EP2084652A1 - Procédé et dispositif d'identification d'objets - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif d'identification d'objets

Info

Publication number
EP2084652A1
EP2084652A1 EP07822629A EP07822629A EP2084652A1 EP 2084652 A1 EP2084652 A1 EP 2084652A1 EP 07822629 A EP07822629 A EP 07822629A EP 07822629 A EP07822629 A EP 07822629A EP 2084652 A1 EP2084652 A1 EP 2084652A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
objects
signature
group
item
distinguishing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP07822629A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Gisbert Berger
Katja Worm
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens AG
Original Assignee
Siemens AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens AG filed Critical Siemens AG
Publication of EP2084652A1 publication Critical patent/EP2084652A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F18/00—Pattern recognition
    • G06F18/20—Analysing
    • G06F18/21—Design or setup of recognition systems or techniques; Extraction of features in feature space; Blind source separation
    • G06F18/211—Selection of the most significant subset of features

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for identifying objects, in which a signature is created and stored for each article in a first step, comprises the characteristic features of the article and the objects are combined into groups of objects.
  • the invention also relates to a device for identifying objects with a computing unit for forming a signature from an image of the respective object recorded by means of a camera, the signature comprising characteristic features of the object, and for assigning the objects to a plurality of object groups, which then be transported together.
  • Some industrial processes or administrative processes in which a large number of similar objects are processed require a pictorial identification of the individual objects.
  • a postal process can be used in which mail items, for example a large number of letter items, are processed.
  • the programs are first registered pictorially, whereby characteristic features of the individual programs are recorded and from this a signature is formed, which can later be used in the process or in a subsequent process as distinguishing criterion for each program, so that a program can be found again.
  • Such registration and identification is known for example from DE 40 00 603 C2.
  • the surface of the program is scanned again and a renewed signature is formed, which is compared with the stored signatures of the registered programs.
  • the signatures are considered as vectors in a feature space and the distance of the re-signature with the known signatures is formed.
  • a Broadcast is considered identified when the distance between two vectors becomes minimal.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a method with the features of the preamble of claim 1 and an apparatus with the features of the preamble of claim 9, with which objects that can be very different can be reliably and quickly identified.
  • the inventive method for identifying objects provides that a first step, an intermediate step and a subsequent step are performed.
  • a signature is generated and stored for each item. This signature is generated using an image of the subject and includes features of the subject.
  • the objects are combined to form at least two object groups. Each item belongs to a group of items.
  • At least one distinguishing criterion is derived for at least one item group.
  • the objects of this group of objects can be distinguished.
  • the distinguishing criterion is derived from the signatures of the objects of this counterpart group.
  • each item is identified.
  • the following sub-steps are carried out for each item: - Again, a signature of the item is generated. To re-create this signature, another image of the item is used.
  • the newly generated signature is compared with stored signatures.
  • a comparison is made with some or all of the stored signatures.
  • the item is identified when a match score reaches or exceeds a predetermined threshold.
  • the invention is based on the consideration that certain features have good discrimination for some objects and poor discrimination for other objects, since the objects are very similar in this property. While a first feature for a group of items can be very well used for distinction, it may be less suitable for another group.
  • the individual characteristic features may have different value ranges and are therefore preferably normalized to a suitable distinction.
  • the value ranges of individual features can vary greatly depending on the type of shipment, so that a suitable standardization for a first type of article may be different than for another type of article.
  • An advantage of the invention is the following:
  • the distinguishing criterion for the object group can be calculated between the first and the subsequent step, ie virtually offline.
  • substantially more time is available between the first and the subsequent step than during the subsequent step in which each object is to be identified within a predetermined period of time. Therefore, it is advantageous to prefer computation steps from the subsequent step.
  • the invention shows a way to do this.
