EP2129745A2 - Processus de centrale électrique en cascade d'un genre nouveau et procédé pour produire des transporteurs d'hydrogène utilisables de manière réversible dans un tel processus de centrale électrique - Google Patents

Processus de centrale électrique en cascade d'un genre nouveau et procédé pour produire des transporteurs d'hydrogène utilisables de manière réversible dans un tel processus de centrale électrique

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Publication number
EP2129745A2
EP2129745A2 EP07857286A EP07857286A EP2129745A2 EP 2129745 A2 EP2129745 A2 EP 2129745A2 EP 07857286 A EP07857286 A EP 07857286A EP 07857286 A EP07857286 A EP 07857286A EP 2129745 A2 EP2129745 A2 EP 2129745A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
reaction
silicon
reaction region
energy
partial
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP07857286A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Florian Krass
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Silicon Fire AG
Original Assignee
Silicon Fire AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from EP06126325A external-priority patent/EP1918248A3/fr
Priority claimed from EP07100387A external-priority patent/EP1857640A3/fr
Priority claimed from US11/746,608 external-priority patent/US20070264183A1/en
Application filed by Silicon Fire AG filed Critical Silicon Fire AG
Priority to EP07857286A priority Critical patent/EP2129745A2/fr
Publication of EP2129745A2 publication Critical patent/EP2129745A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B21/00—Nitrogen; Compounds thereof
    • C01B21/06—Binary compounds of nitrogen with metals, with silicon, or with boron, or with carbon, i.e. nitrides; Compounds of nitrogen with more than one metal, silicon or boron
    • C01B21/068—Binary compounds of nitrogen with metals, with silicon, or with boron, or with carbon, i.e. nitrides; Compounds of nitrogen with more than one metal, silicon or boron with silicon
    • C01B21/0682—Preparation by direct nitridation of silicon
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis

Definitions

  • Novel cascaded power plant process and method for providing reversible hydrogen carriers in such a power plant process are novel cascaded power plant process and method for providing reversible hydrogen carriers in such a power plant process
  • Carbon dioxide (usually called carbon dioxide) is a chemical compound of carbon and oxygen. Carbon dioxide is a colorless and odorless gas. It is a natural constituent of the air at a low concentration and is produced in living beings during cellular respiration, but also in the combustion of carbonaceous substances under sufficient oxygen. Since the beginning of Industrialization increases the CO 2 share in the atmosphere significantly. The main reason for this is man-made - the so-called anthropogenic - C0 2 emissions.
  • the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere absorbs part of the heat radiation. This property makes carbon dioxide a so-called greenhouse gas and is one of the contributors to the greenhouse effect.
  • water glass a mixture of sand with acid or alkali, wherein the water glass is mixed with mineral oils in order to supply the hydrocarbon fraction necessary for the invention (microemulsion process).
  • the invention can also be used particularly advantageously, for example to clean the beaches and sandbanks soiled after a tanker accident.
  • Best suited for this purpose is a vehicle, preferably a ship, which is equipped with one or more reaction areas according to the invention.
  • the polluted sand and heavy oil can be treated on site and converted into valuable products without polluting the environment. At the same time energy is gained.
  • Silicon components are also present in gneiss, mica, granite, shale and bauxite. Consequently, these rocks can also be used.
  • the object of the present invention is to identify such possible raw materials and to describe their technical representation.
  • the chemical considerations used in the process are characterized in that both the silica present in the sands and slates and other mixtures participate in a reaction and a reversible hydrogen carrier is provided.
  • Characteristic of the invention is the cascaded sequence of individual reactions (also referred to herein as energy-matter-cascade coupling or EMF 2 ). These individual reactions are coupled to each other so that either the amount of energy released increases with each reaction step, or other (preferably higher-value or higher-energy) reaction products are provided with each reaction step. For this purpose, the individual reaction areas in which partial reactions take place are thermally and / or connected to one another for the transfer of reactants.
  • EMF 2 energy-matter-cascade coupling
  • the use of the number "1" is not meant that this partial reaction as Possibly, within the scope of this 1st partial reaction, a mixture of one or more of the stated starting materials is used, which have been chemically liquefied by adding an acid or alkali in order to improve, for example, the conveyability through pipes the heating by means of the primary energy supplier, the acid or alkali are recovered.
  • One preferred embodiment of the invention utilizes, inter alia, the fact that silicon (e.g., as a powder at a suitable temperature) can be directly reacted with pure (cold) nitrogen (e.g., nitrogen from ambient air) to silicon nitride after ignition because the reaction is highly exothermic.
  • pure (cold) nitrogen e.g., nitrogen from ambient air
  • the resulting heat can be used in reactors, for example in power plant processes. This conversion of silicon to silicon nitride is referred to here as the 2nd partial reaction.
  • the silicon produced in the novel first partial reaction in power plant processes from oil sands, oil shale, bauxite, gneiss, mica, granite and / or shale is surface-active and could be catalytically treated (eg with magnesium and / or aluminum as catalyst) with hydrogen, with monosilane arises.
  • This conversion from silicon to monosilane is referred to here as 3rd partial reaction.
  • This monosilane can be removed from the reaction space and subjected to another catalytic pressure reaction elsewhere (fourth partial reaction).
  • Si + SiH 4 ⁇ (with cat as Pt oa) ⁇ Si (SiH 4 ) + SiH n (SiH 4 ) m + Si n H m
  • silanes represent longer-chained silanes, which can be used both in the technology of the fuel cell or engines. These silanes are one possible form of a reversible hydrogen carrier.
  • N 2 atmosphere are nitrided at temperatures of about 1400 0 C to silicon nitride Si 3 N 4 in the inventive process also silicon in nitrogen (for example, Si powder).
  • This type of implementation is a variant of the 2nd partial reaction.
  • the silicon nitride can then be converted to NH 3 , for example by hydrolysis.
  • An example of the reaction occurring in such a hydrolysis is given in the following equation:
  • NH 3 and silicon dioxide are formed.
  • the NH 3 is an excellent hydrogen carrier. Since the hydrolysis of silicon nitride proceeds relatively slowly, according to the invention, the silicon nitride is used either as a flake, as a powder or in a porous form. This results in a clear larger surface area, which makes the hydrolysis of the silicon nitride much more efficient and faster. This approach is based on the finding that so-called surface hydrolysis plays an essential role in the hydrolysis of silicon nitride. The targeted enlargement of the surfaces of the silicon nitride thus makes the hydrolysis more efficient.
