EP2150706A1 - Gas-dynamic pressure wave machine - Google Patents
Gas-dynamic pressure wave machineInfo
- Publication number
- EP2150706A1 EP2150706A1 EP08748769A EP08748769A EP2150706A1 EP 2150706 A1 EP2150706 A1 EP 2150706A1 EP 08748769 A EP08748769 A EP 08748769A EP 08748769 A EP08748769 A EP 08748769A EP 2150706 A1 EP2150706 A1 EP 2150706A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cell
- pressure wave
- wave machine
- machine according
- rotor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000000567 combustion gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005476 soldering Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011265 semifinished product Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 abstract description 28
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 168
- 239000000306 component Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 10
- 210000002421 cell wall Anatomy 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005219 brazing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008358 core component Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000414 obstructive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04F—PUMPING OF FLUID BY DIRECT CONTACT OF ANOTHER FLUID OR BY USING INERTIA OF FLUID TO BE PUMPED; SIPHONS
- F04F13/00—Pressure exchangers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B33/00—Engines characterised by provision of pumps for charging or scavenging
- F02B33/32—Engines with pumps other than of reciprocating-piston type
- F02B33/42—Engines with pumps other than of reciprocating-piston type with driven apparatus for immediate conversion of combustion gas pressure into pressure of fresh charge, e.g. with cell-type pressure exchangers
Definitions
- the invention relates to a gas-dynamic pressure wave machine for charging an internal combustion engine according to the features in the preamble of patent claim 1.
- Charging systems that generate gas-dynamic processes in closed gas channels and use them for charging are generally referred to as pressure wave superchargers or pressure wave machines.
- the cell rotors used in pressure wave machines are made of cast material.
- the cell rotors are cylindrical and usually have axially straight, cross-section constant running channels extending from the hot gas to the cold gas side. It is known to actively drive the rotor in pressure wave chargers, which are used as charge air compressors for internal combustion engines.
- EP 0 235 609 A1 also includes a freewheeling device driven by the gas forces Pressure wave loader to the prior art.
- the cell rotor has axially parallel or obliquely to the rotor axis or helically wound cell separation walls. The drive of the cell rotor is effected by the action of the cell walls by high-pressure exhaust gases, which open in the rotor housing via gas channels at a corresponding loading angle and set by the entry of the exhaust gas, the cell rotor in rotation.
- a pressure exchanger with a frusto-conical rotor is known.
- the radial height of the individual rotor cells varies in the longitudinal direction of the rotor.
- EP 0 431 433 A1 a pressure exchanger for an internal combustion engine is shown, wherein the pressure exchanger should have an increased flushing energy.
- the individual cells of the cell rotor should generally have a constant cross section along their longitudinal axes, which only succeeds due to the inclination of the cells with respect to the longitudinal axis of the rotor in that the cell height decreases.
- Aerodynamic pressure wave machines are also known from DE 1 428 029 B for the state of the art, in which cylindrical rotors are used.
- the individual cells may be connected to a shroud and a hub mechanically, by welding or by soldering. Also, the production of cells from box sections or a meander-like curved band is possible. From GB 1 058 577 A it is known to provide several concentric cell rings. There are also different approaches to cell geometry. In GB 920 624 A it is proposed that Build cell dividing walls from Z-shaped bent sheets.
- the individual cells may also be configured honeycomb, as shown in GB 840 408 A. When the cells are arranged in a plurality of concentric rings, it is possible according to the teaching of GB 920 908 to provide cell cross-sections which differ from ring to ring.
- EP 0 143 956 A1 proposes to coat the cells of the cellular wheel with a catalyst material.
- the problem with today's systems is the thermal load collective, which is subject to the entire component geometry of the cell rotor. As can be found on the hot gas side of the cell rotor temperatures up to 1100 0 C and the cold-gas side temperatures of up to 200 0 C. A thermally induced distortion of components and a resulting sub-optimal efficiency are the result. Problems occur in particular in the gap dimensional accuracy between the gas-conducting elements.
- the gas inlet angle are not optimal.
- Cast cell rotors also have a high moment of inertia, due to relatively large wall thicknesses.