  • Signature of an object that is not registered for example, because of a double deduction, although a slight difference or distance to any registered object have, but this difference will be quite large in this case, because not two signatures of the same object but two signatures of different Objects are compared with each other. Therefore, a minimum difference or minimum distance between signatures must be found which must be undercut for an identification. However, depending on the diversity of objects, this minimum distance may be large for one group of items and small for another group.
  • the invention is based on the further consideration that the processed objects can be subdivided into groups of objects, for example in a sorting process in which all objects of a sorting target are placed in a container, and such a group of objects are grouped together again in a subsequent identification process Device for identification is given.
  • this item group is already known prior to the identification, then suitable distinguishing criteria can be formed especially for the items of this item group, with which the items of this item group can be reliably distinguished from one another, but which are possibly less suitable for distinguishing items from another group.
  • a reliable distinguishing criterion can thus be obtained from a property of the object group, for example a kind of difference of the objects of the object group. Thereby, an identification or rejection of objects with a low error rate can be achieved.
  • the articles are preferably mail items, such as mail, eg letters of all sizes, printed matter, magazines or the like. Also conceivable are printed products, in particular documents, forms, receipts, labels and the like. However, the invention is not limited to the mentioned objects.
  • the characteristic features may be features of the surface of an object, in particular optical features such as color, shape and brightness of imprints, number and type of printed areas, such as words, lines or graphics, and / or positions and sizes of such areas absolute the object or relative to each other.
  • the identification of the object is expediently achieved by comparing the signature with a multiple number of signatures of objects of a search space formed in an earlier registration.
  • the property of the object group may be a property of the objects of this object group, such as a property of the signature of these objects, in particular a difference between the signatures of these objects, for example, depending on one of the characteristic features.
  • the distinction criterion is formed only after all items of an item group have been assigned to this item group. Only then is the space of all signatures of this group of objects known and the criterion of distinction can be adapted to this space in a so-called consolidation.
  • a simple classification of the object groups can be achieved if the object groups are classified according to sorting criteria of the objects. These can already be known at the registration, whereby a later, separate assignment of the objects can be omitted.
  • All items of the item group are compared with respect to at least one characteristic feature. It can be a difference of the objects detected with respect to this feature and the distinction criterion adapted to this difference.
  • the objects are expediently compared with regard to a plurality of features, so that the distinguishing criterion can be adapted to a plurality of differences.
  • the distinguishing criterion comprises a weighting of characteristic features. This weighting expediently takes into account the discriminating capability of the features found within the item group.
  • the distinguishing criterion comprises a normalization of characteristic features.
  • a feature may be good for one subgroup, but not for the other subgroup.
  • Dividing a group of objects into subgroups, with the subcategory distinguishing criterion being set differently, can accommodate such a constellation and ensure that the distinction criterion is favorably chosen for both subgroups.
  • An even more differentiated determination of the differentiation criterion can be achieved if it is determined individually for a plurality of objects of the object group, in particular for each object of the group is determined individually.
  • a reliable rejection criterion may be determined if the distinguishing criterion comprises a minimum difference between the objects with respect to one of the characteristic features. If the signature of an item to be identified is closer to a stored signature than the minimum difference, a largely secure identification can be assumed. Since a signature of an item formed during a registration may be slightly different from the signature formed in an identification of the same item, the minimum difference should be greater than this difference. This diversity may be due, for example, to an invalidation mark applied between the registration and the identification or an address field of a shipment shifted in an envelope.
  • the minimum difference may be a global minimum difference that is the same for all items in the group, or it may be different for some or all items in the item group.
  • the signature can be represented by a vector and the distinguishing criterion comprises a distance between vectors.