  • Hydrolysis is referred to herein as the 5th partial reaction.
  • Particularly effective here is the use of Si 3 N 4 nanostructures or crystals, which can be obtained, for example, from a sol-gel process.
  • the energy for the sol-gel process can in turn be taken from one of the partial reactions according to the invention.
  • the silicon, the NH 3 , but also the silanes are excellent energy sources that can be easily transported to a consumer to split off hydrogen there.
  • hydrogen peroxide is more suitable as an energy source.
  • the hydrogen peroxide can be produced in a further partial reaction according to the invention, which is bound to a
  • Power plant process coupled or integrated into such a process.
  • FIG. 1 shows a diagram of a first partial reaction according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 shows a scheme of a second partial reaction according to the invention
  • 3 shows a scheme of a third partial reaction according to the invention
  • 4 shows a diagram of a fourth partial reaction according to the invention
  • 5 is a schematic of a fifth partial reaction according to the invention
  • 6 is a schematic of a sixth partial reaction according to the invention
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic of a seventh partial reaction according to the invention
  • FIG. 8 shows a diagram of an eighth partial reaction according to the invention
  • 9 is a schematic of a ninth partial reaction according to the invention
  • 10 is a schematic of a tenth partial reaction according to the invention
  • 11 is a schematic of an eleventh partial reaction according to the invention
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic of a twelfth partial reaction according to the invention
  • Fig. 13 is a schematic of a thirteenth partial reaction according to the invention
  • Fig. 14 is a schematic of a fourteenth partial reaction according to the invention
  • Fig. 15 is a schematic of a fifteenth partial reaction according to the invention
  • FIG. 16 a diagram of a first example according to the invention.
  • FIG. 17 is a diagram of a second example according to the invention.
  • FIG. 18 is a diagram of a third exemplary embodiment according to the invention.
  • FIG. 19 is a diagram of a fourth example according to the invention.
  • FIG. 20 is a diagram of a fifth example of the invention.
  • Fig. 21 is a diagram of a sixth exemplary according to the invention.
  • a first example relates to the application of the invention in a power plant operation in order to reduce or completely eliminate the CO 2 emission resulting from the generation of energy there.
  • the (partial) reaction (s) according to the invention are (are) designed so that CO 2 is consumed and / or bound in significant amounts.
  • a starting material for example, sand, with mineral oil, heavy oil, tar, and / or asphalt - as
  • Primary energy supplier staggered, or oil shale.
  • brown coal or hard coal brown coal or hard coal, peat, wood, gas.
  • this CO 2 can be the CO 2 exhaust gas which accumulates in large quantities in the energy production from fossil fuels and has hitherto escaped into the atmosphere in many cases.
  • the chamber is additionally supplied at least at the beginning of the first partial reaction (ambient) air.
  • the process steam or hypercritical H 2 O at over 407 ° C are supplied.
  • a high pressure in the corresponding reaction chamber / combustion chamber Especially proven are pressures of 150 bar and more. Particularly preferred is a pressure which is about 300 bar.
  • nitrogen injection is to be provided elsewhere in the process (for example during the 1st partial reaction) or the combustion chamber.
  • the partial reactions catalysts or a type of catalysts can be used.
  • Particularly suitable is aluminum. Under suitable environmental conditions, a reduction takes place in the chamber, which can be represented greatly simplified as follows:
  • the used mineral oil of the sand takes over the role of the primary energy supplier and in the inventive process (ie during the 1st partial reaction) itself pyrolytic at temperatures above 1000 degrees Celsius largely in hydrogen (H 2 ) and a graphite-like mass (eg in the form of coke ) decomposed.
  • H 2 hydrogen
  • a graphite-like mass eg in the form of coke
  • the hydrogen can be coupled according to the invention to one of the already mentioned reversible energy sources (eg in the context of the third partial reaction), as will be explained below by way of examples.
  • it is also possible to use hydrogen in one or more of the partial reactions which is either introduced directly into the process or which originates, for example, from a gaseous alkane or from water or water vapor.
