EP2112639B1 - Verbesserung(en) in Zusammenhang mit Teilchendetektoren - Google Patents

Verbesserung(en) in Zusammenhang mit Teilchendetektoren Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2112639B1
EP2112639B1 EP07113623.8A EP07113623A EP2112639B1 EP 2112639 B1 EP2112639 B1 EP 2112639B1 EP 07113623 A EP07113623 A EP 07113623A EP 2112639 B1 EP2112639 B1 EP 2112639B1
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Prior art keywords
smoke
particles
velocity
dust
light
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EP07113623.8A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2112639A2 (de
EP2112639A3 (de
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Martin Terence Cole
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Siemens Schweiz AG
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Siemens Schweiz AG
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Priority claimed from AU2003905839A external-priority patent/AU2003905839A0/en
Application filed by Siemens Schweiz AG filed Critical Siemens Schweiz AG
Priority claimed from EP04761447A external-priority patent/EP1683123A4/de
Publication of EP2112639A2 publication Critical patent/EP2112639A2/de
Publication of EP2112639A3 publication Critical patent/EP2112639A3/de
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
    • G08B17/10—Actuation by presence of smoke or gases, e.g. automatic alarm devices for analysing flowing fluid materials by the use of optical means
    • G08B17/103—Actuation by presence of smoke or gases, e.g. automatic alarm devices for analysing flowing fluid materials by the use of optical means using a light emitting and receiving device
    • G08B17/107—Actuation by presence of smoke or gases, e.g. automatic alarm devices for analysing flowing fluid materials by the use of optical means using a light emitting and receiving device for detecting light-scattering due to smoke
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
    • G08B17/10—Actuation by presence of smoke or gases, e.g. automatic alarm devices for analysing flowing fluid materials by the use of optical means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
    • G08B17/10—Actuation by presence of smoke or gases, e.g. automatic alarm devices for analysing flowing fluid materials by the use of optical means
    • G08B17/11—Actuation by presence of smoke or gases, e.g. automatic alarm devices for analysing flowing fluid materials by the use of optical means using an ionisation chamber for detecting smoke or gas
    • G08B17/113—Constructional details

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of the detection, analysis and/or determination of matter or particles suspended in fluid.
  • the present invention relates to smoke detectors, which detect unwanted pyrolysis or combustion of material.
  • the present invention relates to smoke detectors of the early detection type, and which may be applied to ventilation, air-conditioning or duct monitoring of a particular area.
  • the present invention relates to surveillance monitoring, such as building, fire or security monitoring.
  • the present invention relates to environment monitoring, such as monitoring, detection and/or analysis of a fluid, zone, area and/or ambient environment, including commercial and industrial environments.
  • the international patent application WO 01/59737 A discloses a particle detector for detection of particles suspended in fluid, particularly smoke detectors suitable for mounting on ducting for the early detection of smoke created by unwanted pyrolysis or combustion of materials in a protected area or fire zone to which the duct is connected.
  • the detector provides alternately illuminating a detection zone with one or either a first or a second illumination.
  • the detector housing according Fig. 1 incorporates a pipework to provide airflow through a detector chamber. This pipework may incorporate a nozzle opposite a collector, to direct the airflow across the chamber, such that the chamber is quickly purged of smoke in the event that the smoke level is reducing.
  • the present inventor has determined an understanding that the type of smoke produced in various pyrolysis and combustion circumstances is different.
  • Fast flaming fires tend to produce a very large number of very small solid particles which may agglomerate into random shapes to form soot.
  • the early stages of pyrolysis tend to produce a much smaller number of relatively large liquid particles (of high boiling point), typically existing as aerosols that may agglomerate to form larger, translucent spheres.
  • the present inventor has also determined an understanding that the detection of relatively large particles which slowly increase in quantity over an extended period of time would typically indicate a pyrolysis or smouldering condition, whereas the detection of numerous small particles arising quickly and without earlier pyrolysis or smouldering could indicate arson involving the use of accelerants.
  • the present inventor has also determined an understanding that dust particles are generated by the abrasion or non-thermal decomposition of natural materials or organisms in the environment and that such particles are in general very large compared with smoke particles.
  • the smoke detector preferably employed in an aspirated system is a nephelometer. This is a detector sensitive to many sizes of particles, such as the many smoke particles produced in fires or during the early stages of overheating, pyrolysis or smouldering.
  • Optical type smoke (or airborne particle) detectors of the prior art typically use a single light source to illuminate a detection zone that may contain such particles.
  • the use of two light sources has been proposed for some detectors. A proportion of this light may be scattered off the particles toward a one or more receiver cells (or sensors). The output signal(s) from the receiver cell(s) is used to trigger an alarm signal.
  • detectors use a laser beam, providing a polarised monochromatic light source, typically in the near infrared wavelength. These detectors, however, are not considered to be true nephelometers as they are prone to being overly sensitive to a particular particle size range at the expense of other size ranges.
  • lonisation smoke detectors on the other hand, utilise a radioactive element such as Americium, to ionise the air within the detection chamber.
  • Americium a radioactive element
  • These detectors are relatively sensitive to very small particles produced in flaming fires, but relatively insensitive to larger particles produced in pyrolysis or smouldering. They have also been found relatively prone to draughts, which serve to displace the ionised air within the detection chamber and thus trigger a false alarm. This places a practical limit on their useful sensitivity.