  • the object directed to the device is achieved by a device for identifying objects of the type mentioned above, in which the arithmetic unit is provided according to the invention, in a further step after completion of the first step, a distinction criterion derived from the signatures of the objects of this object group determine only for the objects of this item group and to use in a subsequent step for identifying the objects of this item group the distinction criterion determined in the further step.
  • FIG. 2 shows a computing unit which generates a signature from an image of an object
  • 1 shows in a schematic diagram a sequence of a method for sorting objects, in the special case of mailpieces, such as letter mail, which contains a method for identifying the articles.
  • 2 shows a device controlling the method.
  • shipments 2 as shown schematically in FIG. 2, for example, on a letter, are scanned by a camera 4, and a signature 10 in a signature formation 6 in a registration from a computing unit 8 is sent out for each mailing 2 characteristic surface features of each consignment 2 formed according to a specified rule.
  • the address of each item 2 is read by machine or by means of video coding 12. According to the address, sorting 14 of items 2 into a number of containers 16 takes place. wherein each container 16, for example, 50 postal codes are assigned.
  • Each container 16 carries an identification number, by means of which it can be clearly recognized, for example, by the arithmetic unit 8 in conjunction with a reader.
  • the container 16 is closed to the extent that it no longer receives any mail items 2 from now on.
  • the container 16 is closed from now on, and a stored group of objects is formed by the items 2 stored in it. Since the items 2 were sorted by their address into the totality of the containers 16, the item groups were classified according to sorting criteria of the items.
  • the arithmetic unit 8 is now aware of which programs 2 are in one or more closed containers 16 and which stored in a database signatures 10 are assigned to these programs 2.
  • the arithmetic unit 8 examines the signatures 10 of the mailings 2 in one or more containers 16. This consolidation is described by way of example with reference to a container or its object group. The arithmetic unit 8 determines from the signatures 10 of the item group a distinguishing criterion with which in a later identification 26 of one of the items 2 from the container 16 this item 2 or its signature 10 can be differentiated from the other items 2 or its signatures 10. The distinguishing criterion is thus established as a function of a property of the item group, since some or all of the signatures 10 of the items in the container 16 are examined to form this distinguishing criterion.
  • the containers 16 are fed to a new sorting pass 22.
  • the arithmetic unit can be identified by the identification number on the container 8 recognize which item group is currently pending for examination or sorting. Depending on whether the containers 16 are fed to the same sorting installation or to a sorting installation in another letter center, there is less or more time available for the consolidation 20. In the new
  • Sorting run is from the same or another arithmetic unit 8 of all mailings 2 again a signature 10 from re-recordings of the programs 2 formed 24.
  • the arithmetic unit 8 is also known to which article group these signatures 10 should belong.
  • each re-formed signature 10 is compared with some or all of the earlier recorded signatures 10 of the item group and, as far as possible, each signature 10 is assigned an earlier signature 10.
  • the assignment can be made with the aid of the consolidation results, according to the differentiation criteria of which the assignment can be made. However, it does not have to follow these, because it may be a unique identifiable even without these criteria Consignment 2 in the item group, for example, one with a clearly identifiable barcode. Such a shipment 2 can be identified without further procedures.
  • the identification 26 of the mailings 2 By means of the identification 26 of the mailings 2, additionally stored data, such as the address of the mail item 2, its size, weight, rigidity, franking, etc., can be reassigned to the mailing 2 for the earlier signature 10 without the mailing 2 weigh again or something like that. Finally, the programs 2 are sorted again and more finely based on the address associated with the found signature 10 28.
  • 3 shows two signatures 10 shown as signature vectors 30, 32 in a multi-dimensional feature space, which for the sake of clarity is limited to three dimensions, which are determined by the characteristic features A, B and C.
  • the two signature vectors Doors 30, 32 are slightly different from each other, ie the scanned by the camera 4 surfaces of the corresponding programs 2 are slightly different from each other.
  • the signature vectors 30, 32 deviate from one another by the difference ⁇ A and with respect to the feature B by the difference ⁇ B.
  • the total difference ⁇ AB is the vectorial sum of the two differences ⁇ A and ⁇ B. All differences ⁇ A, ⁇ B, ⁇ AB have the distances of the two signature vectors 30, to be construed together with respect to the feature A, or B or both of the characteristic features A, B 32nd