  • Silicon nitride as an energy source In order to be able to provide, for example, powdery or flake-form silicon nitride, the silicon produced in the process (for example during or at the end of the first partial reaction) can be injected or conveyed into a chamber, or it can be introduced from above through a drop zone fall downwards. Nitrogen (for example nitrogen from the ambient air), but preferably pure nitrogen (with 90-100% by volume nitrogen), is blown into this chamber or drop zone. The silicon burns with the nitrogen to silicon nitride, with a temperature of about 1000 0 C, preferably above 1350 0 C should prevail in the chamber. This reaction (2nd part reaction) is highly exothermic. The amount of heat produced during the reaction (2nd partial reaction) (referred to as secondary energy) can either be used to produce more
  • the released amount of heat of the 2nd partial reaction is used to provide the 1st partial reaction with sufficient energy, eg if the originally added primary supplier was consumed), or the amount of heat can be removed from the process ( Partial reaction) are coupled to cascade like to provide additional endothermic processes (eg the 6th partial reaction) with energy. Additionally or alternatively, the but also for heating a medium (for example, water) and thus for driving a gas turbine or steam turbine (conventional energy) are used.
  • a medium for example, water
  • porous silicon nitride can be made by drying the silicon nitride under extreme conditions. Preference is given to an approach in which a type of autoclave is used for drying, in which increased temperature and pressure prevail. The necessary quantity of heat (referred to as secondary energy) can in turn be obtained from the already described exothermic processes (for example from the second partial reaction). The pressure and the temperature should be selected so that the phase boundary between gas and liquid is removed before it then comes to a cooling or drying. In this process, porous silicon nitride is formed (6th partial reaction). However, the 6th partial reaction can also be changed so that in a SoI-GeI process silicon nitride nanostructures or
  • Crystals are formed, which can serve as a reversible energy storage or as a starting material for the provision of NH 3 .
  • an energy-matter-cascade coupling can be carried out according to the following approach.
  • aluminum is added, preferably of liquid or pulverulent aluminum (this aluminum can, for example produced by a 12th partial reaction), and with combustion of oil sand (instead of oil or coal) first with oxygen (O 2 ), but preferably with nitrogen (N 2 ) and possibly aluminum, generates additional heat (Wacker accident) (7 Partial reaction).
  • O 2 oxygen
  • N 2 nitrogen
  • the aluminum deprives the silicon dioxide of the oxygen and is thereby oxidized to aluminum oxide.
  • This partial reaction works particularly well when no or only little oxygen is introduced from the outside, because the oxygen immediately creates a thin skin on the aluminum surface and thus virtually passivates the aluminum. Therefore, an embodiment is particularly preferred in which at least temporarily a nitrogen atmosphere is specified in the reaction region.
  • the pure nitrogen atmosphere is preferably achieved from ambient air by (known from the propane nitration) combustion of the oxygen content of the air with propane gas.
  • propane gas a propane gas
  • Other possible methods include the hollow fiber membrane method, the classical Linde method, or a method using a perovskite membrane.
  • the provision of the nitrogen is referred to as the 8th partial reaction.
  • Bauxite contains about 60 percent aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), about 30 percent iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ), silicon oxide (SiO 2 ) and water. That is, the bauxite is typically always "contaminated” with the iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) and the silicon oxide (SiO 2 ).
  • Al 2 O 3 can not be used on chemical because of the extremely high lattice energy
  • the production of aluminum is possible, but by the fused salt electrolysis (cryolite-alumina method) of aluminum oxide Al 2 O 3.
  • the Al 2 O 3 is obtained, for example, by the Bayer process.
  • the alumina is melted with cryolite (salt: Na 3 [AIF 6 ]) and electrolyzed.
  • the working temperature is only 940 to 980 0 C.
  • liquid aluminum is produced from the Al 2 O 3 at the cathode and oxygen at the anode.
  • Carbon blacks are used as anodes. These anodes burn off by the resulting oxygen and must be constantly renewed.
  • a plasma that is electrically conductive can be used as the anode. This would replace the conventional anodes with an energetic anode.
  • the plasma may preferably be generated in an area above the tub by a suitable arrangement and control of electrodes. It is considered to be a major drawback of the cryolite-clay process that it is very energy consuming because of the high binding energy of the aluminum. A problem for the environment is the partial formation and emission of fluorine.
  • the bauxite and / or the aluminum oxide can be added to the process in order to achieve cooling of the process.
  • the bauxite and / or aluminum oxide can be used to control the excess heat energy in the system.
  • This is analogous to the process where iron scrap is fed to a molten iron in a blast furnace for cooling, when the molten iron is too hot.
