EP2062019A2 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zur ortsaufgelösten bestimmung der phase und amplitude des elektromagnetischen feldes in der bildebene einer abbildung eines objektes - Google Patents
Verfahren und vorrichtung zur ortsaufgelösten bestimmung der phase und amplitude des elektromagnetischen feldes in der bildebene einer abbildung eines objektesInfo
- Publication number
- EP2062019A2 EP2062019A2 EP07801502A EP07801502A EP2062019A2 EP 2062019 A2 EP2062019 A2 EP 2062019A2 EP 07801502 A EP07801502 A EP 07801502A EP 07801502 A EP07801502 A EP 07801502A EP 2062019 A2 EP2062019 A2 EP 2062019A2
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- image
- phase
- light
- amplitude
- images
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J9/00—Measuring optical phase difference; Determining degree of coherence; Measuring optical wavelength
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/42—Diffraction optics, i.e. systems including a diffractive element being designed for providing a diffractive effect
- G02B27/46—Systems using spatial filters
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F1/00—Originals for photomechanical production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g., masks, photo-masks, reticles; Mask blanks or pellicles therefor; Containers specially adapted therefor; Preparation thereof
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F1/00—Originals for photomechanical production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g., masks, photo-masks, reticles; Mask blanks or pellicles therefor; Containers specially adapted therefor; Preparation thereof
- G03F1/68—Preparation processes not covered by groups G03F1/20 - G03F1/50
- G03F1/82—Auxiliary processes, e.g. cleaning or inspecting
- G03F1/84—Inspecting
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for the spatially resolved determination of the phase and amplitude of the electromagnetic field in the image plane of an image of an object in which images are generated by (a) illuminating the object with coherent light of a lighting device and imaging it in an image plane (b (C) wherein the intensity of the light is determined for each pixel, stored in pixels and the pixels are assigned to an image.
- a first picture is created.
- at least one further image is generated, wherein the phase and / or the amplitude of the light are modified in a predetermined manner and the modification for each image differs from that for the remaining images.
- the first picture is taken without any modification.
- the phase in the image of the object in the image plane is then determined spatially resolved from the images produced.
- the invention also relates to a device for spatially resolved determination of the phase and amplitude of the electromagnetic field in the image plane of an image of an object.
- a device for spatially resolved determination of the phase and amplitude of the electromagnetic field in the image plane of an image of an object.
- Such a device comprises a lighting device with a coherent light emitting light source, a holder for the object, an imaging optics, a spatially resolving detector with pixels, a memory module and an evaluation module.
- the device generates images by (a) illuminating the object with the coherent light and imaging it into the image plane by the imaging optics, (b) detecting the light in the image plane spatially resolved in the pixels, (c) where for each pixel the intensity of the light is determined and stored in the memory module in pixels, and the pixels are assigned to an image.
- a lighting device with a coherent light emitting light source, a holder for the object, an imaging optics, a spatially resolving detector with pixels, a memory module and
- phase in the wavefront in an image of an unknown object which is irradiated with coherent light various methods exist in the prior art. These are usually the iterative methods in which the phase in the image or the wavefront in the image is iteratively reconstructed from two or more spatially resolved intensity measurements.
- the intensity measurements differ in a predefined, well-defined way.
- a first image can be recorded, in which the object and the spatially resolving detector are respectively in the focal position of the imaging optics.
- a second image can then be taken by making a targeted defocus. If the object is mounted on a holder, then this holder can be moved along the optical axis by a defined distance.
- the detector can also be displaced, with the shift correspondingly greater, the greater the magnification of the imaging optics.
- the incident light is registered and converted into intensity values.
- the intensity values registered under the same recording conditions and at the same time are stored in pixels and combined into one picture. From these at least two images can then be calculated by means of so-called phase retrieval algorithms, the phase or wavefront of the light coming from the object in the image in the focus located in the image plane.
- phase retrieval algorithms are the families of the so-called Gerchberg-Saxton algorithms (RB Gerchberg, WO Saxton, Optics, Vol. 35, page 237, 1972) or Yang-Gu algorithms (G. Yang, Applied Optics , Volume 33, page 209, 1994).
- a microscope with which the determination of the phase and amplitude of the electromagnetic field in the image plane of the imaging of an object is possible, is disclosed in WO 91/07682.
- a confocal laser scanning microscope is described in which a laser beam is focused on a small part of an object. Light from this part of the object is imaged via a pinhole onto a detector. A first image is taken by illuminating the object without intervention.
- a filter is placed in front of and behind the object in the beam path in two pupil planes.
- the two filters have an intensity-changing or amplitude-changing function corresponding to a predetermined mathematical function whose properties simplify the evaluation when a filter is used both on the illumination side and on the image side.