- the casting technology production of fine cell structures is very expensive. Cast manufacturing also requires relatively expensive inspection procedures and high reject rates.
- the invention is based on the object, a gas-dynamic pressure wave machine for charging an internal combustion engine, in particular with regard to the design of the Cell rotor to optimize in terms of manufacturing technology and to increase the efficiency of the pressure wave machine.
- the essence of the invention can be seen in the fact that the outer circumference of the cell rotor increases from its exhaust side to its charge air side.
- This, in effect, non-cylindrical design of the cell rotor brings with it the possibility of being built, i. non-cast, cell rotors with high manufacturing accuracy cost-effectively.
- the reason is that the individual cell dividing walls between adjacent cells, while maintaining close dimensional tolerances, in particular while maintaining close joining gaps, with the jacket elements radially limiting the cells inside and outside, i. on the outside with an outer sheath and the inside with an inner sheath, can be connected.
- a previously manufactured outer sheath can be slipped over the individual cell walls as it were, so that the joint gap becomes minimal due to displacement of the outer sheath or of the inner sheath in the longitudinal extent of the cell rotor, which results in a cost-effective, reliable and very precise connection the individual components, in particular by soldering or fusion welding processes enabled.
- the jacket elements of the cell rotor can therefore be made somewhat longer than the individual cell dividing walls in order to ensure by Relatiwerlagerung in the direction of the common longitudinal axis that the joint gap is as small as possible.
- the non-cylindrical outer contour of the cell rotor also allows self-centering of the jacket elements during the joining process.
- you wanted to build cylindrical cell rotors you had to work much tighter Tolerance ranges are met in order to realize circumferentially consistently small joining gaps can.
- the cell rotor is preferably formed frusto-conical. This information refers to its external geometry.
- the shape of the outer geometry also determines the internal geometry of the cell rotor, since the height of a cell measured in the radial direction should remain constant over the longitudinal extent of the cell rotor. Nevertheless, the cross-sectional area of the individual cells increases from the exhaust side to the charge air side, since the annular area of a cell ring from the charge air side to the exhaust side also increases, but the number of cells remains constant. Increasing the cross-sectional area toward the exhaust side results in a reduction in the velocity of the combustion gas within a cell and thus in a pressure increase, which can increase the efficiency and charge level achieved by the pressure wave machine.
- the advantages of the invention are not only in frustoconical cell rotors to bear, but also when the outer jacket of the cell rotor is curved in the longitudinal extension of the cell rotor and, accordingly, all cells are curved in their longitudinal extent, in the sense that they are on the cold gas side at a greater distance to the axis of rotation of the cell rotor run as on the acted upon by exhaust gas hot gas side.
- the curvature may be constant over the length of the cell rotor.
- the curvature of the outer shell increases from the exhaust side to the charge air side.
- the lateral surface can therefore be parabolically curved in the longitudinal extent of the cell rotor or form a parabolic rotational body.
- the angle between the axis of rotation or longitudinal axis of the cell rotor and its outer jacket can be up to 50 °.
- the angle may vary depending on the curvature or slope of the outer shell. The angle is preferably greater than 20 °.
- the cell rotor can be assembled from semi-finished products of different materials.
- metallic materials in particular steels of different chemical composition with different mechanical properties
- the individual cells can be formed from thin sheet metal elements.
- the gas guide grid formed of the cell dividing walls can be made of bent, thin sheet metal elements and connected to the outer and inner supporting structural elements, i. an outer sheath and an inner sheath to be connected.
- the finely structured cell dividing walls preferably consist of a thin stainless steel foil with wall thicknesses that can be in the range of 0.05-1.0 mm.
- the jacket may be formed from a conical expansion of a cylindrical tubular component, i. by cold forming.
- the selection of materials suitable for the requirements enables a reduction of the mass and in relation to cast components a significant reduction of the mass moment of inertia.
- the obstruction and blind surfaces resulting from the individual cell dividing walls can be reduced as much as possible, with an optimum being sought between as many cells as possible and the smallest possible blind surface or obstructive surface.
- the optimal ratio of the cross-sectional areas of the cells to the cross-sectional area of the individual cell dividing walls is essentially material-dependent, since the individual cell dividing walls are subject to strong mechanical and thermal stresses.