  • Bauxite in blocks which, for example, previously shredded with a shredder (stone mill) into the appropriate size, are brought into the reaction space.
  • a suitable control loop which measures the temperature in the reaction space (for example by means of optical sensors), it is possible to "throw off" further bauxite and / or the alumina when the desired temperature in the reaction space is exceeded.
  • cryolite can be used if the process threatens to get out of control (see Wacker accident), so as to reduce the temperature in the system in terms of a novel cryolite-based emergency cooling.
  • a noble gas emergency flood system which floats in an emergency (or before this occurs), the reaction chamber with inert gas (preferably argon).
  • This noble gas emergency flood system can be used with any of the partial reactions. Further details on the described chemical processes and energy processes can be found on the following pages. Quartz sand can be reacted exothermically with liquid or else pulverulent aluminum according to the textbook Holleman-Wiberg to silicon and aluminum oxide (by-product) (7th partial reaction):
  • silicon carbide can be obtained directly from sand and carbon endothermically at about 2000 ° C. (11th partial reaction):
  • This endothermic process for obtaining silicon carbide for example, can be fed with the heat (secondary energy) that is needed when reacting Silica with aluminum (7th partial reaction) and / or nitrogen (2nd partial reaction) is obtained.
  • the recovery of silicon carbide (10th or 11th partial reaction) can be carried out in the same reaction space or in a downstream or sibling reaction space.
  • magnesium silicide Magnesium reacts with silicon to form magnesium silicide:
  • Magnesium silicide reacts with hydrochloric acid to monosilane SiH 4 and magnesium chloride: Mg 2 Si + 4 HCl (g) ⁇ SiH 4 + 2 MgCl 2
  • the monosilanes are preferably prepared by the process known as the 3rd partial reaction.
  • the route via aluminum silicide or magnesium silicide is to be understood as an alternative.
  • the primary energy supplier may, if not already mixed with the starting material (s) (sand, bauxite, shale, gneiss, mica and / or granite), be preheated separately. For example, you can boil crude oil before mixing it with the source (s).
  • s starting material
  • s sand, bauxite, shale, gneiss, mica and / or granite
  • the furnace may be provided with external or internal heating means in order to be able to supply the heat necessary for starting the reactions (eg 1st partial reaction) to the system.
  • Particularly suitable are so-called induction furnaces.
  • the reaction of the starting material (s) is initiated by contacting silicon (for example in powder form) with nitrogen and / or aluminum (in powder or liquid form).
  • silicon for example in powder form
  • nitrogen and / or aluminum in powder or liquid form.
  • the silicon used here can initially have been obtained in a first partial reaction.
  • a part of the silicon formed can be stored in order later to no longer have to start the cascade processes according to the invention with a primary energy supplier, which in turn produces CO 2 .
  • the flue gases that arise in this process can be brought back into the reaction chamber via a return line or a return channel.
  • a return line or a return channel is particularly suitable.
  • an introduction of the flue gas so that the sand, bauxite, slate, gneiss, mica or granite flows around or flowed through by the flue gas.
  • the flue gas Only when the hydrocarbon-containing primary energy supplier in the 1st partial reaction is "used up" can the flue gas be sent to a cooling tower or to downstream purification plants (for example a desulphurisation plant) or a filter.
  • Water glass is a water-soluble alkali silicate. They are glassy, that is amorphous, non-crystalline compounds, which are typically the following
  • sodium silicate, potassium silicate, but also aluminosilicate (also called aluminosilicates) or mixtures of two or more of these silicates can be used.
  • silicon behaves chemically similar to silicon
  • a combination of the processes where silicon compounds (here called silicon products) and aluminum compounds are used is particularly advantageous.
  • silicon compounds here called silicon products
  • aluminum compounds are particularly advantageous.
  • aluminosilicates comprising SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 is particularly preferred.
  • the silicates or the water glass per se may serve as starting material for the processes of this invention, or they may, for example, be mixed with sand or the other starting materials (14th reaction) to give a more suitable starting material (called starting material I) e.g. for the 2nd partial reaction.
  • Silicate or the water glass can also be used with one or more of the
  • This solution is chosen according to the invention so that the concentration of H 2 O 2 is below the critical concentration limit. Then, this solution is transported to a consumer (gas station, end user). By splitting off hydrogen and / or oxygen from the solution, energy can be generated at the consumer by using the hydrogen and / or oxygen as the energy supplier and / or fuel.