- the object of the invention is to develop a method with which a simple spatially resolved determination of the phase in the image of an object is possible.
- a device is to be developed which implements the method in a simple manner and allows a high degree of flexibility for taking pictures under different conditions.
- phase and / or the amplitude of the light is modified by a spatial frequency filtering in a pupil plane between the object and the image plane.
- the filtering must be carried out only once.
- spatial frequency filtering offers more possibilities than defocusing, so that images can be recorded under different conditions, which considerably improves the accuracy of the method and permits further applications.
- the modification is specified exactly. It differs for all images, so that you get different intensity images in one sentence. At least two pictures are taken. All images can be generated with spatial frequency filtering. Alternatively one of the images can be created without filtering. This is not important for the determination of the phase, but may offer advantages for the post-processing. From the recorded image data set - A -
- spatial frequency filtering lies in the completely free choice of frequency-selective manipulation. In this way, it is possible to compensate for the disadvantages of defocusing, which affects the high-frequency image components much more in phase modulation. By spatial frequency filtering also much more accurate phase reconstructions with less computational complexity are possible.
- the spatial frequency filtering is performed by introducing at least one spatial frequency filter.
- This spatial frequency filter is already known, since they enter into the phase retrieval algorithm as a parameter.
- a plurality of spatial frequency filters can be used simultaneously, wherein, for example, a first filter covers a first frequency range and a second filter covers a second frequency range.
- a first filter may be configured as an amplitude filter and a second filter as a phase filter. Also possible is the combination of phase and amplitude filters in a single filter.
- the at least one spatial frequency filter is expediently rotated in the beam path about the optical axis and / or about an axis of rotation perpendicular to the optical axis which intersects the optical axis, and / or is displaced perpendicular to the optical axis.
- the phase or the amplitude of the light can be modified in many ways with one and the same element. Other shifts and rotations about other axes are possible.
- At least one spatial frequency filter for example, a single lens, a microlens array, a Siemens star, spiral filter, a transmission grating or a phase grating can be used. These filters can also be used in combination.
- individual lenses or microlens arrays are particularly well suited because they do not hide the zeroth diffraction order. Even sine checkerboard grids have this advantage.
- a manifold possibility of manipulation - with mostly symmetrical diffraction spectra - is obtained if the positions of the individual lenses on the array are not regularly distributed but statistically scattered and / or aperiodically distributed.
- a light field aperture is introduced into the beam path in an object plane of the illumination device.
- a microscopic imaging optics is used in the rule, which behaves in a first approximation as a Fourier transform optics, this approximation is further improved by the introduction of the field diaphragm, since in this way disturbing edge effects caused by the periodic continuation of the diffraction spectrum , can be minimized.
- the field diaphragm can be achieved that in accordance with the imaging to the edge of the detector, an intensity drop to zero.
- the Fourier transformation - which implies a periodic continuation of the image - can then be used without causing edge-to-edge intensity jumps caused by spatial frequency artifacts.
- filters are also used which produce less smear in the image space.
- the illuminated field can then be larger or smaller.
- the use of a microlens array has advantages over a checkered sine grid. Since, in the evaluation of the measurements by means of phase retrieval algorithms, the optical image is usually modeled as a Fourier transformation - realized by means of algorithms for fast Fourier transformation (FFT) -, the accuracy can be increased in this way. In this way, only a small section of the spatially resolving detector is used, at the edges of which the image without period jump actually continues periodically.
- FFT fast Fourier transformation
- the image or images are already taken so that the image data meet periodic boundary conditions - i.
- periodic boundary conditions - i For example, in the case of a rectangular CCD surface of the camera sensor of the detection device, that the recorded intensity values on opposite image edges correspond to each other or their course over the edge region can be described by a continuous function - so can periodic boundary conditions even after recording or generating the image without having to use a field diaphragm.
- an intensity weighting function is applied to the pixels of each image after the generation, which changes the intensity values such that the course of the intensity in the image corresponds to a continuous, preferably continuously differentiable function in the case of periodic continuation of the image.
- One way to determine the intensity weighting function is, for example, to interpolate between the values of opposite image edges. Another possibility is to multiply the intensity values by a weighting function. which has the value 1 everywhere, except at the edge where it goes steadily to zero or some other predetermined value.
- the intensity weighting function can also extend beyond the edge of the image, so that an overlap of the two edge regions of mutually opposite edges occurs. As functions are suitable in the simplest Fa !! Straight lines with a steep gradient, these are then only continuous. At the points of approach, that is, at the points where the intensity weighting function starts from the value 1 back to 0, and at the point where it becomes 0, the function is then continuous, but the derivative is not continuous.