  • Xenon lamp produces a continuous spectrum of light similar to sunlight, embracing ultraviolet, visible and infrared wavelengths. Use of this light source can detect all sizes of particles and the detectors produce a signal that is proportional to the mass density of the smoke, which is characteristic of a true nephelometer. However, the type of fire cannot be characterised because the particular particle size cannot be discerned.
  • the Xenon light also has only a relatively short life-span of some 4 years and its light intensity is known to vary, which affects the sensitivity.
  • ADC analog to digital converter
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a particle detection apparatus and method(s) which enable an improved detection, discrimination and/or analysis of particles, pyrolysis, smouldering and/or flaming events and dust, thus providing a corresponding improvement in fluid-borne particle detection.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide a particle detection apparatus and method(s) suitable for use with ducts or as a stand-alone detector and /or monitor.
  • a still further object of the present invention is to alleviate at least one disadvantage associated with the prior art.
  • the monitoring, surveillance, determination, detection and/or analysis of particles, environment, fluid, smoke, zone or area may comprise determination of the presence and/or characteristic(s) of the particles as is required given the particular application of the present invention.
  • an aspect of invention provides, a method of and device for determining, in a fluid sample, the presence of particle(s) having substantially a predetermined size or range of size(s), the method comprising the steps of illuminating the sample with a first wavelength of light, obtaining a first response signal indicative of the first illumination, illuminating the sample with a second wavelength of light, obtaining a second response signal indicative of the second illumination, and determining the presence of the particles having the size or range of size(s) by comparing the first and second signals.
  • the illuminations are horizontally and/or vertically polarised.
  • a gain control apparatus adapted for providing gain control in a particle monitor, said apparatus comprising a first gain stage having a first amplifier, a second gain stage having a second amplifier, and a voltage or current-controlled feedback from the output of the second stage to the input of the first stage so that the frequency response of the amplifier is unaffected by said feedback.
  • a method of determining a service interval for a particle monitor comprising the steps of determining the presence of dust particle(s), providing a measure of the presence of the particle(s), and providing a service indication when the measure has reached a predetermined threshold.
  • a particle monitor chamber comprising a first lens operable in association with a source of illumination, a second lens adapted to focus impinging light toward a receiver cell, and a primary iris configured to substantially prevent light emanating directly from the first lens to impinge on the second lens.
  • a method of and device for determining the velocity of fluid flowing through a given area comprising the steps of providing a first sensor in the path of the fluid flow at a point of relatively low fluid velocity, providing a second sensor in the path of the fluid flow at a point of relatively higher fluid velocity, the second sensor having substantially similar temperature characteristics as the first sensor, and determining the fluid velocity based on a measure of the cooling effect of the fluid passing the first and second sensors.
  • a method of and device for mounting a housing on a duct comprising the steps of providing at least one tab element in association with the housing, locating the housing proximate the mounting area of the duct, shaping the tab element to substantially fit a profile of the duct proximate the mounting area, and attaching the housing using the tab element.
  • the present invention also provides a monitor for monitoring the presence, concentration and characteristics of particulates in fluid medium.
  • the present invention also provides, as an output triggering the threshold or alarm of the detector, a logarithmic signal.
  • a logarithmic signal This means a signal, the amplitude of which may be compressed according to a logarithmic function or scale.
  • the logarithmic signal may represent various attributes of particles detected, such as the presence, number, frequency, concentration and / or duration.
  • different wavelengths, various ranges of wavelengths and/or polarisation are used to detect predetermined particles in fluid.
  • subtraction or providing a ratio of two signals enables a more measurable output indicating the detection of particles and the particle sizes.
  • this output indicating the detection of particles is amplified in accordance with the two signals.
  • the present invention has been found to result in a number of advantages, such as reduced size, cost and energy consumption while achieving the highest industry standards for sensitivity, reliability, maintenance period and false alarm minimisation, and/or monitoring of an environment for the presence of smoke and/or dust particles such that very high sensitivity to smoke may be provided without suffering false alarms due to dust.
  • a monitor may include reference to a detector or-similar apparatus.
  • At least two channels are referred to, one being channel A, which uses wavelengths such as red or infrared wavelengths, the other being channel B, which uses wavelengths such as blue wavelengths. Additional channels could be employed such as channel C, which uses wavelengths such as green wavelengths. Other wavelengths may also be employed in accordance with the present invention, as will become apparent in the following description. Generally, it is preferred if a reading established from a longer wavelength is compared with a reading establish from a shorter wavelength. Most preferably, the longer wavelength is subtracted from the shorter wavelength. A ratio may also be used to compare wavelength readings.
  • the wavelengths of light employed have an important bearing on the sensitivity of the present device to particle sizes.
  • the scattering of light from particles over various size ranges has been described in 'Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles' by Bohren CF and Huffman DR, ISBN 0-471-05772-X.
  • Mie equations are appropriate for considering particles of a size range appropriate to common smoke and dust.
  • Fast flaming fires tend to produce a very large number of very small carbonaceous particles which may agglomerate into random shapes to form soot.
  • the early stages of pyrolysis tend to produce a much smaller number of relatively larger liquid particles (of high boiling point), typically existing as aerosols that may agglomerate to form even larger, translucent spheres or droplets.
  • Dust particles generally result from mechanical abrasion and have random shapes that can be approximated as yet larger spheres for modelling purposes.
  • a source of smoke or dust is unlikely to be mono-disperse (contain one particle size), but is more-likely poly-disperse, with a size range that may follow a Gaussian distribution. It has been found by the inventor that a typical standard deviation for the size distribution is in the vicinity of 1.8 to 2.