  • oxygen is preferably used which is taken either from the (ambient) air, from CO 2 offgas of the power plant process, or from a silicon dioxide reduction process (1st partial reaction), as described above.
  • the H 2 O 2 is particularly well suited as an energy supplier or fuel.
  • Invention have been produced in a variety of ways to a consumer and carried way (eg by a transport vehicle), this transport is absolutely easy, since the hydrogen carriers are relatively uncritical in handling.
  • hydrogen and / or oxygen can be split off from the reversibly usable hydrogen carrier.
  • the hydrogen can then be used in a fuel cell, for example.
  • a first embodiment is shown.
  • two vertically operating kilns 10 and 20 eg blast furnaces
  • the first kiln 10 has an exit area 11 and the second kiln 20 has an exit area 21 for the respective exhaust gases (flue gas).
  • the first kiln 10 is charged with a fossil fuel 12 (eg, hard coal) and the fossil fuel is burned with oxygen (eg, atmospheric oxygen).
  • oxygen eg, atmospheric oxygen
  • a large amount of heat is released, which is passed partly through a heat exchanger 13 to a medium (eg water) to drive turbines with the resulting steam and thus to gain power.
  • the various reactions are cascaded.
  • a heat coupling takes place with the second kiln 20, that is, the two furnaces 10 and 20 are thermally coupled directly or indirectly with each other, which is indicated in Fig. 16 by the arrow Wl.
  • the thermal coupling can be realized in this and the other embodiments in that both ovens are wall to wall.
  • the coupling can also be effected by means of a suitable passive (for example by means of heat conductor) or active thermal bridge (for example by means of a heat exchanger and a corresponding transport medium).
  • one of the silica-containing raw materials 22 is heated by the heat quantity Wl provided from the first furnace 10. That is, the reaction taking place in the first furnace 10 serves, as it were, as a primary energy supplier for a first partial reaction of the invention.
  • the silicon dioxide is converted to silicon.
  • air with the usual nitrogen content (or pure nitrogen) may be introduced into the furnace 20 through a lance 24 or equivalent. It is obvious that the place of introduction can also be chosen differently.
  • the silicon reacts with the nitrogen to form silicon nitride (see 2nd part reaction).
  • This reaction is highly exothermic and it may be the heat produced in part or all over a heat exchanger 23 to a medium (eg water) to be used to drive turbines with the resulting steam and thus to gain electricity.
  • a medium eg water
  • this secondary heat is in turn used to assist or facilitate a further partial reaction.
  • there may be a reaction zone 30 which receives the resulting silicon nitride from the second partial reaction and converts it to porous silicon nitride, silicon flake or silicon powder while supplying heat and / or further reactants and / or pressure , which has a significantly larger volume and a much larger surface area.
  • This 6th partial reaction can be assisted or made possible by a suitable thermal coupling by the secondary heat of the second partial reaction, which is indicated in FIG. 16 by the arrow W2.
  • the silicon nitride can, as indicated in Fig. 16 by a freight car 31, be removed.
  • CO 2 can be introduced into the furnace 20 (this step is optional).
  • Lead oven 20 or it can be introduced from the ambient air and CO 2 reduced, ie "harmless" made.
  • a second embodiment is shown.
  • a vertical kiln 20 is provided.
  • one of the silica-containing feedstocks 22 is heated by the burning of a primary energy source (eg, fossil fuels, oil, and / or tar).
  • a primary energy source eg, fossil fuels, oil, and / or tar.
  • this first partial reaction of the invention arises, inter alia, silicon.
  • the silicon can also react with carbon to form SiC (see 10th partial reaction).
  • the carbon may come from the fossil fuels or from CO 2 , which may optionally be introduced into the furnace 20 (eg, by a feeder 25).
  • This partial reaction is also exothermic, but gives off significantly less heat than the 2nd partial reaction.
  • CO 2 can be introduced into the furnace 20.
  • this secondary heat W2 is in turn used to support or facilitate a further partial reaction.
  • this secondary heat W2 is in turn used to support or facilitate a further partial reaction.
  • this further reaction can be assisted or made possible by a suitable thermal coupling by the secondary heat of the 10th partial reaction, which is indicated in FIG. 17 by the arrow W2.
  • the silicon carbide or the refined silicon carbide can, as indicated in Fig. 17 by a freight car 31, be removed.
  • a third embodiment is shown.
  • a vertical kiln 20 is provided.
  • one of the silica-containing starting materials 22 is burned by burning a Primary energy suppliers (eg fossil fuels oil and / or tar) heated.
  • a Primary energy suppliers eg fossil fuels oil and / or tar
  • this first partial reaction of the invention arises, inter alia, silicon.
  • silicon nitride and heat are formed by the introduction of nitrogen. This partial reaction is highly exothermic.