- the intensity weighting functions in these areas are also continuously differentiable, ie that at least their first derivative is also continuous.
- a quadratic sine function such as a * sin 2 (bx) which is set at their respective vertices to the constant levels of the weighting function.
- pixels are added to the original pixels, for example by interpolation.
- pixels can also be omitted, for example by generating an overlap.
- a transformation into the frequency domain is then usually carried out.
- this application consists, for example, of an interpolation, or of a multiplication, or of a multiplication by an addition, the functions described above representing only examples and a large number not mentioned here Functions is also suitable to achieve the desired result - is applied to the pixels, a transformation in the frequency domain, ie a frequency analysis performed.
- the intensity values or amplitudes can be transformed into the frequency domain by means of a Fourier transformation, which also includes modifications such as the fast Fourier transformation (FFT) which is widespread in numerical mathematics, giving a representation of the frequencies appearing in the image in the pupil space , Other transformations in the frequency domain are of course usable.
- FFT fast Fourier transformation
- the frequency representation has a pupil definition function. applied, which defines the area of the pupil. Within the pupil, this function assumes the value 1, outside the value 0. At the edge of the pupil, the function jumps from 1 to 0.
- This function is modified according to the invention: Instead of the simple pupil definition function or in addition to this one applies to the Fourier-transformed pixels a pupum weighting function, which drops steadily, preferably continuously differentially, to 0 at the edge of the pupil. The jump on the edge of the pupil is thus at least replaced by a continuous function.
- the pupil is preferably continued outwards, ie the pupil weighting function assumes the value 1 up to the edge of the pupil, in order to fall outside to 0 faster or more slowly.
- a straight line with a predefined slope can be used here; this is then at the points of approach, ie once at the pupil edge, where the weighting function assumes the value 1 for the last time, viewed outward, and outside, where it is the first Times the value 0, although continuous, but the derivative is not continuous.
- other functions are used which are continuously differentiable at least at the pupil margin. For example, you can use a downwardly opened parabola. Again, quarter-periods of sine or cosine oscillations can be used, so that the function becomes continuously differentiable in each case. It is also possible to continue the function outside the pupil for a certain length of time before it steadily drops to 0.
- the above-described steps of the application of an intensity weighting function before the transformation into the frequency space and / or the application of a pupil weighting function to the pixels in the frequency domain is not limited to the use in the method according to the invention for the spatially resolved determination of the phase, but can of course also be used to images generated with emulation arrangements for emulation of the behavior of photolithography masks in use.
- These arrangements for example the AIMS of Carl Zeiss SMS GmbH, take aerial photographs of a photolithography mask as it would act on the photoresist. These aerial photographs are then analyzed. In the analysis method, the steps described above can be easily incorporated and thus lead to a gain in accuracy.
- further images are generated, wherein in addition the angle of incidence of the light on the object is varied.
- the illumination device generates a substantially point-like, coherent illumination. To illuminate the angle of incidence, this illumination spot is displaced laterally in a pupil plane of the illumination system.
- the illumination angle can be tilted by mutually rotatable wedges. A rotation of the entire illumination device on a circular arc with a center on the optical axis is conceivable.
- This embodiment of the method can be used, for example, to measure or simulate the partially coherent illumination of a photolithography scanner. For this purpose, individual images are sequentially recorded in which the illumination pupil to be simulated is respectively varied.
- the individual phase and amplitude images are compiled algorithmically.
- the individual measurements in the pupil plane after centering the diffraction spectra of the individual measurements on a zero frequency by post-processing are combined to form an electromagnetic field and propagated by simulation in the image plane.
- further images are generated, wherein the object is illuminated with light of a predetermined polarization and the light is detected as a function of polarization.
- This can be achieved by introducing a polarizer between the illumination device and the object and an analyzer between the object or imaging optics and the image plane, wherein images are generated at different positions of polarizer and analyzer relative to one another and possibly also to the illumination device.
- the polarization-dependent effect of the object on phase and amplitude can be deduced, as well as the vectorial electric field in the pupil and image plane can be determined.
- This embodiment of the invention can be used in particular in the production of photolithography masks and the optimization of the photolithography process.
- the illumination angle, the respective polarization and the numerical aperture are chosen to be the same as those of a photolithography scanner.
- a larger aperture is also conceivable, provided that the measured object diffraction spectrum is multiplied after the measurement with an aperture mask of the desired diameter and then further processed. With this setting, the scanner-relevant phase and amplitude are measured.
- the result of the measurements can be used in the production of photolithography masks to optimize the manufacturing process of the mask so that the mask generates a scanner-relevant phase of 180 °.