  • airborne particle distributions in cities are bimodal, peaking at around 0.1 micron and 10 micron.
  • smoke particles lie in the range 0.01 to 1 micron
  • airborne dust particles lie in the range 1 to 100 micron.
  • there is some overlap at the 1 micron boundary because the smallest dust particles in nature are smaller than the largest possible smoke particles.
  • the present inventor has also determined that certain particle sizes are more easily discerned by particular (different) wavelengths of light. Given this, we use two wavelengths of incident light.
  • the light can range anywhere from blue to red (and infrared).
  • An example is light ranging from 400 nm (blue) to 1050 nm (red).
  • 430nm (blue) and 660nm (red) could be used.
  • Figure 1 shows the results for two wavelengths of incident light, 430nm (blue) and 660nm (red), each being unpolarised, vertically polarised or horizontally polarised and projected at the same angle relative to the optical axis.
  • the receiver cell used to detect the scattered light is a PIN photodiode that has enhanced blue response. With a peak response at 850nm, it's response falls to about 30% at 400nm and at 1050nm, so for practical purposes the projector wavelengths are currently limited to this range. Of course, if another receiver cell was able to be used, the wavelengths of light impinging the particles could be altered to have a larger separation.
  • the wavelengths for two projectors for irradiating particles to be detected should preferably lie in the range 400 to 500nm for blue/violet and 650 to 1050nm for red/infrared.
  • a more reliable 'trigger' or detection signal can be produced indicative of the presence of particles having a size of interest to the application to which the monitor of the present invention is applied.
  • the monitor of the present invention is configured as a 'smoke' monitor, then relatively small particles would be of greater interest than larger (dust) particles.
  • the inventor has realised that for a smoke monitor, for example, blue light has been found to be responsive to relatively small as well as large particle sizes, and that infrared light has been found to be responsive to relatively large particles only.
  • the monitor can be configured to have a relatively higher responsiveness to small particles and a lower or null responsiveness to relatively large particles.
  • Figure 4 shows the result of subtracting the red-horizontal (RH), the red unpolarised (R) or the red vertical (RV) from the blue (B) data.
  • RH red-horizontal
  • RV red vertical
  • B blue
  • Figure 6 presents the results after subtraction of IRH from B. Other results are omitted for clarity. In addition, some published data on particle mean-sizes obtained for incense, cotton lamp wick, toast and Portland cement (a dust surrogate) are also shown. It can be seen that a monitor configured to perform this subtraction would have appropriate sensitivity to common smoke types while being able to reject (relatively) dust to a significant extent.
  • a third or further wavelength(s) is used in addition to the two wavelengths disclosed above, it will be possible to identify not only small and large particles, but other (intermediate) sized particles, dependent on the wavelength(s) used.
  • Another feature that is provided by the use of a two channel design in accordance with an aspect of invention, is that by subtracting the A (reference) channel from the B (sample) channel (or vise versa) as described herein, we can achieve a null balance.
  • This balance has been found to not significantly vary if the background of the chamber changes with time.
  • the inventor has realised that as the chamber ages or soils over a long time span (a time that is greatly extended by the use of a dust filter), the background light level may change.
  • the benefit of subtracting the channels is that because the response of both channels (especially to dust build-up) is substantially the same, then the effect is self-cancelling, which minimises any change in the resultant output from the adder circuit over time.
  • the signal obtained from dust is not dependent on it being airborne - it can be settled on a surface. The same is true for anything larger than dust - like dust agglomerates or even the walls.
  • the monitor configuration incorporates this blue projector set at 60° to the receiver cell axis within an optical chamber, as will be further explained below. It also includes a reference projector at 940nm (infrared) set at the same angle, but horizontally opposed to the blue projector. With an effective projector irradiant cone angle of 10°, the arrangement offers a relatively optimum configuration for maximising system sensitivity while minimising background light that may otherwise swamp the receiver cell.
  • Weinert For the specified smoke density (0.1%/m), comprising particles of (say) 0.3 ⁇ m mass median diameter (with a practical, geometric standard deviation of 1.8), Weinert (Weinert D, 2002: Assessment of Light Scattering from Smoke Particles for a Prototype Duct-mounted Smoke Detector, unpublished) has determined that in the monitor configuration used, the signal strength received due to irradiance of this smoke by an unpolarised blue light source, is on the order of 4.5E-8 per unit irradiance.
  • the Weinert data at 470nm and 940nm has been graphed and presented in Figure 3 .
  • the blue projector in one form, is specified to have a luminous intensity of 40 candela (cd) at a drive current of 500mA.
  • This level of illumination is directed and focused to fall upon the receiver cell, which is a PIN photodiode within the receiver module.
  • the receiver module in one form, includes a three-stage, AC-coupled pulse pre-amplifier comprising a current-to-voltage converter followed by two voltage amplifiers.
  • the converter is an operational amplifier with the PIN photodiode connected differentially between the inverting and non-inverting inputs, with negligible series resistance.
  • the following two stages are operational amplifiers each having a mid-band gain of 10, so the receiver module output should be 7.0mV at the specified illumination.
  • this amplifier would require a gain of 21 per stage. In practice a gain of 17 per stage has been found adequate to produce a sensitivity consistent with a nominal 0.1 %/m at full scale, as required.
  • the monitor employs two projectors operating at different wavelengths.
  • the same signal level is generated at the cell by the infrared signal, as is the case for the blue signal.
  • This drive current would need to be increased if a polarising filter was used, in order to overcome the loss in this filter.