  • the signature vectors 30, 32 do not differ from each other, so here the difference is zero.
  • the feature C is thus not suitable for distinguishing the two signature vectors 30, 32 or the corresponding items 2.
  • a number of signature vectors 34 are shown as a cross in a two-dimensional feature space of the features A, B for the sake of simplicity.
  • the signature vectors are formed from signatures 10 of very similar items 2, for example items 10 of a major customer or direct mail items.
  • the signature vectors 34 differ, whereas their difference with regard to the feature A is so small that this difference can result from a measurement or evaluation tolerance when recording or evaluating the images of the mailpieces 10.
  • the feature A is thus not suitable to be used for a distinction of the signatures 10.
  • the arithmetic unit 8 will determine that the feature A is unsuitable for later identification of a transmission 2 from this transmission group.
  • a distinguishing criterion for the transmissions 2 of this group can thus be obtained from a property of the group, namely the difference between the signatures 10 of this group, in this case that the characteristic A is small. is not used or is not used for differentiation, but the characteristic B is suitable and is used.
  • FIG. 5 shows a cluster 36 of signature vectors 38, which are very close to one another with regard to features A and B. If, during the consolidation 20, one or more of the characteristic features A, B are examined by the arithmetic unit 8 for their ability to discriminate within the item group during the consolidation 20, then the arithmetic unit 8 will determine that these signature vectors 38, or the ones behind can not be distinguished on the basis of the characteristics A, B.
  • the distinguishing criterion thus comprises the information that the features A, B are not sufficiently distinctive and that other features have to be used for an identification in the case of an exclusion or a low weighting of the features A, B.
  • FIG. 1 An example of this is shown in FIG.
  • a container 16 are a plurality of two different mass transmissions whose signature vectors 40, 42 form two clusters 44, 46. Both the signature vectors 40 and the signature vectors 42 differ within a cluster 44, 46 only by small distances D A , Ü B. However, the signature vectors 40 can easily be distinguished from the signature vectors 42 on the basis of the features A, B.
  • the arithmetic unit 8 will therefore specify as a distinguishing criterion that the features A, B can serve to restrict the search space to one of the clusters 44, 46. Within the clusters 44, 46, other distinguishing features must be found.
  • the arithmetic unit 8 determines, for example, that the characteristic C, eg the number of characters of the addresses - determined from the size of a gray area of a coarsely resolved image of the transmissions 2, distinguishes the signature vectors 40 of the cluster 44 can serve.
  • the feature D is suitable eg the number of characters of the destination of the address.
  • the arithmetic unit 8 determines that although the feature C is also suitable, the feature D is not, since the gray values with respect to the destination are all the same. In this example, the programs 2 all have the same destination, eg Hamburg.
  • the arithmetic unit defines a further feature E for distinguishing the signature vectors 42 of the cluster 46, for example the length of the recipient name or the second line of the address.
  • a signature 10 is assigned to one of the clusters 44, 46 by the features A, B, the arithmetic unit 8 becomes this signature 10 or its signature vector 40, 42 depending on the cluster 44, 46 on the basis of the features C and D or C and E from the other signature vectors
  • an item group can be divided into subgroups, and the distinction criterion can be set differently for the subgroups.
  • a subgroup can in extreme cases consist of a single broadcast 2, so that a distinguishing criterion for this - or even more extreme - for each item of the group is set individually.
  • signature vectors 48 Shown in FIG. 7 are signature vectors 48, which differ with respect to features A and B.
  • the signature vectors 48 are plotted in FIG. 7 as a function of the feature B as diagonal crosses and as a function of the feature A as a straight cross.
  • the dependence of the signature vectors 48 on the features A, B is characterized in that the values of the signature vectors 48 are much smaller with respect to the feature B than with respect to the feature A.
  • the feature B is as important to distinguish in this example as feature A.
  • signature vectors 48 are normalized with respect to feature B so that their values match those of feature A. This is expressed in FIG 7 by the dashed arrows.
  • the signature vectors 48 'are forms with values similar to the features A, B, and these signature vectors 48 'are used for discrimination.