- the design of the cell rotor according to the invention is closed on the periphery.
- the rotor can be 1 to 3 concentric cell rings, which are separated by concentric shell elements, provided.
- the jacket element separating the cell rings is at the same time the outer jacket for the inner cell ring and the inner jacket for the outer cell ring.
- a cell rotor usually has equal cell cross-sections over its entire circumference.
- the cell rotor according to the invention it is possible to build pressure wave machines tuned to the respective internal combustion engine by arranging irregularly distributed cells over the circumference of the cell rotor in the circumferential extent. In other words, the noise development can be extremely limited or even prevented by varying the distances between the individual cell dividing walls.
- the sound pressure wave from the exhaust tract of the internal combustion engine can be chopped up by the plurality of individual cells, so that the outlet side of the cell a uniform exit gas flow is formed, which has only small pressure fluctuations and thus minimal acoustic emissions.
- the particular advantage over cell rotors produced by casting technology is that, by changing the position of individual cell dividing walls, resonant vibrations can be easily or at the same time inexpensively restricted or prevented.
- an irregular sequence of cells of different widths or different circumferential extents is provided.
- two cells of different widths are uneven, that is, distributed as irregularly as possible over the circumference of the cell rotor Repetitions and thus the possibility to be stimulated to resonant vibrations to avoid.
- the irregular distribution of the cells over the circumference refers not only to a single cell ring, but to the cells of all cell rings. In this case, it may be favorable if the relative deviations in the circumferential extent between the cells of each cell ring are the same. If the cells of a cell ring extend, for example, in one above 2 ° and in the other case above 3.5 °, then this ratio also applies to the cells of other cell rings.
- the cells in cross-section are circular ring pieces.
- balancing rings may be provided, which are preferably mounted on both ends of the cell wheel.
- the balancing rings serve on the one hand to support the filigree cell system and also fulfill a sealing function to the adjacent exhaust pipes or charge air ducts. About the balancing rings an additional fixing of the outer jacket is possible.
- the balancing rings also serve to compensate for uneven mass distributions.
- the surface of the cell dividing walls is specifically roughened to minimize the gas friction on the cell dividing walls.
- This roughened surface structure leads to a fluidic boundary layer minimization and to an improvement of the flow conditions within the individual cells. Also, this feature of the roughened surface structure can be relatively easily and inexpensively realized in built cell wheels in contrast to casting solutions.
- the cell partitions at least partially with a catalytic coating which already causes additional exhaust gas purification processes during the charging of the exhaust gas.
- the cell rotor according to the invention can rotate with respect to the inlet angle of the gas flow through obliquely to the direction of rotation cell walls be offset.
- the cell walls can be parallel to the axis or oblique to the rotor axis.
- Another advantage of the pressure wave machine according to the invention is that with the same length of the gas channels or the individual cells, the overall length of the cell rotor can be shortened overall. This effect is all the more pronounced, the greater the angle between the central longitudinal axis of the cell rotor and the outer jacket.
- the very decisive advantage of the invention can be seen in the improved manufacturability of the cell rotor.
- the materially and / or positively connected to the outer shell or the inner jacket cell walls can be added inexpensively with high precision.
- the cell system can be mechanically connected to the adjacent jacket elements.
- brazing processes are considered.
- Possible dimensional differences can be largely reduced by non-cylindrical design, in particular by conicity of the components.
- a Nachjustieriana due to the self-centering of individual components of the pressure waves of the cell rotor is possible, as well as process changes in the production of the cell rotor and geometry changes are flexible and possible in less time.
- the supporting inner system of the cell rotor can be made by machining.
- This is a shaft with corresponding storage means, on which corresponding sealing means are provided.
- manufacturing methods such as bending, deep-drawing or hydroforming can be used for producing the individual components of the cell rotor, with the choice of the production method being essentially dependent on the component geometry.
- the choice of the production method being essentially dependent on the component geometry.
- the cell dividing walls are alternately connected to one another in the region of the outer jacket and in the region of the inner jacket, and components of one in the circumferential direction of the cell rotor extending, meandering shaped cell plate are.