  • the small background signal caused by the aggregate reflections off the chamber walls, as seen by the receiver cell should be at the same (very low) level for either projector. This requires that the reflection (or absorption) of the chamber walls is largely independent of the difference in wavelengths used. Therefore, in the absence of any smoke in the chamber, the differential voltage between the two channel outputs should be approximately zero (or can be so adjusted).
  • the particle size in smoke aerosols can vary substantially according to the fuel used, the temperature and period of time, as well as the air flow conditions which determine the oxygen supply, cooling and smoke dilution.
  • Figure 7 data from Cleary, Weinert and Mulholland (Cleary TG, Weinert, DW and Mulholland GW, 2001: Moment Method of obtaining Particle Size Measures of Test Smokes, NIST) has been averaged to produce graphs of the aerosol sizes generated by four fuels namely cooking oil (glass dish on hotplate), toast (toaster), polyurethane foam (smouldering) and beech wood blocks (hotplate). It can be seen that in each case the average particle is initially small, increasing in size and then falling as the fuel becomes fully consumed. As a generalisation it can be said that the detection of small particles is important for the earliest possible warning of an incipient fire.
  • Other data shows the aerosol mass concentration peaking in the latter half of each period graphed, and falling at the end.
  • Figure 8 provides a more comprehensive comparison of the relative response of the two channels, expected for a number of materials arranged in order of particle size as published.
  • the response has been normalised to that of Portland cement (dust surrogate) by reducing the infrared projector signal by a factor of 0.64.
  • Data for Douglas fir and rigid polyurethane (Bankston et al; Bankston CP, Zinn BT, Browner RF and Powell EA, 1981: Aspects of the Mechanisms of Smoke Generation by Burning Materials, Combustion and Flame no 41 pp273-292 ) demonstrate the progression of three different stages of radiant heat release rate, which should produce a commensurate differential voltage signature.
  • Figure 8 could be regarded as a comparison of expected performance between standard Xenon and current laser based (infrared) detectors.
  • Figure 8 demonstrates the opportunity for increased sensitivity compared with these infrared detectors (by up to a factor of four or five), to incipient fire events involving pyrolysis and smouldering, while greatly reducing the sensitivity to false alarms from dust.
  • a dust filter is not required.
  • dust filtration is desirable to minimise soiling and thereby to maximise the maintenance period and overall service life of the monitor.
  • the dust discrimination capability can be used to avoid unwanted alarms caused by the small quantity of dust that inevitably passes through a practical filter.
  • channel A is predominantly responsive to dust
  • the output from channel A can be integrated over time (measured in months or years) to record the actual exposure of the chamber and the filter element to dust as distinct from smoke, thereby enabling the service interval to be determined and annunciated in accordance with the (often unpredictable) ambient environment.
  • a service interval may be determined for the dust filter based on accumulating or counting the number of times a dust reading is detected. Once the count reaches or exceeds a predetermined threshold, a service indicator may be illuminated or other wise communicated.
  • the service indicator circuit should integrate the actual dust level and the period of its duration.
  • ADC analog to digital converter
  • ADC's operating at 8-bit resolution are useful, whereas a 10-bit or larger ADC's are more expensive and require larger microprocessors.
  • a series of trails were conducted using the present invention configured as a smoke monitoring apparatus and constructed and set up in accordance with the Signal Level Analysis disclosure above.
  • the monitor was mounted onto a 200mm diameter ventilation duct, while a probe was inserted into the duct to sample the air passing through the duct.
  • An inlet fan maintained a relatively continuous flow through the duct, while ensuring that airborne particles were thoroughly mixed with the incoming fresh air.
  • the outlet from the duct was exhausted via a flue.
  • a hotplate operating at approximately 350°C was positioned at the fan and duct inlet so that small fuel samples could be placed on the hotplate.
  • the output of the two monitor channels A and B were measured to provide the voltage excursion beyond the quiescent (clean air) condition after airborne particles were introduced to the monitor.
  • Figure 9 presents the channel B output expressed as a ratio of the channel A output, in response to a number of particle sources (after making allowance for measurement settling transients). These data are presented as ratios in order to account for the different airborne particle densities involved, given that our current interest is in particle size.
  • the length and position of each horizontal bar represents the range in ratios that occurred during the course of each trail. In many cases the ratio quickly rose to the highest value, then fell slowly. In some cases the ratio rose again after a period at lower values. Some such patterns (signatures) were observed to be distinctly bimodal.
  • Figure 9 also represents the relative sensitivity of the monitor to these fuel and dust sources, arranged in apparent order of average particle size. Accordingly, Nylon tubing initially produces the smallest size particles (peak ratio 5.3). After the trial was half completed, the ratio fell slowly, indeed the fuel melts on the hotplate and produces an aerosol for a comparatively long time. Styrene foam has a similar effect. Fuels further down the chart tend to char and produce a solid carbonaceous residue.
  • the hot wire test consisted of a 2m length of PVC insulated wire that was heated by passing a high current delivered by a 2V AC "scope" transformer, to simulate an overheating cable that results in early stage pyrolysis.
  • solder resin comes from the melting of a short length of resin-cored solder and its place in the chart indicates that comparatively large particles (high melting-point droplets) are produced.