- phase-inactive object whose structures are known - for example, a chrome-on-glass pinhole or a pinhole array for averaging over the entire, imaged field of view - used, the diffraction at the objects generates sufficiently large angles to the illuminate the entire numerical aperture.
- the object is then measured either by defocusing or using the pupil filter and different intensity images are generated. These are then evaluated with the phase retrieval algorithm.
- the phase or phase distribution calculated for the pupil plane then corresponds to the monochromatic aberrations.
- phase is subtracted from the calculated phase of the measurement in the pupil plane at each measurement, the phase being stored numerically, for example, as a series expansion according to Zemike polynomials and coefficients.
- Vector abberation effects can be taken into account by performing the measurement for different polarization directions in illumination and analysis.
- the invention also relates to a device for the resolved determination of the phase and amplitude of the electromagnetic field in the image plane of an image of an object.
- the object is achieved in that in the imaging optics at least one in the beam path einkoppelbarer in a pupil plane spatial frequency filter is provided with the phase and / or amplitude of the light is modified, the device is a first image and generates at least one further image, wherein the Phase and / or the amplitude of the light are modified in a predetermined manner by the spatial frequency filter and the modification for each image differs from that for the remaining images.
- the first image can be generated with out or coupled in spatial frequency filter.
- the evaluation module processes the stored images and determines, spatially resolved, the phase in the image of the object in the image plane.
- one or more spatial frequency filters can be provided, one of which modifies, for example, only the phase, another only the amplitude, and a third both in each case in different frequency ranges.
- a phase retrieval algorithm is then implemented for processing the images, for example according to Gerchberg and Saxon, with which the phase of the wavefront in the image plane is determined iteratively.
- the coupled-in spatial frequency filter about the optical axis and / or a rotation axis perpendicular to the optical axis which intersects the optical axis, rotatable and / or arranged displaceable perpendicular to the optical axis.
- the spatial frequency spectrum can be modified in many ways. Other displacements, tiltings or rotations are also conceivable.
- the prerequisite is that the imaging optics can be modeled essentially by Fourier transformation, ie the imaging optics approximately corresponds to a Fourier transform optics.
- the diffraction spectrum or diffraction image of the object is captured by a high-resolution objective and Fourier-transformed.
- the amplitude distribution in the diffraction pattern is Fourier-transformed into the spatial frequency spectrum of the amplitude distribution in the diffractive objective.
- frequency-selective interventions of this spectrum is now manipulated in phase and / or amplitude and thus changes the amplitude distribution and / or phase distribution in the diffraction pattern. When imaging the object in the image plane, this is noticeable by intensity changes.
- the device generates a plurality of images at respectively different positions of the at least one spatial frequency filter.
- a large data set is available, the accuracy of measurement is increased and the convergence accelerated.
- two pictures are necessary.
- a single lens As at least one spatial frequency filter, a single lens, a microlens array, a Siemens star, a spiral filter, a transmission grating or a phase grating is preferably provided.
- Diffraction spectra - if the positions of the individual lenses on the array are not regularly distributed, but statistically scattered and / or aperiodically distributed.
- a field diaphragm is preferably arranged in an object plane in the beam path of the illumination device.
- the actual imaging behavior can be brought even closer to the ideal imaging behavior by means of Fourier transformation, i. the deviations between the model based on Fourier transforms and the real device are reduced.
- the holder is displaceable along the optical axis.
- the classical method of defocusing - for example, for checking or calibration - can be used for phase determination in the image plane.
- adjustment means are also provided for adjusting the angle of incidence of the illumination light on the object.
- the coherent illumination point generated by the illumination device is displaced laterally in a pupil plane of the illumination device by these adjustment means.
- two mutually movable optical elements are preferably provided, for example two mutually rotatable rotary wedges, which generate an angle in a field plane.
- Another possibility is the use of two tiltable flat plates, which produce a lateral offset in the pupil plane.
- a polarizer is disposed between the illumination device and the object, and an analyzer is disposed between the imaging optics and the detector.
- the unknown object can be illuminated with light of a defined polarization direction.
- the intensity is then detected polarization-dependent by using the analyzer in different positions in front of the detector.
- the position of the polarizer can of course be changed.
- a scalar phase retrieval algorithm can be used to reconstruct the phase and amplitude in the pupil and image space.
- the prerequisite is that the polarization properties of the imaging objective, ie its Jones matrix, are known.
