability of water is given as 100%.
  • the finer the dispersion the higher the LD value measured by the method described above.
  • the average particle size can be calculated from the measured values, cf. B. Verner, M. Bärta, B. Sedläcek, Tables of Scattering Functions for Spherical Particles, Prague, 1976, Edice Marco, Rada D-DATA, SVAZEK D-1.
  • the solids content of the polymer dispersion is, for example, 5 to 50% by weight, and is preferably in the range of 15 to 40% by weight.
  • the preferred aqueous polymer dispersions are obtainable by free-radically initiated emulsion copolymerization of
  • aqueous dispersions obtainable by the emulsion polymerization of the monomers (a), (b) and (c) and optionally (d) in the presence of a cationically or anionically modified starch, a degraded native starch or a degraded cationic or anionically modified starch.
  • the emulsion polymerization is carried out in particular in the presence of an enzymatically degraded starch.
  • Particularly finely divided aqueous polymer dispersions are obtained by carrying out the emulsion polymerization in the presence of an emulsifier mixture of a surfactant and an enzymatically degraded starch or a cationically or anionically modified starch.
  • the invention also provides the use of aqueous dispersions which are obtainable by free-radically initiated emulsion polymerization of
  • aqueous dispersion which is obtainable by emulsion polymerization of (a) from 1 to 80% by weight of styrene and / or acrylonitrile,
  • aqueous solutions of a homopolymer of Pyrrolidonoethylacrylat and / or Pyrrolidonoethylmethacrylat and their water-soluble copolymers eg. B. aqueous solutions of a copolymer
  • the water-soluble homopolymers and copolymers of pyrrolidone ethyl acrylate and / or pyrrolidone ethyl methacrylate can be prepared by processes known from the cited prior art (cf., in particular, DE-A 20 48 312), for example US Pat. B. by methods of free-radically initiated polymerization, in particular the solution polymerization.
  • the polymers are referred to in the present context as water-soluble, if dissolve in water at a temperature of 20 0 C, at least 5 g / l, preferably at least 10 g / l and in particular at least 20 g / l polymer.
  • the solution polymerization can be carried out both as a batch process and in the form of a feed process, including monomer feed, stepwise and gradient cooking.
  • the feed process in which optionally part of the polymerization mixture is introduced, is heated to the polymerization temperature and then the remainder of the polymerization mixture, usually via one or more, spatially separate feeds, continuously, stepwise or with superposition of a concentration gradient while maintaining the tion of the polymerization of the polymerization zone.
  • the preparation of the solution polymers is preferably carried out in solvents such as water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, toluene or mixtures of these solvents.
  • solvents such as water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, toluene or mixtures of these solvents.
  • the amounts of monomers and solvents are expediently chosen such that 30 to 70% strength by weight solutions are formed.
  • the polymerization is usually carried out at temperatures of 50 to 140 0 C and at atmospheric pressure or under autogenous pressure.
  • the water-soluble and water-insoluble peroxo and / or azo compounds customary for this purpose can be used, for example alkali metal or ammonium peroxide sulfites, dibenzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl perpivalate, tert-butyl per-2-ethylhexanoate, di-tert. -butyl peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, azo-bis-isobutyronitrile, azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride or 2,2'-azobis (2-methylbutyronitrile).
  • alkali metal or ammonium peroxide sulfites dibenzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl perpivalate, tert-butyl per-2-ethylhexanoate, di-tert. -butyl peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, azo-bis-isobuty
  • initiator mixtures or redox initiator systems such as ascorbic acid / iron (II) sulfate / sodium peroxodisulfate, tert-butyl hydroperoxide / sodium sulfite, tert.
  • Butyl hydroperoxide / sodium can be used in the customary amounts, for example in amounts of from 0.05 to 5% by weight, based on the amount of the monomers to be polymerized.
  • Suitable regulators are, for example, aldehydes, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde and isobutyraldehyde, formic acid, ammonium formate, hydroxylammonium sulfate and hydroxylammonium phosphate.