  • the ratio is close to unity, it may be understood that subtraction of channel A (such as infrared) from channel B (such as blue) would result in a greatly reduced reading, such that unwanted alarms from these sources can be avoided. Where the ratio is significantly above unity, subtraction of channel A from channel B would still result in an alarm. Although it is true that the subtraction process could reduce the output of the monitor for certain types of smoke, the fact that unwanted alarms from dust sources can be avoided, permits the monitor to be operated at higher sensitivity than would otherwise be the case.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates schematically as a block diagram one form of the present invention useful for detecting smoke.
  • the circuitry drives a pair of light projectors 1 and 2, each projector having different characteristics of wavelength (colour) and/or polarisation.
  • Each projector is driven independently to provide a pulse of light of short duration (for example 0.4mS), alternately at intervals of (say) 150mS and 350mS. This enables an update of the air quality twice per second, being a high sampling refresh rate commensurate with low power consumption.
  • This signal is amplified in the receiver module 4 and passed to a main amplifier 5 with gain control 6.
  • the amplified signal is then passed to a discriminator (comprising a pair of synchronous detectors 7, 8 and a pair of buffered sample-and-hold circuits 9, 10), which separates the signals derived from the two respective projectors, into two channels, channel A represented by numeral 9 and channel B represented by numeral 10.
  • the two channels provide information about the type of particles in the air.
  • Channel A is particularly responsive to dust particles, while channel B is predominantly sensitive to smoke but has some sensitivity to dust.
  • This smoke density signal is applied to threshold sensing circuitry 12 that operates a series of three lamps and relays 13 in response to the level of fire danger that is detected. These lamps and relays are for example denoted A1 (Alert, or level 1), A2 (Action, or level 2) and A3 (Fire, or level 3). Typically these three alarm levels indicate smoke densities approximately equivalent to 0.03, 0.06 and 0.10%/m obscuration, although the monitor could be calibrated to other settings, and it would be understood that the signals and settings may be configured appropriate to the particular application of the present invention.
  • a direct output 14 from the A channel is used to indicate when dust levels are high, independent of the smoke density level. This may also assist in testing, commissioning and demonstrations. This output also indicates when the monitor is in the process of discriminating against dust.
  • An additional lamp and relay 13 may be configured as a "fail-safe" circuit applied to adder 11, to provide a fault alarm in the event that the monitor is not functioning properly with adequate sensitivity.
  • An analog output from adder 11 may also be provided for remote processing of fault and alarm annunciation. Alternatively, analog outputs may be provided from each of channels A and B to permit remote signature analysis, and processing of fault and alarm annunciation
  • a clock generator 15 may provide appropriate timing signals as is required, and a power supply section 16 may reticulate power to all parts of the circuit at appropriate voltages.
  • the amplifier is provided with a large "headroom" such that full-scale operation is achieved at a signal level (say) half that of saturation.
  • an automatic gain control is provided. The DC output voltages from the discriminator channels are fed back to a gain control device to ensure that saturation levels cannot be reached.
  • the mid-band gain of an operational amplifier is determined by the ratio of the feedback resistor to the input resistor.
  • the voltage gain is R4/R3 and in the case of IC3b it is R6/R5.
  • the high frequency breakpoints are determined by C4•R4 and C6•R6, while the low frequency breakpoints are determined by C1•(R1//R2), C3•R3 and C5•R5.
  • the amplifiers are DC coupled and the DC bias is set by R1 and R2.
  • the gain control device IC4 typically comprises an LDR (light dependent resistor) and an LED (light emitting diode) closely coupled in a light-tight box.
  • the LDR provides an adjustable resistance, the value of which is determined by the current delivered through the LED which is controlled externally by R7. With no current through R7, the LDR resistance is effectively infinite, and at currents of 10 to 20mA, the resistance falls within the region of 10k ⁇ to 100k ⁇ . Normally this LDR would be connected across either R4 or R6. This has the disadvantage that in operation, it raises the high frequency breakpoint (either C4•R4 or C6•R6), thereby upsetting the desired frequency response and phase characteristics of the amplifier. Moreover, it has been found that this arrangement produces insufficient dynamic range of gain control.
  • the two-stage circuit is non-inverting to the amplified signal, it is possible to connect the LDR from the output of the second stage (IC3b) to the input of the first stage (IC3a). This greatly increases the effective dynamic range available. Moreover, neither of the breakpoints C4•R4 and C6•R6 is affected when IC4 comes into operation.
  • the current driving R7 is derived from the sample-and-hold voltage signals (high-going-low) of channel A and channel B, via zener diodes D5 and D6, to ensure that the gain control action does not come into effect until the signal levels are significantly large.
  • the characteristic of the LDR, LED and zener diode combination is neither abrupt nor linear. It is non-linear, with the effect of providing a logarithmic gain function. An abrupt change in gain could cause instability or erratic behaviour, because a high signal level would cause a sudden reduction in gain, which would cause a sudden reduction in the output, which would in turn reduce the drive to IC4, causing the gain to rise again. In turn, this could cause alarm output relays to chatter.
  • the non-linear design allows for a small increase in output as the input rises to high levels, and provides a wide dynamic range of control.
  • the normal full-scale sensitivity of the monitor, corresponding to the highest alarm threshold ("fire”), is equivalent to 0.1 %/m obscuration, with intermediate alarm thresholds available below this level.
  • the alarm output thresholds By using this logarithmic characteristic it is possible instead to arrange the alarm output thresholds, so that the higher levels of alarm can be in the non-linear region.
  • adequate resolution to provide a first level alarm (“alert”) at very low smoke densities such as 0.01 %/m can be provided, while the highest level of alarm could be raised to 1 %/m, 10%/m or even higher.