  • aluminum oxide 42 (with or without cryolite) is used as the coolant in a separate reaction zone 40 which at least partially encloses the furnace 20.
  • the alumina 42 can be filled from above and, due to the high heat that the furnace 20 discharges, turns into liquid aluminum 43 which, for example, can flow downwards. This conversion (reduction process) takes place when 40 electrodes for (melt flow) electrolysis are provided in the reaction area.
  • Reaction area 40 comprises, for (melt flow) electrolysis, e.g. a steel tub lined with carbon material. These details are not shown in FIG.
  • this tub is liquid electrolyte (alumina with or without cryolite).
  • Anodes e.g., carbon blocks
  • the tub serves as a cathode and is connected to the negative pole.
  • the aluminum reduced in this 12th part reaction is heavier than the electrolyte and therefore accumulates at the bottom of the trough. From there it becomes e.g. withdrawn with a suction tube.
  • the starting material for this electrolysis is bauxite, a mixture of clay minerals such as alumina and aluminum hydroxide (Al (OH) 3 ). Silica is often present in bauxite. Initially, the bauxite is typically separated from the contained iron oxides (eg with the Bayer process). In addition, it is customary to separate the silicon oxide which "contaminates" the bauxite. According to the invention, it is not absolutely necessary to carry out this complicated separation of the constituents of the mixture, since sufficient energy is present in the process and it is not primarily a question of the representation of pure aluminum.
  • the bauxite (with or without the above ingredients of the batch) can be diluted with water to produce aluminum hydroxide. It may be the bauxite but also (C and high pressure at about 407 0) are mixed with water vapor or hypercritical water to produce aluminum hydroxide.
  • This alumina, with or without cryolite, is then subjected to (melt flow) electrolysis as described.
  • aluminum 43 in liquid or powder form is added to the silica 22 in a reaction zone (e.g., the reaction zone of the furnace 20).
  • This addition of aluminum is indicated in FIG. 19 by the arrow 46.
  • the aluminum is recovered in a 12th partial reaction by means of (melt flow) electrolysis carried out in a reaction region 40 in the form of a well lined with carbon material 44.
  • a high current is applied to the anode (s) and the carbon material 44 serving as a cathode
  • aluminum 43 is formed from the aluminum oxide 42 (with or without cryolite).
  • the aluminum 43 settles and can be withdrawn through a suction tube to the top, or removed by a downpipe 45 down. From this sampling point, the liquid aluminum can be brought into the reaction zone of the furnace 20 to extract the oxygen from the silicon dioxide.
  • a nitrogen atmosphere prevails in the furnace 20.
  • thermite reaction a redox reaction in which aluminum is used as a reducing agent, for example to reduce iron oxide to iron
  • the aluminum is used here as a reducing agent to wrest the oxygen from the silicon dioxide.
  • This reaction (7th reaction) is highly exothermic and gives off an enormous amount of heat. This amount of heat can in turn be used in the parallel process of producing the Aluminum (12th partial reaction) are coupled and / or the amount of heat can be used to generate electricity (by means of heat exchanger 23).
  • FIGS. 20 and 21 Two further possible embodiments are shown schematically in FIGS. 20 and 21. In both cases ovens are used, which are horizontally or slightly inclined.
  • the inventive energy-matter-cascade coupling (EMF 2 ) is characterized by the fact that processes take place as in dissipative structures beyond the thermal equilibrium, such as in living structures of cells and organisms.
  • silicon products are produced.
  • the term silicon product is used to describe the following (intermediate) products: silicon nitride (eg as a powder, in flake form or in a porous form); Silicon (eg flakes or as a powder); silicon carbide; Monosilane or longer chain silanes; aluminum silicide; magnesium silicide; SiCl 2 ; SiCl 4 ;
  • silicon with other elements such as aluminum, calcium or magnesium (silicates). These silicon products have hitherto only been produced in chemically very pure form for use, for example, in the semiconductor industry. Pure silicon, for example, has a purity of 98 - 99.5% and even up to 99.9999999%. So far, the potential of these materials as an energy carrier (or supplier) has not been recognized. When the production of these silicon products is carried out in a power plant or power plant-like process, large quantities can be produced at relatively favorable conditions. A particular advantage of silicon products is seen in the fact that these silicon products, depending on the reactants, are feasible to SiO 2 , a substance that is absolutely environmentally friendly and easy to use.
  • the silicon products made according to the invention in a power plant or power plant-like process have a purity of between 50-97%. Silicon products with a purity of between 75% and 97% have proven to be particularly suitable. Such silicon products can be produced inexpensively and in large quantities in large-scale technical facilities and are also suitable as problem-free energy carriers (or suppliers).