- the Jones matrix of the imaging system After the Jones matrix of the imaging system has been calculated, it is thus possible to directly deduce the polarization-dependent effect of the object on phase and amplitude. If one repeats these steps for different directions of polarization in the illumination, ie different positions of the polarizer, then one can infer the vectorial electric field in pupil and image plane. In addition, of course, the illumination angle can be varied. In this way, for example, the Jones matrix of a photolithography mask can be determined.
- the optical properties of the imaging optics ie their transfer function, preferably correspond substantially to those of the photolithography scanner to be simulated with regard to the numerical aperture;
- the optical properties of the illumination device likewise preferably correspond substantially to those of the scanner to be simulated, with regard to illumination angle and / or polarization. Also other properties can be selected accordingly.
- the numerical aperture of the imaging optics can be selected larger than the numerical aperture of the photolithography scanner to be simulated.
- the electromagnetic field determined in the pupil plane ie a plane conjugate to the image plane, is further processed by multiplication with an aperture mask which corresponds in diameter to the aperture of the scanner.
- This procedure is particularly suitable for measuring the polarizing properties of photolithography masks. Since in this way the electric field of the diffraction spectrum of such a mask can be determined vectorially, the device according to the invention is particularly well suited for simulating the imaging behavior of a photolithography scanner using the measured electromagnetic fields. With feature widths and depths on the photolithography mask of the order of the illumination wavelength and smaller, rigorous effects of diffraction on the mask can no longer be neglected. Common rigorous simulators that solve the Maxwell equations, for example based on finite element methods, show variations in the results depending on the models used. They therefore require input data of the three-dimensional geometry of the mask, which can only be derived indirectly and with great effort.
- the partially coherent Image of a scanner taking into account the vectorial effects of the photolithography mask and the photolithography scanner using Hopkins theory be simulated.
- the electric field of the diffraction spectrum determined by the device contains all the information about the rigorous effects of the mask. A rigorous simulation can thus be dispensed with.
- the shift of the coherent diffraction spectrum at normal incidence for the different illumination angles of the partially coherent illumination in the Hopkins simulation can be determined by offsetting the measured or interpolated diffraction spectra generated at different illumination angles.
- the simulation can be improved.
- various properties can be taken into account, for example the scanner's Jones matrix, aberrations, so-called flare, natural apodization and layer apodization of the scanner, the refractive index of an optional immersion liquid and the Fresnel reflex at the transition of immersion liquid. Air to the photoresist or the antireflection coating.
- the temporal and spatial coherence function of the illumination system of the scanner can also be taken into account in the scanner simulation.
- the exposure phase of the phase strongly depends on the angle of incidence of the illumination light, the polarization of the illumination light, and the aperture.
- the illumination of the scanner possibly by sequential measurements of different illumination angles for interpolation, for example, a dipole illumination - and the imaging aperture of the scanner must be replicated as accurately as possible, which succeeds with the inventive device.
- the aperture it is also possible to measure with a higher aperture, and the registered diffraction spectrum can be subsequently trimmed by means of special algorithms.
- the measured or post-processed phase then represents scanner-related optical settings and approximately corresponds to the phase that occurs in the scanner during the exposure process.
- phase lithography masks By optimizing the manufacturing process of a mask for photolithography so as to produce, for example, a phase of 180 degrees or a predetermined value, an optimum mask has been prepared.
- the production process can be optimized with these parameters obtained on the basis of the simulation, ie adapted to the desired properties and adjusted accordingly, so that a phase jump of 180 ° is produced when imaging the photolithography mask into the image plane at locations predefined by the mask structure.
- the production of phase lithography masks can also be monitored in this way.
- the reverse approach can also be taken, ie, for a given mask structure, the imaging behavior of the photolithography scanner is optimized, ie adjusted and adjusted, so that in the image plane there is a phase jump of at the locations defined by the mask structure 180 ° is generated.
- the propagation of the electromagnetic diffraction spectrum of the mask is simulated in the image plane, the optical imaging and lighting properties of the scanner are taken into account as well as possible.
- these properties can then be set with respect to the specific mask structure for the photolithographic process and optimized in this way.
- Another possible use of the device according to the invention is the determination of the spatial structure of a photolithography mask.
- the polarization and illumination angle dependent vector fields of the diffraction spectrum of the mask are used to iteratively optimize parameters for describing this mask until a rigorously simulated diffraction spectrum matches the measured and stored spectrum under different measurement configurations. Since many masks produce the same diffraction pattern, it is necessary here to have as much information as possible. In this way it is possible to deduce the complex refractive index of the layer system of the mask, the layer thickness and the edge steepness of the mask.
- FIG. 1 shows the exemplary structure of such a device
- FIG. 2 shows an exemplary method sequence in the application.
- the device initially comprises a lighting device 1.
- This lighting device emits coherent light.