  • Figure 12 shows the ray diagrams of the projectors, which operate at differing wavelengths and/or polarisations.
  • the exemplar rays are shown according to their position at the centre 1201, left or right extremity 1202 of the beam. In practice these beams are operated for a short pulse duration, alternately. It can be seen that the beams are formed by the lensed projector body 1203, 1204 and confined by irises 1205, 1206, so as to pass through the central, monitoring region or zone 1207 of the chamber. If smoke or dust is passing through this zone 1207, a small proportion of the beam energy is scattered off those particles in many directions.
  • the direct beams 1201, 1202 pass into an absorbing gallery 1211 where multiple reflections off the highly absorptive walls 1212, dissipate the light energy.
  • the gallery is designed to direct the multiple reflections toward the far end of the gallery 1213, so that many reflections occur before any remnant light could emerge.
  • the rays 1214 indicate the region made sensitive to the photocell by the receiving lens and primary iris. It can be seen that this sensitive region is focused within the monitoring zone 1207 but the photocell 1210 retains sensitivity along the optical axis beyond the zone. This extended sensitivity is confined by an absorbing region 1215 at the far end of the chamber.
  • the design intent is to ensure that negligible light energy from the projectors 1203, 1204 can fall upon this absorbing region, which would tend to swamp the light scattered off particles. This unwanted light primarily arises from reflections off the projector irises 1205, 1206. A combination of shading this absorbing region, and reflecting stray light away from this area, minimises this swamping light.
  • the walls of the absorbing region are preferably coloured black to absorb incident light.
  • Figure 13 illustrates typical, unwanted rays arising from reflections off the projector irises 1205, 1206, which are prevented from reaching the central absorbing region 1215.
  • This diagram also includes unwanted rays 1216 that pass through the primary iris 1217 and are absorbed within the receiver gallery 1218.
  • unwanted rays 1219 that reflect off the primary iris 1217 are shown to focus off-axis from the photocell within the receiver module 1210 and are avoided by means of a photocell iris within the receiver module 1210 (shown as 1401 in Figure 14 ).
  • the brightness within the central cone of light 1202 from the projector is regarded as the first order of brightness within the chamber. This bright light is directed towards the absorber gallery 1211, along which it is efficiently absorbed after multiple reflections. Outside of this central cone angle is a second order of brightness 1220 caused by the optics of the projector and reflections off the projector iris. Therefore the whole of the projector iris area must be regarded as bright in many directions. Accordingly the projector iris must be shaded from view by the receiver or lens iris, which is achieved by positioning of the primary iris 1217.
  • the chamber geometry is set by a line 1221 (shown dashed in Figure 13 ) from the outermost extremity of the projector iris 1205, 1206, to the innermost extremity of the primary iris 1217, to the outermost extremity of the lens iris 1222.
  • This is considered a defining geometry given that an objective of an embodiment of the invention is to produce a monitor of minimum practicable size and the highest possible sensitivity.
  • the primary iris 1217 Being outside of the central projector cone 1202, the primary iris 1217 is exposed to light of second order brightness 1220 from the projector iris 1203, 1204. Therefore the primary iris 1217 will reflect light of third order brightness 1219, in many directions.
  • an "order of brightness" does not necessarily mean a factor of ten. Given that black surfaces can absorb 99% of the incident light, reflecting only 1% which is yet further reduced by dispersion due to non-specular reflection, then an order of brightness reduction can be a factor of 1000 or more. Accordingly a third order of brightness is not a precise measure, but provides a relative indication. A small proportion of this third order brightness light 1219 will be reflected towards the lens iris 1208 and lens 1209.
  • the lens 1209 will focus this unwanted light 1219, off-axis from the receiver cell 1210, to be stopped by the receiver iris 1401.
  • FIG. 15 illustrates the operation of such a lens 1501 in focusing scattered light received from particles detected in the monitoring zone 1207 ( Figure 12 ).
  • Figure 15 also illustrates the placement of the lens 1501 relative to the primary iris 1217, and the cell 1210.
  • Figure 16 shows that with such an aspheric lens, however, some of the unwanted light reflected off the primary iris falls upon the cell. This would swamp the wanted signal.
  • a relatively thick biconvex lens (having two convex faces) is used, and which is shown in more detail in Figures 14 and 17 .
  • the spherical aberration of this type of lens 1402 helps to increase the separation of the two sets of light rays. This separation is further assisted, by using a relatively long focal length (and it has been found that the separation is proportional to focal length).
  • the use of the biconvex lens 1402 is made possible because it is not required to form an accurate photographic image at the receiver cell 1210 - it is only necessary to collect light, so the point of focus is not so important as the light ray paths involved.
  • the geometry of the receiver cell 1210 and the lens 1402 is arranged preferably so that a relatively maximum amount of scattered light from detected particles is able to fall onto the receiver cell (as shown in the drawings where the cell 1210 is illuminated with light substantially all over the cell 1210 surface) whilst unwanted light is either blocked from the cell by receiver iris 1401 as described above, or allowed to pass to the side of the cell.
  • One embodiment of the invention includes a miniature duct probe to gather a continuous, small but representative sample of the air passing through a ventilation duct, for example a probe as disclosed in co-pending US patent application 2003/0011770 , also by the present inventor.
  • the fluid, such as air, sampled from the environment is drawn into the chamber of the present invention via inlet 1301, passes through the detection chamber and monitoring zone 1207 ( Figure 12 ) and exits via outlet 1302.
  • the preferred type of filter in use is a large-pore, open-cell foam filter of large depth.