  • regulators which contain sulfur in organically bound form such as di-n-butylsulfide, di-n-octylsulfide, diphenylsulfide, etc.
  • regulators which contain sulfur in the form of SH groups such as n-butylmercaptan, n Hexylmercaptan or n-dodecylmercaptan.
  • water-soluble, sulfur-containing polymerization regulators such as, for example, hydrogen sulfites and disulfites.
  • allyl compounds such as allyl alcohol or allyl bromide
  • benzyl compounds such as benzyl chloride or alkyl halides, such as chloroform or tetrachloromethane.
  • the resulting in the polymerization solutions may optionally by means of
  • Solvent exchange are transferred to an aqueous solution.
  • a steam distillation is carried out until a temperature of about 100 0 C is reached at the top of the column.
  • the resulting solutions in the polymerization may be converted to solid powders by a drying process according to the prior art.
  • Preferred methods are, for example, spray drying, spray fluidized bed drying, drum drying and belt drying. Also applicable are freeze-drying and freezing concentration.
  • the solvent may also be prepared by conventional methods, e.g. For example, distillation at reduced pressure, partially or completely removed.
  • the treatment of paper and paper products such as cardboard, with the dispersions according to the invention and / or the abovementioned water-soluble polymers which contain at least one (meth) acrylic ester of an N-hydroxyalkylated lactam copolymerized leads to an improvement in the inkjet - Printability of the papers and paper products treated with it.
  • the invention therefore also provides an ink-jet paper obtainable by treating at least one surface of a paper or a paper product with an aqueous dispersion obtainable by free-radically initiated emulsion polymerization of
  • polymers which comprise at least one acrylate of an N-hydroxyalkylated lactam and / or at least one methacrylic acid ester of an N-hydroxyalkylated lactam in copolymerized form.
  • Examples of paper types whose ink-jet printability can be improved are all graphic papers, plain paper, coated papers or cardboard.
  • the treatment is carried out, for example, by applying an aqueous dispersion or aqueous solution of the above-described polymers to the surface of paper and drying the paper thus treated.
  • the surface application can take place, for example, with the aid of a size press, a film press, a spraying device, a coating unit or a paper calender. It is possible either to treat only the upper side or the lower side of a paper over the entire surface with the preparation solution or dispersion or to impregnate both sides simultaneously or successively with it.
  • the polymers are applied to the surface of paper in an amount of 0.01 to 5 g / m 2 , for example.
  • the K values were determined according to H. Fikentscher, Cellulose-Chemie, Vol. 13, 58-64 and 71-74 (1932) in 1% strength aqueous or 1% strength ethanolic solution at a temperature of 25 ° C. ,
  • ⁇ -amylase 1%, Novo Nordisk
  • the feed time of the monomer feed was 120 min. At the same time started a feed of 33.6 g of 18% hydrogen peroxide solution over a period of 150 min. The mixture was post-polymerized for 30 minutes, then 4 g of t-butyl hydroperoxide were added to give a 10% strength and cooled to 60 0 C. Then added to another 5.7 g of t-butyl hydroperoxide 10% strength and stirred the reaction mixture for a further 30 min at 60 0 C After cooling to 30 0 C was neutralized with 23 g of sodium hydroxide solution (25% aqueous solution).
  • ⁇ -amylase 1%, Novo Nordisk
  • reaction mixture was stirred for a further 60 min at 90 0 C, then cooled to 40 0 C and 2.62 g of 10% hydrogen peroxide solution and a mixture of 2.68 g ascorbic acid solution (10% aqueous solution) and 0 , 31 g of iron (II) sulfate solution (1% aqueous solution) was added.
  • the mixture was polymerized for 30 minutes and then partially neutralized with 2.95 g of sodium hydroxide solution (25% strength). A polymer dispersion having a solids content of 38.0% and an average particle size of 156 nm was obtained.
  • ⁇ -amylase 1%, Novo Nordisk
  • II iron
  • a monomer feed consisting of 33.33 g of demineralized water, 0.17 g of a mixture of Na salt of alkanesulfonates having an average chain length of C15 (40%), 68.4 g of acrylonitrile, 51, 8 g n Butyl acrylate and 21, 2 g of pyrrolidono-N-ethyl acrylate.