- a laser is preferably provided.
- Light from the illumination device 1 is irradiated onto an object 2, which may be, for example, a photolithography mask.
- the side facing away from the illumination device 1 of the object 2 is located in a focal plane 3 of an imaging optics.
- a field diaphragm 4 is provided, which is the illuminated and shown Are- al reduced, so that the deviations of the actual image are reduced by the modeled by a Fourier transformation image.
- adjusting means for adjusting the angle of incidence on the object 2 may be provided.
- the illumination device 1 for example, on a circular arc, with the center of the intersection of the optical axis with the focal plane 3, are moved.
- the light emitted and diffracted by the object 2 is captured by a high-resolution lens, the image of the object is then greatly enlarged, for example, with a 450-fold magnification.
- the imaging optics are exemplified herein as a system of two lenses 5 and 6, but typically will comprise more than two lenses.
- the imaging optics image the light onto a spatially resolving detector 7. There it is registered, the intensities determined and stored in pixels. The pixels of a measurement process are then assigned according to an image.
- a spatial frequency filter 8 is arranged in a pupil plane of the imaging optics - in the example shown between the lenses 5 and 6 - also a spatial frequency filter 8 is arranged. This spatial frequency filter 8 can be completely removed from the beam path.
- the device then takes a first image, wherein the spatial frequency filter 8 is completely decoupled from the beam path.
- Anschmanend at least one further image is generated with coupled spatial frequency filter 8.
- the pixels of the two images are each stored in a memory module 9 as images. From there, they are forwarded to an evaluation module 10, in which the phase of the image of the object into the image plane in which the detector 7 is located is calculated from the two images by means of a phase retrieval algorithm.
- the spatial frequency filter 8 can be laterally displaced perpendicular to the optical axis or tilted about an axis perpendicular to the optical axis, which preferably intersects the optical axis. These two movements are indicated by the arrows above the spatial frequency filter 8 in the drawing.
- the spatial frequency filter 8 can also be rotated about the optical axis as a rotation axis. In this way, a variety of settings possible, an accurate and fast convergent, iterative determination of the phase of the wavefront in the image plane is possible in this way. It is also possible to use several spatial frequency filters 8 which differ, for example, in their frequency selectivity.
- the spatial frequency filter 8 may be configured, for example, as a microlens array. Before the measurement appropriate calibrations can be carried out.
- the described device not only the phase of a wavefront in the image plane can be reconstructed, but also a photolithography scanner can be simulated. Also, by means of the device, if sufficient data is available, the structure of the object, in particular a photolithography mask, can be deduced.
- FIG. 2 shows the essential method steps which are carried out for the simulation of a photolithography scanner or the calculation of the spatial structure of a photolithography mask.
- the steps that are initially performed to generate the input data for the simulation of the photolithography scanner are shown, including, in particular, a determination of the Jones matrix.
- the box labeled B lists the steps that are performed specifically for phase and amplitude measurements.
- a step a1 different illumination angles and different positions of a polarizer are determined, either to measure the Jones matrix or to set a partially coherent illumination, which corresponds to the scanner to be simulated. In this way, a set of N illumination settings is obtained in step a2.
- the method steps b1 to b6 are then carried out for these N illumination settings, and in the end, in a step a3, a total of N phases and amplitudes in the pupil and image plane are obtained.
- one of the N illumination settings with respect to angle and polarization is first selected in a step b1.
- imaging properties in particular the numerical aperture of a photolithography scanner to be simulated, can be set.
- a step b3 a plurality of intensity images with varying pupil manipulation are recorded, these are evaluated in a step b4, for example with the aid of a P ⁇ ase-Ref / 7eva / algorithm.
- the phase and amplitude in the pupil and image plane are obtained as a result of the predetermined illumination setting.
- the pupil amplitude and phase can be post-processed, for example, they can be multiplied by an aperture mask. This is necessary if, in setting the imaging properties in step b2, the numerical aperture was made larger than that of the photolithography scanner to be simulated.
- a3 the resulting N phases and amplitudes in the pupil and image plane are combined and sent for further processing, either simulations for optimizing and monitoring the mask production or image processing Photolithography process - Box C - or is a solution of the inverse diffraction problem - Box D - acts.
- the steps d, c2, and d1 are to be understood as alternatives.
- a photolithography scanner is simulated in view of optimizing and monitoring the mast manufacturing process to produce mask patterns which cause phase jumps of 180 ° when scanning in the image plane.
- several photolithography scanners can also be simulated in step c2, these having different illumination and imaging properties. These simulated photolithography scanners are then also optimized for generating phase jumps of 180 °.