  • the smallest dust particles that the filter is designed to remove, are generally at least 10 times smaller than the average pore size of the filter. Dust removal is achieved as a result of Brownian motion (rapid thermal oscillation), by which the dust particles react as if they were many times larger than their physical size.
  • Dust is removed statistically as the flow passes through the deep filter, so that virtually all the dust considered harmful is removed before the flow exits the filter outlet 1314. This has been found to minimise dust build-up (soiling) within the chamber beyond, greatly extending the maintenance period.
  • the open structure of the filter avoids a significant problem that has occurred with aspirated smoke detectors of the prior art, namely the removal of smoke particles, increasingly with time, which reduces sensitivity.
  • the filter is of a type in which the head loss in the filter does not increase appreciably as the filter becomes loaded with dust.
  • smoke particles lie in the range 0.01 to 1 micron
  • airborne dust particles lie in the range 1 to 100 micron.
  • the filter should be a perfect dust arrestor.
  • a small fraction of the dust particles must therefore pass through the filter, which needs to be accommodated in other ways (as is disclosed later).
  • this passage narrows to a cross-sectional area that is still some 5 times larger than the inlet tube, so the loss remains very low, but the local air velocity is some 8 times faster than it is at the exit face 1314 of the filter.
  • two sensing devices 1305, 1306 can be mounted, one 1306 at the filter outlet and one 1305 within this narrow region 1304.
  • the sensor 1306 is subject to the relatively very low velocity air flow exiting the filter, so that very little cooling of the sensor takes place.
  • This sensor 1306 may be further protected from cooling by means of a shroud 1307.
  • sensor 1305 is relatively fully exposed to a significantly higher velocity air flow and is therefore subject to substantially more cooling than sensor 1306.
  • the two sensors 1305, 1306 are preferably exposed to the same ambient air temperature.
  • Preferably matched devices having a known temperature dependence can be utilised, whereby their different rates of cooling caused by the different air flow velocities to which they are exposed, can be used to generate a different voltage across each sensor, thereby providing a measure of the air velocity in a manner that is largely independent of ambient air temperature.
  • the sensors may be of the type disclosed in US 4,781,065 , however, the positioning of the sensors in the present arrangement of the invention is uniquely different.
  • the sensors are exposed to airflow after it has passed through the dust filter 1303, thus soiling is minimised. Soiling may interfere with the cooling characteristics of the sensors 1305, 1306, thereby detracting from the accuracy of the airflow measurement circuitry.
  • a further diffuser 1308, which is also the light absorber gallery 1308 for projector 1203 ( Figure 12 ).
  • a change of direction is imparted while its velocity has slowed to some 25 times less than the velocity at the inlet tube. Therefore very little loss is incurred in the air flow passing through the gallery 1308, across the monitoring zone 1207 ( Figure 12 ) and into the second gallery 1309.
  • the velocity here is relatively low, any remnant dust particles that may be in the air stream, being small in number and size (because of the filter 1303), have a very low momentum and are not therefore spun-out of suspension in the fluid by centrifugal forces, thereby minimising the potential for soiling within the vicinity of the monitoring zone 1207.
  • their direction of momentum would be such that these particles would be deflected harmlessly away from the primary orifice 1217.
  • the air flow is drawn towards the second absorber gallery 1309 and by diffuser action is gradually and efficiently accelerated and turned to match the exhaust exit 1302.
  • the exhaust air is then efficiently returned to the sampling environment, such as a duct, as described in US 4,781,065 noted above.
  • the absolute pressure anywhere inside the monitor is similar to that inside the duct. Because there can be a large pressure differential between the inside of the duct and the ambient environment in which the monitor is placed, the monitor must maintain a good pressure seal to avoid leakage at any point.
  • the opportunity for leakage is minimised by the chamber design, which comprises two similar halves connected by flat, mating flanges 1310. Therefore only one flat gasket is required to seal the chamber.
  • a thick closed-cell foam gasket is preferred because this can easily adapt to variations in the chamber flange flatness, overcoming the small amount of bowing and warpage that may occur with plastic injection mouldings.
  • the probe may be replaced with other means to capture a sample of the fluid, such as air, to be monitored.
  • This other means may be a venturi device within a small-bore pipe such as 20mm diameter.
  • This pipe may be connected to an aspirating pump or fan (aspirator), placed either upstream or downstream of the venturi. If placed downstream, then a plurality of monitors may be connected to a single aspirator. Upstream of each monitor, the small-bore pipe may extend throughout a fire zone.
  • the sampling pipes may be configured as a network or branches extending into areas or zones where fluid is to be monitored or detected.
  • Each said pipe may contain branches.
  • Each said pipe and branch may contain a number of small holes so that air in the vicinity of each hole is drawn into the pipe. The contribution of air samples from all such holes is then drawn intermittently or relatively continuously towards the venturi.
  • the venturi is designed so that a proportion of the air within the pipe is drawn through the monitor so that the presence of smoke or dust is sensed, before the monitor air flow is returned to the pipe. All the air is then drawn to the aspirator and exhausted.
  • venturi instead of the venturi it would be possible to connect the monitor directly to a small-bore tube such as 5mm internal diameter. This would be suitable for running short distances such as several metres. In this case, the entire air flow would pass through the monitor, but the flow rate would be low and therefore the maintenance interval would not necessarily be affected. To achieve rapid response times with small-bore tubes over long distances the pressure drop would be very high, necessitating an aspirator of high pressure and energy consumption.