  • a further distinguishing criterion is shown at intervals 50 between signature vectors. It may happen that a shipment 2 can not be identified in the process step of the identification 26 and must be rejected. One reason may be that two juxtaposed mail items 2 are being singled together in a double print, and the back mail 2 has not been detected at signature 6 of the registration, but the mail 2 has been sorted into the same bin 16 as the front mail 2 , If the signature 10 of the previously rear mail 2 in the signatures 10 of the item group of the container 16 is searched in the later sorting run, the signature 10 can not be assigned to a first signature 10 and the mailpiece 2 can not be recognized thereby. For a rejection, a rejection criterion is necessary as a special distinguishing criterion.
  • all signature vectors are compared with respect to at least one characteristic feature such that a distance 50 D A of a signature vector to all other signature vectors with respect to a feature is determined. It is also possible to refer the distance 50 to several or all of the features A,... Z, so that-given a distance related to all features-a distance 50 D Ges results in each case. This results in a number of distances 50 D Ges or D A for all other signature vectors for this signature vector. Analogously, all signature vectors are used, so that finally every distance 50 from each signature vector to every other signature vector is known.
  • This minimum distance 54 represents a rejection criterion. If, in the case of an identification 26, a new signature vector of a program 2 to be identified is compared with the signature vectors known from the group, a smallest distance 58 results for one of the known signature vectors, namely that which is most similar to the new signature vector. The new signature vector is therefore closest to this known signature vector. If this distance 58 is above the minimum distance 54, the item 2 to be identified of the most similar item 2 from the container 16 is less similar than another item 2 of the container 16. Identification is therefore hardly possible and the new item 2 will be considered as unidentified or rejected as unidentifiable. However, if a distance 60 is below the minimum distance 54, the item 2 to be identified is the most similar item 2 from the container 16 more similar than any other item 2 of the container 16. In this case, the corresponding new item 2 is considered identified.
  • a minimum difference 54 may be established for each shipment 2.
  • 5 signature vectors from an item group are considered. Each of these signature vectors is compared with all other signature vectors.
  • each signature vector to another has a minimum distance, for example, the signature vector no. 1 the smallest distance Dl min . This smallest distance can be obtained with respect to one, several or all features, depending on the distinguishing criterion that has been described, for example, as in FIGS. 3 to 7.
  • the total distance is formed with respect to all sufficiently distinctive features.
  • the five signature vectors used by way of example the following is the smallest total distance DG min :
  • the smallest total distance of the first signature vector to all other signature vectors is illustratively 55, 6, the minimum distance 54 established by the lower edge of the spacer band being 43.0 for the entire item group.
  • a new signature vector is compared with all known ones, it results, for example, that the new signature vector is closest to the known signature vector no. 2 with a spacing of 51.0. This value is above the minimum distance 54 of 43.0, which could be used to reject the new signature vector. Now, however, the minimum distance DG2 min of the second signature vector is 80.8.
  • the new signature vector is thus - although it is above the global minimum distance 54 - closer to the second signature vector than any other known signature vectors.
  • the individual minimum distance DG2 min of the second signature vector of 80.8 can be defined as a rejection criterion, so that the new signature vector is considered identified.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Data Mining & Analysis (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Computational Biology (AREA)
  • Artificial Intelligence (AREA)
  • Evolutionary Biology (AREA)
  • Evolutionary Computation (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sorting Of Articles (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé et un dispositif d'identification d'objets (26). Dans une première étape, une signature (10) contenant les caractéristiques (A, B, C, D, E) de l'objet, est produite pour chaque objet, et les objets sont réunis sous forme de groupes d'objets. Dans une étape ultérieure, à la fin de la première étape, un critère de différenciation déduit des signatures des objets de ce groupe d'objets est uniquement déterminé pour les objets de ce groupe d'objets. Dans une étape consécutive d'identification des objets de ce groupe d'objets, le critère de différenciation déterminé dans l'étape ultérieure est employé, l'objet correspondant étant identifié dans l'étape consécutive en cas de correspondance planifiée des critères de différenciation.
EP07822629A 2006-11-15 2007-11-15 Procédé et dispositif d'identification d'objets Withdrawn EP2084652A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102006053937A DE102006053937A1 (de) 2006-11-15 2006-11-15 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Identifizieren von Gegenständen
PCT/EP2007/062387 WO2008059017A1 (fr) 2006-11-15 2007-11-15 Procédé et dispositif d'identification d'objets