- Such a cell plate is brought in the assembly due to the small wall thicknesses in the desired non-cylindrical shape, in particular a cone shape, and joined with the outer shell and the inner shell.
- double Z-shaped configured cell walls are conceivable, the middle cross section of such configured cell walls so to speak forms a sheath extending between the radially outer and radially inner region of the cell walls or cells and thus effectively forms a separation jacket.
- the cell dividing walls may be part of cell elements profiled in a U-shaped cross-section, i. are generally part of open hollow sections.
- the cell dividing walls are part of thin-walled, closed hollow profiles.
- a number of square profiles could be spaced apart around the circumference.
- Figure 1 shows a longitudinal section through a rotor of a pressure wave machine and characters
- FIG. 1 shows a cell rotor 1, which forms the core component of a gas-dynamic pressure wave machine for charging an internal combustion engine.
- the cell rotor 1 is rotatably mounted in a manner not shown in a housing about its longitudinal axis LA. It is located between a charge air supply line and a combustion gas exhaust line.
- the arrow A indicates the inflow direction of charge air.
- the air taken up inside the cell rotor 1 is compressed by inflowing exhaust gases flowing into the cell rotor 1 from the opposite side in the direction of the arrow B.
- the compressed intake air is expelled in the direction of the arrow C.
- the exhaust gas exits in the direction of the arrow D from the cell rotor 1.
- the cell rotor 1 has a peripherally closed outer shell 2, which is formed in this embodiment, cone-shaped. As a result, the cell rotor as a whole has the shape of a truncated cone.
- the outer periphery of the cell rotor increases from its exhaust side 3 to its charge air side 4 towards.
- the cell rotor is mounted on a shaft 5, which may be coupled in a manner not shown with drive means.
- the shaft 5 carries a frusto-conical hub 6, to which a cell structure of the cell rotor 1 is attached.
- the gas-permeable areas of the cell rotor 1 are divided into two concentric cell rings 7, 8.
- the cell rings 7, 8 are each closed in the radial direction, so that a gas exchange can take place only in the longitudinal orientation of the cell rotor 1.
- the height of the individual cells measured in the radial direction is constant. That is, the outer jacket 2 is parallel to an inner jacket 9 of the outer cell ring.
- this inner casing 9 is to be regarded as the outer casing 9 'which, together with a further radially inner inner casing 10 radially inner cell ring 8 limited in the radial direction.
- the jacket elements 2, 9, 10 are concentric with one another.
- the cell rotor 1 has a multiplicity of cells 11, 12, 13, 14. Between the individual cells 11-14 are cell dividing walls 15, which are formed from sheet metal elements. The cell dividing walls 11-15 are preferably materially connected by soldering or fusion welding to the respective inner shell 9, 10 or the respective outer shell 2, 9 '.
- each cell ring 7, 8 there are two cells of different circumferential extent.
- the respective cell types 11, 12; 13, 14 are preferably arranged distributed regularly over the circumference of the cell rotor 1.