- the three-dimensional structure of a photolithography mask can also be calculated in step d1 from the data compiled in step a3.
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Abstract
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Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102006041496 | 2006-08-31 | ||
| DE102007009661A DE102007009661A1 (de) | 2006-08-31 | 2007-02-21 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur ortsaufgelösten Bestimmung der Phase und Amplitude des elektromagnetischen Feldes in der Bildebene einer Abbildung eines Objektes |
| PCT/EP2007/006873 WO2008025433A2 (de) | 2006-08-31 | 2007-08-03 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur ortsaufgelösten bestimmung der phase und amplitude des elektromagnetischen feldes in der bildebene einer abbildung eines objektes |
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| EP2062019A2 true EP2062019A2 (de) | 2009-05-27 |
| EP2062019B1 EP2062019B1 (de) | 2019-02-06 |
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| KR (1) | KR101487563B1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102007009661A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2008025433A2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (25)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2474442A (en) * | 2009-10-13 | 2011-04-20 | Univ Sheffield | Retrieving a phase of a wavefield |
| DE102011077982B4 (de) | 2011-06-22 | 2017-11-30 | Hochschule Bremen | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur optischen Analyse eines Prüflings |
| DE102012204704A1 (de) | 2012-03-23 | 2013-09-26 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Messvorrichtung zum Vermessen einer Abbildungsgüte eines EUV-Objektives |
| DE102013209461B3 (de) * | 2013-05-22 | 2014-06-05 | BIAS - Bremer Institut für angewandte Strahltechnik GmbH | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Vermessung eines optischen Wellenfelds |
| DE102013226932A1 (de) * | 2013-12-20 | 2015-06-25 | Carl Zeiss Ag | Verfahren zur Ermittlung der Phasenverteilung |
| DE102014213198B4 (de) | 2014-07-08 | 2020-08-06 | Carl Zeiss Ag | Verfahren zur Lokalisierung von Defekten auf Substraten |
| DE102014214257A1 (de) | 2014-07-22 | 2016-01-28 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Verfahren zum dreidimensionalen Vermessen eines 3D-Luftbildes einer Lithografiemaske |
| WO2016012426A1 (de) | 2014-07-22 | 2016-01-28 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Verfahren zum dreidimensionalen vermessen eines 3d-luftbildes einer lithografiemaske |
| DE102014217229B4 (de) | 2014-08-28 | 2023-02-23 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Verfahren zum dreidimensionalen Vermessen eines 3D-Luftbildes einer Lithografiemaske sowie Metrologiesystem |
| DE102015213163A1 (de) | 2015-07-14 | 2017-01-19 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Verfahren zur Vorbereitung eines ortsaufgelösten Bilddatensatzes für eine nachfolgende Intensitäts-Fouriertransformation |
| DE102015218917B4 (de) | 2015-09-30 | 2020-06-25 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Verfahren zur Ermittlung einer Position eines Strukturelements auf einer Maske und Mikroskop zur Durchführung des Verfahrens |
| DE102016114375A1 (de) | 2016-08-03 | 2018-02-08 | Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin | Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung einer Bildserie |
| DE102016218452A1 (de) | 2016-09-26 | 2018-03-29 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Verfahren zur Ermittlung eines Abstandes eines ersten Strukturelements auf einem Substrat von einem zweiten Strukturelement |
| DE102017115262B9 (de) | 2017-07-07 | 2021-05-27 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Verfahren zur Charakterisierung einer Maske für die Mikrolithographie |
| DE102017212465A1 (de) | 2017-07-20 | 2017-09-14 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Messsystem und Messverfahren für fotolithographische Anwendungen |
| DE102017221005A1 (de) * | 2017-11-23 | 2019-05-23 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Kalibrierung einer diffraktiven Messstruktur |
| DE102018221647B3 (de) | 2018-12-13 | 2020-06-04 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Detektionseinrichtung zur Erfassung einer Struktur auf einem Flächenabschnitt einer Lithografiemaske sowie Vorrichtung und Verfahren mit einer derartigen Detektionseinrichtung |
| DE102019108696B3 (de) | 2019-04-03 | 2020-08-27 | Abberior Instruments Gmbh | Verfahren zum Erfassen von Verlagerungen einer Probe gegenüber einem Objektiv |