  • the feed time of the monomer feed was 120 min.
  • a feed of 33.6 g of 18% hydrogen peroxide solution was started over a period of 150 minutes.
  • the mixture was polymerized for 30 minutes and cooled to 60 0 C.
  • ⁇ -amylase 1%, Novo Nordisk
  • a 500 ml reaction vessel with process-controlled oil bath, anchor stirrer and thermometer was used.
  • the vessel has connections for an inlet, a reflux condenser and nitrogen inlet.
  • the polymers listed in Table 1 were tested to improve the ink-jet printability of paper.
  • the determination of the degree of sizing was carried out according to Cobb ⁇ O in accordance with DIN EN 20 535.
  • the ink floating time (“TSD") was carried out in accordance with DIN 53 126 with a Textilprüfinte blue.
  • the color density of the papers printed with ink-jet was measured using a densitometer from Gretag according to DIN 16536.
  • the line widths were determined by image analysis with a commercially available system.
  • the water resistance of the ink jet prints was determined by comparing the optical density before and after the watering of the printed papers.
  • solution polymers 1 to 4 were applied to paper according to the composition of the size press formulation shown in Table 4 and dried.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des dispersions aqueuses de polymères contenant des esters de l'acide (méth)acrylique de motifs lactame N-hydroxyalkylées, lesquelles dispersions peuvent être obtenues par polymérisation radicalaire en émulsion, en copolymérisant comme monomères (a) le styrène, l'acrylonitrile, le méthacrylonitrile et/ou le méthacrylate de méthyle, (b) au moins un acrylate d'alkyle C<SUB>1</SUB>-C<SUB>18</SUB> et/ou au moins un méthacrylate d'alkyle C<SUB>2</SUB>-C<SUB>18</SUB>, (c) au moins un acrylate d'un lactame N-hydroxyalkylé et/ou au moins un ester de l'acide méthacrylique d'un lactame N-hydroxyalkylé et (d) éventuellement d'autres monomères éthyléniquement insaturés. L'invention concerne également l'utilisation de ces dispersions aqueuses et/ou de polymères qui contiennent au moins un acrylate d'un lactame N-hydroxyalkylé et/ou au moins un ester de l'acide méthacrylique d'un lactame N-hydroxyalkylé copolymérisé(s), dans le traitement de surface du papier et de produits papetiers ainsi que les papiers jet d'encre ainsi obtenus.
EP08750311A 2007-05-18 2008-05-15 Dispersions aqueuses de polymères contenant des esters de l'acide (méth)acrylique de motifs lactame n-hydroxyalkylé et l'utilisation de polymères contenant des esters de l'acide (méth)acrylique de motifs lactame n-hydroxyalkylé Withdrawn EP2158278A1 (fr)

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EP08750311A EP2158278A1 (fr) 2007-05-18 2008-05-15 Dispersions aqueuses de polymères contenant des esters de l'acide (méth)acrylique de motifs lactame n-hydroxyalkylé et l'utilisation de polymères contenant des esters de l'acide (méth)acrylique de motifs lactame n-hydroxyalkylé

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EP07108448 2007-05-18
PCT/EP2008/055986 WO2008142003A1 (fr) 2007-05-18 2008-05-15 Dispersions aqueuses de polymères contenant des esters de l'acide (méth)acrylique de motifs lactame n-hydroxyalkylé et l'utilisation de polymères contenant des esters de l'acide (méth)acrylique de motifs lactame n-hydroxyalkylé
EP08750311A EP2158278A1 (fr) 2007-05-18 2008-05-15 Dispersions aqueuses de polymères contenant des esters de l'acide (méth)acrylique de motifs lactame n-hydroxyalkylé et l'utilisation de polymères contenant des esters de l'acide (méth)acrylique de motifs lactame n-hydroxyalkylé

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EP2501728B1 (fr) * 2009-11-20 2015-01-07 Isp Investments Inc. Polymères d'ester alkylique de lactame et leurs utilisations
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