- the angle W is additionally drawn, which is measured between the outer shell 2 and the longitudinal axis LA of the cell rotor 1 and a maximum of 50 °.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102007021367A DE102007021367B4 (en) | 2007-05-04 | 2007-05-04 | Gas dynamic pressure wave machine |
PCT/DE2008/000693 WO2008135012A1 (en) | 2007-05-04 | 2008-04-23 | Gas-dynamic pressure wave machine |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2150706A1 true EP2150706A1 (en) | 2010-02-10 |
EP2150706B1 EP2150706B1 (en) | 2010-10-20 |
Family
ID=39620239
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP08748769A Expired - Fee Related EP2150706B1 (en) | 2007-05-04 | 2008-04-23 | Gas-dynamic pressure wave machine |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20100154413A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2150706B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4938889B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101095123B1 (en) |
DE (2) | DE102007021367B4 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2008135012A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
PT2349604E (en) | 2008-11-21 | 2013-03-04 | Mec Lasertec Ag | Method for producing a cellular wheel |
DE102009023217B4 (en) | 2009-05-29 | 2014-08-28 | Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh | Built hub for a pressure wave loader |
Family Cites Families (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1056094B (en) * | 1955-05-11 | 1959-04-30 | Dudley Brian Spalding | Process and device for carrying out controlled chemical reactions in the presence of gaseous or vaporous reaction components |
GB840408A (en) * | 1958-02-28 | 1960-07-06 | Power Jets Res & Dev Ltd | Improvements in and relating to pressure exchangers |
GB920908A (en) * | 1961-01-20 | 1963-03-13 | Power Jets Res & Dev Ltd | Improvements in or relating to pressure exchangers |
GB920624A (en) * | 1961-02-21 | 1963-03-13 | Power Jets Res & Dev Ltd | Improvements in or relating to pressure exchanger cell rings |
DE1428029B2 (en) * | 1963-08-14 | 1971-12-23 | Aktiengesellschaft Brown, Boven & Cie, Baden (Schweiz) | AERODYNAMIC PRESSURE SHAFT MACHINE |
GB1058577A (en) * | 1964-07-30 | 1967-02-15 | Power Jets Res & Dev Ltd | Improvements in or relating to pressure exchanger cell rings |
BE790403A (en) * | 1971-10-21 | 1973-04-20 | Gen Power Corp | INTEGRAL WAVE TURBO-COMPRESSOR |
US4002414A (en) * | 1971-10-21 | 1977-01-11 | Coleman Jr Richard R | Compressor-expander rotor as employed with an integral turbo-compressor wave engine |
EP0143956B1 (en) * | 1983-11-30 | 1988-05-04 | BBC Brown Boveri AG | Pressure exchanger |
DE3762535D1 (en) * | 1986-02-28 | 1990-06-07 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | THROUGH THE GAS FORCE DRIVEN, FREEWHEELING PRESSURE SHAFT LOADER. |
DE3906551A1 (en) * | 1989-03-02 | 1990-09-06 | Asea Brown Boveri | GAS DYNAMIC PRESSURE WAVE MACHINE |
DE3906554A1 (en) * | 1989-03-02 | 1990-09-06 | Asea Brown Boveri | GAS DYNAMIC PRESSURE WAVE MACHINE |
DD285397A5 (en) * | 1989-06-28 | 1990-12-12 | Tu Dresden,Direkt. Forsch.,Dd | GAS-DYNAMIC DRUCKELLING MACHINE WITH NON-CONSTANT CELL-SECTIONAL CUTTING |
NO168548C (en) * | 1989-11-03 | 1992-03-04 | Leif J Hauge | PRESS CHANGER. |
CH680680A5 (en) * | 1989-12-06 | 1992-10-15 | Asea Brown Boveri | |
US6606866B2 (en) * | 1998-05-12 | 2003-08-19 | Amerigon Inc. | Thermoelectric heat exchanger |
US6460342B1 (en) * | 1999-04-26 | 2002-10-08 | Advanced Research & Technology Institute | Wave rotor detonation engine |
JP7035730B2 (en) * | 2018-03-30 | 2022-03-15 | 住友大阪セメント株式会社 | Optical waveguide element |
-
2007
- 2007-05-04 DE DE102007021367A patent/DE102007021367B4/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2008
- 2008-04-23 JP JP2010506796A patent/JP4938889B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-04-23 DE DE502008001600T patent/DE502008001600D1/en active Active
- 2008-04-23 EP EP08748769A patent/EP2150706B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-04-23 KR KR1020097015513A patent/KR101095123B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2008-04-23 WO PCT/DE2008/000693 patent/WO2008135012A1/en active Application Filing
- 2008-04-23 US US12/377,057 patent/US20100154413A1/en not_active Abandoned
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2008135012A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE502008001600D1 (en) | 2010-12-02 |
KR20090098899A (en) | 2009-09-17 |
DE102007021367B4 (en) | 2008-12-24 |
WO2008135012A1 (en) | 2008-11-13 |
JP4938889B2 (en) | 2012-05-23 |
US20100154413A1 (en) | 2010-06-24 |
KR101095123B1 (en) | 2011-12-16 |
DE102007021367A1 (en) | 2008-11-13 |
EP2150706B1 (en) | 2010-10-20 |
JP2010526242A (en) | 2010-07-29 |
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