  • the monitor 1801 for example a monitor according to the present invention may be mounted to a flat-sided, circular or other shaped surface, such as a duct 1802 by means of mounting tabs 1803.
  • the monitor 1601 may be secured by screws for example, or other suitable means (not shown).
  • the tabs 1803 are simply bent until the tabs match the surface of where the monitor is to be fixed.
  • This duct may be as small as 200mm (8 inch) diameter.
  • the tabs 1803 may be formed integral with the housing of the monitor 1801, in which case, a slot (not shown) formed in the housing may define the tabs and enable bending of the tabs without skewing, so as to sit firmly on a surface of a duct or other mounting surface.

Claims (9)

  1. Teilchendetektor, welcher eine Kammer mit einem Einlass (1301), durch welchen Fluid in die Kammer einströmt, und einem Auslass (1302), durch welchen dieses Fluid aus der Kammer austritt, umfasst, wobei die Kammer umfasst:
    einen ersten Diffusor (1308), der dazu eingerichtet ist, den Fluidstrom von einer ersten Geschwindigkeit auf eine zweite Geschwindigkeit zu verlangsamen, wobei die zweite Geschwindigkeit niedriger als die erste Geschwindigkeit ist, wobei der erste Diffusor den Fluidstrom mit der zweiten Geschwindigkeit einem Teilchendetektionsbereich (1207) zuführt,
    einen zweiten Diffusor (1309), der dazu eingerichtet ist, den Fluidstrom von der zweiten Geschwindigkeit auf eine dritte Geschwindigkeit zu beschleunigen, wobei die dritte Geschwindigkeit höher als die zweite Geschwindigkeit ist, wobei eine Richtungsänderung erfolgt, wenn der Fluidstrom den Teilchendetektionsbereich (1207) passiert, und wobei der Fluidstrom, der den Diffusor passiert hat, auf eine solche Weise durch den Teilchendetektionsbereich (1207) geleitet wird, dass im Wesentlichen alle Staubteilchen, welche in dem Fluidstrom, der den Diffusor passiert hat, vorhanden sein können, nicht durch Zentrifugalkräfte aus der Suspension in dem Fluid abgeschieden werden.
  2. Teilchendetektor nach Anspruch 1, wobei verbleibende Staubteilchen in dem Fluidstrom, die aus der Suspension in dem Fluidstrom durch den Teilchendetektionsbereich (1207) hindurch durch Zentrifugalkräfte abgeschieden wurden, von einer primären Öffnung (1217) in der Nähe des Detektionsbereichs (1207) weg abgelenkt werden.
  3. Teilchendetektor nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, wobei die zweite Geschwindigkeit im Wesentlichen 25-mal niedriger als die erste Geschwindigkeit ist.
  4. Teilchendetektor nach Anspruch 1, 2 oder 3, wobei der die zweite Geschwindigkeit aufweisende Fluidstrom ein im Wesentlichen laminarer Fluidstrom ist.
  5. Teilchendetektor nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, wobei die dritte Geschwindigkeit im Wesentlichen dieselbe wie die erste Geschwindigkeit ist.
  6. Teilchendetektor nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, wobei eine Richtungsänderung erfolgt, wenn der Fluidstrom den ersten Diffusor (1308) passiert.
  7. Teilchendetektor nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, wobei die Kammer dazu ausgebildet ist, im Wesentlichen jeden Druckabfall innerhalb des Teilchendetektors zu minimieren.
  8. Rauchmelder, welcher den Teilchendetektor nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7 umfasst.
  9. Ansaugrauchmelder, welcher den Teilchendetektor nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7 umfasst.
EP07113623.8A 2003-10-23 2004-10-20 Verbesserung(en) in Zusammenhang mit Teilchendetektoren Active EP2112639B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2003905839A AU2003905839A0 (en) 2003-10-23 Improvement(s) Related to Particle Monitors and Method(s) Therefor
EP04761447A EP1683123A4 (de) 2003-10-23 2004-10-20 Verbesserung(en) in bezug auf partikelüberwachungsvorrichtungen und verfahren dafür

Related Parent Applications (2)

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EP04761447.4 Division 2004-10-20
EP04761447A Division EP1683123A4 (de) 2003-10-23 2004-10-20 Verbesserung(en) in bezug auf partikelüberwachungsvorrichtungen und verfahren dafür

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EP2112639A2 EP2112639A2 (de) 2009-10-28
EP2112639A3 EP2112639A3 (de) 2010-05-05
EP2112639B1 true EP2112639B1 (de) 2016-07-13

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EP07113627A Withdrawn EP1868172A3 (de) 2003-10-23 2004-10-20 Verfahren zur Montage eines Gehäuses auf einer Leitung und entsprechende Gehäuseanordnung

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CN101135629A (zh) 2008-03-05
CN101135631A (zh) 2008-03-05
CN101135628A (zh) 2008-03-05
EP2112639A2 (de) 2009-10-28
CN1871624A (zh) 2006-11-29
EP1868172A3 (de) 2010-05-05
ZA200706464B (en) 2008-09-25
CN101135630A (zh) 2008-03-05
CN101135627A (zh) 2008-03-05
ES2597844T3 (es) 2017-01-23
ZA200706468B (en) 2008-09-25
CN100592344C (zh) 2010-02-24
EP2112639A3 (de) 2010-05-05
EP1868172A2 (de) 2007-12-19
CN101135630B (zh) 2014-05-07
AU2010200806A1 (en) 2010-03-25

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