| DE102019205642A1 (de) * | 2019-04-17 | 2020-10-22 | Trumpf Laser- Und Systemtechnik Gmbh | Ortsfrequenzfiltereinrichtung zur Verwendung mit einem Laserstrahl, Ortsfrequenzfilteranordnung mit einer solchen Ortsfrequenzfiltereinrichtung und Verfahren zur Ortsfrequenzfilterung eines Laserstrahls |
| DE102019123741B4 (de) | 2019-09-04 | 2024-10-17 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Charakterisierung einer Maske für die Mikrolithographie |
| DE102020101989A1 (de) | 2020-01-28 | 2021-07-29 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Technik e.V. | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Charakterisierung eines kohärenten Lichtfelds in Amplitude und Phase |
| DE102020207566B4 (de) * | 2020-06-18 | 2023-02-16 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Charakterisierung einer Maske für die Mikrolithographie |
| DE102020123615B9 (de) | 2020-09-10 | 2022-04-28 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Verfahren zur Charakterisierung einer Maske für die Mikrolithographie |
| DE102021205328B3 (de) | 2021-05-26 | 2022-09-29 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Verfahren zur Bestimmung einer Abbildungsqualität eines optischen Systems bei Beleuchtung mit Beleuchtungslicht innerhalb einer zu vermessenden Pupille und Metrologiesystem dafür |
| DE102022126509A1 (de) * | 2022-10-12 | 2024-04-18 | Carl Zeiss Microscopy Gmbh | Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Phase und/oder Brechzahl eines Bereiches eines Objektes und Mikroskop zur Bestimmung der Phase und/oder Brechzahl eines Bereiches eines Objektes |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3597045A (en) * | 1969-06-30 | 1971-08-03 | Ibm | Automatic wafer identification system and method |
| BE760042A (fr) * | 1970-01-19 | 1971-05-17 | Ibm | Filtre spatial complexe utilisant seulement la modulation de phase |
| DE2462111B2 (de) * | 1974-08-07 | 1981-01-22 | Will Wetzlar Gmbh, 6330 Wetzlar | Verfahren zur Kontrastverbesserung sowie zur Steigerung der förderlichen Vergrößerung (Auflösungsvermögen) eines optischen Mikroskopes |
| US3946433A (en) * | 1974-11-25 | 1976-03-23 | Xerox Corporation | Phase image scanning method |
| DD292744A5 (de) * | 1987-05-26 | 1991-08-08 | Carl Zeiss Jena,De | Verfahren und anordnung zur schaerfeerkennung |
| GB8926435D0 (en) * | 1989-11-22 | 1990-01-10 | Secr Defence | Phase measuring scanning optical microscope |
| DE69224514T2 (de) * | 1992-03-23 | 1998-06-18 | Erland Torbjoern Moelnlycke Sandstroem | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung eines Bildes |
| US5859728A (en) * | 1994-10-24 | 1999-01-12 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Method and apparatus for improved spatial light modulation |
| AUPP690098A0 (en) * | 1998-11-02 | 1998-11-26 | University Of Melbourne, The | Phase determination of a radiation wave field |
| US6421163B1 (en) * | 1998-11-05 | 2002-07-16 | Comptic, Inc. | Two dimensional transform generator |
| US6545790B2 (en) * | 1999-11-08 | 2003-04-08 | Ralph W. Gerchberg | System and method for recovering phase information of a wave front |
| JPWO2002052620A1 (ja) * | 2000-12-22 | 2004-04-30 | 株式会社ニコン | 波面収差測定装置、波面収差測定方法、露光装置及びマイクロデバイスの製造方法 |
| RU2179336C1 (ru) * | 2000-12-26 | 2002-02-10 | Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью "Инсмат Технология" | Способ формирования оптического изображения в некогерентном свете и устройство для его осуществления (варианты) |
| US7567596B2 (en) * | 2001-01-30 | 2009-07-28 | Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University | Control system and apparatus for use with ultra-fast laser |
| AUPR830801A0 (en) * | 2001-10-16 | 2001-11-08 | Iatia Imaging Pty Ltd | Phase determination of a radiation wavefield |
| WO2006072581A1 (en) * | 2005-01-10 | 2006-07-13 | Medizinische Universität Innsbruck | Spiral phase contrast imaging in microscopy |
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2007
- 2007-02-21 DE DE102007009661A patent/DE102007009661A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-08-03 EP EP07801502.1A patent/EP2062019B1/de not_active Not-in-force
- 2007-08-03 KR KR1020097004027A patent/KR101487563B1/ko active Active
- 2007-08-03 WO PCT/EP2007/006873 patent/WO2008025433A2/de not_active Ceased
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2008025433A2 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2008025433A3 (de) | 2008-04-10 |
| KR20090043535A (ko) | 2009-05-06 |
| KR101487563B1 (ko) | 2015-01-29 |
| DE102007009661A1 (de) | 2008-03-13 |
| EP2062019B1 (de) | 2019-02-06 |
| WO2008025433A2 (de) | 2008-03-06 |
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