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2084652A1 true EP2084652A1 (fr) 2009-08-05

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP07822629A Withdrawn EP2084652A1 (fr) 2006-11-15 2007-11-15 Procédé et dispositif d'identification d'objets

Country Status (6)

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US (1) US20100086173A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2084652A1 (fr)
AU (1) AU2007321154A1 (fr)
CA (1) CA2675154A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE102006053937A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2008059017A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102009020664A1 (de) * 2009-05-11 2010-11-25 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Sortierung von verschiedenartigen Gegenständen
WO2015117915A1 (fr) 2014-02-04 2015-08-13 Vesdo Ltd. Procédé et appareil permettant de fournir une authentification d'un article original ainsi que procédé et appareil permettant de déterminer un état d'authentification d'un article suspect
DE102014202640B4 (de) 2014-02-13 2023-09-07 Körber Supply Chain Logistics Gmbh Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Transportieren von Gegenständen

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US5835633A (en) * 1995-11-20 1998-11-10 International Business Machines Corporation Concurrent two-stage multi-network optical character recognition system

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DE4000603C5 (de) * 1990-01-11 2009-07-02 Siemens Ag Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Zwischenspeicherung von Gegenständen, wie Briefen o.ä. in einem Lesesystem
DE19644249C1 (de) * 1996-10-24 1998-04-23 Siemens Ag Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Identifizierung von Sendungen
DE19947259C1 (de) * 1999-09-30 2000-09-28 Siemens Ag Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Sortieren von Sendungen
US7130776B2 (en) * 2002-03-25 2006-10-31 Lockheed Martin Corporation Method and computer program product for producing a pattern recognition training set
US7113636B2 (en) * 2002-08-30 2006-09-26 Lockheed Martin Corporation Method and computer program product for generating training data for a new class in a pattern recognition classifier
US7181062B2 (en) * 2002-08-30 2007-02-20 Lockheed Martin Corporation Modular classification architecture for a pattern recognition application
US7233692B2 (en) 2002-11-14 2007-06-19 Lockheed Martin Corporation Method and computer program product for identifying output classes with multi-modal dispersion in feature space and incorporating multi-modal structure into a pattern recognition system
US20040096107A1 (en) * 2002-11-14 2004-05-20 Lockheed Martin Corporation Method and computer program product for determining an efficient feature set and an optimal threshold confidence value for a pattern recogniton classifier
US7301115B2 (en) * 2003-08-01 2007-11-27 Lockheed Martin Corporation System and method of identifying and sorting response services mail pieces in accordance with plural levels of refinement in order to enhance postal service revenue protection
US20050097046A1 (en) * 2003-10-30 2005-05-05 Singfield Joy S. Wireless electronic check deposit scanning and cashing machine with web-based online account cash management computer application system
DE102005040662A1 (de) * 2005-08-26 2007-03-01 Siemens Ag Verfahren zur Identifizierung von zu sortierenden Sendungen

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US5835633A (en) * 1995-11-20 1998-11-10 International Business Machines Corporation Concurrent two-stage multi-network optical character recognition system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2008059017A1 (fr) 2008-05-22
DE102006053937A1 (de) 2008-05-21
US20100086173A1 (en) 2010-04-08
CA2675154A1 (fr) 2008-05-22
AU2007321154A1 (en) 2008-05-22

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