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Silicon Compounds (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)

Abstract

Les réserves en pétrole brut sont limitées dans le temps de manière calculable. Les matières premières utilisées sont de préférence des produits de base contenant du dioxyde de silicium.
EP07857286A 2006-12-18 2007-12-07 Processus de centrale électrique en cascade d'un genre nouveau et procédé pour produire des transporteurs d'hydrogène utilisables de manière réversible dans un tel processus de centrale électrique Withdrawn EP2129745A2 (fr)

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EP07857286A EP2129745A2 (fr) 2006-12-18 2007-12-07 Processus de centrale électrique en cascade d'un genre nouveau et procédé pour produire des transporteurs d'hydrogène utilisables de manière réversible dans un tel processus de centrale électrique

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

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EP06126325A EP1918248A3 (fr) 2006-10-29 2006-12-18 Préparation d'H2O2 à partir d'acide sulfurique, obtenu par combustion de matières combustibles fossiles contenant de résidus de soufre, et utilisation de H2O2 en tant que source d'énergie
EP07100387A EP1857640A3 (fr) 2006-05-10 2007-01-11 Processus de centrale électrique cascadé de nouveau type et procédé de préparation de supports d'hydrogène insérables réversibles dans un tel processus de centrale électrique
US11/746,620 US8043592B2 (en) 2006-05-10 2007-05-09 Cascaded power plant process and method for providing reversibly usable hydrogen carriers in such a power plant process
US11/746,608 US20070264183A1 (en) 2006-05-10 2007-05-09 Oil-bearing sands and shales and their mixtures as starting substances for binding or decomposing carbon dioxide and nox, and for preparing crystalline silicon and hydrogen gas, and for producing nitride, silicon carbide, and silanes
EP07857286A EP2129745A2 (fr) 2006-12-18 2007-12-07 Processus de centrale électrique en cascade d'un genre nouveau et procédé pour produire des transporteurs d'hydrogène utilisables de manière réversible dans un tel processus de centrale électrique
PCT/EP2007/063503 WO2008074659A2 (fr) 2006-12-18 2007-12-07 Processus de centrale électrique en cascade d'un genre nouveau et procédé pour produire des transporteurs d'hydrogène utilisables de manière réversible dans un tel processus de centrale électrique

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EP2129745A2 true EP2129745A2 (fr) 2009-12-09

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JP (1) JP2010521278A (fr)
CN (1) CN101970346A (fr)
CA (1) CA2672168A1 (fr)
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WO (1) WO2008074659A2 (fr)

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US7572425B2 (en) * 2007-09-14 2009-08-11 General Electric Company System and method for producing solar grade silicon
WO2009053112A2 (fr) * 2007-10-26 2009-04-30 Sincono Ag Procédé pour fournir de l'énergie en utilisant un mélange, et installation correspondante
DE102008043606A1 (de) * 2008-11-10 2010-05-12 Evonik Degussa Gmbh Energieeffiziente Anlage zur Herstellung von Ruß, bevorzugt als energetischer Verbund mit Anlagen zur Herstellung von Siliziumdioxid und/oder Silizium
WO2011003473A1 (fr) * 2009-07-10 2011-01-13 Sincono Ag Centrale moléculaire sans gaz d'échappement basée sur l'azote et le silicium
US8628741B2 (en) 2010-04-28 2014-01-14 Ronald G. Presswood, Jr. Off gas treatment using a metal reactant alloy composition
DE102011117111A1 (de) * 2011-10-27 2013-05-02 Norbert Auner Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Tetrahalogensilanen
US10427192B2 (en) 2015-05-15 2019-10-01 Ronald G. Presswood, Jr. Method to recycle plastics, electronics, munitions or propellants using a metal reactant alloy composition
CN112209381A (zh) * 2019-07-11 2021-01-12 深圳市智合碳硅科技有限公司 超临界流体制备高纯度硅的方法

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CA2672168A1 (fr) 2008-06-26
RU2451057C2 (ru) 2012-05-20
RU2009127491A (ru) 2011-01-27
WO2008074659A2 (fr) 2008-06-26
CN101970346A (zh) 2011-02-09
JP2010521278A (ja) 2010-06-24
WO2008074659A3 (fr) 2010-10-21

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